No More Learning

p. executed by a certain Sophronius, who is com-
289. )
monly supposed to be the same with individual
8. Adversus Helvidium Liber. A controversial of that name mentioned in the De l'iris Illustribus
tract on the perpetual virginity of the mother of (c. 134), but certain barbarisms in style, and errors
God, against a certain Helvidius, who held that in translation, have induced many critics to assign
Mary had borne children after the birth of our a much later date to the piece, and have eren led
Saviour. Written at Rome about A. D. 382. (Ed. some, among whom is Vossius, to imagine that Eras-
Bened. vol. iv. p. ii. p. 130. )
mus was either imposed upon himself or wilfully
9. Adversus Jovinianum Libri II. Jovinianus sought to palm a forgery upon the literary world.
was accused of baving revived many of the here-|(Fabric. Bild. Graec. lib. v. c. 10. )
zde the
carry on
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Ed. Bened.
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VOL. 1


## p. 465 (#481) ############################################

HIERONYMUS.
465
HIERONYMUS.
p. 715. )
a
a
;
The original of Hieronymus is to be found in a plan which, however, he never executed, and
vol. iv. p. ii. p. 98, of the Benedictine edition, which, in fruct, was in a great measure superseded
while both the original and the translation are by his more elaborate commentaries, and by his
given by Vallarsi. It was published separately, translation of the whole Bible. Written about
along with the catalogues of Gennadius, Isidorus, 388. (Ed. Bened. vol. ii. p. 505. )
&c. Colon. 8vo. 1500, Antw. fol. 1639, and with 2. Commenturi in Ecclesiasten, frequently re-
the commentaries of Miraeus and others, Helmst. ferred to in his Apology against Rufinus. Written
4to. 1700.
at Bethlehem about A. D. 300. (Ed. Bencd. vol.
ii.
VOL. IIT.
3. In Ca cum Canticorum Tractatus II. From
15. De Nominibus Ilebraicis. An explanation the Greek of Origen, who is strongly praised in the
of all the Hebrew proper names' which occur in preface addressed to Pope Damasus. Translated
the Scripturcs, those in cach book being con. at Rome in A. D. 383. (Ed. Bened. vol. ii. p. 807;
sidered separately, in alphabetical order. Many comp. vol. v. p. 603. )
of the derivations are very forced, not a few evi-
VOL. IV.
dently false, and several words which are purely
Greek or purely Latin, are explained by reference
4. Commentarü in lesaium, in eighteen books.
to Semitic roots.
The most full and highly finished of all the labours
Philo Judaeus had previously executed a work of Jerome in this department. It was commenced
of the same description for the Old Testament, and apparently as early as A. D. 397, and not com-
Origen for the New, and these formed the basis of pleted before A. D. 411. Tillemont considers that
the present undertaking ; but how much is original there is an allusion to the death of Stilicho in the
and how much borrowed from these or other similar preface to the eleventh book. (Ed. Bened. vol. iu.
compilations we cannot determine accurately. (Vid. p. i. )
Praef. ) Written about 388 or 390, while he was
ö. Homiliae norcm in T'isiones lesaiae ex Gracco
still an admirer of Origen, who is pronounced in Origenis. Rejected by Vallarsi in his first edition
the preface to be second to the Apostles only. (Ed. as spurious, but admitted into the second, upon
Bened. vol. ii. p. 1. )
evidence derived from the Apology of Rufinus.
16. De Situ et Nominibus locorurn Hebraicorum. (See Vallarsi, vol. iv. p. ii. p. 1093. ) This must
Eusebius was the author of a work upon the geo-
not be confounded with a short tract which Jerome
graphy of Palestine, in which he first gave an wrote upon the visions of Isaiah (Comment, in les.
account of Judaea and of the localities of the twelve c. vi. ), when he was studying at Constantinople in
tribes, together with a description of Jerusalem 381, under Gregory of Nazianzus, and in which he
and of the temple ; and to this was appended a seems to have called in question the views of
dictionary of the names of cities, villages, moun- Origen with regard to the Seraphim. (Ep. xviii.
tains, rivers, and other places mentioned in the ad Dumasum. )
Bible. Of the last portion, entitled Ilepi TV TO 6. Commentarü in Jeremiam, in six books, ex-
πικών ονομάτων των εν τη θεία γραφή, which is | tending to the first thirty-two chapters of the
still extant in the original Greek, we are here pre- prophet, one or two books being wanting to com-
sented with a translation, in which, however, we plete the exposition which was commenced late in
find many omissions, additions, and alterations. life, probably about A. D. 415, frequently inter-
The names found in each book are placed sepa- rupted, and not brought down to the point where
rately, in alphabetical order. Written about 388. it concludes until the year of the author's death.
(Ed. Bened. vol. ii. p. 382. )
(Ed. Bened. vol. iii. p. 526. )
In the present state of our knowledge, neither of
Vol. V.
the above productions can be regarded as of much
importance or authority ; but in so far as purity of
7. Commentarii in Ezechielem, in fourteen books,
text is concerned, they appear under a much more
written at intervals during the years A. D. 411
accurate form in the edition of Vallarsi than any –414, the task having been begun immediately
of the earlier impressions, especially the latter, after the commentaries upon Isaiah, but repeatedly
which was carefully compared with a very ancient broken off. See Prolegg. and Ep. 126 ad Marcel
and excellent MS. of Eusebius in the Vatican, not
lin. et Anapsych. (Ed. Bened. vol. iii. p. 698. )
before collated.
8. Commenturius in Danielem in one book.
We now come to the largest and most important
Written A. D. 407, after the completion of the
section of the works of Hieronymus, to which the
notes on the minor prophets, and before the death
two preceding tracts may be considered as intro- of Stilicho. See praef. (Ed. Bened. vol. iii. p.
ductory, viz.
1072. )
9. Homiliae Origenis XXVIII. in Jeremiam et
critical and exegetical, on the Scriptures.
Ezechielem, forming a single work, and not two, as
1. Quaestionum Hebraicarum in Genesim Liber. Erasmus and Huetius supposed. Translated at
Dissertations upon difficult passages in Genesis, in Constantinople after the completion of the Eusebian
which the Latin version as it then existed is com-
Chronicle (A. D. 380), and before the letter to
pared with the Greek of the Septuagint and with Pope Damasus on the Seraphim (Ep. xviii. ),
the original Hebrew. Jerome speaks of these in written in 381.
VOL. VI.
vestigations with great complacency in the preface
to his glossary of Hebrew proper names.
* Libros 10. Commentarii in XII. Prophetas minores,
enim Hebraicarum Quaestionum nunc in manibus drawn up at intervals between A. D. 392 and
habeo, opus novum, et tanı Graecis quam Latinis 406. Nahum, Micah, Zephaniah, Haggai, and
usque ad id locorum inauditum," and had resolved Habakkuk were printed in 392, Jonah in 397,
(see Praef. in Heb. Quaest. ) to examine in like Obadiah probably in 403, the remainder in 406.
manner all the other books of the Old Testament, | (Ed. Bened. vol. iii. p. 1231–1806. )
story". COMMENTARU Bislici
, or annotations
, 197
VOL. II.
HH


## p. 466 (#482) ############################################

FIER VE
PASOK athentis,
itxu vas a ".
Old Testament
Test, a TS
Prau undLE
teach; Serum
Ezeknes
prets: Team, 11.
Persais Latest
Teras Dernier
Ese; to be
teman se base
ne the Vis
be the Ex
ܝܽܐܺܬ݁ ;::: ܩܠܐ 1
remania, iron
TOL
Tx lost roos of Jest
besto tre causes
Teristed as core
Berser 2 arti
466
HIERONYMUS.
HIERONYMUS.
Vol. VII.
the Greck text had been carefully corrected from
11. Commontarii in Matthaeum, in four books. the original llebrew, and with this in his hands
They belong to the year 398. (Ed. Bened. vol. he revised the whole of the Old Testament. But
of this improved translation no portion has de-
iv. pt. i. p. 1. )
12. Homiliae XXXIX. in Lucam ex Origene. with the Prologues to the Verba Dierum or Chro-
scended to us except the Psalms and Job, together
A translation, executed about A. D. 389.
13. Commenturii in Puuli Epistolus. Those
nicles, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Solomon's Song.
namely to the Galatians, to the Ephesians, to Titus, Indeed, the above-named were the only books ever
and to Philemon. Written about A. D. 387. (Ed. published, the MS. of the remainder having been
Bened. vol. iv. pt. i. p. 222--212. )
lost by the carelessness or abstracted by the
treachery of some one who had gained possession
VOL. VIII.
of them. (See Epist. cxxxiv. “ Pleraque enim pri-
oris laboris fraude cujusdam amisimus. ")
Chronica Euschii. The Chronicle of Euscbius,
translated from the Greek, enlarged chiefly in the resolved to recommence his toil upon a different
Nothing daunted by this misfortune, Jerome
department of Roman history, and brought down and far more satisfactory basis. Instead of trans-
to A. D. 378, that is, to the sixth consulship, of lating a translation, he determined to have recourse
Valens, the events of fifty-three years being thus at once to the original, and accordingly, after long
added to the original. [Eusebius. )
and patient exertion, he finished in A. D. 405 an
entirely new translation made directly from the
Vols. IX. X. , and Vol. I. , ed. Bened.
Hebrew. This is in substance the Latin trans-
BIBLIOTHECA Divina. The most important con- lation of the Old Testament now in circulation, but
tribution by Jerome to the cause of religion was his it was not received into general use until formally
Latin version of the Old and New Testament. A sanctioned by Pope Gregory the Great, for a strong
Latin translation, or perhaps several Latin transla- prejudice prevailed in favour of every thing con-
tions, existed in the second century, as we learn from nected with the ancient Septuagint, which at that
the quotations of Tertullian, but in the course of two period was universally believed to have been the
hundred years the text had fallen into lamentable result of a miracle.
confusion. A multitude of passages had been un- Jerome did not translate any part of the Apo-
scrupulously omitted or interpolated or altered by crypha, with the exception of Tobit and Judith,
successive transcribers, to suit their own fancy or which he rendered, at the request of Chromatius
for the sake of supporting or of overturning par- and Heliodorus, from the Chaldaean, not literally,
ticular doctrines, so that scarcely two copies could as he himself informs us, but in such a manner as
be found exactly alike, and in many cases the dis- to convey the general sense. Indeed, his know-
crepancies were of a most serious character. Such ledge of Chaldaean could not have been very pro-
a state of things had reasonably excited the greatest found, since all he knew was obtained in the
alarm among all sincere believers, when Jerome, course of a single day from the instructions of one
who was admirably qualified for the task, under- versed in that tongue. (See Pref. to Tobit. )
took, at the earnest solicitation of his friend and The history of the Vulgate, therefore, as it now
patron, Pope Damasus, to remedy the evil. exists, is briefly this:
He commenced his labours with the four Evan- 1. The Old Testament is a translation made
gelists, comparing carefully the existing Latin trans- directly from the original Hebrew by Jerome.
lations with each other and with the original Greek, 2. The New Testament is a translation formed
his object being to retain the existing expressions out of the old translations carefully compared and
as far as possible, and to introduce new phraseology corrected from the original Greek of Jerome. 3.
in those places only where the true sense had en- The Apocrypha consists of old translations with
tirely disappeared. Prefixed is an introduction ex- the exception of Tobit and Judith freely translated
plaining the principle by which he had been guided, from the original Chaldaean by Jerome.
and ten synoptical tables, exhibiting a complete In addition to the contents of the Vulgate, we
analysis and barmony of the whole. The remain- find in the works of Jerome two translations of the
ing books of the New Testament were published Psalms, and a translation of Job, the origin of
subsequently upon the same plan, but from the ab- which we have already explained. The first trans-
sence of any introduction it has been doubted by lation of the Psalms was adopted soon after its
some critics whether the translation of these was appearance by the Church in Rome, and hence is
really executed by Jerome. His own words, how- called Psalterium Romanum; the second by the
ever, elsewhere, are so explicit as to leave no Church in Gaul, and hence is called Psalterium
rational ground for hesitation upon this point. (See Gallicanum, and these are still commonly employed,
the catalogue given by himself of his own works not having been superseded by the translation in
de l'iris Ill. c. 135, Epist. lxxi. , and Vallarsi, the Vulgate, since the introduction of the latter
Praef. vol. x. p. xx. )
would have involved a complete change of the sacred
The Latin version of the Old Testament, as it music established by long use.
existed at that epoch, had not been derived di- In conclusion, we may remark that the Vulgate
rectly from the Hebrew, but from the Septuagint, in its present form is by no means the same as
and at first Jerome did not contemplate any thing when it issued from the hands of its great editor.
inore than a simple revision and correction of this Numerous alterations and corruptions crept in
version by comparing it with the Greek. Accord- during the middle ages, which have rendered the
ingly, he began with the book of Psalms, which he text uncertain. A striking proof of this fact has
improved from an ordinary copy of the LXX, but been adduced by bishop Marsh, who states that two
here his work ended for the time. But when editions published within two years of each other,
residing at Bethlehem in 390—391, he became in 1590 and 1592, both printed at Rome, both
acquainted with the Hexapla of Origen, in which under papal authority, and both formally pro-
tas: as being
1. izgradio natus
LII. emniata, o
20 acres of the
Earnciens juxta ll ***
doen du, bet ir la
emed a cor de
Bere in Siria
ise vas in the wat
sito Greek ani La:
3 Tas the Gospe 200 cm
a common m. but it's
been the spirion of Jers
Ma ti 3. de Viral
Con stora in Aliczno
de dretno in scitude
de verised after a lapse
na u Palms, nat 19
orkester eparinus Brer. 1
ez da ta veek, bet
Part of the Psalms, or
hat, is absolute. Como um
tar dat is consisted of
Green on the entire Pit
Penna, frequent's referred
the first bowa against R
Lin Oriynian Tepi 'Apra
u be brand in Ep. 124. od
19. 253. ) 7. Version
Aerodrom in S. Joanne
her farents retaine 8
Et han letters
expared. A catalogue
terzan attainable et
To the wecond c'ass bort
1. Quaestiones Hebraica
Brent from those upot Get
od temps such a
si seteral times, especia.
Fork on Palestine, komt ibere
bere that it was never to
fara precieres in XII. Pro
Detent from those name
tes snek a work existed is
in Epist. 49, addressed to Par
IIT, in Jeremian, in tribeca
bare completed his unfinished c
2


## p. 467 (#483) ############################################

HIERONYMUS.
467
HIERONYMUS.
nounced authentic, differ materially from cach other | remiah. (See Cassiodor. Instit. c. 3. ) 4. Alexandri
in sense as well as in words.
Aphrodisci Commenturii Latine conversi. (See Ep.
The Old Testament, or the Canon IIchraicae 50, ad Domnionem. ) 5. Liber ad Abundantium
l'eritatis, was anciently divided into three orders, (or, Antium). No allusion is to be found to this
Primus Ordo, Legis, comprehending the Penta- piece in any ancient author except Cassiodorus
teuch; Secunılus Ordo, Prophetarum, Joshua, (Instit. c. 2). 6. De Similitudinc Carnei Peccuti
Judges, Samuel, I. and II. , Kings, I. and II. , Isaiah, contra Manichucos. Designated as a short and
Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve Minor Pro very elegant work of Ilieronymus by Agobardus
phets ; Tertius Ordo, llagiographorum, Job, Psalms, (adv. Fel. c. 39. ) For full information with regard
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Solomon's Song, Daniel, to these consult the dissertations of Vallarsi.
Verba Dierum, or Chronicles I. and II. , Ezra, and Having given a full list of the genuine and lost
Esther; to which are sometimes added a fourth works of Jerome, it is unnecessary to add a cata-
ordo, including the books of the Apocrypha. In logue of those which have from time to time been
like manner the New Testament was divided into crroneously ascribed to his pen, and which found
the Ordo Evangelicus, containing Matthew, Mark, their way into the earlier editions. Many of these
Luke, and John ; and Ordo Apostolicus, contain- are collected in the fifth volume of the Benedictine
ing the remainder, from the Acts to the Apoca- edition, while Vallarsi has placed some as appen-
lypse.
dices among the genuine works, and thrown the
rest together into the second and third parts of his
VOL. XI.
eleventh volume.
The lost works of Jerome are divided by Val- Jerome was pronounced by the voice of antiquity
larsi into two classes : I. Those which unques- the most learned and eloquent among the Latin
tionably existed at one period ; II. Those of which fathers, and this judgment has been confirmed by
the existence at any time is very doubtful. To the the most eminent scholars of modern times. His
first class belong,
profound knowledge of the Latin, Greek, and
1. Interpretatio retus SS. V. T. ex Gracco TW Hebrew languages; his familiarity with ancient
LXX. emendata, of which we have already spoken history and philosophy, his personal acquaintance
in our account of the history of the Vulgate. 2. with the manners and scenery of the East, enabled
Erangelium juxta llebraeos, written in the Chal- him to illustrate with great force and truth many
daean dialect, but in Hebrew characters. Jerome of the darkest passages in Scripture. But not-
obtained a copy of this from some Nazareans living withstanding all these advantages, his commentaries
at Beroea in Syria, probably at the time when he must be employed with the greatest caution. The
himself was in the wastes of Chalcis, and trans- impetuosity of his temperament induced him
lated it into Greek and Latin. Some suppose that eagerly to seize upon any striking idea suggested
this was the Gospel according to St. Matthew in by his own fancy or by the works or conversation
its original form, but this does not seem to have of his contemporaries, and to pour forth with in-
been the opinion of Jerome himself (Comment. in cautious haste a mass of imposing but crude con-
Matth. xii. 13, de Viris II. 2, 3). 3. Specimen ceptions. Hence we can detect many glaring
Commentarii in Abdiam, composed in early youth inconsistencies, many palpable contradictions, many
while dwelling in solitude in the Syrian desert, grievous errors. The dreamy reveries of Origen
and revised after a lapse of thirty years. 4. Com- are mixed up with the fantastic fables of Jewish
menturü in Psalmos, not to be confounded with the tradition, and the plainest texts obscured by a
confessedly spurious Breviarium in Psalmos. The cloudy veil of allegory and mysticism. Nor, while
extent of this work, whether it comprehended the we admire his uncompromising boldness and energy
whole of the Psalms, or was confined to a few in advocating a good cause, can we cease to regret
only, is absolutely unknown. Tillemont has conjec- the total absence of gentleness, meekness, and
tured that consisted of extracts from homilies of Christian charity, which characterises all his con-
Origen on the entire Psalter.