Before crowning the archbishop " re-
cepturus ab ipso patre, filii sui vice,
corporaliter juramentum super aposto-
licse sedis obedientiam, quam super
Ecclesirc Ungaricse libertate, sicut pro-
genitores sui cum humilitate ac devo-
tione debita impenderunt.
cepturus ab ipso patre, filii sui vice,
corporaliter juramentum super aposto-
licse sedis obedientiam, quam super
Ecclesirc Ungaricse libertate, sicut pro-
genitores sui cum humilitate ac devo-
tione debita impenderunt.
Thomas Carlyle
116, col.
1114 C, 27th
December 1202. " Nos igitur ut super
hoc majorem certitudinem haberemus,
regesta nostra perlegi fecimus dili-
genter; ex quibus evidenter com-
perimus quod in terra tibi subjecta
multi re gee fuerint coronati. . . . (col.
1115 B) Mandamus quoque ipsi (the
papal legate), ut de corona progeni-
toribus tuis ab Eccleeia Romana
collata, tam per libros veto res quam
ala documenta, inquirat diligentius
veritatom. "
3 The Bulgarian revolt commenced
in 1186.
? The siege of Zara commenced on
the 10th November 1202.
? Reg. VI. 142. Not dated. Some-
time in 1203.
? Reg. VI. 144, 10th September
1203.
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? CHAP. L]
161
INNOCENT HI.
whom Samuel anointed David as king, and seeking to provide
for the welfare of the people both spiritually and temporally.
Before his legate crowned him, Kaloyan was to swear that he
and his successors, and all the lands and peoples subject to
him, would remain devoted and obedient to the Eoman
Church. As requested by Kaloyan's envoy, he gave the king
authority to mint money with his image on it (tuo charactere
insignitum). 1 There is no reference in this letter to the
previous history of Bulgaria, nor to the inquiries previously
ordered by Innocent, the action is based solely on Innocent's
authority as vicar of Christ. In a separate letter, probably
written at the same time, he sent the king a standard (vexillum)
to " use against those who honour the crucified one with their
lips, but whose heart is far from him. " 2
Sverre, the King of Norway, had for some time been
engaged in a serious conflict with the Church in Norway,
and Innocent directed that his followers should be excom-
municated and their lands placed under interdict. 3 He
also ordered the King of Denmark (per apostolica scripta
1 Reg. VII. 1, 24th February 1204,
col. 279 C. " Cum igiter, licet immeriti
ejus vices geramus in terris qui domi-
natur in regno hominum, et cui voluerit
dabit illud, utpote per quem reges
regnant et principes dominantur, cum
Petro et successoribus suis, et nobis
in eo, noverimus esse dictum "; Ego
pro te rogavi, Petre, ui rum deficiat
fides tua, et tu aUquando conversus
confirma fratres tuos (Luc. XXII. )
" cum ex praeoepto Domini oves ejus
pascere teneamur; populis Bulgaro-
rum et Blacorum, qui multo jam tem-
pore ab uberibus matris suse alienati
fuerunt, in spiritualibus et tempo-
ral bus paterna sollicitudine providere
volentes, ejus auctoritate confisi per
quem Samuel David in re gem inunxit,
regem te statuimus super eos, et per
dilectum filium, Leonem . . . apostobcse
sedis legatum, . . . sceptrum regni ac
regium tibi mittimus diadema, ejus
quasi nostris tibi manibus imponen-
VOL. V.
dum, recipiendo a te juratoriam cau-
tionem quod nobis et succesoribus
nostris et Ecclesise Romanse devotus
et obediens permanebis, et cunctas
terras et gentes tuo subjectas imperio
in obedientia et devotione sedis apos-
tolicse conservabis. Ad petitionem
insuper venerabilis fratris nostri, . . .
quem ad sedem apostolicam destinasti,
publicam in regno tuo cudendi mone-
tam tuo charactere insignitam liberam
tibi concedimus facultatem. "
? Reg. \TI. 12, 25th February 1204.
>> Reg. I. 382, 6th October 1198,
col 362 C, D. " Ne autem ejus per-
versitas desseviat diutius in insontes
. . . mandamus quatenus Norwagise
populum diligentius moneatis ne ipsum
ulterius sequi prsesumant, aut ei prses-
tare auxilium vel favorem. " Those
who disobey to be excommunicated,
and the land of Sverre's supporters in
? ? Norway to be placed under an inter-
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? 162 TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS. [PABT n.
mandamus) to take up arms against him. 1 He also
directed the Archbishop of Norway to excommunicate a
bishop supporting him. 2 This was in 1198. In 1211, long
after Sverre's death, the disputed succession again came
before Innocent, the supporters of his descendants still
refusing to accept the Pope as arbiter. 3
Besides appointing and deposing kings, we find Innocent
actively supporting them. Thus in March 1202, before
John's final breach with Philip, Innocent wrote the Arch-
bishop of Eouen, directing him to take action against John's
rebellious barons in Normandy, or in his other lands in France.
He was, on the Pope's authority, to warn them, and if this
failed he was to inflict ecclesiastical punishments. *
We may take other instances of Innocent's action in pro-
tecting kings from his dealings with Hungary. It is notice-
able that, though the Eoman Church had long-standing
claims on Hungary as a feudal State, the Pope does not issue
any of his orders as feudal lord of the kingdom. Bela, King
of Hungary, was succeeded by his son Emerich, who had been
crowned during his father's lifetime. Coelestine III. forbade
the Hungarians to assist Andrew, Emerich's brother, on pain
of excommunication, and in support of this policy one of
the first letters written by Innocent after his accession was
to the Abbot of St Martin's, summoning him to Eome to
1 Reg. I. 383, 6th October 1198.
" Serenitatem regiam rogamus, mone-
mus et exhortamur in Domino, ac per
apostolica scripta mandamus qua ten us
ad defendendas Ecclesias, clericos in
aua libertate tuendos, liborandos pau-
peres et potentes de manu persecutoria
illius, imo etiam ad dejiciendum mon-
strum illud (i. e. , Sverre) . . . taliter
accingaris, ut et a Deo retributionem
seternam et nostram consequi gratiam
speci alius merearis. "
2 Reg. I. 384, 6th October 1198.
3 Reg. XIV. 73, 7th June 1211. See
also Hurter's * Geschichte Papst In-
nocenze des Dritten,' vol. iii. chap,
xvi.
4 Reg. V. 31, 7th May 1202. " Ideo
fraternitati tuse per apostolica scripta
mandamus atque prsecipimus, quate-
nus, si qui in Normannia vel aliis
part i bus oismarinis eidem regi sub-
jectis contra eurn prsesumpserint re*
bellare et ipsi debitam subtraxerint
reverentiam et honorem, prsesump-
tionem eorum auotoritate nostra suf-
fultus, monitiono prsemissa, per cen-
suram ecclesiasticam, appellatione re-
mote, compescas, mandatum aposto-
licum taliter impleturus, quod et
nostram et regiam gratiam valeas
uberius promereri. "
We shall refer later on to the
action taken by Innocent to support
John after he had become a vassal of
the Church (p. 184).
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? CHAP. I. ] INNOCENT UI. 163
answer for the support he had given to Andrew. 1 Before
his consecration he also wrote Andrew, directing him to carry
out the promise he had given his father to go on crusade.
In case of failure he would be anathematised, and should
his brother die childless he would be passed over in the succes-
sion by his younger brother. 2 In June the same year, at
Emerich's request, Innocent allowed the king, so long as
Hungary was in a disturbed state, to retain in the kingdom
any twenty crusaders he chose. 3 He wrote at the same time
to Andrew, ordering him (per apostolica scripta tibi mandamus)
to be faithful to his brother, and forbidding him to make an
armed attack on the king or to stir up sedition against him.
Disobedience was to be punished by excommunication, and
his lands and those of his supporters were to be placed under
interdict. * In February 1203 he directed the archbishops
and bishops in Hungary to give an oath of fidelity to Ladislaus
before his father, Emerich, started on crusade. He gave
1 Reg. I. 7, early in 1198.
2 Reg. I. 10, 29th January 1198.
" Verum eodem patro tuo sublato de
medio, cum Hierosolymitanum iter
te- accipere simulasses, assumptse pere-
grinationis oblitus quam contra inimi-
cos crucis dirigere debueras, in fratrem
tuum et rognum Hungarian convertisti
aciem bellatorum, . . . Nos autem, quos
diebus istis ad pontificatus officium,
licet immeritoe, Dominus evocavit,
tam paci regni Hungarise quam tunc
volentes saluti consulere, nobilitatem
tuam rogamus, . . . ao per apostolica
tibi scripta prsecipiendo mandamus
quatenus, . . . proposition iter arripias
et humiliter prosequaris ; ne si onus
tibi a patre injunctum et a to sponte
susceptum occasione qualibet detrec-
taris, paterna te reddas successione
indignum et hsereditatis emolumento
priveris cujus recusaveris onera sup-
portare. Sciturus ex tunc anatha-
matis te vinculo subjacere, et jure
quod tibi, si dictus rex sine prole
decederet, in regno ungarise compe-
tebat ordine geniturse, privandum, et
regnum ipsum ad minorem fratrem
tuum appellatione postposita devol-
vendum.
8 Reg. I. 270, 16th June 1198.
* Reg. I. 271, 15th June 1198. " Ea
semper Ecclesise Romanse regnum
Ungarise devotio counivit, ilia sem-
per dilectionis sinceritas Ecclesiam
eidem regno conjunxit, ut apostolica
sedes regno ipsi tam in spiritualibus
quam temporalibus paternse sollici-
tudinis affectum curaverit impertiri et
regnum ipsum a fide ac imitate sedis
apostolicse nulla recesserit tempestate,
. . . nobilitatem tuam rogamus, mone-
mus et exhortamur in Domino, ac per
apostolica tibi scripta mandamus qua-
tenus taliter de csetero in fidelitate
ipsius (i. e. , King of Hungary) ac devo-
tione persistas. . . . Ad luce, tibi dis-
trictius inhibemus ne in re gem vel
regnum arm a movere prsesumas vel
seditionem aliquam suscitare. . . . "
Should he disobey, the archbishops
? ? and bishops had orders to excommuni-
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? 164
[PAKT n.
TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS.
this order that the pontifical authority should so guard and
defend the kingdom that it could not be transferred to another. 1
A year later, at the king's request, he ordered the Archbishop
of Gram to crown his son, though a minor; the father giving,
on behalf of his son, the customary oath of obedience to the
Eoman Church, and an undertaking to maintain the liberty
of the Hungarian Church. 2 In April 1205, after the death of
Emerich, the Pope wrote, as vicar of Christ and bound by his
apostolic office to protect minors, directing Andrew not to
allow the regalia to be dispersed during the minority of his
nephew, Ladislaus. 3 At the same time he directed the Hun-
garian clergy to defend the king against attack. * In June
1206 he again addressed the Hungarian prelates and nobles
on behalf of Ladislaus, directing them on pain of ecclesiastical
penalties to take the oath of fidelity. 5
I Reg. VI. 4. 25th February 1203.
" Ut igitur in absentia tanti principie,
. . . ad regni tutelam et defensionem
taliter pontificalis accingatur aucto-
rital, quod regnum ejus transferri non
possit ad hostes . . . fraternitati vestra
per apostolica scripta mandamus et
districte prsecipimus, quatenus, ante-
quam rex ipse (i. e. , of Hungary) iter
peregrinationis arripiat, cum, juxta
doctrinam Apostoli, sit regi tanquam
pra>cellenti ab omnibus deferendum,
Ladislao, filio ejus, quem Dominus per
gratiam suam illi concessit hserodem,
debitum juramentum fidelitatis exhi-
bere curetis," the penalty for breaking
the oath to be excommunication, also
" illis etiam, quos idem rex, tam ad
filii sui curam, quem annuente Domino
exspectamus . . . hseredem et patri
successorem in regno, quam administra-
tionem regni commiserit, juxta ord-
inationem regis ipsius reverontiam
debitam exhibere curetis. "
II Reg. VH. 57, 25th April 1204.
Before crowning the archbishop " re-
cepturus ab ipso patre, filii sui vice,
corporaliter juramentum super aposto-
licse sedis obedientiam, quam super
Ecclesirc Ungaricse libertate, sicut pro-
genitores sui cum humilitate ac devo-
tione debita impenderunt. "
3 Reg. VIII. 39, 25th April 1205.
" Ut igitur eidem regi (i. e. , Ladislaus)
regni jura integra conserventur, nos,
qui apostolatus officio tenemur tueri
pupillum, cum illius, quamvis indigni,
vices geramus in terris cui dicitur per
Prophetam; Pupillo tu eris adjutor,
. . . auctoritate prasentium sub obtes-
tatione divini judicii districtius inhj-
bemus, ne, dum idem rex fuerit in
setate minori, alenentur regalia in
detrimentum ipsius. . . . "
4 Reg. VIII. 40, 25th April 1205.
" Ut igitur erga regem ipsum, qui post
patris decessum vobis dominus re-
mansit et hseres, fidelitatis constantiam
observeris, auctoritate vobis prsesen-
tium districtius inhibemus, ne cui
contra coronam ipsius consilium vel
? ? auxilium impendatis, sed resistatis
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? chap, l] innocent m. 165
We must turn to another important aspect of Innocent's
relations to the Temporal Power. We find him frequently
intervening in conflicts between rulers, endeavouring to
persuade or compel them to peace with each other. We
shall in later chapters have to consider the similar action
specially of Boniface VIII. , and in our next volume we shall
have to deal with some works which seem to indicate that
the conception of some international system or method of
setting forward peace was, for some time at least, of
importance.
In a previous volume1 we have dealt with Innocent's letter
to the French archbishops and bishops regarding his claim to
arbitrate between Philip, King of France, and John, King
of England, and requiring the cessation of hostilities.
There were many previous and subsequent cases in which
Innocent directed the contending parties to make peace or
a long truce, but this case is remarkable from the stress laid
by Innocent on the fact that he was taking action on a com-
plaint by John that Philip had sinned against him, and that
he was therefore bound as Pope to deal with the complaint
and to inquire into the charge. This was the letter finally
selected for the Decretals, no doubt because it appeared to
give the Pope all the power he required, while avoiding the
appearance of direct intervention in political controversies.
It would be difficult to conceive of a case in which one or
both the contending parties could not be accused of sin.
According to Wendover, a papal legate had endeavoured,
in 1189, to compel Philip of France and Eichard to come to
terms with Eichard's father, Henry II. , and had threatened
to put all Philip's lands under interdict. Philip refused to
submit to the legate's orders, and denied that the Eoman
Church had any right to sentence a King of France for pun-
ishing a rebellious vassal, the very point taken by Philip in
tolica vobis scripta prsecipiendo man-
dantes, quatenus soboli, quse regi
nascetur eidem, quod, auctore Domino,
futurum speratur in proximo, jura-
mentum fidelitatis ad mandatum patris
ipsius sine difficultate prastetis. " If
they do not obey, the Archbishop of
Gram and the Bishop of Varadin have
instructions to compel them to carry
out these orders " distriotione qua
convenit, appellatione remota. "
1 Vol. ii. pp. 219-222.
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? 166 TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS. [PAKT II.
1203. 1 In 1198, the first year of Innocent's pontificate, Richard
appears to have complained to the Pope of injuries he had
received during his absence on crusade. One of the persons
he accused was Philip. The Pope replied that Philip had
brought counter charges, and that he hoped to be able to come
himself and inquire into the matter. Should he be unable
to come, he would have the matter settled by a legate. He
concluded his letter by a peremptory order to Eichard to
make peace and to keep it; otherwise, trusting in the power
of the Almighty, whose vicar he was, he would by ecclesiastical
pressure (districtione) compel him and the King of France
to keep the peace. 2 He also wrote a similar letter to Philip,
dwelling on the obligation that lay on himself as Pope to
restore peace among those at variance with one another. 3
While Philip and John were at war in 1203 the Pope issued
peremptory orders to Philip to make peace, or a truce with
a view to a lasting peace.
He threatened Philip in case of disobedience with ecclesi-
astical penalties, and wrote a similar letter to John. In his
letter to Philip he based his action on the duty laid on him
to seek peace and ensue it. He dwelt on the horrors of war,
1 Mathew Paris. Vol. ii. p. 339.
> Reg. I. 230, 31st May 1198.
Should he be unable to come (col.
199 A) " per legatos nostras quod
justum fuerit, sine personarum accep-
tione, favente Domino, statuemus.
Illud autem serenitatem regiam no-
lumus ignorare, quod quantumcunque
nobis molestum existeret prsefatum
re gem Franoise ac te ipsum in aliquo
molestare, non poterimus aliquatenus
sustinere quin voe ad pacem ineundam
pariter et servandam per districtionem
ecclesiasticam ratione pravia com-
pellamus ; non de nostris viribus con-
fidentes, sed de illius omnipotentia
cujus vices, licet immeriti, exercemus
in terris. "
* Reg. I. 355. Date not given, but
probably in the summer of 1198, some
months after the letter to Richard
referred to above. '*. . . Unde nos,
qui vices Christi, licet insufficientes,
exercemus in terris, ejus sequentes ex-
emplum et prsedecessorum nostrorum
consuetudinem imitantes, ad reforman-
dam inter discordantes, verse pacis con-
cordiam intendere volumus et tenemur ;
prsesertim cum ex discordantium ipso-
rum dissidio magnum tam ipsis quam
Ecclesiis et pauperibus terrse suse imo
et toti Christiano populo provenerit
detrimentum. " See also Reg. VI. 163,
31st October 1203, to the King of
France. According to this letter (col.
177 A) Richard complied very un-
willingly while Philip accepted at once.
This was no doubt the case, as Richard
was at the time pressing Philip hard,
and intervention was as unwelcome
to Richard as it was well-timed for
Philip.
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? CHAP. I. ]
167
INNOCENT HI.
and on the encouragement given to the Saracens by this
conflict between Christians. He was bound to interfere
lest the blood of the multitudes slain be required at his hand,
and he therefore sent his envoys to secure peace, or a truce
leading to peace, between the two kings. 1 Philip, before
answering, called a meeting of his magnates, ecclesiastical
and lay. After he was assured of their support, he replied,
according to a papal letter, that he was not bound to submit to
the papal decision in feudal matters (de jure feodi et hominii),
and that the Pope had no say in controversies between kings
(nihil ad nos (i. e. , the Pope) pertinet de negotio quod vertitur
inter reges). Innocent, in his reply, expressed his astonish-
ment that the king should appear to wish to limit the Pope's
jurisdiction in matters. He expressly disclaimed any intention
of dealing with a feudal matter, but with the question of sin,
raised by John's complaints against Philip. This is the first
1 Reg. VI. 68, 26th May 1203.
" Cum regia serenitas non ignoret quod
apud nos esse non debeat acceptio
personarum, inde credimus eam non
graviter sustinere, si circa ipsam pas-
toralis officii debitum exsequamur.
. . . Siquidem esse non debet in ore
nostra verbum Domini alligatum, sed
liberum potius, ut corripiamus libere
inquietos. . . . Oportet ut nos, qui
vicem ejus [i. e. , Jesus) licet indigni
exercemus in terris, ambulemus que-
madmodum ambulavit, . . . Novit
autem regia oolsitudo, quod inter ipsas
Dominicss Nativitatis primitias, pa-
cem angelus bonc voluntatis hominibus
nuntiavit, et in articulo passionis
pacem Dominus in discipulos, quasi
hsereditario jure transfudit, dum, quasi
ultimum testamentum conficiens, in-
quit eis; Pacem meam do vobis . . .
et . . . post resurectionem suam hac
primum voce ad discipulos fuit usus ;
Pax vobis, et iterum dico pax vobis,
Ne igitur nos, qui sumus secundum
Apostolum hseredes Dei, cohseredes
autem Christi, relicts e nobis hseredatis
exhibeamus indignos et gratia, . . .
ostendamus ingratos, pacem evange-
lizare tenemur filiis pacis praeser-
tim, . . . " Innocent speaks of the
evils which have been caused by the
dissension between him and John, not
only to their respective kingdoms, but
to the whole Christian people. He
dwells on the horrors of war, the en-
couragement given to the Saracens
and the ruin of souls. " Ne igitur
sanguis tot populorum de nostris
manibus requiratur, ne rei tot mor-
tium, ut . . . videamur, si quod absit !
tanquam canes mutt non valentes
lairare tacuerimus in tanta necessitate. "
He is sending the Abbot of Casemari
and others to exhort him to make
peace or a truce to enable a peace to
be settled with John. " Alioquin,
quantumcunque tam te quam ipsum
in Domino diligamus, dissimulare
Uimon nulla ratione poterimus, quia
? ? ea, quse dictus nuntius noster, juxta
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? 168 TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS. [past II.
letter in which the Pope refers to these complaints. He still
dwells in this letter on the evils and wickedness of war. 1
This was on the 31st October 1203. A few months later,
probably in April 1204, Innocent wrote the French ecclesi-
astics a letter, portions of which were incorporated in the
Decretals, and to which we have previously referred. 2 In
this letter the Pope lays mnch more stress than in his letter
to Philip, on the fact that he does not desire to diminish or
to interfere with Philip's powers, and he emphasises the fact
1 Reg. VI. 163, 31st October 1203
(col. 177 D). " Nec hoc dicimus, tan-
quam nobis potestatem velimus inde-
bitam usurpare, vel quidquam injun-
gere quod ad officii nostri non per-
tineat potestatem, Quid enim monui-
mus, quid suggessimus ? . . . Certe si
bene recolimus, ut faceretis pacem vel
trengas, salva justitia utriusque . . .
(col. 178 A). Quod enim evangelizare
pacem ex injuncto nobis officio tenea-
mur Psalmista nos do cot. " Innocent
quotes other passages from the Scrip-
tures on the necessity of preaching
peace and on the penalties for disre-
gard of the commands (col. 178 C, D).
" Preterea, nullus dubitat sanac mentis,
quin nostrum sit de iis quse ad salutem
vel damnationem animffl pertinent
judicare. " He then dwells on the
horrors of war, and urges his own re-
sponsibility should he not oppose such
proceedings. He proceeds to touch on
John's complaints (col. 179 C). " Ecce,
conqueritur rex Anglise, frater tuus ;
. . . quod pecess in eum, . . . Corripuit
te inter te aliquando et se solum, . . .
frequenter commonuit, ut ab ejus
desisteres lsesione. Adhibuit quoque
non solum duos vel tres testes, sed
multoe magnates induxit, ut inter te
ac ipsum rupta* pacis fcedera reforma-
rent, . . . Verum quia per hoc apud
celsitudinem tuam penitus nil profecit,
quod in eum peccaveras, Ecclesise,
juxta verbum evangelicum, nuntiavit.
Ecclesia vero uti circa te maluit affec-
tione paterna, quam judiciaria potas-
tate. Ideoque serenitatem tuam per
pnedictum abbatem (t. e. , his envoy)
non potestative corripuit, sed benigne
commonuit, ut a fratris cessares injuria,
et cum eo, vel in vera pacis fcedera,
vel congruentes treugarum inducias
convenires. Quid igitur reetat de
esetero, nisi quod si Ecclesiam non
audieris, sicut hactenus non audisti,
te sicut ethnicum et publicanum, quod
dolentes redicimus, habeat, et post
primam et secundam correctionem
evitot ? . . . Sed dices forsitan, quod
non peccas in eum; sed et ille repli-
cabit in contrarium, quia peccas. Quid
ergo in hujusmodi contradictionis arti-
culo faciemus ? Nunquid, inquisita
plenius et cognita veritate, procedere
juxta mandatum Domini omittemus ?
(col.
December 1202. " Nos igitur ut super
hoc majorem certitudinem haberemus,
regesta nostra perlegi fecimus dili-
genter; ex quibus evidenter com-
perimus quod in terra tibi subjecta
multi re gee fuerint coronati. . . . (col.
1115 B) Mandamus quoque ipsi (the
papal legate), ut de corona progeni-
toribus tuis ab Eccleeia Romana
collata, tam per libros veto res quam
ala documenta, inquirat diligentius
veritatom. "
3 The Bulgarian revolt commenced
in 1186.
? The siege of Zara commenced on
the 10th November 1202.
? Reg. VI. 142. Not dated. Some-
time in 1203.
? Reg. VI. 144, 10th September
1203.
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? CHAP. L]
161
INNOCENT HI.
whom Samuel anointed David as king, and seeking to provide
for the welfare of the people both spiritually and temporally.
Before his legate crowned him, Kaloyan was to swear that he
and his successors, and all the lands and peoples subject to
him, would remain devoted and obedient to the Eoman
Church. As requested by Kaloyan's envoy, he gave the king
authority to mint money with his image on it (tuo charactere
insignitum). 1 There is no reference in this letter to the
previous history of Bulgaria, nor to the inquiries previously
ordered by Innocent, the action is based solely on Innocent's
authority as vicar of Christ. In a separate letter, probably
written at the same time, he sent the king a standard (vexillum)
to " use against those who honour the crucified one with their
lips, but whose heart is far from him. " 2
Sverre, the King of Norway, had for some time been
engaged in a serious conflict with the Church in Norway,
and Innocent directed that his followers should be excom-
municated and their lands placed under interdict. 3 He
also ordered the King of Denmark (per apostolica scripta
1 Reg. VII. 1, 24th February 1204,
col. 279 C. " Cum igiter, licet immeriti
ejus vices geramus in terris qui domi-
natur in regno hominum, et cui voluerit
dabit illud, utpote per quem reges
regnant et principes dominantur, cum
Petro et successoribus suis, et nobis
in eo, noverimus esse dictum "; Ego
pro te rogavi, Petre, ui rum deficiat
fides tua, et tu aUquando conversus
confirma fratres tuos (Luc. XXII. )
" cum ex praeoepto Domini oves ejus
pascere teneamur; populis Bulgaro-
rum et Blacorum, qui multo jam tem-
pore ab uberibus matris suse alienati
fuerunt, in spiritualibus et tempo-
ral bus paterna sollicitudine providere
volentes, ejus auctoritate confisi per
quem Samuel David in re gem inunxit,
regem te statuimus super eos, et per
dilectum filium, Leonem . . . apostobcse
sedis legatum, . . . sceptrum regni ac
regium tibi mittimus diadema, ejus
quasi nostris tibi manibus imponen-
VOL. V.
dum, recipiendo a te juratoriam cau-
tionem quod nobis et succesoribus
nostris et Ecclesise Romanse devotus
et obediens permanebis, et cunctas
terras et gentes tuo subjectas imperio
in obedientia et devotione sedis apos-
tolicse conservabis. Ad petitionem
insuper venerabilis fratris nostri, . . .
quem ad sedem apostolicam destinasti,
publicam in regno tuo cudendi mone-
tam tuo charactere insignitam liberam
tibi concedimus facultatem. "
? Reg. \TI. 12, 25th February 1204.
>> Reg. I. 382, 6th October 1198,
col 362 C, D. " Ne autem ejus per-
versitas desseviat diutius in insontes
. . . mandamus quatenus Norwagise
populum diligentius moneatis ne ipsum
ulterius sequi prsesumant, aut ei prses-
tare auxilium vel favorem. " Those
who disobey to be excommunicated,
and the land of Sverre's supporters in
? ? Norway to be placed under an inter-
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? 162 TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS. [PABT n.
mandamus) to take up arms against him. 1 He also
directed the Archbishop of Norway to excommunicate a
bishop supporting him. 2 This was in 1198. In 1211, long
after Sverre's death, the disputed succession again came
before Innocent, the supporters of his descendants still
refusing to accept the Pope as arbiter. 3
Besides appointing and deposing kings, we find Innocent
actively supporting them. Thus in March 1202, before
John's final breach with Philip, Innocent wrote the Arch-
bishop of Eouen, directing him to take action against John's
rebellious barons in Normandy, or in his other lands in France.
He was, on the Pope's authority, to warn them, and if this
failed he was to inflict ecclesiastical punishments. *
We may take other instances of Innocent's action in pro-
tecting kings from his dealings with Hungary. It is notice-
able that, though the Eoman Church had long-standing
claims on Hungary as a feudal State, the Pope does not issue
any of his orders as feudal lord of the kingdom. Bela, King
of Hungary, was succeeded by his son Emerich, who had been
crowned during his father's lifetime. Coelestine III. forbade
the Hungarians to assist Andrew, Emerich's brother, on pain
of excommunication, and in support of this policy one of
the first letters written by Innocent after his accession was
to the Abbot of St Martin's, summoning him to Eome to
1 Reg. I. 383, 6th October 1198.
" Serenitatem regiam rogamus, mone-
mus et exhortamur in Domino, ac per
apostolica scripta mandamus qua ten us
ad defendendas Ecclesias, clericos in
aua libertate tuendos, liborandos pau-
peres et potentes de manu persecutoria
illius, imo etiam ad dejiciendum mon-
strum illud (i. e. , Sverre) . . . taliter
accingaris, ut et a Deo retributionem
seternam et nostram consequi gratiam
speci alius merearis. "
2 Reg. I. 384, 6th October 1198.
3 Reg. XIV. 73, 7th June 1211. See
also Hurter's * Geschichte Papst In-
nocenze des Dritten,' vol. iii. chap,
xvi.
4 Reg. V. 31, 7th May 1202. " Ideo
fraternitati tuse per apostolica scripta
mandamus atque prsecipimus, quate-
nus, si qui in Normannia vel aliis
part i bus oismarinis eidem regi sub-
jectis contra eurn prsesumpserint re*
bellare et ipsi debitam subtraxerint
reverentiam et honorem, prsesump-
tionem eorum auotoritate nostra suf-
fultus, monitiono prsemissa, per cen-
suram ecclesiasticam, appellatione re-
mote, compescas, mandatum aposto-
licum taliter impleturus, quod et
nostram et regiam gratiam valeas
uberius promereri. "
We shall refer later on to the
action taken by Innocent to support
John after he had become a vassal of
the Church (p. 184).
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? CHAP. I. ] INNOCENT UI. 163
answer for the support he had given to Andrew. 1 Before
his consecration he also wrote Andrew, directing him to carry
out the promise he had given his father to go on crusade.
In case of failure he would be anathematised, and should
his brother die childless he would be passed over in the succes-
sion by his younger brother. 2 In June the same year, at
Emerich's request, Innocent allowed the king, so long as
Hungary was in a disturbed state, to retain in the kingdom
any twenty crusaders he chose. 3 He wrote at the same time
to Andrew, ordering him (per apostolica scripta tibi mandamus)
to be faithful to his brother, and forbidding him to make an
armed attack on the king or to stir up sedition against him.
Disobedience was to be punished by excommunication, and
his lands and those of his supporters were to be placed under
interdict. * In February 1203 he directed the archbishops
and bishops in Hungary to give an oath of fidelity to Ladislaus
before his father, Emerich, started on crusade. He gave
1 Reg. I. 7, early in 1198.
2 Reg. I. 10, 29th January 1198.
" Verum eodem patro tuo sublato de
medio, cum Hierosolymitanum iter
te- accipere simulasses, assumptse pere-
grinationis oblitus quam contra inimi-
cos crucis dirigere debueras, in fratrem
tuum et rognum Hungarian convertisti
aciem bellatorum, . . . Nos autem, quos
diebus istis ad pontificatus officium,
licet immeritoe, Dominus evocavit,
tam paci regni Hungarise quam tunc
volentes saluti consulere, nobilitatem
tuam rogamus, . . . ao per apostolica
tibi scripta prsecipiendo mandamus
quatenus, . . . proposition iter arripias
et humiliter prosequaris ; ne si onus
tibi a patre injunctum et a to sponte
susceptum occasione qualibet detrec-
taris, paterna te reddas successione
indignum et hsereditatis emolumento
priveris cujus recusaveris onera sup-
portare. Sciturus ex tunc anatha-
matis te vinculo subjacere, et jure
quod tibi, si dictus rex sine prole
decederet, in regno ungarise compe-
tebat ordine geniturse, privandum, et
regnum ipsum ad minorem fratrem
tuum appellatione postposita devol-
vendum.
8 Reg. I. 270, 16th June 1198.
* Reg. I. 271, 15th June 1198. " Ea
semper Ecclesise Romanse regnum
Ungarise devotio counivit, ilia sem-
per dilectionis sinceritas Ecclesiam
eidem regno conjunxit, ut apostolica
sedes regno ipsi tam in spiritualibus
quam temporalibus paternse sollici-
tudinis affectum curaverit impertiri et
regnum ipsum a fide ac imitate sedis
apostolicse nulla recesserit tempestate,
. . . nobilitatem tuam rogamus, mone-
mus et exhortamur in Domino, ac per
apostolica tibi scripta mandamus qua-
tenus taliter de csetero in fidelitate
ipsius (i. e. , King of Hungary) ac devo-
tione persistas. . . . Ad luce, tibi dis-
trictius inhibemus ne in re gem vel
regnum arm a movere prsesumas vel
seditionem aliquam suscitare. . . . "
Should he disobey, the archbishops
? ? and bishops had orders to excommuni-
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? 164
[PAKT n.
TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS.
this order that the pontifical authority should so guard and
defend the kingdom that it could not be transferred to another. 1
A year later, at the king's request, he ordered the Archbishop
of Gram to crown his son, though a minor; the father giving,
on behalf of his son, the customary oath of obedience to the
Eoman Church, and an undertaking to maintain the liberty
of the Hungarian Church. 2 In April 1205, after the death of
Emerich, the Pope wrote, as vicar of Christ and bound by his
apostolic office to protect minors, directing Andrew not to
allow the regalia to be dispersed during the minority of his
nephew, Ladislaus. 3 At the same time he directed the Hun-
garian clergy to defend the king against attack. * In June
1206 he again addressed the Hungarian prelates and nobles
on behalf of Ladislaus, directing them on pain of ecclesiastical
penalties to take the oath of fidelity. 5
I Reg. VI. 4. 25th February 1203.
" Ut igitur in absentia tanti principie,
. . . ad regni tutelam et defensionem
taliter pontificalis accingatur aucto-
rital, quod regnum ejus transferri non
possit ad hostes . . . fraternitati vestra
per apostolica scripta mandamus et
districte prsecipimus, quatenus, ante-
quam rex ipse (i. e. , of Hungary) iter
peregrinationis arripiat, cum, juxta
doctrinam Apostoli, sit regi tanquam
pra>cellenti ab omnibus deferendum,
Ladislao, filio ejus, quem Dominus per
gratiam suam illi concessit hserodem,
debitum juramentum fidelitatis exhi-
bere curetis," the penalty for breaking
the oath to be excommunication, also
" illis etiam, quos idem rex, tam ad
filii sui curam, quem annuente Domino
exspectamus . . . hseredem et patri
successorem in regno, quam administra-
tionem regni commiserit, juxta ord-
inationem regis ipsius reverontiam
debitam exhibere curetis. "
II Reg. VH. 57, 25th April 1204.
Before crowning the archbishop " re-
cepturus ab ipso patre, filii sui vice,
corporaliter juramentum super aposto-
licse sedis obedientiam, quam super
Ecclesirc Ungaricse libertate, sicut pro-
genitores sui cum humilitate ac devo-
tione debita impenderunt. "
3 Reg. VIII. 39, 25th April 1205.
" Ut igitur eidem regi (i. e. , Ladislaus)
regni jura integra conserventur, nos,
qui apostolatus officio tenemur tueri
pupillum, cum illius, quamvis indigni,
vices geramus in terris cui dicitur per
Prophetam; Pupillo tu eris adjutor,
. . . auctoritate prasentium sub obtes-
tatione divini judicii districtius inhj-
bemus, ne, dum idem rex fuerit in
setate minori, alenentur regalia in
detrimentum ipsius. . . . "
4 Reg. VIII. 40, 25th April 1205.
" Ut igitur erga regem ipsum, qui post
patris decessum vobis dominus re-
mansit et hseres, fidelitatis constantiam
observeris, auctoritate vobis prsesen-
tium districtius inhibemus, ne cui
contra coronam ipsius consilium vel
? ? auxilium impendatis, sed resistatis
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? chap, l] innocent m. 165
We must turn to another important aspect of Innocent's
relations to the Temporal Power. We find him frequently
intervening in conflicts between rulers, endeavouring to
persuade or compel them to peace with each other. We
shall in later chapters have to consider the similar action
specially of Boniface VIII. , and in our next volume we shall
have to deal with some works which seem to indicate that
the conception of some international system or method of
setting forward peace was, for some time at least, of
importance.
In a previous volume1 we have dealt with Innocent's letter
to the French archbishops and bishops regarding his claim to
arbitrate between Philip, King of France, and John, King
of England, and requiring the cessation of hostilities.
There were many previous and subsequent cases in which
Innocent directed the contending parties to make peace or
a long truce, but this case is remarkable from the stress laid
by Innocent on the fact that he was taking action on a com-
plaint by John that Philip had sinned against him, and that
he was therefore bound as Pope to deal with the complaint
and to inquire into the charge. This was the letter finally
selected for the Decretals, no doubt because it appeared to
give the Pope all the power he required, while avoiding the
appearance of direct intervention in political controversies.
It would be difficult to conceive of a case in which one or
both the contending parties could not be accused of sin.
According to Wendover, a papal legate had endeavoured,
in 1189, to compel Philip of France and Eichard to come to
terms with Eichard's father, Henry II. , and had threatened
to put all Philip's lands under interdict. Philip refused to
submit to the legate's orders, and denied that the Eoman
Church had any right to sentence a King of France for pun-
ishing a rebellious vassal, the very point taken by Philip in
tolica vobis scripta prsecipiendo man-
dantes, quatenus soboli, quse regi
nascetur eidem, quod, auctore Domino,
futurum speratur in proximo, jura-
mentum fidelitatis ad mandatum patris
ipsius sine difficultate prastetis. " If
they do not obey, the Archbishop of
Gram and the Bishop of Varadin have
instructions to compel them to carry
out these orders " distriotione qua
convenit, appellatione remota. "
1 Vol. ii. pp. 219-222.
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? 166 TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS. [PAKT II.
1203. 1 In 1198, the first year of Innocent's pontificate, Richard
appears to have complained to the Pope of injuries he had
received during his absence on crusade. One of the persons
he accused was Philip. The Pope replied that Philip had
brought counter charges, and that he hoped to be able to come
himself and inquire into the matter. Should he be unable
to come, he would have the matter settled by a legate. He
concluded his letter by a peremptory order to Eichard to
make peace and to keep it; otherwise, trusting in the power
of the Almighty, whose vicar he was, he would by ecclesiastical
pressure (districtione) compel him and the King of France
to keep the peace. 2 He also wrote a similar letter to Philip,
dwelling on the obligation that lay on himself as Pope to
restore peace among those at variance with one another. 3
While Philip and John were at war in 1203 the Pope issued
peremptory orders to Philip to make peace, or a truce with
a view to a lasting peace.
He threatened Philip in case of disobedience with ecclesi-
astical penalties, and wrote a similar letter to John. In his
letter to Philip he based his action on the duty laid on him
to seek peace and ensue it. He dwelt on the horrors of war,
1 Mathew Paris. Vol. ii. p. 339.
> Reg. I. 230, 31st May 1198.
Should he be unable to come (col.
199 A) " per legatos nostras quod
justum fuerit, sine personarum accep-
tione, favente Domino, statuemus.
Illud autem serenitatem regiam no-
lumus ignorare, quod quantumcunque
nobis molestum existeret prsefatum
re gem Franoise ac te ipsum in aliquo
molestare, non poterimus aliquatenus
sustinere quin voe ad pacem ineundam
pariter et servandam per districtionem
ecclesiasticam ratione pravia com-
pellamus ; non de nostris viribus con-
fidentes, sed de illius omnipotentia
cujus vices, licet immeriti, exercemus
in terris. "
* Reg. I. 355. Date not given, but
probably in the summer of 1198, some
months after the letter to Richard
referred to above. '*. . . Unde nos,
qui vices Christi, licet insufficientes,
exercemus in terris, ejus sequentes ex-
emplum et prsedecessorum nostrorum
consuetudinem imitantes, ad reforman-
dam inter discordantes, verse pacis con-
cordiam intendere volumus et tenemur ;
prsesertim cum ex discordantium ipso-
rum dissidio magnum tam ipsis quam
Ecclesiis et pauperibus terrse suse imo
et toti Christiano populo provenerit
detrimentum. " See also Reg. VI. 163,
31st October 1203, to the King of
France. According to this letter (col.
177 A) Richard complied very un-
willingly while Philip accepted at once.
This was no doubt the case, as Richard
was at the time pressing Philip hard,
and intervention was as unwelcome
to Richard as it was well-timed for
Philip.
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? CHAP. I. ]
167
INNOCENT HI.
and on the encouragement given to the Saracens by this
conflict between Christians. He was bound to interfere
lest the blood of the multitudes slain be required at his hand,
and he therefore sent his envoys to secure peace, or a truce
leading to peace, between the two kings. 1 Philip, before
answering, called a meeting of his magnates, ecclesiastical
and lay. After he was assured of their support, he replied,
according to a papal letter, that he was not bound to submit to
the papal decision in feudal matters (de jure feodi et hominii),
and that the Pope had no say in controversies between kings
(nihil ad nos (i. e. , the Pope) pertinet de negotio quod vertitur
inter reges). Innocent, in his reply, expressed his astonish-
ment that the king should appear to wish to limit the Pope's
jurisdiction in matters. He expressly disclaimed any intention
of dealing with a feudal matter, but with the question of sin,
raised by John's complaints against Philip. This is the first
1 Reg. VI. 68, 26th May 1203.
" Cum regia serenitas non ignoret quod
apud nos esse non debeat acceptio
personarum, inde credimus eam non
graviter sustinere, si circa ipsam pas-
toralis officii debitum exsequamur.
. . . Siquidem esse non debet in ore
nostra verbum Domini alligatum, sed
liberum potius, ut corripiamus libere
inquietos. . . . Oportet ut nos, qui
vicem ejus [i. e. , Jesus) licet indigni
exercemus in terris, ambulemus que-
madmodum ambulavit, . . . Novit
autem regia oolsitudo, quod inter ipsas
Dominicss Nativitatis primitias, pa-
cem angelus bonc voluntatis hominibus
nuntiavit, et in articulo passionis
pacem Dominus in discipulos, quasi
hsereditario jure transfudit, dum, quasi
ultimum testamentum conficiens, in-
quit eis; Pacem meam do vobis . . .
et . . . post resurectionem suam hac
primum voce ad discipulos fuit usus ;
Pax vobis, et iterum dico pax vobis,
Ne igitur nos, qui sumus secundum
Apostolum hseredes Dei, cohseredes
autem Christi, relicts e nobis hseredatis
exhibeamus indignos et gratia, . . .
ostendamus ingratos, pacem evange-
lizare tenemur filiis pacis praeser-
tim, . . . " Innocent speaks of the
evils which have been caused by the
dissension between him and John, not
only to their respective kingdoms, but
to the whole Christian people. He
dwells on the horrors of war, the en-
couragement given to the Saracens
and the ruin of souls. " Ne igitur
sanguis tot populorum de nostris
manibus requiratur, ne rei tot mor-
tium, ut . . . videamur, si quod absit !
tanquam canes mutt non valentes
lairare tacuerimus in tanta necessitate. "
He is sending the Abbot of Casemari
and others to exhort him to make
peace or a truce to enable a peace to
be settled with John. " Alioquin,
quantumcunque tam te quam ipsum
in Domino diligamus, dissimulare
Uimon nulla ratione poterimus, quia
? ? ea, quse dictus nuntius noster, juxta
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? 168 TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS. [past II.
letter in which the Pope refers to these complaints. He still
dwells in this letter on the evils and wickedness of war. 1
This was on the 31st October 1203. A few months later,
probably in April 1204, Innocent wrote the French ecclesi-
astics a letter, portions of which were incorporated in the
Decretals, and to which we have previously referred. 2 In
this letter the Pope lays mnch more stress than in his letter
to Philip, on the fact that he does not desire to diminish or
to interfere with Philip's powers, and he emphasises the fact
1 Reg. VI. 163, 31st October 1203
(col. 177 D). " Nec hoc dicimus, tan-
quam nobis potestatem velimus inde-
bitam usurpare, vel quidquam injun-
gere quod ad officii nostri non per-
tineat potestatem, Quid enim monui-
mus, quid suggessimus ? . . . Certe si
bene recolimus, ut faceretis pacem vel
trengas, salva justitia utriusque . . .
(col. 178 A). Quod enim evangelizare
pacem ex injuncto nobis officio tenea-
mur Psalmista nos do cot. " Innocent
quotes other passages from the Scrip-
tures on the necessity of preaching
peace and on the penalties for disre-
gard of the commands (col. 178 C, D).
" Preterea, nullus dubitat sanac mentis,
quin nostrum sit de iis quse ad salutem
vel damnationem animffl pertinent
judicare. " He then dwells on the
horrors of war, and urges his own re-
sponsibility should he not oppose such
proceedings. He proceeds to touch on
John's complaints (col. 179 C). " Ecce,
conqueritur rex Anglise, frater tuus ;
. . . quod pecess in eum, . . . Corripuit
te inter te aliquando et se solum, . . .
frequenter commonuit, ut ab ejus
desisteres lsesione. Adhibuit quoque
non solum duos vel tres testes, sed
multoe magnates induxit, ut inter te
ac ipsum rupta* pacis fcedera reforma-
rent, . . . Verum quia per hoc apud
celsitudinem tuam penitus nil profecit,
quod in eum peccaveras, Ecclesise,
juxta verbum evangelicum, nuntiavit.
Ecclesia vero uti circa te maluit affec-
tione paterna, quam judiciaria potas-
tate. Ideoque serenitatem tuam per
pnedictum abbatem (t. e. , his envoy)
non potestative corripuit, sed benigne
commonuit, ut a fratris cessares injuria,
et cum eo, vel in vera pacis fcedera,
vel congruentes treugarum inducias
convenires. Quid igitur reetat de
esetero, nisi quod si Ecclesiam non
audieris, sicut hactenus non audisti,
te sicut ethnicum et publicanum, quod
dolentes redicimus, habeat, et post
primam et secundam correctionem
evitot ? . . . Sed dices forsitan, quod
non peccas in eum; sed et ille repli-
cabit in contrarium, quia peccas. Quid
ergo in hujusmodi contradictionis arti-
culo faciemus ? Nunquid, inquisita
plenius et cognita veritate, procedere
juxta mandatum Domini omittemus ?
(col.
