But after all, a careful
histories, even contemporary histories ; but again, and repeated study of the original is necessary in
how seldom have we a Thucydides to weigh the order to understand it.
histories, even contemporary histories ; but again, and repeated study of the original is necessary in
how seldom have we a Thucydides to weigh the order to understand it.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
According to
plausible objections to be urged against it. Krüger Marcellinus, Cleon, who was at this time in great
has collected in his essay on Thucydides all that favour with the Athenians, excited popular sus.
he could say in support of the story.
picion against the unfortunate commander. Thu-
Antiphon of Rhamnus, the most distinguished cydides (v. 26) simply says that he lived in exile
orator of the time, is said to have been the master twenty years after the affair of Amphipolis, but he
of Thucydides in the rhetorical art; and as An- does not say whether it was a voluntary exile or a
tiphon was a contemporary of Thucydides and punishment. If it was voluntary, we may assume
older, there is no internal improbability in the that he did not return to Athens, because he knew
statement. But the evidence for it, as Krüger / what fate awaited him. There are various un-
Teceydides
matas, and
Tuzydides
Kriger ing
ike some tir
beidz inten
especially as
the intentio!
Ttueşdid
erie (F. 26
bezinning
Athens in 1
fore at or abc
Athens.
Bar accordi
joined Tar
eiected his
sanias inde
was recalled
but this act
appeared ire
ties cited be
permission
conclusion
40+, Thuc
Tears in e
til B. C. 40
Fean was
nineteen ye
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bare done,
term of tw
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is a great
where he d
Thrace or
that be the
that his te
tomb is pois
by tbe side
## p. 1113 (#1129) ##########################################
1
THUCYDIDES.
THUCYDIDES.
1113
trustworthy accounts as to his places of residence Cimon. Pansanias, who was well acquainted with
during his exile; but we may conclude that he Athens, says that his tomb was then not far from
could not safely reside in any place which was the Pylae Melitides ; and that he was assassinated
under Athenian dominion, and as he kept his eye after his return (ws Karpei), words which scem
on the events of the war, he must have lived in to imply that he did not long survive his restoration.
those parts which belonged to the Spartan alliance. Marcellinus, on the authority of Antyllus, quotes
His own words certainly imply that, during his the inscription on his tomb at Athens :
exile, he spent much of his time either in the Pe- | Θουκυδίδης Ολόρου (Ορόλου) Αλιμούσιος (ένθαδε
loponnesus or in places which were under Pelo-
κείται).
ponnesian influence (v. 26); and his work was the
result of his own experience and observations. We cannot donbt that there was a tomb of
His minute description of Syracuse and the neigh- Thucydides at Athens, and he probably died
bourhood leads to the probable conclusion that he there: the testimony of Timaeus that he died in
was personally acquainted with the localities ; and Italy, is of little value.
if he visited Sicily, it is probable that he also saw The question as to the time of the return of
Bome parts of southern Italy, and an anonymous Thucydides to Athens, and of the place of his
biographer speaks of Thucydides having been at death and interment, discussed by Krüger with
Sybaris. But it is rather too bold a conjecture a wearisome minuteness, and with uncertain rc-
to make, as some have done, that Olorus and his sults. As to the time of the death of Thucy-
son Thucydides went out in the colony to Thurii, dides, he concludes that it could not be later than
B. C. 443, which was joined by Herodotus and the the end or about the middle of the 94th Olympiad,
orator Lysias, then a young man. Timaeus, as that is, in any event not later than B. C. 401. His
quoted by Marcellinus, says that Thucydides du- own direct testimony (v. 26) simply shows that he
ring his exile lived in Italy; but if he means during was living after the war was ended (B. C. 404).
all the time of his exile, his statement cannot be Dodwell argues that the third eruption of Aetna,
accepted, for it would contradict the inference which Thucydides (iii. 116) alludes to was the
which may be fairly derived from a passage in eruption of B. C. 399 or the 95th Olympiad ; but
Thucydides that has been already referred to. Ti. Thucydides means to say that the eruption, of
maeus, and other authorities also, affirmed that which he does not fix the date, was prior to the two
Thucydides was buried at Thurii; as to which eruptions (B. C. 425 and 475) of which he does
Krüger ingeniously argues, that if he lived there fix the dates. There is no doubt about the true
for some time, there is nothing strange in a story interpretation of this passage.
being invented of his having been buried there, The time when he composed his work is another
especially as he might have had a tomb built with matter of critical inquiry. He was busy in collect-
the intention of occupying it
ing materials all through the war from the begin-
Thucydides says that he lived twenty years in ning to the end (i. 22); but we do not know
exile (v. 26), and as his exile commenced in the from his own evidence whether he wrote any por-
beginning of B. C. 423, he may have returned to tion of the work, as we now have it, during the
Athens in the beginning of B. C. 403, and there continuance of the war, though he would certainly
fore at or about the time when Thrasybulus liberated have plenty of time during his exile to compose
Athens. (Xen. Hellen. ii. 4. $S 22-38. ). It the earlier part of his history. Plutarch says that
may accordingly be conjectured that Thucydides he wrote the work in Thrace ; and his words mean
joined Thrasybulus, and in company with him the whole work, as he does not qualify them (TOV
effected his return to his native country. Pau- | πόλεμον των Πελοποννησίων και Αθηναίων εν
sanias indeed (i. 23. $ 9) states that Thucydides páxy tepl TTV EKARTTV ởany), and this is con-
was recalled by a psephisma proposed by Oenobius, sistent with Plutarch's statement that he died in
but this account creates some difficulty, because it Thrace. Marcellinus says that he gave the work
appeared from a critical enumeration of the authori. its last polish in Thrace; and that he wrote it
ties cited by Marcellinus, that there was a general under a plane tree: this is very particular, and it
permission for all the exiles to return after the is not improbable that he might write under a
conclusion of peace with the Laedaemonians, B. c. shady tree in fine weather, but such particularities
404. Thucydides himself says that he was twenty are very suspicious. The most probable opinion is
years in exile, and therefore he did not return that he was engaged on the work till the time of
till B. C. 403, unless we assume that his “ twenty his death. In the very beginning of his history
years was merely a round number used to signify (i. 18)he mentions the end of the war in a pas-
nineteen years and somewhat more ; or unless we sage which must have been written after B. C. 404.
assume that he did not retum as soon as he might A passage in the first book (i. 93), when rightly
have done, but a few months later, so that the full interpreted, shows that it was written after the
term of twenty years was completed.
wall round the Peiraeeus was pulled down (Xen.
There is a general agreement among the ancient Hellen. ii. 2). In the second book (ii
. 65) he
authorities that Thucydides came to a violent end ; speaks of the Sicilian expedition, and the sup-
Zopyrus and Didymus, quoted by Marcellinus, port which Cyrus gave to the Lacedaemonians,
affirm this ; and Plutarch (Cimon 4), and Pau- and of the final defeat of the Athenians in this
sanias (i. 23. $ 9) tell the same story. But there all which passages consequently were
is a great diversity of evidence as to the place written after the events to which they refer. A
where he died; and it is doubtful whether it was passage in the fifth book also (v. 26), mentions
Thrace or Athens. Plutarch says, it is reported the end of the war, the duration of which, he
that he was killed in Scaptesyle in Thrace, but says, was twenty-seven years. Thucydides un
that his remains were carried to Athens, and his doubtedly was collecting his materials all through
tomb is pointed out in the burial-place of Cimon, the war, and of course he would register them as
by the side of the tomb of Elpinice, the sister of he got thein ; but the work in the shape in which
97
war ;
## p. 1114 (#1130) ##########################################
1114
THUCYDIDES.
THUCYDIDES.
we have it, was certainly not finished until after statement 'in Diogenes implies that the work ul
the close of the war.
Thucydides might have been lost or forgotten but
A question has been raised as to the authorship for Xenophon's care ; and if the statement is true,
of the eighth and last book of Thucydides, which we may conclude that the manuscript of Thucy-
breaks off in the middle of the twenty-first year of dides in some way came into his possession, and
the war (B. C. 411); and with the remark that, probably the materials which the author had col-
" when the winter which follows this summer lected for the completion of his history.
shall lave ended, the one and twentieth year of The work of Thucydides, from the commence-
the war is completed. ” It differs from all the ment of the second book, is chronologically divided
other books in containing no speeches, a circum- into summers and winters, and each summer and
btance which Dionysius remarked, and it has also winter make a year (ii. 1). His summer com-
been supposed to be inferior to the rest as a piece prises the time from ihe vernal to the autumnal
of composition. Accordingly several ancient critics equinox, and the winter comprises the period from
supposed that the eighth book was not by Thucy- the autumnal to the vernal equinox. The division
dides: some attributed it to his daughter, and into books and chapters was probably made by the
bome to Xenophon or Theopompus, because both Alexandrine critics. In the second book he says
of them continued the history. The words with at the beginning of the 47th chapter, “such was
which Xenophon’s Hellenica commence (uerà the interment during this winter, and after the
8è tallra) may chiefly have led to the supposition winter was over, the first year of the war was
that he was the author, for his work is made to ended. ” He then goes on to say :-“ now in the
appear as a continuation of that of Thucydides : commencement of the summer,” which is evidently
but this argument is in itself of little weight ; and the beginning of a new year, and of a new
besides, both the style of the eighth book is division, if he made any division in his history.
different from that of Xenophon, and the manner | Again, at the end of the eightieth chapter, he
of treating the subject, for the division of the year mentions the end of the second year of the war ;
into summers and winters, which Thucydides has and again in the last chapter of the second book he
observed in his first seven books, is continued in mentions the conclusion of the third year of the
the eighth, but is not observed by Xenophon. The war. The third book begins just in the same
rhetorical style of Theopompus, which was the manner, “ In the following summer," as the eighty-
characteristic of his writing, renders it also im- first chapter of the second book. There is, then,
probable that he was the author of the eighth nothing in the work itself which gives the least
book. It seems the simplest supposition to consider intimation that the division into books was part of
Thucydides himself as the author of this book, the author's design ; and in fact, the division into
since he names himself as the author twice (viii. books is made in a very arbitrary and clumsy way.
6, 60). Cratippus, a contemporary of Thucydides, The seventh book ought to end with the sixth
who also collected what Thucydides had omitted, chapter of the eighth book; and the seventh
ascribes this book to Thucydides, remarking at chapter of the eighth book ought to be the first.
the same time that he has introduced no speeches We may conclude from the terms in which Cratip-
in it. (Dionys. De Thucyd. c. 16, ed. Hudson. ) pus alludes to the eighth book (tà Teleuraia Tas
Marcellinus and the anonymous author of the life iotoplas) that the division into books was not
of Thucydides also attribute the last book to him. then made ; but it existed in the time of Diony-
The statement of Cratippus, that Thucydides sius (De Thucyd. c. 16, 17, &c. ), and when Dio-
omitted the speeches in the last book because they dorus wrote (xii. 37, xiii. 42).
impeded the narrative and were wearisome to his There was a division of the work also into nine
readers, is probably merely a conjecture. If Thu- books (Diod. xii. 37); and a still later division
cydides, after writing speeches in the first seven into thirteen books. The title of the work, as well
books, discovered that this was a bad historical as the division into books, is also probably the work
method, we must assume that if he had lived long of the critics or grammarians. The titles vary in the
enough, he would have struck the speeches out of MSS. , but the simple title Ingypapá is that which
the first seven books. But this is very improbable ; is most appropriate to the author's own expression,
a man of his character and judgment would hardly | Θουκυδίδης Αθηναίος ξυνέγραψε τον πόλεμον, άε.
begin his work without a settled plan ; and if the l (i. 1).
speeches were struck out, the work would certainly The history of the Peloponnesian war opens the
be defective, and would not present that aspect of second book of Thucydides, and the first is intro-
political affairs, and that judgment upon them, ductory to the history. He begins his first book
which undoubtedly it was the design of the author by observing that the Peloponnesian war was the
to present. Some reasons why there should be no most important event in Grecian history, which be
speeches in the eighth book, in accordance with shows by a rapid review of the history of the
the general plan of Thucydides, are alleged by Greeks from the earliest period to the commence-
Krüger ; and the main reason is that they are not ment of the war (i. 1-21). His remarks on the
wanted. Whatever may be the reason, the only remote periods of Grecian history, such as Hellen
conclusion that a sound critic can come to is, that and his sons, the naval power of Minos, and the
the eighth book is by Thucydides, but that he may war of Troy, do not express any doubt as to the
not have had the opportunity of revising it with historical character of these events ; nor was it
the same care as the first seven books.
necessary for the author to express his scepticism;
A saying. (1. évetai) is preserved by Diogenes he has simply stated the main facts of early
that Xenophon made the work of Thucydides Grecian history in the way in which they were
known (eis dóžav Kyayev), which may be true, as told and generally received. These early events
he wrote the first two books of his Hellenica, or are utterly unimportant, when we view history, as
the part which now ends with the second book, the author viewed the object of his history, as
for the purpose of completing the history. The matter for political instruction (i. 22). He de
## p. 1115 (#1131) ##########################################
THUCYDIDES.
1115
THUCYDIDES.
signed his work to be “an eternal possession," and pains it must have cost him to ascertain these
such it has proved to be. After his introductory lacts, we admire the self-denial of a writer who is
chapters (i. 1—23) he proceeds to explain the satisfied with giving facts in their naked brevity
alleged grounds and causes of the war: the real without ornament, without any parade of his per-
causes were, he says, the Spartan jealousy of the sonal importance, and of the trouble that his
Athenian power.
His narrative is interrupted matter cost him. A single chapter must sometimes
(c. 89–118), after he has come to the time when have represented the labour of many days and
the Lacedaemonians resolved on war, by a digres- weeks. Such a principle of historical composition
sion (ikbonh) on the rise and progress of the is the evidence of a great and elevated mind. The
power of Athens ; a period which had been either history of Thucydides only makes an octavo vo-
omitted by other writers, or treated imperfectly, lume of moderate size ; many a modern writer
and with little regard to chronology, as by llel would have spun it out to a dozen volumes, and 50
lanicus in his Attic history (c. 97). He resumes have spoiled it. A work that is for all ages must
his narrative (c. 119) with the negotiations that contain much in little compass.
preceded the war; but this leads to another di- He seldom makes reflections in the course of his
gression of some length on the treason of Pausa- narrative: occasionally he has a chapter of political
nias (c. 128-134), and the exile of Themistocles and moral observations, animated by the keenest
(c. 135—130). He concludes the book with the perception of the motives of action, and the moral
speech of Pericles, who advised the Athenians to character of man. Many of his speeches are po-
refuse the demands of the Peloponnesians ; and his litical essays, or materials for them ; they are not
subject, as already observed, begins with the mere imaginations of his own for rhetorical effect ;
second book. Mr. Clinton, in his Fasti, has a they contain the general sense of what was actually
chapter“ On the Summary of Thucydides,” or delivered as nearly as he could ascertain, and in
that part of his first book which treats of the many instances he had good opportunities of
period between B. c. 478 and 432. The Pelopon knowing what was said, for he heard some speeches
nesian war began B. C. 43).
delivered (i. 22). His opportunities, his talents,
A history which treats of so many events, his character, and his subject all combined to pro-
which took place at remote spots, could only be duce a work that stands alone, and in its kind has
written, in the time of Thucydides, by a man who neither equal nor rival. His pictures are some-
took great pains to ascertain facts by personal in- times striking and tragic, an effect produced by
quiry. In modern times facts are made known by severe simplicity and minute particularity. Such
printing as soon as they occur ; and the printed is the description of the plague of Athens. Such
records of the time, newspapers and the like, are also is the incomparable history of the Athenian
often the only evidence of many facts which expedition to Sicily, and its melancholy termina-
become history. When we know the careless way tion.
in which facts are now reported and recorded by A man who thinks profoundly will have a form
very incompetent persons, often upon very in- of expression which is stamped with the character
different hearsay testimony, and compare with of his mind ; and the style of Thucydides is
such records the pains that Thucydides took to accordingly concise, vigorous, energetic. We feel
ascertain the chief events of a war, with which he that all the words were intended to have a mean-
was contemporary, in which he took a share as a ing, and have a meaning: none of them are iule.
commander, the opportunities which his means Yet he is sometimes harsh and obscure ; and pro-
allowed, his great abilities, and serious earnest bably he was so, even to his own countrymen.
character, it is a fair conclusion that we have a Some of his sentences are very involved, and the
more exact history of a long eventful period by connection and dependence of the parts are often
Thucydides than we have of any period in modern difficult to seize. Cicero, undoubtedly a good
history, equally long and equally eventful. We Greek scholar, found him difficult (Orator. c. 9):
are deceived as to the value of modern historical he says that the speeches contain so many obscure
evidence, which depends on the eye-sight of wit- and impenetrable sentences as to be scarcely intel-
nesses, by the facility with which it is produced ligible ; and this, he adds, is a very great defect in
and distributed in print. But when we come to the language of political life (in oratione civili).
examine the real authority for that which is The first thing that is requisite in reading Thu-
printed, we seldom find that the original witness cydides is to have a good text established on a
of an important transaction is a Thucydides ; still collation of the MSS. , and this we owe to I. Bek.
less seldom do we find a man like him who has ker. Those who were accustomed to read Thucy-
devoted seven and twenty years to the critical dides in such a text as Duker's, can estimate their
enumeration of the events of as many years. A obligations to Bekker. For the understanding of
large part of the facts in Thucydides were doubt- the text, a sound knowledge of the language and
less derived from the testimony of other eye-wit- the assistance of the best critics are necessary; and
nesses, and even in some cases not directly from perhaps nearly all has been done in this depart-
eye-witnesses ; and that is also true of all modern ment that can be done.
But after all, a careful
histories, even contemporary histories ; but again, and repeated study of the original is necessary in
how seldom have we a Thucydides to weigh the order to understand it. For the illustration of the
value of testimony either direct or indirect (i. 22). text a great mass of geographical and historica)
His whole work shows the most scrupulous care knowledge is necessary; and here also the critics
;
and diligence in ascertaining facts ; his strict at have not been idle. To derive all the advantage
tention to chronology, and the importance that he from the work that may be derived for political
attaches to it, are additional proof of his historical instruction, we must study it; and here the critics
accuracy. His narrative is brief and concise : it give little help, for Politik is a thing they seldom
generally contains bare facts expressed in the meddle with, and not often with success. Here a
fewest possible words, and when we consider what man must be his own commentator ; but a great
## p. 1116 (#1132) ##########################################
1116
THUGENIDES.
THYMOCLES.
1
taken from the
dedvol. ii.
1. 235, tel. 3
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No. 3]
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deal might be done by a competent hand in illus- | Eurip. Hecub. 1166 ; Meineke, Frag. Com. Gracc.
trating Thucydides as a political writer.
vol. i. p. 499, vol. iv. pp. 593, 594; Editio Minor,
The Greek text was first published by Aldus, p. 1183). Fabricius has wrongly made Thuge.
Venice, 1502 fol. , and the Scholia were published nides a tragic poet. (Bill. Gruec. vol. ii. p.
in the following year. The first Latin translation, 325. )
[P. S. ]
which was by Valla, was printed before 1500, and THURO (Ooupá), a daughter of Phylas, be-
reprinted at Paris, 1513, fol. , and frequently after came by A polìo the mother of Chaeron, the founder
that date. The first edition of the Greek text of Thurium. (Pans. ix. 40. $ 3. ) (LS. )
accompanied by a Latin version, was that of THYAS (Ovás), a name of the female followers
H. Stephens, 1564, fol. : the Latin version is that of Dionysus, is the same as Juiás. (Lycoph. Cuss.
of Valla, revised by Stephens. This well printed 143, 305; Ov. Fust. vi. 514 ; Catull. 64, 392 ;
edition contains the Scholia, the Life of Thucy. comp. Tuyia. )
(L. S. ]
dides by Marcellinus, and an anonymous Life of THYESTES (Avéotns), a son of Pelops and
Thucydides. The edition of I. Bekker, Berlin, Hippodameia, was the brother of Atreus and the
1821, 3 vols. 8vo. forms an epoch in the editions father of Aegisthus. (Hom. Il. ii. 107; Aeschyl.
of Thucydides, and, as regards the text, renders it Ayam. 1242 ; Eurip. Or. 1008 ; comp. ATREUS;
unnecessary to consult any which are of prior date. PELOPS ; AGAMEMNON. )
(L. S. )
Among other editions are that of Poppo, Leipzig, THYIA (Ovia). 1. A daughter of Castalins
10 vols. 8vo. , 1821–1838, of which tivo volumes or Cephisseus, became by Apollo the mother oi
are filled with prolegomena ; of Haack, with se- Delphus. (Paus. x. 6. § 2 ; Herod. vii. 178. ) She
lections from the Greek Scholia and short notes, is said to have been the first to have sacrificed to
Leipzig, 1820, 2 vols. 8vo. ; of Göller, 2 vols. 8vo. , Dionysus, and to have celebrated orgies in his
Leipzig, 1826; and of Arnold, 3 vols 8vo. , Ox- honour. Hence the Attic women, who every year
ford, 1830-1835.
went to Mount Parnassus to celebrate the Diony-
The translations into modern languages are siac orgies with the Delphian Thyiades, received
numerous. It was translated into French by Claude themselves the name of Thyades or Thyiades.
Seyssel, Paris, 1527, fol. 'The English version of (Paus. l. c. x. 4. § 2, 22. $ 5; comp. 29. § 2 ;
Thomas Nicolls, London, 1550, fol. was made Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 285. )
from the version of Seyssel. The Biographie Uni- 2. A daughter of Deucalion, and, by Zeus, the
versclle mentions an anonymous English version, mother of Macedon. (Hes. Fragm. 26, ed. Gött-
published at London in 1525. The English ling; Steph. Byz. s. r. Makedovía. ) (L. S. ]
version of Hobbes appears to be mainly founded THYILLUS. (SATYRUS, literary, No. 4. )
on the Latin versions, as a comparison of it THYLACUS. [ONAETHUS. ]
with them will show. Hobbes translated it for THYMBRAEUS (Ovu6paios). 1. A surname
the political iustruction which it contains. Thucy- of Apollo, derived from a place in Troas called
dides was afterwards translated by W. Smith, Thymbra, where he had a temple in which Achilles
1753, whose translation is generally exact ; and was wounded, or from a neighbouring hill of the
again by S. T. Bloomfield, London, 1829. The same name. (Strab. xiii. p. 598 ; Steph. Byz. s. v.
most recent German translation is by H. W. F. . Qúubpa; Eurip. Rhes. 224 ; Serv. ad Aen. iii, 85 ;
Klein, Munich, 1826, 8vo. Thucydides was trans- Hom. II. x. 430. ).
lated into French by Levesque, Paris, 1795, 4 vols. 2. A Trojan who was slain by Diomedes. (Hom.
8v0. ; and by Gail, 1807, &c. Gail published the Il. xi. 320. )
(L. S. ]
Greek text of Thucydides, the Scholia, the varia- THY'MELE, a celebrated mima or female
tions of thirteen manuscripts of the Bibliothèque actress in the reign of Domitian, with whom she
du Roi, a Latin version corrected, and the French was a great favourite. She frequently acted along
version already mentioned, with notes historical with Latinus. (Juv. i. 35, vi. 66, viii. 197. )
and philological. The French version of Gail has (LATINUS. )
been printed separately, 4 vols. 8vo.
THY'MILUS (Ovulnos), a statuary or sculp-
The authorities for the Life of Thucydides have tor, whose group of Eros and Dionysus standing
been generally referred to, and they are all men- together was seen by Pausanias in the temple of
tioned and criticised in the Untersuchungen über Dionysus at Athens. (i. 20. $ 1. ) [P. S. )
das Leben des Thucydides, Berlin, 1832, by K. W. THYMO'CHARES or THYMO'CHARIS
Krüger. The “ Annales Thucydidei et Xeno- (Ovuoxápns, Ovuoxapıs), an Athenian, was placed
phontei,” &c. of Dodwell, Oxford, 1702, 4to. , may in command of the squadron which was sent in
also be consulted. The criticism of Dionysius of haste to Euboea to oppose the Peloponnesian fleet
Halicarnassus on Thucydides has itself been much under Hegesandridas, the appearance of which off
criticised: most of his censure will not receive the the coast had excited so much alarm at Athens.
plausible objections to be urged against it. Krüger Marcellinus, Cleon, who was at this time in great
has collected in his essay on Thucydides all that favour with the Athenians, excited popular sus.
he could say in support of the story.
picion against the unfortunate commander. Thu-
Antiphon of Rhamnus, the most distinguished cydides (v. 26) simply says that he lived in exile
orator of the time, is said to have been the master twenty years after the affair of Amphipolis, but he
of Thucydides in the rhetorical art; and as An- does not say whether it was a voluntary exile or a
tiphon was a contemporary of Thucydides and punishment. If it was voluntary, we may assume
older, there is no internal improbability in the that he did not return to Athens, because he knew
statement. But the evidence for it, as Krüger / what fate awaited him. There are various un-
Teceydides
matas, and
Tuzydides
Kriger ing
ike some tir
beidz inten
especially as
the intentio!
Ttueşdid
erie (F. 26
bezinning
Athens in 1
fore at or abc
Athens.
Bar accordi
joined Tar
eiected his
sanias inde
was recalled
but this act
appeared ire
ties cited be
permission
conclusion
40+, Thuc
Tears in e
til B. C. 40
Fean was
nineteen ye
asenne tha
bare done,
term of tw
There is
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affirm this
kaujas (i. 2
is a great
where he d
Thrace or
that be the
that his te
tomb is pois
by tbe side
## p. 1113 (#1129) ##########################################
1
THUCYDIDES.
THUCYDIDES.
1113
trustworthy accounts as to his places of residence Cimon. Pansanias, who was well acquainted with
during his exile; but we may conclude that he Athens, says that his tomb was then not far from
could not safely reside in any place which was the Pylae Melitides ; and that he was assassinated
under Athenian dominion, and as he kept his eye after his return (ws Karpei), words which scem
on the events of the war, he must have lived in to imply that he did not long survive his restoration.
those parts which belonged to the Spartan alliance. Marcellinus, on the authority of Antyllus, quotes
His own words certainly imply that, during his the inscription on his tomb at Athens :
exile, he spent much of his time either in the Pe- | Θουκυδίδης Ολόρου (Ορόλου) Αλιμούσιος (ένθαδε
loponnesus or in places which were under Pelo-
κείται).
ponnesian influence (v. 26); and his work was the
result of his own experience and observations. We cannot donbt that there was a tomb of
His minute description of Syracuse and the neigh- Thucydides at Athens, and he probably died
bourhood leads to the probable conclusion that he there: the testimony of Timaeus that he died in
was personally acquainted with the localities ; and Italy, is of little value.
if he visited Sicily, it is probable that he also saw The question as to the time of the return of
Bome parts of southern Italy, and an anonymous Thucydides to Athens, and of the place of his
biographer speaks of Thucydides having been at death and interment, discussed by Krüger with
Sybaris. But it is rather too bold a conjecture a wearisome minuteness, and with uncertain rc-
to make, as some have done, that Olorus and his sults. As to the time of the death of Thucy-
son Thucydides went out in the colony to Thurii, dides, he concludes that it could not be later than
B. C. 443, which was joined by Herodotus and the the end or about the middle of the 94th Olympiad,
orator Lysias, then a young man. Timaeus, as that is, in any event not later than B. C. 401. His
quoted by Marcellinus, says that Thucydides du- own direct testimony (v. 26) simply shows that he
ring his exile lived in Italy; but if he means during was living after the war was ended (B. C. 404).
all the time of his exile, his statement cannot be Dodwell argues that the third eruption of Aetna,
accepted, for it would contradict the inference which Thucydides (iii. 116) alludes to was the
which may be fairly derived from a passage in eruption of B. C. 399 or the 95th Olympiad ; but
Thucydides that has been already referred to. Ti. Thucydides means to say that the eruption, of
maeus, and other authorities also, affirmed that which he does not fix the date, was prior to the two
Thucydides was buried at Thurii; as to which eruptions (B. C. 425 and 475) of which he does
Krüger ingeniously argues, that if he lived there fix the dates. There is no doubt about the true
for some time, there is nothing strange in a story interpretation of this passage.
being invented of his having been buried there, The time when he composed his work is another
especially as he might have had a tomb built with matter of critical inquiry. He was busy in collect-
the intention of occupying it
ing materials all through the war from the begin-
Thucydides says that he lived twenty years in ning to the end (i. 22); but we do not know
exile (v. 26), and as his exile commenced in the from his own evidence whether he wrote any por-
beginning of B. C. 423, he may have returned to tion of the work, as we now have it, during the
Athens in the beginning of B. C. 403, and there continuance of the war, though he would certainly
fore at or about the time when Thrasybulus liberated have plenty of time during his exile to compose
Athens. (Xen. Hellen. ii. 4. $S 22-38. ). It the earlier part of his history. Plutarch says that
may accordingly be conjectured that Thucydides he wrote the work in Thrace ; and his words mean
joined Thrasybulus, and in company with him the whole work, as he does not qualify them (TOV
effected his return to his native country. Pau- | πόλεμον των Πελοποννησίων και Αθηναίων εν
sanias indeed (i. 23. $ 9) states that Thucydides páxy tepl TTV EKARTTV ởany), and this is con-
was recalled by a psephisma proposed by Oenobius, sistent with Plutarch's statement that he died in
but this account creates some difficulty, because it Thrace. Marcellinus says that he gave the work
appeared from a critical enumeration of the authori. its last polish in Thrace; and that he wrote it
ties cited by Marcellinus, that there was a general under a plane tree: this is very particular, and it
permission for all the exiles to return after the is not improbable that he might write under a
conclusion of peace with the Laedaemonians, B. c. shady tree in fine weather, but such particularities
404. Thucydides himself says that he was twenty are very suspicious. The most probable opinion is
years in exile, and therefore he did not return that he was engaged on the work till the time of
till B. C. 403, unless we assume that his “ twenty his death. In the very beginning of his history
years was merely a round number used to signify (i. 18)he mentions the end of the war in a pas-
nineteen years and somewhat more ; or unless we sage which must have been written after B. C. 404.
assume that he did not retum as soon as he might A passage in the first book (i. 93), when rightly
have done, but a few months later, so that the full interpreted, shows that it was written after the
term of twenty years was completed.
wall round the Peiraeeus was pulled down (Xen.
There is a general agreement among the ancient Hellen. ii. 2). In the second book (ii
. 65) he
authorities that Thucydides came to a violent end ; speaks of the Sicilian expedition, and the sup-
Zopyrus and Didymus, quoted by Marcellinus, port which Cyrus gave to the Lacedaemonians,
affirm this ; and Plutarch (Cimon 4), and Pau- and of the final defeat of the Athenians in this
sanias (i. 23. $ 9) tell the same story. But there all which passages consequently were
is a great diversity of evidence as to the place written after the events to which they refer. A
where he died; and it is doubtful whether it was passage in the fifth book also (v. 26), mentions
Thrace or Athens. Plutarch says, it is reported the end of the war, the duration of which, he
that he was killed in Scaptesyle in Thrace, but says, was twenty-seven years. Thucydides un
that his remains were carried to Athens, and his doubtedly was collecting his materials all through
tomb is pointed out in the burial-place of Cimon, the war, and of course he would register them as
by the side of the tomb of Elpinice, the sister of he got thein ; but the work in the shape in which
97
war ;
## p. 1114 (#1130) ##########################################
1114
THUCYDIDES.
THUCYDIDES.
we have it, was certainly not finished until after statement 'in Diogenes implies that the work ul
the close of the war.
Thucydides might have been lost or forgotten but
A question has been raised as to the authorship for Xenophon's care ; and if the statement is true,
of the eighth and last book of Thucydides, which we may conclude that the manuscript of Thucy-
breaks off in the middle of the twenty-first year of dides in some way came into his possession, and
the war (B. C. 411); and with the remark that, probably the materials which the author had col-
" when the winter which follows this summer lected for the completion of his history.
shall lave ended, the one and twentieth year of The work of Thucydides, from the commence-
the war is completed. ” It differs from all the ment of the second book, is chronologically divided
other books in containing no speeches, a circum- into summers and winters, and each summer and
btance which Dionysius remarked, and it has also winter make a year (ii. 1). His summer com-
been supposed to be inferior to the rest as a piece prises the time from ihe vernal to the autumnal
of composition. Accordingly several ancient critics equinox, and the winter comprises the period from
supposed that the eighth book was not by Thucy- the autumnal to the vernal equinox. The division
dides: some attributed it to his daughter, and into books and chapters was probably made by the
bome to Xenophon or Theopompus, because both Alexandrine critics. In the second book he says
of them continued the history. The words with at the beginning of the 47th chapter, “such was
which Xenophon’s Hellenica commence (uerà the interment during this winter, and after the
8è tallra) may chiefly have led to the supposition winter was over, the first year of the war was
that he was the author, for his work is made to ended. ” He then goes on to say :-“ now in the
appear as a continuation of that of Thucydides : commencement of the summer,” which is evidently
but this argument is in itself of little weight ; and the beginning of a new year, and of a new
besides, both the style of the eighth book is division, if he made any division in his history.
different from that of Xenophon, and the manner | Again, at the end of the eightieth chapter, he
of treating the subject, for the division of the year mentions the end of the second year of the war ;
into summers and winters, which Thucydides has and again in the last chapter of the second book he
observed in his first seven books, is continued in mentions the conclusion of the third year of the
the eighth, but is not observed by Xenophon. The war. The third book begins just in the same
rhetorical style of Theopompus, which was the manner, “ In the following summer," as the eighty-
characteristic of his writing, renders it also im- first chapter of the second book. There is, then,
probable that he was the author of the eighth nothing in the work itself which gives the least
book. It seems the simplest supposition to consider intimation that the division into books was part of
Thucydides himself as the author of this book, the author's design ; and in fact, the division into
since he names himself as the author twice (viii. books is made in a very arbitrary and clumsy way.
6, 60). Cratippus, a contemporary of Thucydides, The seventh book ought to end with the sixth
who also collected what Thucydides had omitted, chapter of the eighth book; and the seventh
ascribes this book to Thucydides, remarking at chapter of the eighth book ought to be the first.
the same time that he has introduced no speeches We may conclude from the terms in which Cratip-
in it. (Dionys. De Thucyd. c. 16, ed. Hudson. ) pus alludes to the eighth book (tà Teleuraia Tas
Marcellinus and the anonymous author of the life iotoplas) that the division into books was not
of Thucydides also attribute the last book to him. then made ; but it existed in the time of Diony-
The statement of Cratippus, that Thucydides sius (De Thucyd. c. 16, 17, &c. ), and when Dio-
omitted the speeches in the last book because they dorus wrote (xii. 37, xiii. 42).
impeded the narrative and were wearisome to his There was a division of the work also into nine
readers, is probably merely a conjecture. If Thu- books (Diod. xii. 37); and a still later division
cydides, after writing speeches in the first seven into thirteen books. The title of the work, as well
books, discovered that this was a bad historical as the division into books, is also probably the work
method, we must assume that if he had lived long of the critics or grammarians. The titles vary in the
enough, he would have struck the speeches out of MSS. , but the simple title Ingypapá is that which
the first seven books. But this is very improbable ; is most appropriate to the author's own expression,
a man of his character and judgment would hardly | Θουκυδίδης Αθηναίος ξυνέγραψε τον πόλεμον, άε.
begin his work without a settled plan ; and if the l (i. 1).
speeches were struck out, the work would certainly The history of the Peloponnesian war opens the
be defective, and would not present that aspect of second book of Thucydides, and the first is intro-
political affairs, and that judgment upon them, ductory to the history. He begins his first book
which undoubtedly it was the design of the author by observing that the Peloponnesian war was the
to present. Some reasons why there should be no most important event in Grecian history, which be
speeches in the eighth book, in accordance with shows by a rapid review of the history of the
the general plan of Thucydides, are alleged by Greeks from the earliest period to the commence-
Krüger ; and the main reason is that they are not ment of the war (i. 1-21). His remarks on the
wanted. Whatever may be the reason, the only remote periods of Grecian history, such as Hellen
conclusion that a sound critic can come to is, that and his sons, the naval power of Minos, and the
the eighth book is by Thucydides, but that he may war of Troy, do not express any doubt as to the
not have had the opportunity of revising it with historical character of these events ; nor was it
the same care as the first seven books.
necessary for the author to express his scepticism;
A saying. (1. évetai) is preserved by Diogenes he has simply stated the main facts of early
that Xenophon made the work of Thucydides Grecian history in the way in which they were
known (eis dóžav Kyayev), which may be true, as told and generally received. These early events
he wrote the first two books of his Hellenica, or are utterly unimportant, when we view history, as
the part which now ends with the second book, the author viewed the object of his history, as
for the purpose of completing the history. The matter for political instruction (i. 22). He de
## p. 1115 (#1131) ##########################################
THUCYDIDES.
1115
THUCYDIDES.
signed his work to be “an eternal possession," and pains it must have cost him to ascertain these
such it has proved to be. After his introductory lacts, we admire the self-denial of a writer who is
chapters (i. 1—23) he proceeds to explain the satisfied with giving facts in their naked brevity
alleged grounds and causes of the war: the real without ornament, without any parade of his per-
causes were, he says, the Spartan jealousy of the sonal importance, and of the trouble that his
Athenian power.
His narrative is interrupted matter cost him. A single chapter must sometimes
(c. 89–118), after he has come to the time when have represented the labour of many days and
the Lacedaemonians resolved on war, by a digres- weeks. Such a principle of historical composition
sion (ikbonh) on the rise and progress of the is the evidence of a great and elevated mind. The
power of Athens ; a period which had been either history of Thucydides only makes an octavo vo-
omitted by other writers, or treated imperfectly, lume of moderate size ; many a modern writer
and with little regard to chronology, as by llel would have spun it out to a dozen volumes, and 50
lanicus in his Attic history (c. 97). He resumes have spoiled it. A work that is for all ages must
his narrative (c. 119) with the negotiations that contain much in little compass.
preceded the war; but this leads to another di- He seldom makes reflections in the course of his
gression of some length on the treason of Pausa- narrative: occasionally he has a chapter of political
nias (c. 128-134), and the exile of Themistocles and moral observations, animated by the keenest
(c. 135—130). He concludes the book with the perception of the motives of action, and the moral
speech of Pericles, who advised the Athenians to character of man. Many of his speeches are po-
refuse the demands of the Peloponnesians ; and his litical essays, or materials for them ; they are not
subject, as already observed, begins with the mere imaginations of his own for rhetorical effect ;
second book. Mr. Clinton, in his Fasti, has a they contain the general sense of what was actually
chapter“ On the Summary of Thucydides,” or delivered as nearly as he could ascertain, and in
that part of his first book which treats of the many instances he had good opportunities of
period between B. c. 478 and 432. The Pelopon knowing what was said, for he heard some speeches
nesian war began B. C. 43).
delivered (i. 22). His opportunities, his talents,
A history which treats of so many events, his character, and his subject all combined to pro-
which took place at remote spots, could only be duce a work that stands alone, and in its kind has
written, in the time of Thucydides, by a man who neither equal nor rival. His pictures are some-
took great pains to ascertain facts by personal in- times striking and tragic, an effect produced by
quiry. In modern times facts are made known by severe simplicity and minute particularity. Such
printing as soon as they occur ; and the printed is the description of the plague of Athens. Such
records of the time, newspapers and the like, are also is the incomparable history of the Athenian
often the only evidence of many facts which expedition to Sicily, and its melancholy termina-
become history. When we know the careless way tion.
in which facts are now reported and recorded by A man who thinks profoundly will have a form
very incompetent persons, often upon very in- of expression which is stamped with the character
different hearsay testimony, and compare with of his mind ; and the style of Thucydides is
such records the pains that Thucydides took to accordingly concise, vigorous, energetic. We feel
ascertain the chief events of a war, with which he that all the words were intended to have a mean-
was contemporary, in which he took a share as a ing, and have a meaning: none of them are iule.
commander, the opportunities which his means Yet he is sometimes harsh and obscure ; and pro-
allowed, his great abilities, and serious earnest bably he was so, even to his own countrymen.
character, it is a fair conclusion that we have a Some of his sentences are very involved, and the
more exact history of a long eventful period by connection and dependence of the parts are often
Thucydides than we have of any period in modern difficult to seize. Cicero, undoubtedly a good
history, equally long and equally eventful. We Greek scholar, found him difficult (Orator. c. 9):
are deceived as to the value of modern historical he says that the speeches contain so many obscure
evidence, which depends on the eye-sight of wit- and impenetrable sentences as to be scarcely intel-
nesses, by the facility with which it is produced ligible ; and this, he adds, is a very great defect in
and distributed in print. But when we come to the language of political life (in oratione civili).
examine the real authority for that which is The first thing that is requisite in reading Thu-
printed, we seldom find that the original witness cydides is to have a good text established on a
of an important transaction is a Thucydides ; still collation of the MSS. , and this we owe to I. Bek.
less seldom do we find a man like him who has ker. Those who were accustomed to read Thucy-
devoted seven and twenty years to the critical dides in such a text as Duker's, can estimate their
enumeration of the events of as many years. A obligations to Bekker. For the understanding of
large part of the facts in Thucydides were doubt- the text, a sound knowledge of the language and
less derived from the testimony of other eye-wit- the assistance of the best critics are necessary; and
nesses, and even in some cases not directly from perhaps nearly all has been done in this depart-
eye-witnesses ; and that is also true of all modern ment that can be done.
But after all, a careful
histories, even contemporary histories ; but again, and repeated study of the original is necessary in
how seldom have we a Thucydides to weigh the order to understand it. For the illustration of the
value of testimony either direct or indirect (i. 22). text a great mass of geographical and historica)
His whole work shows the most scrupulous care knowledge is necessary; and here also the critics
;
and diligence in ascertaining facts ; his strict at have not been idle. To derive all the advantage
tention to chronology, and the importance that he from the work that may be derived for political
attaches to it, are additional proof of his historical instruction, we must study it; and here the critics
accuracy. His narrative is brief and concise : it give little help, for Politik is a thing they seldom
generally contains bare facts expressed in the meddle with, and not often with success. Here a
fewest possible words, and when we consider what man must be his own commentator ; but a great
## p. 1116 (#1132) ##########################################
1116
THUGENIDES.
THYMOCLES.
1
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No. 3]
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deal might be done by a competent hand in illus- | Eurip. Hecub. 1166 ; Meineke, Frag. Com. Gracc.
trating Thucydides as a political writer.
vol. i. p. 499, vol. iv. pp. 593, 594; Editio Minor,
The Greek text was first published by Aldus, p. 1183). Fabricius has wrongly made Thuge.
Venice, 1502 fol. , and the Scholia were published nides a tragic poet. (Bill. Gruec. vol. ii. p.
in the following year. The first Latin translation, 325. )
[P. S. ]
which was by Valla, was printed before 1500, and THURO (Ooupá), a daughter of Phylas, be-
reprinted at Paris, 1513, fol. , and frequently after came by A polìo the mother of Chaeron, the founder
that date. The first edition of the Greek text of Thurium. (Pans. ix. 40. $ 3. ) (LS. )
accompanied by a Latin version, was that of THYAS (Ovás), a name of the female followers
H. Stephens, 1564, fol. : the Latin version is that of Dionysus, is the same as Juiás. (Lycoph. Cuss.
of Valla, revised by Stephens. This well printed 143, 305; Ov. Fust. vi. 514 ; Catull. 64, 392 ;
edition contains the Scholia, the Life of Thucy. comp. Tuyia. )
(L. S. ]
dides by Marcellinus, and an anonymous Life of THYESTES (Avéotns), a son of Pelops and
Thucydides. The edition of I. Bekker, Berlin, Hippodameia, was the brother of Atreus and the
1821, 3 vols. 8vo. forms an epoch in the editions father of Aegisthus. (Hom. Il. ii. 107; Aeschyl.
of Thucydides, and, as regards the text, renders it Ayam. 1242 ; Eurip. Or. 1008 ; comp. ATREUS;
unnecessary to consult any which are of prior date. PELOPS ; AGAMEMNON. )
(L. S. )
Among other editions are that of Poppo, Leipzig, THYIA (Ovia). 1. A daughter of Castalins
10 vols. 8vo. , 1821–1838, of which tivo volumes or Cephisseus, became by Apollo the mother oi
are filled with prolegomena ; of Haack, with se- Delphus. (Paus. x. 6. § 2 ; Herod. vii. 178. ) She
lections from the Greek Scholia and short notes, is said to have been the first to have sacrificed to
Leipzig, 1820, 2 vols. 8vo. ; of Göller, 2 vols. 8vo. , Dionysus, and to have celebrated orgies in his
Leipzig, 1826; and of Arnold, 3 vols 8vo. , Ox- honour. Hence the Attic women, who every year
ford, 1830-1835.
went to Mount Parnassus to celebrate the Diony-
The translations into modern languages are siac orgies with the Delphian Thyiades, received
numerous. It was translated into French by Claude themselves the name of Thyades or Thyiades.
Seyssel, Paris, 1527, fol. 'The English version of (Paus. l. c. x. 4. § 2, 22. $ 5; comp. 29. § 2 ;
Thomas Nicolls, London, 1550, fol. was made Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 285. )
from the version of Seyssel. The Biographie Uni- 2. A daughter of Deucalion, and, by Zeus, the
versclle mentions an anonymous English version, mother of Macedon. (Hes. Fragm. 26, ed. Gött-
published at London in 1525. The English ling; Steph. Byz. s. r. Makedovía. ) (L. S. ]
version of Hobbes appears to be mainly founded THYILLUS. (SATYRUS, literary, No. 4. )
on the Latin versions, as a comparison of it THYLACUS. [ONAETHUS. ]
with them will show. Hobbes translated it for THYMBRAEUS (Ovu6paios). 1. A surname
the political iustruction which it contains. Thucy- of Apollo, derived from a place in Troas called
dides was afterwards translated by W. Smith, Thymbra, where he had a temple in which Achilles
1753, whose translation is generally exact ; and was wounded, or from a neighbouring hill of the
again by S. T. Bloomfield, London, 1829. The same name. (Strab. xiii. p. 598 ; Steph. Byz. s. v.
most recent German translation is by H. W. F. . Qúubpa; Eurip. Rhes. 224 ; Serv. ad Aen. iii, 85 ;
Klein, Munich, 1826, 8vo. Thucydides was trans- Hom. II. x. 430. ).
lated into French by Levesque, Paris, 1795, 4 vols. 2. A Trojan who was slain by Diomedes. (Hom.
8v0. ; and by Gail, 1807, &c. Gail published the Il. xi. 320. )
(L. S. ]
Greek text of Thucydides, the Scholia, the varia- THY'MELE, a celebrated mima or female
tions of thirteen manuscripts of the Bibliothèque actress in the reign of Domitian, with whom she
du Roi, a Latin version corrected, and the French was a great favourite. She frequently acted along
version already mentioned, with notes historical with Latinus. (Juv. i. 35, vi. 66, viii. 197. )
and philological. The French version of Gail has (LATINUS. )
been printed separately, 4 vols. 8vo.
THY'MILUS (Ovulnos), a statuary or sculp-
The authorities for the Life of Thucydides have tor, whose group of Eros and Dionysus standing
been generally referred to, and they are all men- together was seen by Pausanias in the temple of
tioned and criticised in the Untersuchungen über Dionysus at Athens. (i. 20. $ 1. ) [P. S. )
das Leben des Thucydides, Berlin, 1832, by K. W. THYMO'CHARES or THYMO'CHARIS
Krüger. The “ Annales Thucydidei et Xeno- (Ovuoxápns, Ovuoxapıs), an Athenian, was placed
phontei,” &c. of Dodwell, Oxford, 1702, 4to. , may in command of the squadron which was sent in
also be consulted. The criticism of Dionysius of haste to Euboea to oppose the Peloponnesian fleet
Halicarnassus on Thucydides has itself been much under Hegesandridas, the appearance of which off
criticised: most of his censure will not receive the the coast had excited so much alarm at Athens.
