No More Learning

compelling the native women to minister to his ap. Phot. p. 70 a; Plut. Dem. 25; Phuc. 21, Vit.
pleasures, he sent to Athens for a celebrated X. Oratt. p. 363, 364, ed. Reiske ; Curt. x. 2. )
courtesan named Pythionice, whom he received with Plutarch tells us (Alex. 35) that Harpalus, during
the most extravagant honours, and to whom, after his residence at Babylon, endeavoured to introduce
her death, he erected two costly monuments, one there the most raluable of the plants and shrubs,
at Babylon, the other at Athens, where it is men. natives of Greece- perhaps the first instance on
tioned by Pausanias as one of the most splendid in record of an attempt at exotic gardening.
all Greece. (Paus. i. 37. $ 5. ) Pythionice was 2. The chief of the ambassadors sent by Perseus
succeeded by Glycer, to whom he compelled all to Rome in B. c. 172, to answer the complaints of
those subject to his authority to pay honours that Eumenes, king of Pergamus. Harpalus gare great
were usually reserved for a queen. The indigna- offence to the Romans by the haugbty and vehe-
tion of Greeks, as well as barbarians, was now ment tone that he assumed, and exasperated the
loud against Harpalus : among others, Theopoinpus irritation already existing against Perseus. (Liv.
the historian wrote a letter of complaint to Alex. xlii. 14, 15; Appian, Maced. 9. $ 2. ) [E. H. B. )
ander, some extracts from which are still preserved. HA'RPALUS is mentioned by Censorinus (c.
(Athen. xiii. pp. 586, 594, 596 ; Diod. xvii
. 108. ) 18), and alluded to by Festus Avienus, as having
Harpalus had probably thought that Alexander either introduced an octuïteris, or altered the mode
would never return from the remote regions of the of intercalation practised in that of Cleostratus.
East into which he had penetrated ; but when he (CLEOSTRATUS] It is also mentioned that he in-
at length learnt that the king was on his march troduced an Heccaedecaüteris, or cycle of sixteen
back to Susa, and had visited with unsparing rigour years. But how far either was adopted is not
those of his officers who had been guilty of any very clear, and it would not be worth while to give
excesses during his absence, he at once saw that a special account of one of the obscure points of the
his only resource was in flight. Collecting together Antemetonic calendar. (Plin. H. N. xvi. 34. s. 3:2 ;
all the treasures which he could, amounting to a Weidler, Hist. Astron. ; Dodwell, de Veteribus
sum of 5000 talents, and assembling a body of Cyclis, dissert. iii. $ 30—32. ) (A. DE M. ]
6000 mercenaries, he hastened to the coast of Asia, HARPALYCE ('Apralúkn). 1. A daughter
and from thence crossed o7er to Attica. He had of Harpalycus, king of the Amymnaeans in Thrace.
previously sent to Athens a magnificent present of As she lost her mother in her infancy, she was
corn, in return for which he had received the right brought up by her father with the milk of cows
of citizenship (Athen. xiii. pp. 586, 596); and he and mares, and was trained in all manly exercises.
probably reckoned on a favourable reception in that After the death of her father, whom she had once
city; but the Athenians refused to allow him to delivered from the hand of the Myrmidones, she
land, and he, in consequence, repaired to Taenarus, spent her time in the forests as a robber, being so
where he left his mercenaries, and himself returned swift in running that horses were unable to over-
to Athens. Being now admitted within the city, take her. At length, however, she was caught in
he employed the treasures that he had brought a snare by shepherds, who killed her. (Serv. ad
with him in the most unsparing manner, in order Virg. Aen. i. 321 ; Hygin. Fab. 193. )
to gain over the orators and public men at Athens, 2. A maiden who died because her love of Iphi-
and induce the people to undertake the support of clus was not returned. In commemoration of her
his cause against Alexander and his vicegerent, fate, a contest in songs (qóñis dyr) was celebrated
Antipater. Among those whom he thus corrupted by maidens. (Aristoxenus, ap. Athen. xiv. p. 619. )
are said to have been Demades, Charicles, the son- For a third personage of this name, see Cly-
in-law of Phocion, and even, as is well known. | MENUS, No. 2.
(L. S. )
Demosthenes himself. Into the various questions HARPINNA ('Aprivva), a daughter of Asopus,
connected with the conduct of these statesmen, from whom the town of Harpina or Harpinna in
and especially the last (see DEMOSTHENES, and Elis was believed to have derived its name.
Thirlwall's Greece, vol. vii. pp. 153-161), it is (Paus. vi. 21. $ 6. ) She became by Ares the
impossible here to enter : but it should be men- mother of Oenomaus. (v. 22. $ 5. ) (L. S. )
tioned that, after the death of Harpalus, one of his HA'RPOCRAS ('Aprókpas), an jatralipta, who
slaves, who bad acted as his steward in the ad attended the younger Pliny, with great care and
ministration of his treasures, having fallen into the assiduity, about the beginning of the second cen-
power of Philoxenus, the Macedonian governor of tury after Christ. He was originally a slave, was
Caria, gave a list of all those persons at Athens afterwards manumitted, and lastly, at the especial
who had received any sums of money from Har-request of Pliny, presented by the emperor Trajan
palus, and in this list the name of Demosthenes with the freedom of the cities of Rome and Alex-
did not appear. (Paus. ii. 33. & 4. ) But to what- andria. (Plin. Ep. x. 5, 6. ) He is not the same
ever extent Harpalus may have succeeded in bribing person whose prescriptions are several times quoted
individuals, he failed in bis general object, for by Andromachus (ap. Galen. De Compos. Me-
Antipater, having demanded his surrender from the dicam. sec. Gen. vol. xiii. pp. 729, 838, 841, 978),
Athenians, it was resolved to place him in confine and who must have lived about a hundred years
ment until the Macedonians should send for him. earlier.
(W. A. G. ]
He, however, succeeded in making his escape from HARPOCRATES. (Horus. )
prison, and rejoined his troops at Taenarus, from HARPOCRATION ('Aproxpatlwv). 1. Of
whence he transported his mercenary force and the Argos, a Platonic philosopher and a friend of J.
remainder of bis treasures to Crete, with what ulte-Caesar. He wrote a Commentary on Plato in


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HARPOCRATION.
353
HARPYIAE.
1
twenty-four, and a Lexicon to Plato in two, books. 1527); but the first critical edition is that by Ph.
(Suidas. ). He seems to be the same as the Harpo- J. Maussac (Paris, 1614, 4to. ), with a commentary
cration who is mentioned by Athenaeus (xiv. p. and a learned dissertation on Harpocration. This
648) along with Chrysippus, and by Stobaeus edition was reprinted, with some improvements and
(Eclog. Phys. i. 2. pp. 896, 912. ed. Heeren. ) additional notes of H. Valesius, by N. Blancard,
2. Of Mendes, is mentioned by Athenaeus (xiv. Leyden, 1683, 4to. , and followed by the edition of
p. 648) as the author of a work on cakes (Tepl J. Gronovius, Harderwyk, 1996, 4to. The Leip.
Takoúvtwv), but is otherwise unknown. Who the zig edition (1824, 2 vols. 8vo. ) incorporates every
Harpocration is who is mentioned by the Venetian thing that had been done by previous editors for
scholiast on the Iliad (i. 453), as the tencher of Harpocration. The most recent edition of the text
Dius, is unknown.
(L. S. ] (together with the dictionary of Moeris) is that of
HARPOCRA'TION, AEʻLIUS, a rhetorician i. Bekker, Berlin, 1833, 8vo. (L. S. )
who, according to Suidas, wrote a variety of rhe- HARPYIAE ('Apaviai), that is, “the swift
torical and philosophical works ; such as, nepi Tây robbers," are, in the Homeric pocms, nothing but
δοκούντων τοίς ρήτορσιν ήγνοείσθαι, Υποθέσεις λό- | personified storin winds. (Od. xx. 66, 77. ) Homer
gwv 'Trepidov, Nepl Téxons ontopiañs, Iepi ide îv, mentions only one by name, viz. Podarge, who was
&c. , of which not a trace has come down to us. married to Zephyrus, and gave birth to the two
Another Harpocration, with the praenomen Caius, horses of Achilles, Xanthus and Balius. (II. xvi.
who is likewise mentioned only by Suidas, wrote 149, &c. ) When a person suddenly disappeared
works of a similar character, as Tepl Twv 'Theldon from the earth, it was said that he had been carried
και Λυσίου λόγων, Περί των Αντιφώντος σχημά- off by the Harpies (Od. i. 241, xiv. 371); thus,
Twv, and others. Hence it is inferred that Suidas they carried off the daughters of king Pandareus,
is here guilty of some mistake, and that Aelius and gave them as servants to the Erinnyes. (Od.
and Caius Harpocration are perhaps one and the xx. 78.
) According to Hesiod (Theog. 267, &c. ),
same person, whose full name was C. Aelius Har- the Harpies were the daughters of Thaumas by the
pocration. (Kiessling, Quaest. Atlic. Specim. p. Oceanid Electra, fair-locked and winged maidens,
26. )
(L. S. ] who surpassed winds and birds in the rapidity of
HARPOCRA'TION, VALE'RIUS, the author their flight. Their names in Hesiod are Aëllo
of a Greek dictionary to the works of the ten Attic and Ocypete. (Comp. A pollod. i 2. $ 6. ) But
orators, which is entitled Plepi Tê éLEWV TÁV déka even as early as the time of Aeschylus (Eum. 50),
øntópwv, or defixdy TV deka pntówv, and is still they are described as ugly creatures with wings, and
extant. It contains not only explanations of legal later writers carry their notions of the Ilarpies so
and political terms, but also accounts of persons far as to represent them as most disgusting mon-
and things mentioned in the orations of the Attic sters. They were sent by the gods as a punish-
orators. The work is to us of the highest import- ment to harass the blind Phineus, and whenever a
ance, as it contains a vast deal of information on meal was placed before him, they darted down from
the public and civil law of Athens, and on antiqua- the air and carried it off ; later writers add, that
rian, historical, and literary subjects, of which we they either devoured the food themselves, or that
should be in ignorance but for this dictionary of they dirtied it by dropping upon it some stinking
Harpocration, for most of the works from which substance, so as to render it unfit to be eaten.
the author compiled are lost, and appear to have They are further described in these later accounts
perished at an early time. Hence Suidas, as birds with the heads of maidens, with long
the author of the Etymologicum Magnum, and claws on their hands, and with faces pale with
other late grammarians, derived their information hunger. (Virg. Aen. iii. 216, &c. ; Tzetz. ad Lycoph.
on many points from Harpocration. All we know 653; Ov. Mei. vii. 4, Fast. vi. 132 ; Hygin. Fab. 14. )
about his personal history is contained in a line or The traditions about their parentage likewise differ
two in Suidas, who calls him a rhetorician of Alex- in the different traditions, for some called them
andria, and, besides the above-mentioned dictionary, the daughters of Pontus (or Poseidon) and Terra
attributes to him an dvonpôv ouvaywyn, which is (Serv. ad Aen. iii. 241), of Typhon (Val. Flacc.
Jost. We are thus left in the dark as to the time iv. 428, 516), or even of Phineus. (Tzetz. ad Ly.
in which our rhetorician lived. Some believe that coph. 166, Chil. i. 220; Palaephat. 23. 3). Their
he is the same person as the Harpocration who, ac- number is either two, as in Hesiod and Apollo-
cording to Julius Capitolinus (Verus, 2), instructed dorus, or three ; but their names are not the same
the emperor L. Verus in Greek ; so that he would in all writers, and, besides those already mentioned,
have lived in the latter half of the second century we find Aellopos, Nicotboë, Ocythoë, Ocypode,
after Christ. Maussac (Dissert. Crit. p. 378, in Celaeno, Acholoë. (Apollod. i. 9, 21; Serv. ad
Blancard's edition of Harpocration) points out pas- Aen. iii. 209 ; Hygin. Fab. Praef. p. 15, Fab. 14. )
sages from which it would appear that Harpocration Their place of abode is either the islands called
must have been acquainted with the Deipnoso- Strophades (Virg. Aen. iii. 210), a place at the en-
phists of Athenaeus, and that consequently he must trance of Orcus (vi. 289), or a cave in Crete.
have lived after the time of Athenaeus. Others, (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 298. ) The most celebrated
again, look upon him as identical with the Harpo- story in which the Harpies play a part is that of
cration whom Libanius (Epist. 367) calls a good Phineus, at whose residence the Argonauts arrived
poet and a still better teacher ; whence it would while he was plagued by the monsters. He pro-
follow that he lived about A. D. 354. Others, lastly, mised to instruct them respecting the course they
identify him with the physician Harpocration : but had to take, if they would deliver him from the
all is mere conjecture, and it is impossible to arrive Harpies. When the food for Phineus was laid out
at any positive conviction. The text of Harpo- on a table, the Harpies immediately came, and
cration's dictionary was first printed, with the were attacked by the Boreades, Zetes and Calais,
Scholia of Ulpian on the Philippics of Demosthenes, who were among the Argonauts, and provided
in the Aldine edition (Venice, 1503, and again in with wings. According to an ancient oracle, the
VOL. IL
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354
HASDRUBAL.
HASDRUBAL
Harpies were to perish by the hands of the Bo- | soon after transferred to Xanthippus, it does not
reades, but the latter were to die if they could not appear that the generals were ever deposed ; and
overtake the Harpies. The latter fled, but one fell after the final defeat of Regulus, Hasdrubal was
into the river Tigris, which was hence called immediately despatched to Sicily, with a large
Harpys, and the other reached the Echinades, and army, and not less than 140 elephants (18. 38. )
as she never returned, the islands were called The terror with which these animals at this time
Strophades. But being worn out with fatigue, she inspired the Romans rendered them unwilling to
fell down simultaneously with her pursuer ; and, encounter Hasdrubal in the field, and thus gave
as they promised no further to molest Phineus, the him the command of the open country, notwith-
two Harpies were not deprived of their lives. standing which he appears to have wasted his time
(Apollod. i. 9. & 21. ) According to others, the in unaccountable inactivity; and during a period
Boreades were on the point of killing the Harpies, of two years to have effected nothing beyond a few
when Iris or Hermes appeared, and commanded unimportant skirmishes. At length, in the begin-
the conquerors to set them free, or both the Harpies ning of B. c. 250, he was aroused to exertion, and
as well as the Boreades died. (Schol. ad Apollon. advanced to attack the Roman consul, L. Caecilins
Rhod. i. 286, 297 ; Tzetz, Chil. i. 217. ) in the Metellus, under the walls of Panormus. But
famous Harpy monument recently brought from Metellus, by his skilful dispositions, not only re-
Lycia to this country, the Harpies are repre pulsed his attack, but totally defeated his army;
sented in the act of carrying off the daughters of and, what was of the greatest consequence, killed
Pandareus. (Th. Panofka, in the Archaeol. Zeit- or took captive all his elephants. This defeat had
ung for 1843, No. 4; E. Braun, in the Rhein. more than almost any other a decisive influence on
Mus. Neue Folge, vol. iii. p. 481, &c. , who con- the fate of the war, as from this time the Roman
ceives that these rapacious birds with human heads superiority by land was almost undisputed. Has-
are symbolical representations of death carrying off drubal escaped from the action to Lilybaeum, but
everything. )
(L. S. ) was put to death on his return to Carthage. (Po-
HASDRUBAL ('Aodpoúbas). According to lyb. i. 39, 40; Diod. Exc. Hoesch. xxii. 14, p.
Gesenius (d. Phoen. Mon. pp. 401, 407) this name 506; Zonar. viii. 14; Oros. iv. 9. )
is more correctly written Asdrubal, without the 5. A Carthaginian, son-in-law of the great
aspiration, which has been adopted from a mistaken Hamilcar Barca. He appears to have early taken
analogy with Hannibal, Hamilcar, &c. (See Dra- part in public affairs, and distinguished himself
kenborch, ad Liv. xxi. 1. ) The same writer ex- while yet a young man as one of the most influ-
plains it as signifying cujus aurilium est Baal. 1. A ential leaders of the democratic party at Carthage
Carthaginian general, son of Mago, is represented by during the interval between the first and second
Justin as being, together with his father and his Punic wars. Community of interests led to a close
brother, Hamilcar, one of the chief founders of the connection between him and Hamilcar Barca, whose
military power and dominion of Carthage. Accord - daughter he had married, and whom he accom-
ing to that writer he was eleven times invested with panied into Spain in 238 B. C. From thence he
the chief magistracy, which he calls dictatorship was sent back to Africa to take the command in a
(dictatura, by which it is probable that he means the war against the Numidian tribes, whom he com-
chief military command, rather than the office of pletely defeated and reduced to submission. (Diod.
buffete), and four times obtained the honours of a Exc. Hoesch. xxv. 2. p. 510). At what time he
triumph, an institution which is not mentioned on returned to Spain we know not, but we find him
any other occasion as existing at Carthage. But there in B. c. 229, when, after the death of Hamil-
the only wars in which Justin speaks of him as car, he hastened to collect together his scattered
engaged, are one against the Africans, which ap- forces, and was soon after nominated by the govern-
pears to have been on the whole unsuccessful, and ment of Carthage to succeed him as commander-in-
one in Sardinia, in which Hasdrubal himself chief. Hasdrubal does not appear to have been
perished. (Just. xix. 1. ) He left three sons, Han- distinguished so much by his talents for war, as by
nibal, Hasdrubal, and Sappho, who are said to have his political management and dexterity, and espe-
followed up their father's areer of conquest, and cially his conciliating manners: and these qualities,
to have held, together with their cousins, the three as they had first gained him popularity at home,
sons of Hamilcar, the chief direction of all affairs were now also of the utmost service in conciliating
at Carthage ; but their particular actions are not the minds of the Spaniards, and gaining them over
specified. (Id. xix. 2). The chronology of this to the Carthaginian alliance. Still more to increase
part of the Carthaginian history, as related by this disposition, he married the daughter of one of
Justin, is extremely uncertain.
the Spanish chieftains. (Diod. I. c. p. 511. ) At
2. A son of the preceding, of whom nothing the same time, by the foundation of the city of
more is known. (Just. I. c. )
New Carthage, in a situation admirably chosen, on
3. One of the commanders of the great Cartha- account of its excellent port and easy communica-
ginian army which was defeated by Timoleon at tion with Africa, as well as from its proximity to
the river Crimissus, in B. C. 339. [TIMOLEON). the silver mines of Spain, he contributed greatly to
Plutarch, the only author who mentions the names the consolidation of the Carthaginian empire in
of the Carthaginian generals, on this occasion that country.