No More Learning

ii. 94 ; Tacitus, Annales, i. -ri. ; when the people in the Hippodrome called for the
Dion Cassius, lvii. lviï. ; Suetonius, Tiberius ; l new empress, Tiberius produced as his wife Ana-
PORTO
COIN OP TIBERIUS.
4 c 2


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1124
TIBERIUS.
TIBULLUS.
stasia, to whom he had been for some time secretly | 8vo. , Lips. 1773, 8vo. ; and separately by Bois
married. Sophia, though treated with respect by sonade, Lond. Valpy, 1815, 8vo. (Fabric. Bibl.
the new emperor, and enjoying an ample allowance, Graec. vol. vi. p. 118; Classical Journal, No. 23,
could not forget her disappointment, and she is said pp. 198—204. )
to have induced Justinian to conspire with her to 2. ILLUSTRIUS, the author of two epigrams in
overthrow the man whom she had loved. The plot the Greek Anthology. Nothing more is known of
was discovered: Sophia was deprived of all power him. (Brunck, Anal, vol. iii. p. 7; Jacobs, Anth.
of doing further mischief, and Justinian, who was Gracc. vol. iii. p. 228, vol. xiii. p. 962. ) [P. S. )
pardoned, became a faithful friend of Tiberius. TIBERIUS, a veterinary surgeon, who may
In A. D. 579 Chobroes, the Persian, was such perhaps have lived in the fourth or fifth century
ceeded by Hormisdas, and the war began again. after Christ. He wrote some works, of which
Mauricius defcated the Persians, overran a large only fragments remain, which are to be found in
part of Persia, and in a bloody contest on the Eu- the collection of writers on veterinary surgery, first
phrates, A. D. 500, gave the forces of Hormisdas a published in Latin by J. Ruellius, Paris. 1530.
most signal defeat ; and again in the following fol. , and in Greek by S. Grynaeus, Basil. 1537.
year. In Africa, which had long been disturbed 4to.
(W. A. G. )
by the natives, Gennadius, the exarch of Ravenna, TIBOETES (Tiboirns), an uncle of Prusias I. ,
defeated (A. D. 580) Gasmul, king of the Mauritani. king of Bithynia, was living in Macedonia in the
Mauricius enjoyed a triumph at Constantinople for early part of the reign of Prusias, and was sent for
his Persian victories, A. D. 581, and in August of by the Byzantines in B. c. 220, as they wished to
that year, Tiberius, whose health was rapidly fail- set him up as a competitor for the throne of Bithy-
ing, raised him to the dignity of Caesar, having no nia ; but he died on his journey from Macedonia.
Bons of his own. He also gave him his daughter (Polyb. iv. 50–52. )
Constantina in marriage. Tiberius died on the Tİ'BULUS FLACCUS. [Flaccus. )
14th of August, A. D. 582, and was succeeded by TIBULLUS, AʼLBIUS (his praenomen is
Mauricius.
unknown), was of equestrian family. The date
Tiberius was universally regretted. By an eco- of his birth is uncertain : it is assigned by Voss,
nomical administration he diminished the taxation Passow, and Dissen to B. C. 59, by Lachman and
of his subjects, and always had his treasury full. Paldamus to B. c. 54 ; but he died young (accord-
There were at least six constitutions of the ing to the old life by Hieronymus Alexandrinus,
emperor Tiberius ; three of which (Nos. 161, 163, in flore juventutis) soon after Virgil (Domitius
164) form part of the collection of 168 Novellae, Marsus in Epigrammate)
one is found by itself in the Venice manuscript,
“ Te quoque Virgilii comitem non aequa, Tibulle,
the fifth is lost, and the sixth only exists in Latin.
Mors juvenem campos misit ad Elysios. "
The constitution (No. 163, Περί κουφισμών δημο-
oiwv, “On the Diminution of Taxes," expresses a But as Virgil died B. c. 19, if Tibullus died the
humane desire to relieve the people from their year after, B. c. 18, he would even then have been
burdens, combined with a prudent regard to supply 36. The later date therefore is more probable. Of
the necessary demands of the state. (Gibbon, the youth and education of Tibullus, absolutely
Decline and Fall
, fc. , ch. 45, who also gives the nothing is known. His late editor and biographer,
references to the authorities for the reign of Dissen, has endeavoured to make out from his
Tiberius ; Mortreuil, Hist. du Droit Byzantin, vol. writings, that according to the law, which com-
i. p. 81. )
[G. L. ] pelled the son of an eques to perform a certain
TIBE'RIUS ABSIMARUS, who held the period of military service (formerly ten years), Ti-
command of the Cibyratae in the fleet of Leontius bullus was forced, strongly against his will
, to
II. , was proclaimed emperor by the mutinous become a soldier. This notion is founded on the
soldiers and sailors, and, returning to Constanti- tenth elegy of the first book, in which the poet
nople, he usurped the throne and put Leontius in expresses a most un-Roman aversion to war. He
prison, A. D. 698. [LEONTIUS II. ] The usurper is dragged to war, Some enemy is already girt
added to his name Absimarus, the respected name with the arms with which he is to be mortally
of Tiberius. His brother Heraclius, whom he ap- wounded (1. 13). Let others have the fame of
pointed to conduct the war against the Arabs, in- valour ; he would be content to hear old soldiers
vaded Syria (A. D. 699—700), and treated the recite their campaigns around his hospitable board,
inhabitants with the most inbuman cruelty. The and draw their battles on the table with their
events of this usurper's reign are unimportant. wine. ” (1. 29, 32. ) But this Elegy is too perfectly
The strangeness of his rise was only equalled by finished for a boyish poem ; by no means marks its
the suddenness of his fall, and by the restoration date in any period of the poet's life ; and intimates
to the imperial throne of Justinian II. (A. D. 704), rather that he was, at the time when it was writ-
who had been expelled by Leontius (JUSTINI- ten, quietly settled on his own patrimonial estate.
ANUS 11. ), as Leontius was expelled by Tibe- That estate, belonging to the equestrian ances-
rius.
[G. L. ) tors of Tibullus, was at Pedum, between Tibur and
TIBEʻRIUS ALEXANDER. (ALEXANDER] Praeneste. This property, like that of the other
TIBE'RIUS, literary. 1. A philosopher and great poets of the day, Virgil and Horace, had
sophist, of unknown time, the author of numerous been either entirely or partially confiscated during
works on grammar and rhetoric, the titles of which the civil wars ; yet Tibullus retained or recovered
are given by Suidas, and of commentaries on He- part of it, and spent there the better portion of his
rodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Demosthenes. short, but peaceful and happy life. He describes
One of his works, on the figures in the orations of most gracefully, in his first elegy, his reduced for-
Demosthenes (περί των παρα Δημοσθένει σχημά- | tunes. “ His household gods had once been the
Twv), is still extant, and has been published in guardians of a flourishing, they were now of a
the Rhetores Graoci of Thomas Gale, Oxon, 1676, | poor family (1. 19, 20). A single lamb was now
66


## p. 1125 (#1141) ##########################################

1
"
TIBULLUS.
TIBULLUS.
1125
the sacrifice of that household, which used to offer was enamoured (his poems bare all the signs of
a calf chosen from among countless heifers. On real, not of poetic passion) of a certain Glycera
this estate he had been brought up, as a child he He wrote elegies to soften that cruel beauty, whom
had played before the simple wooden images of there seems no reason to confound either with
the same Lares. "
Delia, the object of his youthful attachment, or
The first elegy shows likewise Tibullus already with Nemesis. Glycer, however, is not known to
on intimate terms with his great patron Messala, / us from the poctry of Tibullus, but from the ode
to whom he may have owed the restoration in of Horace, which gently reproves him for dwelling
part of his paternal estate. But in his love of so long in his plaintive elegies on the pitiless
peace, and the soft enjoyments of peace, he de Glycer. Ovid, on the other hand, writing of the
clines to follow Messala to war, though that war poetry of Tibullus, names only two objects of his
was the strife for empire between Octavian and passion :
Antony, which closed with the battle of Actium.
But when Messala immediately after that victory
“ Sic Nemesis longum, sic Delia nomen habebunt,
(in the autumn of B. c. 31), was detached by
Altera cura recons, altera primus amor. "
Amor. iii. 9.
Caesar to suppress a formidable insurrection which
had broken out in Aquitaine, Tibullus overcame The poetry of his contemporaries shows Tibullus
his repugnance to arms, and accompanied his friend as a gentle and singularly amiable man.
He wns
or patron in the honourable post of contubernalis beautiful in person : Horace on this point confirms
(a kind of aide-de-camp) into Gaul. Part of the glory the strong language of the old biographers. To
of the Aquitanian campaign (described by Appian, Horace especially he was an object of warm attach-
B. C. iv. 38) for which Messala four years later (B. C. ment. Besides the ode which alludes to his pas-
27) obtained a triumph, and which Tibullus cele- sion for Glycera (Hor. Carm. i. 33), the epistle of
brates in language of unwonted loftiness, redounds, Horace to Tibullus gives the most full and pleasing
according to the poet, to his own fame. He was view of his poetical retreat, and of his character:
present at the battle of Atax (Aude in Languedoc), it is written by a kindred spirit. Horace does
which broke the Aquitanian rebellion. Messala, homage to that perfect purity of taste which dis-
it is probable, went round the province to receive tinguishes the poetry of Tibullus ; he takes pride
the submission of all the Gaulish tribes, and was in the candid but favourable judgment of his own
accompanied his triumphant journey by Ti satires. The time of Tibullus he supposes to be
bullus. The poet invokes, as witnesses of his shared between the finishing his exquisite small
fame, the Pyrenean mountains, the shores of the poems, which were to surpass even those of Cassius
sea in Xaintonge, the Saone, the Garonne, and of Parma, up to that time the models of that kind
the Loire, in the country of the Carnuti (near Or- of composition, and the enjoyment of the country.
leans) (Eleg. i. 7. 9, foll. ). In the autumn of the Tibullus possessed, according to his friend's no-
following year (B. C. 30) Messala, having pacified tions, all the blessings of life-a competent fortune,
Gaul, was sent into the East to organise that part favour with the great, fame, health ; and seemed to
of the empire under the sole dominion of Octa- know how to enjoy all those blessings.
vian. Tibullus set out in his company, but was The two first books alone of the Elegies, under
taken ill, and obliged to remain in Corcyra (Eleg. the name of Tibullus, are of undoubted authen-
i 3), from whence he returned to Rome.
ticity. The third is the work of another, a very
So ceased the active life of Tibullus: he retired inferior poet, whether Lygdamus be a real or ficti-
to the peace for which he had yearned ; his life is tious name or not. This poet was much younger
now the chronicle of his poetry and of those tender than Tibullus, for he was born in the year of the
passions which were the inspiration of his poetry. battle of Mutina, B. C. 43. The lines which convey
The first object of his attachment is celebrated this information seem necessary in their place, and
under the poetic name of Delia ; it is supposed cannot be considered as an interpolation. (Eleg. iii. 5.
(Apul. Apolog. 106, but the reading is doubtful) 17. ) The hexameter poem on Messala, which opens
that her real name was Plancia or Plautia, or, as the fourth book, is so bad that, although a success-
has been plausibly conjectured, Plania, of which ful elegiac poet may have failed when he attempted
the Greek Delia was a translation.
To Delia are epic verse, it cannot well be ascribed to a writer
addressed the first six elegies of the first book of the exquisite taste of Tibullus. The smaller
She seems to have belonged to that class of females elegies of the fourth book have all the inimitable
of the middle order, not of good family, but above grace and simplicity of Tibullus. With the ex-
poverty, which answered to the Greek hetaerae. ception of the thirteenth (of which some lines are
The poet's attachment to Delia had begun before hardly surpassed by Tibullus himself) these poems
he left Rome for Aquitaine. His ambition seems relate to the love of a certain Sulpicia, a woman of
to have been to retire with her, as his mistress, noble birth, for Cerinthus, the real or fictitious
into the country, and pass the rest of his life in name of a beautiful youth. Sulpicia seems to have
quiet enjoyment. But Delia seems to have been belonged to the intimate society of Messala (Eleg.
faithless during his absence from Rome ; and iv. 8). Nor is there any improbability in sup-
admitted other lovers. On his return from Corcyra, posing that Tibullus niay have written elegies in
he found her ill, and attended her with affectionate the name or by the desire of Sulpicia. If Sulpicia
solicitude (Eleg. i. 5), and again hoped to induce was herself the poetess, she approached nearer to
her to retire with him into the country. But first Tibullus than any other writer of elegies.
a richer lover appears to have supplanted him with The first book of Elegies alone seems to have
the inconstant Delia ; and afterwards there appears been published during the author's life, probably
a husband in his way. The second book of Elegies soon after the triumph of Messala (B. C. 27). The
is chiefly devoted to a new mistress named Ne birthday of that great general gives the poet an
mesis. Besides these two mistresses (Christian occasion for describing all his victories in Gaul and
morals command silence on another point) Tibullus in the East (Eleg. i. 7). In the second book ho
3
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1126
TIGELLINUS.
TIGELLINUS.
celebrates the cooptation of Messalinus, the son of jealousy or his avarice against the noblest members
Messala, into the college of the Quinqueviri. But of the senate and the most pliant dependants of
this second book no doubt did not appear till after the court. C. Rubellius Plautus (Vol. II. p. 411),
the death of Tibullus. With it, according to our Cornelius Sulla, Minucius Thermus, and C. Petro
conjecture, may have been published the elegies of nius, Nero's master of the ceremonies, were suc-
hie imitator, perhaps his friend and associate in the cessively his victims (Tac. Ann. xiv. 57, xvi. 18),
Bociety of Messala, Lygdamus (if that be a real and he actively promoted the emperor's divorce
name), i. e. the third book : and likewise the from Octavia and his marriage with Poppaea. A. D.
fourth, made up of poems belonging, as it were, to 63. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 60—64 ; Dion Cass. Ixii. 13. )
this intimate society of Messala, the Panegyric by In A. D. 65, Tigellinus entertained Nero in his
bome nameless author, which, feeble as it is, seems Aemilian gardens, with a sumptuous profligacy
to be of that age ; the poems in the name of Sul- unsurpassed even in that age, and in the same
picia, with the concluding one, the thirteenth, a year shared with him the odium of burning Rome,
fragment of Tibullus himself.
since the conflagration had broken out on the scene
1. The first edition of Tibullus, with Catullus, of the banquet. (Tac. Ann. IV. 37-40; Dion
Propertius, and the Silvae of Statius, 4 to. maj. , was Cass. lxii. 15. ) In the prosecutions that followed
printed at Venice by Vindelin de Spira, 1472. the discovery of Piso's conspiracy in the following
II. The second, likewise, of these four authors year, Nero found in Tigellinus an able and mer-
at Venice, by John de Colonia, 1475.
ciless agent for his revenge. Tigellinus attached
III. The first of Tibullus, with only the Epistle himself to Poppaea's faction, and it was said com-
of Ovid from Sappho to Phaon, by Florentius de monly in Rome, that the imperial privy-council
Argentina, Venice (? ) about 1472.
(Tac. Ann. xv. 61) contained only three members,
IV. Schweiger mentions two other very early the praetorian prefect, Nero and his wife. The
editions,
cruelty and rapacity of Tigellinus filled all ranks
V. Opus Tibulli Albii cum Commentariis Ber- with dismay. “ Pone Tigellinum," says Juvenal
nardini Cyllenii Veronensis, Romae, 1475. (i. 155) using his name proverbially, and the
Of modern editions, that (VI. ) of Vulpius, VII. stake and faggot will be your portion. Annaeus
that of Brookhusius, were surpassed by the VIII. Mela, the younger brother of Seneca the philo-
Tibullus à Heyne, 1st ed. Lipsiae, 1755. The sopher, was one only of many persons who be-
second and third improved editions, 1777-1798. queathed a large share of his property to Tigel-
IX. Albius Tibullus et Lygdamus, à J. U. Voss. linus and his son-in-law, Cossutianus Capito, that
Heidelberg, 1811.
the residue might be secured to the rightful heirs
X. Albii Tibulli Libri IV. ex recensione Caroli (Tac. Ann. xvi. 17; Dion Cass. lxii. 27), and those
Lachmann. Berolini, 1829.
who escaped from the real or imputed guilt of
XI. Albii 'Tibulli Carmina ex recensione Car. conspiring with Piso owed their exemption, not to
Lachmanni passim mutata. Explicuit Ludolphus their innocence, but to their bribes. (Dion Cass.
Dissenus. Göttingen, 1835.
ib. 28). It was probably about this time that
We have selected these last from several other Apollonius of Tyana was brought before Tigellinus
modern editions published in Germany. [H. H. M. ] on a charge of having traduced the emperor. But
L. TIBURTIUS, a centurion in the civil war the philosopher managed to impress his judge with
B. C. 48. (Caes. B. C. iii. 19. )
such a dread of his supernatural powers that he
TICHONIUS. [TYCHONIUS. ]
was dismissed unharmed. (Philostr. Ap. Tyan. iv.
L. TICIDA, one of Caesar's officers, was taken 42–44. ) The history of Tigellinus is so inwoven
prisoner along with Q. Cominius in B. C. 46. (Hirt. with that of his master, that we may refer to the
B. Afr. 44, 46. ) [COMINIUS, No. 7. ]
life of Nero and briefly add, that the minister pre-
TI'CIDA, a Roman poet, who wrote epigrams sided at the emperor's nuptials with Sporus, that
in which he spoke of his mistress under a fictitious he accompanied him to Greece, and distinguished
name. (Ov. Trist. ii. 432; Suet. Gramm. 11. ) himself every where by his venality, his shame
P. TICI'NIUS MENA, was the first person lessness, and his rapacity. (Tac. Ann. xv. 59;
who introduced barbers into Italy from Sicily in Dion Cass. lxiii. 11, 12, 13. ) He encouraged Nero
the 454th year after the foundation of the city. to degrade the imperial dignity as a public singer
(Varr. R. R. ii. 11. § 10; Plin. H. N. vii. 59. ) on the stage, and contributed to his downfal as
TIGELLI'NUS, SOPHO'NIUS, the son of a much by his own unpopularity as by pampering
native of Agrigentum, owed his rise from poverty his master's vices. (Dion Cass. ib. 21. ) Tigel-
and obscurity to his handsome person and his un- linus returned to Rome in A. D. 68, and shortly
scrupulous character. He was banished to Scylla- afterwards Nero was dethroned by the indignant
ceum (Squillace) in Bruttii (A. D. 39–40), for an legions and the long-suffering senate and people,
intrigue with Agrippina [AGRIPPINA, No. 2] and in his deepest distress (Suet. Ner. 48) the em-
Julia Livilla (Julia, No. 8), sisters of Caligula, peror retained some faithful adherents, but Tigelli-
and respectively the wives of L. Domitius Xhe- nus was not of the number. He joined with
nobarbue [No. 10) and M. Vinucius, cos. A. D. Nymphidius Sabinus, who had succeeded Fenius
30. (Vet. Schol. in Juv. i. 155 ; Dion Cass: | Rufus as praetorian prefect, in transferring the
lix. 23. )
allegiance of the soldiers to Galba. By large
Tigellinus was probably among the exiles restored bribes to T. Vinius, Galba's freedman, and to
by Agrippina, after she became empress, since early Vinius's daughter he purchased a reprieve from
in Nero's reign he was again in favour at court, and the sentence which, on all occasions, the Roman
on the death of Burrus (A. D. 63) was appointed prae- people clamorously demanded, and he even obtained
torian prefect jointly with Fenius Rufus. (Tac.