376 ; Surius, de
Sabinus and Domitius Calderinus, both published Prolatis Sanctor.
Sabinus and Domitius Calderinus, both published Prolatis Sanctor.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
v.
Esurit, intactam Paridi nisi vendat Agaven.
'loûOTOS) mentions some other works of Justus, of
Ille et militiae multis largitur honorem,
which however not a trace has come down to
Semestri vatum digitos circumligat auro.
[L. S. ]
JUSTU'S CATO'NIUS. [CATONIUS. )
Quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio ; tu Ca-
merinos
JUSTUS, FA'BIUS, a friend of Tacitus, who
Et Bareas, tu nobilium magna atria curas !
addresses him in the beginning of his treatise De
Oratoribus. He was also connected by friendship That the actor (or an actor) being at that time in
with the younger Pliny, who mentions him in his high favour at court, and enjoying extensive influ-
letters (Epist. i. ll, vii. 2), and we have every ence, Juvenal became an object of suspicion, as one
reason for believing that he was a distinguished who had indirectly (figurate) censured the corrupt
rhetorician of the time.
(L. S. ) practices of the day; and although now an old nian
JUSTUS, PAPI'RIUS, a Roman jurist, who of eighty, was forth with, under the semblance of
lived in the time of the Antonines, and collected honourable dis:inction, appointed to the command
us.
1
## p. 688 (#704) ############################################
688
JUVENALIS.
JUVENALIS.
of a body of troops quartered in a remote district | satires themselves will at once prove that this
of Egypt, where he died within a very brief space, opinion is untenable, although we must carefully
the victim of disgust and grief. The account of the separate what is certain from what is doubtful.
banishment to Egypt is supposed to be corroborated Thus it is often asserted that the thirteenth satire
by the general tenor of the fifteenth satire, and belongs to a. d. 119 or even to A. D. 127, because
especially by the words (44—46)
written sixty years after the consulship of Fonteius
“ Horrida sane
(see v. 17), as if it were unquestionable that this
Fonteius must be the C. Fonteius Capito who was
Aegyptus, sed luxuria, quantum ipse notavi,
consul A. D. 59, or the L. Fonteius Capito who was
Barbara famoso non cedit turba Canopo,"
consul A. D. 67, while, in reality, the individual
which are interpreted to imply personal observa- | indicated is in all probability C. Fonteius Capito,
tion, while Sidonius Apollinaris is believed to refer who was consul a. d. 12, since we know, from
to the same personages and the same events, when Statius, that Rutilius Gallicus (see v. 157) was
he says (Curm. ix. 270—274. ),
actually city praefect under Domitian. Again, the
contest between the inhabitants of Ombi and of
“Non qui tempore Caesaris secundi
Tentyra is said (xv. 27) to have happened “ nuper
Aeterno coluit Tomos rentu.
consule Junio;" but even admitting this name to
Nec qui consimili deinde casu
be correct, and the MSS. here vary much, we can-
Ad vulgi tenuem strepentis auram
not tell whether we ought to fix upon Appius
Irati fuit histrionis exsul. "
Junius Sabinus, consul A. D. 84, or upon Q. Junius
Several other biographies are found in the MSS. , Rusticus, consul A. D. 119. We have, however,
but all certainly of a later date than that of which fortunately evidence more precise.
we have given an abstract. These agree, in
many
1. We know from Dion Cassius (lxvii. 3) that
points, almost word for word, with the above nar- Paris was killed in a. D. 83, upon suspicion of an
rative, but differ much from it and from each other intrigue with the empress Domitia.
in various details connected with the misfortune 2. The fourth satire, as appears from the con-
and fate of the satirist. Thus one of these declares cluding lines, was written after the death of Domi-
that the events happened in the reign of Nero ; and tian, that is, not earlier than A. D. 96.
in this it is supported by the scholiast on Sat. vii. 3. The first satire, as we learn from the forty-
92; that Juvenal returned to the. city, and, being ninth line, was written after the condemnation of
filled with grief in consequence of the absence of Marius Priscus, that is, not earlier than A. D. 100.
his friend Martial, died in his eighty-first year. In These positions admit of no doubt or cavil, and
another we are told, that having been exiled to- hence it is established that Juvenal was alive at
wards the close of Domitian's career, and not re- least 17 years after the death of Paris, and that
called by the successors of that prince, he died of some of his most spirited productions were com-
old age, under Antoninus Pius. 'In a third it is posed after the death of Domitian. Hence, if the
stated that Trajan, incensed by an attack upon his powerful “ histrio" in the biography of the pseudo-
favourite, Paris, despatched the author of the libel Suetonius be, as we should naturally conclude, the
upon an expedition against the Scotch. Joannes same person with the Paris named in the preceding
Malelas of Antioch, who is copied by Suidas, re- sentence, it is impossible that Juvenal could have
cords (Chronogr. lib. x. p. 262. ed. Bonn) the been banished later than A. D. 83 ; it is impossible
banishment of Juvenal by Domitian to the Penta- that he could have died iminediately afterwards,
polis of Libya, on account of a lampoon upon since he was alive in A. D. 100; and it is incredible
“ Paris the dancer," whom, it is evident from what that if he had pined for a long series of years at a
follows, the Byzantine confounds with some other distance from his country his works should contain
individual ; and, finally, the old commentator on no allusion to a destiny so sad, while, on the other
the fourth satire ignorantly imagines that the lines hand, they bear the most evident marks of having
37, 38,
been conceived and brought forth in the metropolis
“Quum jam semianimem laceraret Flavius orbem amid the scenes so graphically described.
Ultimus et calvo serviret Roma Neroni,"
Salmasius was much too acute not to perceive
this difficulty ; but clinging to the idea that Ju-
were the cause, and the Oasis the place of exile. venal actually was banished to Egypt at the age of
Before going farther, we must remember that there 80 and there died, he endeavoured to escape from
were two famous pantomimes who bore the name the embarrassment by supposing that the seventh
of Paris, one contemporary with Nero, the other satire, containing the lines composed originally
with Domitian, and that each was put to death by the against Paris, was not published until the accession
emperor, under whom he flourished (Dion Cass. of Hadrian ; that the word “histrio" does not refer
Ixiii. 18, lxvii. 3; Sueton. Ner. 54, Dom. 3, 10); to Paris at all, but to some player of that epoch
but it is evident, from the transactions with Statius protected by the sovereign, who, taking offence at
alluded to in the lines quoted above, that the the passage in question, disgraced the author of
second of these is the Paris of the seventh satire. what he considered as a scarcely hidden attack
This being premised, we shall find that the older upon his abuse of patronage. This notion is fol-
annotators, taking the words of the pseudo-Sueto- lowed out by Dodwell (Annal. Quintil. § 37), who
nius in what certainly appears at first sight to be maintains that all the satires were published after
their natural and obvious acceptation, agree in be the elevation of Hadrian, whom he supposes to be
lieving that Juvenal, on account of his insolent the object of the complimentary address, “ Et spes
animadversions on the all-powerful minion of the et ratio studiorum in Caesare tantum," expressions
court, was banished at the age of eighty by Do- which Salmasius refers to Trajan, and the scholiast
mitian to Egypt, where he very soon afterwards to Nero! But although the words both in the
sunk under the pressure of age and sorrow. But satire and in the memoir might, without much vio-
a careful examination of the historical notices in the lence, be accommodated to some such explanation,
## p. 689 (#705) ############################################
JUVENALIS.
689
JUVENALIS
yet the hypothesis, taken as a whole, is 80 fanciful | those whom he warns to avoid the rocks and shoals
and so destitute of all external support, that it has on which he had himself well nigh been wrecked,
been adopted by few scholars, while Franke has while the stately well-measured indignation of the
written iwo elaborate pamphlets for the purpose of other belongs to the eloquence of the head rather
demonstrating that the whole tale of the banish- than of the heart ; and the obvious tone of exag-
ment to Egypt is a mere figment of the gram geration which pervades all his thundering invec-
marians; that the ignorance of topography displayed tives leaves us in doubt how far this sustained
in the 15th satire, by placing Ombi in the imme- ssion is real, and how far assumed for show.
diate vicinity of Tentyra, is such as to render it But while the austere and misanthropic gloom of
highly improbable that the author had at any time Juvenal touches less deeply than the warm-hearted
visited the country of which he speaks, and that social spirit of his rival, we must not forget the dif-
the whole paragraph containing the words " quan- ference of their position. Horace might look with
tuin ipse notavi,” is palpably a gross interpolation. admiration upon the high intellect of his prince,
Without pretending to embrace the views of this and the generous protection extended by him to
or of any previous critic to their full extent, we may literaturu; and he might feel grateful to the prudent
safely assume a sceptical position, and doubt every firmness which had restored peace after long years
point which has been usually assumed as true. The of civil bloodshed, while a decent show of freedom
narratives contained in the different ancient bio- was still left. But the lapse of half a century had
graphies are so vague and indistinct that they could wrought a fearful change. Galling to the proud
scarcely have proceeded from a contemporary, or spirit filled with recollections of ancestral glory,
from any one who drew his knowledge from a clear must have been the chains with which the course
or copious source, while the contradictory character tyranny of Nero and Domitian ostentatiously
of many of the statements and the manifest blun- loaded their dependents ; deep must have been the
ders involved in others, prevent us from reposing humiliation of the moralist who beheld the utter
any confidence in those particulars in which they degradation and corruption of his countrymen : the
agree, or are not confuted by external testimony, canker was perchance too deeply-seated even for
The only facts with regard to Juvenal upon which the keenest kniſe, but delicate and gentle pallia-
we can implicitly rely are, that he flourished to tives would have been worse than mockery.
wards the close of the first century, that Aquinum, The extant works of Juvenal consist of sixteen
if not the place of his nativity, was at least his satires, the last being a fragment of very doubtful
chosen residence (Sat. iii. 319), and that he is in authenticity, all composed in heroic hexameters,
all probability the friend whom Martial addresses and divided, in several MSS. , into five books, an
in three epigrams.
arrangement which, although as old as the time of
There is, perhaps, yet another circumstance Priscian, is altogether arbitrary and unmeaning.
which we may admit without suspicion. We are According to this distribution, the first book com-
told that he occupied himself for many years of his prehends Sat. i. ii. iii. iv. v. ; the second Sat. vi. ;
life in declaiming; and assuredly every page in his the third Sat. vii. viii. ix. ; the fourth Sut. . xi.
writings bears evidence to the accuracy of this xü. ; and the fifth the remainder.
assertion. Each piece is a finished rhetorical Not less than six very early impressions of
essay, energetic, glowing and sonorous; the succes Juvenal have been described by bibliographers,
sive attacks upon vice are all planned with sys- each of which may claim the distinction of being
tematic skill; the arguments are marshalled in the Editio Princeps, but the honour would seem to
imposing array; they advance supported by a heavy be divided between the three following: -
artillery of powerful and well-aimed illustrations, 1. A folio, in Roman characters, containing 68
and sweeping impetuously onward, carry by assault sheets, with 32 lines in each page, without date
each position as in turn assailed. But although and without name of place or of printer. See
the impression produced at first is overwhelming, Maittaire, Annal. Typog. vol. i. p. 296.
the results are not permanent.
The different 2. A quarto, in Roman characters, containing 80
poems are too obviously formal works of art; and sheets, with 25 lines in each page, without date
while the figures in each picture are selected with and without name of place, but bearing the name
anxious care, grouped with all attention to effect, of Ulric Han, and therefore printed at Rome.
and rich with the most brilliant colouring, the 3. A quarto, in Roman characters, containing 71
composition as a whole is deficient in the graceful sheets, with 30 lines in each page, without name
ease and reality which impart such a matchless of place or of printer, but bearing the date 1470,
charm to the less regular and less elaborate sketches and supposed to be the work of Vindelin de
of Horace. The means by which the two great Spira.
satirists seek to achiere their object are as widely The text, as first exhibited, underwent a gradual
different as the tempers and habits of the men. It but slow improvement in the editions of Jac. de
is impossible to imagine a contrast more strik Rubeis, fol. Venet. 1475; of G. Valla, fol. Venet.
ing than is presented by the playful, good-hu- 1486 ; of Mancinellus, fol. Venet. 1492 ; of Aldus
moured gaiety with which the one would laugh | 8vo. Venet. 1501, 1535, and another without date;
his hearers out of their follies and their guilt, of Junta, 8vo. Florent. 1513; of Colinaeus, 8vo.
and by the uncompromising sternness with which Paris, 1528, 1535, 1542; of Gryphius, 8vo. Lugd.
the other seeks to scare them, calling to his aid 1534, 1535, 1538, 1545, 1560, 1576; of R. Stem
frightful images and terrific denunciations. In phanus, 8vo. Paris, 1544, 1549 ; of Pulmannus,
the one case, however, we are fully convinced of the 8vo. Antv. 1565, 24mo. 1585; and was at length
absolute sincerity of our monitor; we feel that his reduced to a satisfactory form by P. Pithoeus,
precepts are the fruit of long experience, proceeding 8vo. Paris, 1585, Heidelb. 1590; and above all, by
from one who, having mingled much with the Nic. Rigaltius, 12mo. Paris, 1613, 8vo. 1616,
world, and encountered its perils, is filled with whose readings were adopted almost implicitly for
kindly sympathy for the difficulties and dangers of nearly two centuries, until the labours of Ruperti,
VOL, IL
YY
## p. 690 (#706) ############################################
690
JUVENALIS.
JUVENCUS.
.
8vo. Lips. 1801; Gott. 1808, Lips. 1819; of | in Umbrin, May 3, A. D. 369. He converted many
Achaintre, 8vo. Paris, 1810 ; of Weber, 8vo. of the people to Christianity, and is said to have
Weimar, 1825; and of Heinrich, 8vo. Bonn, 1839, performed several miracles, both during his life,
effected probably everything that our present re- and also by his relics after his death, which took
sources will permit us to accomplish.
place Aug. 7, A. D. 376. His epitaph is preserved,
Our author appears to have been studied with and also a rhyming Latin hymn, which used to be
extreme avidity upon the revival of letters, and the sung in his honour by the church of Narnia, on the
presses of the fifteenth century teemed with com- day on which his memory, was observed, riz. May
mentaries. The earliest were those of Angelus 3. (Acta Sanctor. May, vol. i. p.
376 ; Surius, de
Sabinus and Domitius Calderinus, both published Prolatis Sanctor. Histor, vol. vii. p. 361 ; Bzovius,
in fol. at Rome in 1474 ; followed by those of Nomencl. Sanc. Profess. Medicor. ) (W. A. G. )
Georgius Merula, fol. Venet. 1478, and Tarvis, JUVENCUS VÉTTIUS AQUILI'NUS, one
1478 ; of Georgius Valla, fol. Venet. 1486 ; of of the earliest among the Christian poets, flourished
Antonius Mancinellus, fol. Venet. 1492 ; of Badius under Constantine the Great, was a native of
Ascensius, 4to. Lugd. 1498; of Joannes Britan- Spain, the descendant of an illustrious family, and
nicus, fol. Venet. 1499. To these may be added a presbyter of the church. These particulars, for
the annotations of Pulmannus, Pithoeus and Rigal- which we are indebted chiefly to St. Jerome, com-
tius, attached to their editions, as specified above ; prise the whole of our knowledge with regard to the
of Lubinus, 8vo. Rostoch. 1602, 4to. Hanov. 1603; personal history of this writer, who owes his repu-
of Farnabius, 12mo. 1612, very often reprinted ; of iation to the first of the two following works:-
Prateus, the Delphin editor, 4to. Paris, 1684 ; of 1. Historiae Evangelicae Libri IV, published
Heninnius, 4to. Ultraj. 1685, 4to. Lugd. Bat. about A. D. 332, a life of Christ in hexameter
1695; and of Marshall, 8vo. Lond. 1723. The verse, compiled from the four evangelists. The
brief remarks of Coelius Curio, which were first ap- narrative of St. Matthew is taken as the ground-
pended to the edition of Colinaeus, 8vo. Paris, work, the additional facts supplied by the three
1528, and afterwards in a much enlarged and im- others are interwoven in their proper places, the
proved shape to that of Frobenius, fol. Basil, 1551, whole thus forming a complete harmony of the
possess much merit. The old scholia were first Gospels. The liberal praises bestowed upon Ju-
printed in a complete form in the edition of Pithoeus, vencus by divines and scholars, from St. Jerome
8vo. Paris, 1585. The whole of the above have down to Petrarch, must be understood to belong
been repeatedly reprinted both entire and in selec- rather to the substance of the piece than to the
tions.
form under which the materials are presented. We
The student who provides himself with the edi- may honour the pious motive which prompted the
tions of Heninnius, 4to. Lugd. Bat. 1695; of undertaking, and we may bestow the same com-
Achaintre, of Ruperti, and of Heinrich, will possess mendation upon the laborious ingenuity with which
every thing he can require. The commentary of every particular recorded by the sacred historians,
Heinrich, written in German, is the best that has and frequently their very words, are forced into
yet appeared.
numbers ; but the very plan of the con position
The earliest English versions are those of Barten excludes all play of fancy and all poetical freedom of
Holyday (best ed. fol. Oxford, 1673), and of Sir expression, while the versification, although fluent
Robert Stapylton (best ed. fol. London, 1660), and generally harmonious, too often bids defiance
both of which enjoyed considerable popularity to the laws of prosody, and the language, although
during the seventeenth century. Although the evidently in many places copied from the purest
lines in Holyday are ludicrously quaint and rugged, models, betrays here and there evident indications
the meaning of the original is for the most part re- of corruption and decay. The idea that this pro-
presented with great fidelity, and the commentary duction might be employed with advantage in the
attached may still be consulted with advantage. interpretation of the Scriptures, inasmuch as it
Dryden has rendered the first, third, sixth, tenth may be supposed to exhibit faithfully the meaning
and sixteenth satires, in language full of genius and attached to various obscure passages in the early
spirit, but always paraphrastic, and often inaccurate. age to which it belongs, will not, upon examina-
The most faithful and scholarlike translation which tion, be found to merit much attention.
has yet appeared is that of Gifford, 4to. Lond. 1892; 2. Liber in Genesim, in 1541 hexameters,
and much praise is due to that of Badham, at least divided into as many chapters as the original ; an
to the second edition, published in Valpy's Family attempt, it would appear, to render the study of
Classical Library.
the Old Testament more generally popular by
All the ancient documents regarding the life of clothing it in a metrical dress, the plan and ere
Juvenal will be found collected and arranged in the cution being in every respect similar to the Historia
edition of Ruperti, and the various inferences de Evangelica. For a long period the first four sec-
duced from them have been fully discussed by tions alone were known to exist, and were va-
Franke in his two dissertations, the first published riously ascribed by different critics to Tertullian,
at Altona and Leipzig, 8vo. 1820 ; the second at Cyprian, or Salvianus of Marseilles ; but the
Dorpat, fol. 1827; by C. Hermann, in his Dispu- entire book, together with the real author, were
tatio de Juvenalis Satirae Septimae Temporibus, 4to. made known in the beginning of the eighteenth
Gott. 1843; by Pinzger, in Jahn's Jahrbücher für | century, from a MS. of the eleventh century, and
Philologie, vol. xiv. p. 261; and by Düntzer, in the published by Durand. (See below. )
p
sixth supplemental volume to the same work, 3. St. Jerome and other ecclesiastical biographers
(W. R. ] mention some hexameters upon the sacraments, but
JUVENA’LIS, ST. , a physician at Carthage in of these no trace remains:
the 4th century after Christ, who was also in priest's The Editio Princeps of the Historia Evangelica
orders. He afterwards left Africa, and went to was printed at Deventer in Holland, 4to. 1490 ; it
Rome, where he was consecrated bishop of Narnia is included in the Poeturum veterum Eccles. Opera
p. 373.
## p. 691 (#707) ############################################
JUVENTIUS.
691
IXION.
P. 587.
.
9
of G. Fabricius, fol. Basil. 1564 ; in the Opera et the T. Juventius Thalna who was praetor in B. C.
Fragmenta vet. Poet. Lat. of Maittaire, fol. Lond. 194. [THALNA. ]
1713; in the Bibliotheca Patr. Max. Lugdun. 3. A comic poet, who probably lived in the
1677, vol. iv. p. 55 ; and was published separately middle of the second century B. C. He is referred
with a collection of commentaries, by Reuschius, to by Varto (L. I. vi. 50, vii. 65, ed. Müller) and
8vo. Lips. 1710.
A. Gellius (xviii. 12).
The Liber in Genesim first appeared in its con 4. P. , praetor in B. c. 149, who was defeated
plete form in Martene et Durand, Scriptorum et and slain in battle in Macedonia by the usurper
Monumentorum Amplissima Collectio, fol. Paris, Andriscus (Pseudophilippus). (ANDRISCUS. ) (Liv.
1723, vol. ix. p. 14, from whence it was reprinted, Epit. 50; Flor. ii. 14 ; Eutrop. iv. 13 ; Oros. iv.
along with the Historia Evangelica, in the Biblio 22. )
theca Patrum of Galland, fol Venet. 1770, vol. iv. 5. A beautiful youth, to whom Catullus has
addressed several of his poems. (Carm. 24, 48,
(Hieron. De Vit. Ill. 84, Ep. ad Magnum, 99. )
Chron. Euscb. ad A. D. cccxxix. ; Gebser, De C. C. JUVE'NTIUS, a Roman jurist, one of the
Vettü Aquilini Juvenci Vita et Scriptis, 8vo. Jen. numerous auditores of Q. Mucius, P. . Scaevola,
1827. )
(W. R. ) the Pontifex Maximus. He is mentioned by Pom-
JUVENTAS. [HEBE. ]
ponius along with Aquilius Gallus, Balbus Lucilius,
JUVE'NTIA GENS, an ancient plebeian gens, and Sextus Papirius, as one of the four most emi-
which came from Tusculum (Cic. pro Planc. 8), nent pupils of Mucius. Nothing more is known of
and settled in Rome, probably in the course of the him. His works possessed high authority, and
fourth century B. C. According to the statement were incorporated by Servius Sulpicius in his
of L. Cassius, who united with L. Juventius La- own writings. In the time of Pomponius, the
terensis in accusing Cn. Plancius, Cicero's client, original productions of the disciples of Mucius
the first plebeian aedile was a member of the Ju- were scarce, and were known chiefly through the
ventia gens. The correctness of this statement is books of Servius Sulpicius. (Dig. i. tit. 2. 8. 2. 9
denied by Cicero ; but whether true or false, the 42. )
(J. T.
Esurit, intactam Paridi nisi vendat Agaven.
'loûOTOS) mentions some other works of Justus, of
Ille et militiae multis largitur honorem,
which however not a trace has come down to
Semestri vatum digitos circumligat auro.
[L. S. ]
JUSTU'S CATO'NIUS. [CATONIUS. )
Quod non dant proceres, dabit histrio ; tu Ca-
merinos
JUSTUS, FA'BIUS, a friend of Tacitus, who
Et Bareas, tu nobilium magna atria curas !
addresses him in the beginning of his treatise De
Oratoribus. He was also connected by friendship That the actor (or an actor) being at that time in
with the younger Pliny, who mentions him in his high favour at court, and enjoying extensive influ-
letters (Epist. i. ll, vii. 2), and we have every ence, Juvenal became an object of suspicion, as one
reason for believing that he was a distinguished who had indirectly (figurate) censured the corrupt
rhetorician of the time.
(L. S. ) practices of the day; and although now an old nian
JUSTUS, PAPI'RIUS, a Roman jurist, who of eighty, was forth with, under the semblance of
lived in the time of the Antonines, and collected honourable dis:inction, appointed to the command
us.
1
## p. 688 (#704) ############################################
688
JUVENALIS.
JUVENALIS.
of a body of troops quartered in a remote district | satires themselves will at once prove that this
of Egypt, where he died within a very brief space, opinion is untenable, although we must carefully
the victim of disgust and grief. The account of the separate what is certain from what is doubtful.
banishment to Egypt is supposed to be corroborated Thus it is often asserted that the thirteenth satire
by the general tenor of the fifteenth satire, and belongs to a. d. 119 or even to A. D. 127, because
especially by the words (44—46)
written sixty years after the consulship of Fonteius
“ Horrida sane
(see v. 17), as if it were unquestionable that this
Fonteius must be the C. Fonteius Capito who was
Aegyptus, sed luxuria, quantum ipse notavi,
consul A. D. 59, or the L. Fonteius Capito who was
Barbara famoso non cedit turba Canopo,"
consul A. D. 67, while, in reality, the individual
which are interpreted to imply personal observa- | indicated is in all probability C. Fonteius Capito,
tion, while Sidonius Apollinaris is believed to refer who was consul a. d. 12, since we know, from
to the same personages and the same events, when Statius, that Rutilius Gallicus (see v. 157) was
he says (Curm. ix. 270—274. ),
actually city praefect under Domitian. Again, the
contest between the inhabitants of Ombi and of
“Non qui tempore Caesaris secundi
Tentyra is said (xv. 27) to have happened “ nuper
Aeterno coluit Tomos rentu.
consule Junio;" but even admitting this name to
Nec qui consimili deinde casu
be correct, and the MSS. here vary much, we can-
Ad vulgi tenuem strepentis auram
not tell whether we ought to fix upon Appius
Irati fuit histrionis exsul. "
Junius Sabinus, consul A. D. 84, or upon Q. Junius
Several other biographies are found in the MSS. , Rusticus, consul A. D. 119. We have, however,
but all certainly of a later date than that of which fortunately evidence more precise.
we have given an abstract. These agree, in
many
1. We know from Dion Cassius (lxvii. 3) that
points, almost word for word, with the above nar- Paris was killed in a. D. 83, upon suspicion of an
rative, but differ much from it and from each other intrigue with the empress Domitia.
in various details connected with the misfortune 2. The fourth satire, as appears from the con-
and fate of the satirist. Thus one of these declares cluding lines, was written after the death of Domi-
that the events happened in the reign of Nero ; and tian, that is, not earlier than A. D. 96.
in this it is supported by the scholiast on Sat. vii. 3. The first satire, as we learn from the forty-
92; that Juvenal returned to the. city, and, being ninth line, was written after the condemnation of
filled with grief in consequence of the absence of Marius Priscus, that is, not earlier than A. D. 100.
his friend Martial, died in his eighty-first year. In These positions admit of no doubt or cavil, and
another we are told, that having been exiled to- hence it is established that Juvenal was alive at
wards the close of Domitian's career, and not re- least 17 years after the death of Paris, and that
called by the successors of that prince, he died of some of his most spirited productions were com-
old age, under Antoninus Pius. 'In a third it is posed after the death of Domitian. Hence, if the
stated that Trajan, incensed by an attack upon his powerful “ histrio" in the biography of the pseudo-
favourite, Paris, despatched the author of the libel Suetonius be, as we should naturally conclude, the
upon an expedition against the Scotch. Joannes same person with the Paris named in the preceding
Malelas of Antioch, who is copied by Suidas, re- sentence, it is impossible that Juvenal could have
cords (Chronogr. lib. x. p. 262. ed. Bonn) the been banished later than A. D. 83 ; it is impossible
banishment of Juvenal by Domitian to the Penta- that he could have died iminediately afterwards,
polis of Libya, on account of a lampoon upon since he was alive in A. D. 100; and it is incredible
“ Paris the dancer," whom, it is evident from what that if he had pined for a long series of years at a
follows, the Byzantine confounds with some other distance from his country his works should contain
individual ; and, finally, the old commentator on no allusion to a destiny so sad, while, on the other
the fourth satire ignorantly imagines that the lines hand, they bear the most evident marks of having
37, 38,
been conceived and brought forth in the metropolis
“Quum jam semianimem laceraret Flavius orbem amid the scenes so graphically described.
Ultimus et calvo serviret Roma Neroni,"
Salmasius was much too acute not to perceive
this difficulty ; but clinging to the idea that Ju-
were the cause, and the Oasis the place of exile. venal actually was banished to Egypt at the age of
Before going farther, we must remember that there 80 and there died, he endeavoured to escape from
were two famous pantomimes who bore the name the embarrassment by supposing that the seventh
of Paris, one contemporary with Nero, the other satire, containing the lines composed originally
with Domitian, and that each was put to death by the against Paris, was not published until the accession
emperor, under whom he flourished (Dion Cass. of Hadrian ; that the word “histrio" does not refer
Ixiii. 18, lxvii. 3; Sueton. Ner. 54, Dom. 3, 10); to Paris at all, but to some player of that epoch
but it is evident, from the transactions with Statius protected by the sovereign, who, taking offence at
alluded to in the lines quoted above, that the the passage in question, disgraced the author of
second of these is the Paris of the seventh satire. what he considered as a scarcely hidden attack
This being premised, we shall find that the older upon his abuse of patronage. This notion is fol-
annotators, taking the words of the pseudo-Sueto- lowed out by Dodwell (Annal. Quintil. § 37), who
nius in what certainly appears at first sight to be maintains that all the satires were published after
their natural and obvious acceptation, agree in be the elevation of Hadrian, whom he supposes to be
lieving that Juvenal, on account of his insolent the object of the complimentary address, “ Et spes
animadversions on the all-powerful minion of the et ratio studiorum in Caesare tantum," expressions
court, was banished at the age of eighty by Do- which Salmasius refers to Trajan, and the scholiast
mitian to Egypt, where he very soon afterwards to Nero! But although the words both in the
sunk under the pressure of age and sorrow. But satire and in the memoir might, without much vio-
a careful examination of the historical notices in the lence, be accommodated to some such explanation,
## p. 689 (#705) ############################################
JUVENALIS.
689
JUVENALIS
yet the hypothesis, taken as a whole, is 80 fanciful | those whom he warns to avoid the rocks and shoals
and so destitute of all external support, that it has on which he had himself well nigh been wrecked,
been adopted by few scholars, while Franke has while the stately well-measured indignation of the
written iwo elaborate pamphlets for the purpose of other belongs to the eloquence of the head rather
demonstrating that the whole tale of the banish- than of the heart ; and the obvious tone of exag-
ment to Egypt is a mere figment of the gram geration which pervades all his thundering invec-
marians; that the ignorance of topography displayed tives leaves us in doubt how far this sustained
in the 15th satire, by placing Ombi in the imme- ssion is real, and how far assumed for show.
diate vicinity of Tentyra, is such as to render it But while the austere and misanthropic gloom of
highly improbable that the author had at any time Juvenal touches less deeply than the warm-hearted
visited the country of which he speaks, and that social spirit of his rival, we must not forget the dif-
the whole paragraph containing the words " quan- ference of their position. Horace might look with
tuin ipse notavi,” is palpably a gross interpolation. admiration upon the high intellect of his prince,
Without pretending to embrace the views of this and the generous protection extended by him to
or of any previous critic to their full extent, we may literaturu; and he might feel grateful to the prudent
safely assume a sceptical position, and doubt every firmness which had restored peace after long years
point which has been usually assumed as true. The of civil bloodshed, while a decent show of freedom
narratives contained in the different ancient bio- was still left. But the lapse of half a century had
graphies are so vague and indistinct that they could wrought a fearful change. Galling to the proud
scarcely have proceeded from a contemporary, or spirit filled with recollections of ancestral glory,
from any one who drew his knowledge from a clear must have been the chains with which the course
or copious source, while the contradictory character tyranny of Nero and Domitian ostentatiously
of many of the statements and the manifest blun- loaded their dependents ; deep must have been the
ders involved in others, prevent us from reposing humiliation of the moralist who beheld the utter
any confidence in those particulars in which they degradation and corruption of his countrymen : the
agree, or are not confuted by external testimony, canker was perchance too deeply-seated even for
The only facts with regard to Juvenal upon which the keenest kniſe, but delicate and gentle pallia-
we can implicitly rely are, that he flourished to tives would have been worse than mockery.
wards the close of the first century, that Aquinum, The extant works of Juvenal consist of sixteen
if not the place of his nativity, was at least his satires, the last being a fragment of very doubtful
chosen residence (Sat. iii. 319), and that he is in authenticity, all composed in heroic hexameters,
all probability the friend whom Martial addresses and divided, in several MSS. , into five books, an
in three epigrams.
arrangement which, although as old as the time of
There is, perhaps, yet another circumstance Priscian, is altogether arbitrary and unmeaning.
which we may admit without suspicion. We are According to this distribution, the first book com-
told that he occupied himself for many years of his prehends Sat. i. ii. iii. iv. v. ; the second Sat. vi. ;
life in declaiming; and assuredly every page in his the third Sat. vii. viii. ix. ; the fourth Sut. . xi.
writings bears evidence to the accuracy of this xü. ; and the fifth the remainder.
assertion. Each piece is a finished rhetorical Not less than six very early impressions of
essay, energetic, glowing and sonorous; the succes Juvenal have been described by bibliographers,
sive attacks upon vice are all planned with sys- each of which may claim the distinction of being
tematic skill; the arguments are marshalled in the Editio Princeps, but the honour would seem to
imposing array; they advance supported by a heavy be divided between the three following: -
artillery of powerful and well-aimed illustrations, 1. A folio, in Roman characters, containing 68
and sweeping impetuously onward, carry by assault sheets, with 32 lines in each page, without date
each position as in turn assailed. But although and without name of place or of printer. See
the impression produced at first is overwhelming, Maittaire, Annal. Typog. vol. i. p. 296.
the results are not permanent.
The different 2. A quarto, in Roman characters, containing 80
poems are too obviously formal works of art; and sheets, with 25 lines in each page, without date
while the figures in each picture are selected with and without name of place, but bearing the name
anxious care, grouped with all attention to effect, of Ulric Han, and therefore printed at Rome.
and rich with the most brilliant colouring, the 3. A quarto, in Roman characters, containing 71
composition as a whole is deficient in the graceful sheets, with 30 lines in each page, without name
ease and reality which impart such a matchless of place or of printer, but bearing the date 1470,
charm to the less regular and less elaborate sketches and supposed to be the work of Vindelin de
of Horace. The means by which the two great Spira.
satirists seek to achiere their object are as widely The text, as first exhibited, underwent a gradual
different as the tempers and habits of the men. It but slow improvement in the editions of Jac. de
is impossible to imagine a contrast more strik Rubeis, fol. Venet. 1475; of G. Valla, fol. Venet.
ing than is presented by the playful, good-hu- 1486 ; of Mancinellus, fol. Venet. 1492 ; of Aldus
moured gaiety with which the one would laugh | 8vo. Venet. 1501, 1535, and another without date;
his hearers out of their follies and their guilt, of Junta, 8vo. Florent. 1513; of Colinaeus, 8vo.
and by the uncompromising sternness with which Paris, 1528, 1535, 1542; of Gryphius, 8vo. Lugd.
the other seeks to scare them, calling to his aid 1534, 1535, 1538, 1545, 1560, 1576; of R. Stem
frightful images and terrific denunciations. In phanus, 8vo. Paris, 1544, 1549 ; of Pulmannus,
the one case, however, we are fully convinced of the 8vo. Antv. 1565, 24mo. 1585; and was at length
absolute sincerity of our monitor; we feel that his reduced to a satisfactory form by P. Pithoeus,
precepts are the fruit of long experience, proceeding 8vo. Paris, 1585, Heidelb. 1590; and above all, by
from one who, having mingled much with the Nic. Rigaltius, 12mo. Paris, 1613, 8vo. 1616,
world, and encountered its perils, is filled with whose readings were adopted almost implicitly for
kindly sympathy for the difficulties and dangers of nearly two centuries, until the labours of Ruperti,
VOL, IL
YY
## p. 690 (#706) ############################################
690
JUVENALIS.
JUVENCUS.
.
8vo. Lips. 1801; Gott. 1808, Lips. 1819; of | in Umbrin, May 3, A. D. 369. He converted many
Achaintre, 8vo. Paris, 1810 ; of Weber, 8vo. of the people to Christianity, and is said to have
Weimar, 1825; and of Heinrich, 8vo. Bonn, 1839, performed several miracles, both during his life,
effected probably everything that our present re- and also by his relics after his death, which took
sources will permit us to accomplish.
place Aug. 7, A. D. 376. His epitaph is preserved,
Our author appears to have been studied with and also a rhyming Latin hymn, which used to be
extreme avidity upon the revival of letters, and the sung in his honour by the church of Narnia, on the
presses of the fifteenth century teemed with com- day on which his memory, was observed, riz. May
mentaries. The earliest were those of Angelus 3. (Acta Sanctor. May, vol. i. p.
376 ; Surius, de
Sabinus and Domitius Calderinus, both published Prolatis Sanctor. Histor, vol. vii. p. 361 ; Bzovius,
in fol. at Rome in 1474 ; followed by those of Nomencl. Sanc. Profess. Medicor. ) (W. A. G. )
Georgius Merula, fol. Venet. 1478, and Tarvis, JUVENCUS VÉTTIUS AQUILI'NUS, one
1478 ; of Georgius Valla, fol. Venet. 1486 ; of of the earliest among the Christian poets, flourished
Antonius Mancinellus, fol. Venet. 1492 ; of Badius under Constantine the Great, was a native of
Ascensius, 4to. Lugd. 1498; of Joannes Britan- Spain, the descendant of an illustrious family, and
nicus, fol. Venet. 1499. To these may be added a presbyter of the church. These particulars, for
the annotations of Pulmannus, Pithoeus and Rigal- which we are indebted chiefly to St. Jerome, com-
tius, attached to their editions, as specified above ; prise the whole of our knowledge with regard to the
of Lubinus, 8vo. Rostoch. 1602, 4to. Hanov. 1603; personal history of this writer, who owes his repu-
of Farnabius, 12mo. 1612, very often reprinted ; of iation to the first of the two following works:-
Prateus, the Delphin editor, 4to. Paris, 1684 ; of 1. Historiae Evangelicae Libri IV, published
Heninnius, 4to. Ultraj. 1685, 4to. Lugd. Bat. about A. D. 332, a life of Christ in hexameter
1695; and of Marshall, 8vo. Lond. 1723. The verse, compiled from the four evangelists. The
brief remarks of Coelius Curio, which were first ap- narrative of St. Matthew is taken as the ground-
pended to the edition of Colinaeus, 8vo. Paris, work, the additional facts supplied by the three
1528, and afterwards in a much enlarged and im- others are interwoven in their proper places, the
proved shape to that of Frobenius, fol. Basil, 1551, whole thus forming a complete harmony of the
possess much merit. The old scholia were first Gospels. The liberal praises bestowed upon Ju-
printed in a complete form in the edition of Pithoeus, vencus by divines and scholars, from St. Jerome
8vo. Paris, 1585. The whole of the above have down to Petrarch, must be understood to belong
been repeatedly reprinted both entire and in selec- rather to the substance of the piece than to the
tions.
form under which the materials are presented. We
The student who provides himself with the edi- may honour the pious motive which prompted the
tions of Heninnius, 4to. Lugd. Bat. 1695; of undertaking, and we may bestow the same com-
Achaintre, of Ruperti, and of Heinrich, will possess mendation upon the laborious ingenuity with which
every thing he can require. The commentary of every particular recorded by the sacred historians,
Heinrich, written in German, is the best that has and frequently their very words, are forced into
yet appeared.
numbers ; but the very plan of the con position
The earliest English versions are those of Barten excludes all play of fancy and all poetical freedom of
Holyday (best ed. fol. Oxford, 1673), and of Sir expression, while the versification, although fluent
Robert Stapylton (best ed. fol. London, 1660), and generally harmonious, too often bids defiance
both of which enjoyed considerable popularity to the laws of prosody, and the language, although
during the seventeenth century. Although the evidently in many places copied from the purest
lines in Holyday are ludicrously quaint and rugged, models, betrays here and there evident indications
the meaning of the original is for the most part re- of corruption and decay. The idea that this pro-
presented with great fidelity, and the commentary duction might be employed with advantage in the
attached may still be consulted with advantage. interpretation of the Scriptures, inasmuch as it
Dryden has rendered the first, third, sixth, tenth may be supposed to exhibit faithfully the meaning
and sixteenth satires, in language full of genius and attached to various obscure passages in the early
spirit, but always paraphrastic, and often inaccurate. age to which it belongs, will not, upon examina-
The most faithful and scholarlike translation which tion, be found to merit much attention.
has yet appeared is that of Gifford, 4to. Lond. 1892; 2. Liber in Genesim, in 1541 hexameters,
and much praise is due to that of Badham, at least divided into as many chapters as the original ; an
to the second edition, published in Valpy's Family attempt, it would appear, to render the study of
Classical Library.
the Old Testament more generally popular by
All the ancient documents regarding the life of clothing it in a metrical dress, the plan and ere
Juvenal will be found collected and arranged in the cution being in every respect similar to the Historia
edition of Ruperti, and the various inferences de Evangelica. For a long period the first four sec-
duced from them have been fully discussed by tions alone were known to exist, and were va-
Franke in his two dissertations, the first published riously ascribed by different critics to Tertullian,
at Altona and Leipzig, 8vo. 1820 ; the second at Cyprian, or Salvianus of Marseilles ; but the
Dorpat, fol. 1827; by C. Hermann, in his Dispu- entire book, together with the real author, were
tatio de Juvenalis Satirae Septimae Temporibus, 4to. made known in the beginning of the eighteenth
Gott. 1843; by Pinzger, in Jahn's Jahrbücher für | century, from a MS. of the eleventh century, and
Philologie, vol. xiv. p. 261; and by Düntzer, in the published by Durand. (See below. )
p
sixth supplemental volume to the same work, 3. St. Jerome and other ecclesiastical biographers
(W. R. ] mention some hexameters upon the sacraments, but
JUVENA’LIS, ST. , a physician at Carthage in of these no trace remains:
the 4th century after Christ, who was also in priest's The Editio Princeps of the Historia Evangelica
orders. He afterwards left Africa, and went to was printed at Deventer in Holland, 4to. 1490 ; it
Rome, where he was consecrated bishop of Narnia is included in the Poeturum veterum Eccles. Opera
p. 373.
## p. 691 (#707) ############################################
JUVENTIUS.
691
IXION.
P. 587.
.
9
of G. Fabricius, fol. Basil. 1564 ; in the Opera et the T. Juventius Thalna who was praetor in B. C.
Fragmenta vet. Poet. Lat. of Maittaire, fol. Lond. 194. [THALNA. ]
1713; in the Bibliotheca Patr. Max. Lugdun. 3. A comic poet, who probably lived in the
1677, vol. iv. p. 55 ; and was published separately middle of the second century B. C. He is referred
with a collection of commentaries, by Reuschius, to by Varto (L. I. vi. 50, vii. 65, ed. Müller) and
8vo. Lips. 1710.
A. Gellius (xviii. 12).
The Liber in Genesim first appeared in its con 4. P. , praetor in B. c. 149, who was defeated
plete form in Martene et Durand, Scriptorum et and slain in battle in Macedonia by the usurper
Monumentorum Amplissima Collectio, fol. Paris, Andriscus (Pseudophilippus). (ANDRISCUS. ) (Liv.
1723, vol. ix. p. 14, from whence it was reprinted, Epit. 50; Flor. ii. 14 ; Eutrop. iv. 13 ; Oros. iv.
along with the Historia Evangelica, in the Biblio 22. )
theca Patrum of Galland, fol Venet. 1770, vol. iv. 5. A beautiful youth, to whom Catullus has
addressed several of his poems. (Carm. 24, 48,
(Hieron. De Vit. Ill. 84, Ep. ad Magnum, 99. )
Chron. Euscb. ad A. D. cccxxix. ; Gebser, De C. C. JUVE'NTIUS, a Roman jurist, one of the
Vettü Aquilini Juvenci Vita et Scriptis, 8vo. Jen. numerous auditores of Q. Mucius, P. . Scaevola,
1827. )
(W. R. ) the Pontifex Maximus. He is mentioned by Pom-
JUVENTAS. [HEBE. ]
ponius along with Aquilius Gallus, Balbus Lucilius,
JUVE'NTIA GENS, an ancient plebeian gens, and Sextus Papirius, as one of the four most emi-
which came from Tusculum (Cic. pro Planc. 8), nent pupils of Mucius. Nothing more is known of
and settled in Rome, probably in the course of the him. His works possessed high authority, and
fourth century B. C. According to the statement were incorporated by Servius Sulpicius in his
of L. Cassius, who united with L. Juventius La- own writings. In the time of Pomponius, the
terensis in accusing Cn. Plancius, Cicero's client, original productions of the disciples of Mucius
the first plebeian aedile was a member of the Ju- were scarce, and were known chiefly through the
ventia gens. The correctness of this statement is books of Servius Sulpicius. (Dig. i. tit. 2. 8. 2. 9
denied by Cicero ; but whether true or false, the 42. )
(J. T.
