It was
purchased
with two smaller
manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham, for the sum of one thousand guineas.
manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham, for the sum of one thousand guineas.
Universal Anthology - v07
The Universal anthology : a collection of the best literature, ancient mediaeval and modern, with biographical and explanatory notes
/ edited by Richard Garnett, Leon Vallée, Alois Brandl.
London : Clarke Co. , 1899.
http://hdl. handle. net/2027/umn. 31951002060407v
Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
We have determined this work to be in the public domain in the United States of America. It may not be in the public domain in other countries. Copies are provided as a preservation service. Particularly outside of the United States, persons receiving copies should make appropriate efforts to determine the copyright status of the work in their country and use the work accordingly. It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes.
Mr* &
OilaHH Sunk
Hihrarg Of tiff
®tn? mt of
Mrs. W*G* Johnson
808. 8 Q181
"X
THE UNIVERSAL ANTHOLOGY WITH BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAYS
BY
RICHARD GARNETT (Editor-in-Chief)
LEON VALLEE (French Litbiaturb)
PAUL BOURGET
(French Critical Essays)
EMILE ZOLA
(French Naturalistic Literature)
EDWARD DOWDEN (Elizabethan Literature)
DEAN FARRAR
(Literature of Religious Criticism)
E. MELCHIOR DE VOGUE (Russian Literature)
DONALD G. MITCHELL (Collected Literature)
F. BRUNETIERE
(Modern French Poetry)
HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS (Scientific Literature)
AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD (American Literature)
AND
ALOIS BRANDL (GermanLjthaturb)
ANDREW LANG
(Nineteenth Century Literature)
HENRY JAMES (The Novel)
MAURICE MAETERLINCK (The Modern Drama)
PASQJJALE VILLARI
(The Italian Renaissance)
BRET HARTE
(Short Stories)
ARMANDO PALACIO VALDES (DecadentLiterature)
EDMUND GOSSE (Poetry)
J. P. MAHAFFY
(Historical Literature)
WALTER BESANT (Historical Novels)
THIS GARNETT MEMORIAL I DITION IS LIMITED TO ONE THOUSAND COPIES, FI%-E HUNDRED OF WHICH ARE BOUND IN CLOTH AND FIVE
HUNDRED IN THREE-QUARTER MOROCCO.
*~ ?
THIS SET IS CLOTH COPY NO
Commentaries on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans illuminated by Guilio Clovio, in the Soane Museum. (Sixteenth Century. )
The volume from which they are taken forms the chief ornament
of the library of the Soane Museum. It was purchased with two smaller
manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham, for the sum of one thousand guineas.
Commentaries on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. {Fourteenth Century. )
Illuminated by Guilio Clovio, in the Soane Museum. It was purchased with two smaller manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham for the sum of one thousand guineas. At this period, and even previously, it became customary only to ornament the first two pages of the works, and sometimes only a single first page, for the more artistic quality of the orna ments rendered the former profusion impossible, except in very rare cases.
THK UNIVERSAL
ANTHOLOGY
t/} Collection of the ""Best Literature, ^Ancient, {Mediaeval and Modern, with Biographical and Explanatory Notes,
Edited by
RICHARD GARNETT
Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum London, 1851 to 1899
LEON VALLEE
Librarian at the Bibliotheque Nationale Paris, Since 1871
ALOIS BRANDL
Protestor of Literature in the Imperial University of Berlin
VOLUME SEVEN
PUBLISHED BY
THE CLARKE COMPANY, Limited, London
MERRILL & BAKER, New York EMILE TERQUEM, Paris
Entered at Stationers' Hall London, 1899
Droits de reproduction et de traduction reserve* Paris, 1S99
Alle recnte, lnsbosonderc das dcr TJbersetznng, vorbchalten Berlin, 1899
Proprleta Letleraria, Rlservate tutti i divittl Rome, 1899
Copyright, 1899 by
Richard Garnett
The Apocolocyntosis
Why Astrology cannot be True An Ancient Gulliver
Imaginary Correspondence
. 25 Aid us Oellius . . 39
63 68 63 64 65 66 66 66 66 67
TABLE OF CONTENTS. volume m
. . . .
45
The Literature of Science : Introduction by Hekrt Smith Williams
Seneca . .
Lucian Alciphron
. . . . . .
run . 13
V ^J*v
The Neglected Wife
Country Maiden and Prince Charming The Dog in the Manger
The Senile Gallant
The Unsentimental Mistress
Hen and Duck-Child
Th* Envious Fellow- Workers
The Curious Country Boy
The Losing Winner
The Barber's Practical Joke
The Fate of a Meddler
At the End of His Rope
A Literary Banquet
Thoughts
Marcus Aurelius at Home
The Roman Empire on the Edge of Decline .
The World at Auction
3 Arminius destroys Varus's Army . .
. . . 67 68 68 69 Marcus Aurelius . 85 Walter Pater . . 96 Charles Merivale . . 106 Michael Field . . 112 Dion Cassius . . 119 Calpurnius Siculus . 123 TP. B. Yeats . . 127 " Hermas" . . . 129 134 . 140 . 147 . 153 170 . 177
. 190
. #' Eclogue on the Accession of a Young Emperor .
King GoU
True Fasting, and Purity of Body The Conservatism of Heathendom On Free Will
To the Martyrs
The Fall of Palmyra
A Roman Triumph vi The Art of Composition
^"Epistle to a Friend
. .
. .
. .
Clement of Alexandria
ix
680133
.
Athenatus
Origen . Tertullian . William Ware
. . .
. .
Longinus Ausonius
. .
X TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Julian, Constantius, and the Persian War . . Ammianus Marcellinus 194
Capture of Ainida and Escape of Ammianus How Julian was Forced into Revolt
Death and Character of Constantius
PAGE
194 201 206
. 211 . 231 . 244 . 261 . 275 . 283
The Caesars
How Daphnis and Chloe Fell in Love . Arsace's Love and Chariclea's Escape . Clitopho and Leucippe
The Art of Government
The Clay Cart
The Lost Ring
Vikram and the Vampire
Stories and Observations from the Talmud
. .
Emperor Julian .
Longus . .
Blessings in Disguise
Insulting Natural Defects
Put Yourselves in Others' Places
A Parable against Democracy : The Serpent's Tail and its Head .
Do Not Profit by Others' Ignorance : Rabbi Simon and the Jewels ;
Blossom-Gatherings Stilicho and Alaric
The Ruins of Rome
The Passing of Humanity Poems of Prudentius
The Martyrdom of St. Eulalia
.
.
On a Baptismal Font The Greek Slave
from St Augustine
Alfred the Great . Thomas Hodgkin
385 . 385 . 386 386 387 Roman and Provincial Life in the Fifth Century . Sidonius Apollinaris . 391 Hero and Leander Musxus . . . 401
Poems of Claudian
The Old Man of Verona
Fescennine Verses on the Nuptials of Honorius
Claudian
. .
.
. Heliodorus . .
Achilles Tatius .
Mencius . . (? )King Sudraka .
Kalidasa . . . 301 Tr. Sir B. F. Burton . 315 325 325 326 327 . 328
329 330 331 333 334
Rabbi Saphra and the Buyer Folly of Idolatry
No Point of Pride where Good can be Wrought The Lawful Heir
A Parable of Life
The Inhospitable Jester
Miscellaneous Observations Confessions of St. Augustine
An Account of His Youth
His Living Idle at Home Contributed to His Sins
He Confesses a Theft of His Youth
That Men Sin not without Some Appearance or Pretence of Good
Lord Byron . P. B. Shelley Prudentius .
. . .
. . . . 336 344 . 345 . 346 . 353 . 377 . 381 . 383
E. B. Browning .
336 341 341 341
383
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VOLUME VII.
COMMENTARIES ON ST. PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS.
. . . . . .
(Illuminated Mahubcript)
HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS 18 NOONDAY IN THE FIELDS 67 GATHERING FUEL 129 DAPHNIS AND CHLOE 241 ST. AUGUSTINE AND HIS MOTHER 341 UPON THE RUINS 377 A GREEK SLAVE 385 INTERIOR OF A ROMAN S HOUSE 397
Frmtltpiece PAGE
Henry Smith Williams.
THE LITEEATUEE OF SCIENCE
By Henry Smith Williams
If we accept Buffon's famous dictum, that the style is the man, it might be expected that the writings of men of science would be as ruggedly fact-bound, as unimaginative, as inartistic as science is usually supposed to be. Yet Buffon himself, famed as a writer a century ago, and remembered to-day chiefly for his mastery of literary style, was by profession a naturalist. His greater contem porary, Voltaire, the master litterateur of France, did not hesitate to pose as a master in science as welL Again, Dante, the one world- classic of the Italian language, was learned in every phase of the known science of his time. Keats, one of [the few writers of English whom critics have ventured to name in the same breath with Shakespeare, was trained to the profession of medicine. Goldsmith, famed for the lucidity of his verse and prose alike, was a practising physician. So was Schiller, the second poet of Germany ; while his one master in that tongue, the incomparable Goethe, whose genius " raised the German language to a new plane as a medium of literary expression," would be remembered as a discoverer in science had he never penned a page that could be called literature. Turning to America we find that Franklin, the one man who attained distinction as a writer in Colonial days, was equally distinguished as a scientist ; and everyone will recall that in a later day the most genial of poets, Holmes, made literature only a staff, to quote his own happy phrase, his " crutch " being medicine, and his specialty anatomy, the veritable dry bones of medicine at that.
Without looking further, these familiar illustrations suffice to xiii
xiv THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE
indicate that there is no necessary incompatibility between the so- called scientific cast of mind and the capacity for artistic expression in words. Yet the argument must not be carried too far. The great mass of the literature of science, using the term in the broader sense, is matter which cannot by any elasticity of definition be brought within the narrower ken of literature at alL In the main, men of science write as one would expect them to write. The style is the man, and the man of science is as a rule a dry-as-dust fact-hunter. Here and there, men of literary capacity have been devotees of science; but this cannot hide the fact that most scientists have hardly a spark of artistic sensibility, and that the great mass of scientific writing is painfully devoid of literary merit. More than that, most of the great classics of scientific literature owe their position, in the nature of the case, to their matter rather than their manner, and hence are not, properly speaking, works of art. They constitute what De Quincey appropriately termed the " literature of knowledge. "
There is a long list of this character which, without regard to their varying degrees of artistic merit, must be counted among the world's great books, because of the enormous influence they have had on the progress of thought, and of civilisation itself. Thus the varied scientific writings of Aristotle furnished what seemed the last word on almost every department of knowledge, undis puted and indisputable, for something like a hundred generations of his followers. The Almagest and the Geographia of Ptolemy, and the Natural History of the elder Pliny, in so far as they did not conflict with Aristotle, were accepted as final authorities in their respective fields for a thousand years.
It was purchased with two smaller
manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham, for the sum of one thousand guineas.
Commentaries on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. {Fourteenth Century. )
Illuminated by Guilio Clovio, in the Soane Museum. It was purchased with two smaller manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham for the sum of one thousand guineas. At this period, and even previously, it became customary only to ornament the first two pages of the works, and sometimes only a single first page, for the more artistic quality of the orna ments rendered the former profusion impossible, except in very rare cases.
THK UNIVERSAL
ANTHOLOGY
t/} Collection of the ""Best Literature, ^Ancient, {Mediaeval and Modern, with Biographical and Explanatory Notes,
Edited by
RICHARD GARNETT
Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum London, 1851 to 1899
LEON VALLEE
Librarian at the Bibliotheque Nationale Paris, Since 1871
ALOIS BRANDL
Protestor of Literature in the Imperial University of Berlin
VOLUME SEVEN
PUBLISHED BY
THE CLARKE COMPANY, Limited, London
MERRILL & BAKER, New York EMILE TERQUEM, Paris
Entered at Stationers' Hall London, 1899
Droits de reproduction et de traduction reserve* Paris, 1S99
Alle recnte, lnsbosonderc das dcr TJbersetznng, vorbchalten Berlin, 1899
Proprleta Letleraria, Rlservate tutti i divittl Rome, 1899
Copyright, 1899 by
Richard Garnett
The Apocolocyntosis
Why Astrology cannot be True An Ancient Gulliver
Imaginary Correspondence
. 25 Aid us Oellius . . 39
63 68 63 64 65 66 66 66 66 67
TABLE OF CONTENTS. volume m
. . . .
45
The Literature of Science : Introduction by Hekrt Smith Williams
Seneca . .
Lucian Alciphron
. . . . . .
run . 13
V ^J*v
The Neglected Wife
Country Maiden and Prince Charming The Dog in the Manger
The Senile Gallant
The Unsentimental Mistress
Hen and Duck-Child
Th* Envious Fellow- Workers
The Curious Country Boy
The Losing Winner
The Barber's Practical Joke
The Fate of a Meddler
At the End of His Rope
A Literary Banquet
Thoughts
Marcus Aurelius at Home
The Roman Empire on the Edge of Decline .
The World at Auction
3 Arminius destroys Varus's Army . .
. . . 67 68 68 69 Marcus Aurelius . 85 Walter Pater . . 96 Charles Merivale . . 106 Michael Field . . 112 Dion Cassius . . 119 Calpurnius Siculus . 123 TP. B. Yeats . . 127 " Hermas" . . . 129 134 . 140 . 147 . 153 170 . 177
. 190
. #' Eclogue on the Accession of a Young Emperor .
King GoU
True Fasting, and Purity of Body The Conservatism of Heathendom On Free Will
To the Martyrs
The Fall of Palmyra
A Roman Triumph vi The Art of Composition
^"Epistle to a Friend
. .
. .
. .
Clement of Alexandria
ix
680133
.
Athenatus
Origen . Tertullian . William Ware
. . .
. .
Longinus Ausonius
. .
X TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Julian, Constantius, and the Persian War . . Ammianus Marcellinus 194
Capture of Ainida and Escape of Ammianus How Julian was Forced into Revolt
Death and Character of Constantius
PAGE
194 201 206
. 211 . 231 . 244 . 261 . 275 . 283
The Caesars
How Daphnis and Chloe Fell in Love . Arsace's Love and Chariclea's Escape . Clitopho and Leucippe
The Art of Government
The Clay Cart
The Lost Ring
Vikram and the Vampire
Stories and Observations from the Talmud
. .
Emperor Julian .
Longus . .
Blessings in Disguise
Insulting Natural Defects
Put Yourselves in Others' Places
A Parable against Democracy : The Serpent's Tail and its Head .
Do Not Profit by Others' Ignorance : Rabbi Simon and the Jewels ;
Blossom-Gatherings Stilicho and Alaric
The Ruins of Rome
The Passing of Humanity Poems of Prudentius
The Martyrdom of St. Eulalia
.
.
On a Baptismal Font The Greek Slave
from St Augustine
Alfred the Great . Thomas Hodgkin
385 . 385 . 386 386 387 Roman and Provincial Life in the Fifth Century . Sidonius Apollinaris . 391 Hero and Leander Musxus . . . 401
Poems of Claudian
The Old Man of Verona
Fescennine Verses on the Nuptials of Honorius
Claudian
. .
.
. Heliodorus . .
Achilles Tatius .
Mencius . . (? )King Sudraka .
Kalidasa . . . 301 Tr. Sir B. F. Burton . 315 325 325 326 327 . 328
329 330 331 333 334
Rabbi Saphra and the Buyer Folly of Idolatry
No Point of Pride where Good can be Wrought The Lawful Heir
A Parable of Life
The Inhospitable Jester
Miscellaneous Observations Confessions of St. Augustine
An Account of His Youth
His Living Idle at Home Contributed to His Sins
He Confesses a Theft of His Youth
That Men Sin not without Some Appearance or Pretence of Good
Lord Byron . P. B. Shelley Prudentius .
. . .
. . . . 336 344 . 345 . 346 . 353 . 377 . 381 . 383
E. B. Browning .
336 341 341 341
383
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VOLUME VII.
COMMENTARIES ON ST. PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS.
. . . . . .
(Illuminated Mahubcript)
HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS 18 NOONDAY IN THE FIELDS 67 GATHERING FUEL 129 DAPHNIS AND CHLOE 241 ST. AUGUSTINE AND HIS MOTHER 341 UPON THE RUINS 377 A GREEK SLAVE 385 INTERIOR OF A ROMAN S HOUSE 397
Frmtltpiece PAGE
Henry Smith Williams.
THE LITEEATUEE OF SCIENCE
By Henry Smith Williams
If we accept Buffon's famous dictum, that the style is the man, it might be expected that the writings of men of science would be as ruggedly fact-bound, as unimaginative, as inartistic as science is usually supposed to be. Yet Buffon himself, famed as a writer a century ago, and remembered to-day chiefly for his mastery of literary style, was by profession a naturalist. His greater contem porary, Voltaire, the master litterateur of France, did not hesitate to pose as a master in science as welL Again, Dante, the one world- classic of the Italian language, was learned in every phase of the known science of his time. Keats, one of [the few writers of English whom critics have ventured to name in the same breath with Shakespeare, was trained to the profession of medicine. Goldsmith, famed for the lucidity of his verse and prose alike, was a practising physician. So was Schiller, the second poet of Germany ; while his one master in that tongue, the incomparable Goethe, whose genius " raised the German language to a new plane as a medium of literary expression," would be remembered as a discoverer in science had he never penned a page that could be called literature. Turning to America we find that Franklin, the one man who attained distinction as a writer in Colonial days, was equally distinguished as a scientist ; and everyone will recall that in a later day the most genial of poets, Holmes, made literature only a staff, to quote his own happy phrase, his " crutch " being medicine, and his specialty anatomy, the veritable dry bones of medicine at that.
Without looking further, these familiar illustrations suffice to xiii
xiv THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE
indicate that there is no necessary incompatibility between the so- called scientific cast of mind and the capacity for artistic expression in words. Yet the argument must not be carried too far. The great mass of the literature of science, using the term in the broader sense, is matter which cannot by any elasticity of definition be brought within the narrower ken of literature at alL In the main, men of science write as one would expect them to write. The style is the man, and the man of science is as a rule a dry-as-dust fact-hunter. Here and there, men of literary capacity have been devotees of science; but this cannot hide the fact that most scientists have hardly a spark of artistic sensibility, and that the great mass of scientific writing is painfully devoid of literary merit. More than that, most of the great classics of scientific literature owe their position, in the nature of the case, to their matter rather than their manner, and hence are not, properly speaking, works of art. They constitute what De Quincey appropriately termed the " literature of knowledge. "
There is a long list of this character which, without regard to their varying degrees of artistic merit, must be counted among the world's great books, because of the enormous influence they have had on the progress of thought, and of civilisation itself. Thus the varied scientific writings of Aristotle furnished what seemed the last word on almost every department of knowledge, undis puted and indisputable, for something like a hundred generations of his followers. The Almagest and the Geographia of Ptolemy, and the Natural History of the elder Pliny, in so far as they did not conflict with Aristotle, were accepted as final authorities in their respective fields for a thousand years. The Bevolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, of Copernicus, was instrumental in working a veritable revolution in the accepted conception of the scheme of the universe, and of the earth's relative importance in that scheme. Newton's Principia explained the mechanics of the heavenly bodies to the wonderment of mankind.
The Mechanique Celeste and the Systeme du Mbnd of Laplace, expounding the nebular hypothesis, first cleared up the mystery of the creation of the world itself.
THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE xv
The origin of the strata of the earth's crust was never even vaguely understood till James Hutton wrote his Revolutions of the Globe; the theories he put forward, involving the complete over throw of the accepted notions as to the age of our planet, extended and developed by Lyell, found full expression in the latter writer's Principles of Geology.
A vision of the successive' populations of beings that have peopled our globe, and have left no trace of their existence except in the form of random fossils, was first given in the Ossementa Fossiles of Cuvier. The origin of these successive populations of creatures, tentatively explained by Lamarck in 1809, was satis factorily accounted for just half a century later in the Origin of Species of Darwin.
This is but listing off-hand the names of a few of the more important classics of the literature of fact, in what may be con sidered a single line of thought. Each of these works was epochal, and is assured permanency of fame because of its influence on the advance of knowledge. Yet the very nature of the questions treated, necessarily removes some of them from the ken of the vast majority even of educated people. The Principia and the Mechanique Cdeste, for example, are in effect treatises on mathematics, and as such are necessarily repugnant, and indeed unintelligible, to all but a small coterie of readers. On the other hand, such topics as the origin of the earth's crust and the development of organic forms lend themselves much more readily to artistic treatment, and the history of some of the classics that treat of these topics points a very clear moral concerning the value of literary skill as an aid even to the most technical of scientists. Thus the book of Hutton, despite the startling, not to say sensational, character of its subject, found very few readers, chiefly because of its heavy, intricate style. Its data remained little known till Playfair practically re-wrote the book some years after its author's death. When Lyell took the subject in hand, the world had moved on a generation, to be sure, yet it was not so much this progress as the masterly exposition and lucid style of the Principles which forced the new geology upon the popular
xvi THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE
attention. Lyell avowedly recognised both the difficulties and the desirability of attaining a popular style, and thanks to the success of his efforts at clear writing, the revolutionary doctrines of which he was the herald received in his own generation an acceptance which might otherwise have been long withheld from them.
The Origin of Species also owed much to the form of its presentation. Purporting to be only an abstract of the voluminous records which the author had spent twenty years in collecting, it necessarily bristled with technical facts, and hence could not be expected to make " easy reading. " Professor Huxley used to say that he never took it up afresh without finding something new that he had overlooked in previous readings ; and if Darwin's greatest disciple could make such a statement, it is hardly to be hoped that anyone else has ever fully mastered all the mere facts of the Origin. Yet these facts are arranged and presented in such fashion as to carry the reader forward, if not easily, at least clearly and unequivocally, to the conclusions at which the author aimed.
Nevertheless, it must be admitted that a greater artist might have marshalled the data of the Origin of Species in a still more convincing array, for it chances that a greater artist did so marshal its essentials with telling effect very soon after the book appeared. Much as Galileo, in his Dialogues, had given artistic expression to the revolutionary doctrines of Copernicus, Huxley, in his Man's Place in Nature, and in a score of other essays, brought all the resources of a marvellously flexible literary style to the aid of the equally revolutionary doctrines that Darwin had inaugurated. Nor was Huxley alone in this work. There came to his aid, from another field of science, a man of perhaps even greater literary skill ; a man who has probably had no peer as a master of English among the scientific writers of our generation. I mean, of course, Professor Tyndall. His writings and those of Huxley, not merely on this topic, but all along the lines of their varied scientific interests, are perhaps the best illustrations that have been given in our time of the extent to which literary art may triumph over difficulties of subject. Many of their essays stand as models of luminous exposition, lifting the reader over
THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE xvii
every difficulty, and visualising the subject before ^him in enticing forms. Not all that they wrote is of equal value. Much of their most incisive work was of a controversial character, the interest of which cannot be other than ephemeral. Most of those well-aimed blows that were levelled in the cause of Darwinism spent their full force on the generation that called them forth. The cause triumphant, the means that led to victory, will be in the main forgotten. But fortunately there remains a fair residuum of writings of these masters that can claim a more lasting regard ; in particular, such masterpieces as Tyndall's "beautiful book"—as Lord Kelvin calls it—Heat as a Mode of Motion, and the various popular lectures of Huxley
It would be futile, however, to hope that even these can claim perennial popularity, or can have anything more than historical interest after the lapse of two or three generations. They are classics of scientific literature in their day, and classics they will remain, but their interest must wane as their facts lose novelty. The history of similar works in the past leaves no doubt as to this. Who to-day reads, for example, the discourses of the poet- scientist, Davy, which so captivated the English-speaking world at the beginning of the century ; or the equally lucid expositions of Arago, which set the French capital in a flutter a generation ago.
/ edited by Richard Garnett, Leon Vallée, Alois Brandl.
London : Clarke Co. , 1899.
http://hdl. handle. net/2027/umn. 31951002060407v
Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
We have determined this work to be in the public domain in the United States of America. It may not be in the public domain in other countries. Copies are provided as a preservation service. Particularly outside of the United States, persons receiving copies should make appropriate efforts to determine the copyright status of the work in their country and use the work accordingly. It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes.
Mr* &
OilaHH Sunk
Hihrarg Of tiff
®tn? mt of
Mrs. W*G* Johnson
808. 8 Q181
"X
THE UNIVERSAL ANTHOLOGY WITH BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAYS
BY
RICHARD GARNETT (Editor-in-Chief)
LEON VALLEE (French Litbiaturb)
PAUL BOURGET
(French Critical Essays)
EMILE ZOLA
(French Naturalistic Literature)
EDWARD DOWDEN (Elizabethan Literature)
DEAN FARRAR
(Literature of Religious Criticism)
E. MELCHIOR DE VOGUE (Russian Literature)
DONALD G. MITCHELL (Collected Literature)
F. BRUNETIERE
(Modern French Poetry)
HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS (Scientific Literature)
AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD (American Literature)
AND
ALOIS BRANDL (GermanLjthaturb)
ANDREW LANG
(Nineteenth Century Literature)
HENRY JAMES (The Novel)
MAURICE MAETERLINCK (The Modern Drama)
PASQJJALE VILLARI
(The Italian Renaissance)
BRET HARTE
(Short Stories)
ARMANDO PALACIO VALDES (DecadentLiterature)
EDMUND GOSSE (Poetry)
J. P. MAHAFFY
(Historical Literature)
WALTER BESANT (Historical Novels)
THIS GARNETT MEMORIAL I DITION IS LIMITED TO ONE THOUSAND COPIES, FI%-E HUNDRED OF WHICH ARE BOUND IN CLOTH AND FIVE
HUNDRED IN THREE-QUARTER MOROCCO.
*~ ?
THIS SET IS CLOTH COPY NO
Commentaries on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans illuminated by Guilio Clovio, in the Soane Museum. (Sixteenth Century. )
The volume from which they are taken forms the chief ornament
of the library of the Soane Museum. It was purchased with two smaller
manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham, for the sum of one thousand guineas.
Commentaries on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. {Fourteenth Century. )
Illuminated by Guilio Clovio, in the Soane Museum. It was purchased with two smaller manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham for the sum of one thousand guineas. At this period, and even previously, it became customary only to ornament the first two pages of the works, and sometimes only a single first page, for the more artistic quality of the orna ments rendered the former profusion impossible, except in very rare cases.
THK UNIVERSAL
ANTHOLOGY
t/} Collection of the ""Best Literature, ^Ancient, {Mediaeval and Modern, with Biographical and Explanatory Notes,
Edited by
RICHARD GARNETT
Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum London, 1851 to 1899
LEON VALLEE
Librarian at the Bibliotheque Nationale Paris, Since 1871
ALOIS BRANDL
Protestor of Literature in the Imperial University of Berlin
VOLUME SEVEN
PUBLISHED BY
THE CLARKE COMPANY, Limited, London
MERRILL & BAKER, New York EMILE TERQUEM, Paris
Entered at Stationers' Hall London, 1899
Droits de reproduction et de traduction reserve* Paris, 1S99
Alle recnte, lnsbosonderc das dcr TJbersetznng, vorbchalten Berlin, 1899
Proprleta Letleraria, Rlservate tutti i divittl Rome, 1899
Copyright, 1899 by
Richard Garnett
The Apocolocyntosis
Why Astrology cannot be True An Ancient Gulliver
Imaginary Correspondence
. 25 Aid us Oellius . . 39
63 68 63 64 65 66 66 66 66 67
TABLE OF CONTENTS. volume m
. . . .
45
The Literature of Science : Introduction by Hekrt Smith Williams
Seneca . .
Lucian Alciphron
. . . . . .
run . 13
V ^J*v
The Neglected Wife
Country Maiden and Prince Charming The Dog in the Manger
The Senile Gallant
The Unsentimental Mistress
Hen and Duck-Child
Th* Envious Fellow- Workers
The Curious Country Boy
The Losing Winner
The Barber's Practical Joke
The Fate of a Meddler
At the End of His Rope
A Literary Banquet
Thoughts
Marcus Aurelius at Home
The Roman Empire on the Edge of Decline .
The World at Auction
3 Arminius destroys Varus's Army . .
. . . 67 68 68 69 Marcus Aurelius . 85 Walter Pater . . 96 Charles Merivale . . 106 Michael Field . . 112 Dion Cassius . . 119 Calpurnius Siculus . 123 TP. B. Yeats . . 127 " Hermas" . . . 129 134 . 140 . 147 . 153 170 . 177
. 190
. #' Eclogue on the Accession of a Young Emperor .
King GoU
True Fasting, and Purity of Body The Conservatism of Heathendom On Free Will
To the Martyrs
The Fall of Palmyra
A Roman Triumph vi The Art of Composition
^"Epistle to a Friend
. .
. .
. .
Clement of Alexandria
ix
680133
.
Athenatus
Origen . Tertullian . William Ware
. . .
. .
Longinus Ausonius
. .
X TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Julian, Constantius, and the Persian War . . Ammianus Marcellinus 194
Capture of Ainida and Escape of Ammianus How Julian was Forced into Revolt
Death and Character of Constantius
PAGE
194 201 206
. 211 . 231 . 244 . 261 . 275 . 283
The Caesars
How Daphnis and Chloe Fell in Love . Arsace's Love and Chariclea's Escape . Clitopho and Leucippe
The Art of Government
The Clay Cart
The Lost Ring
Vikram and the Vampire
Stories and Observations from the Talmud
. .
Emperor Julian .
Longus . .
Blessings in Disguise
Insulting Natural Defects
Put Yourselves in Others' Places
A Parable against Democracy : The Serpent's Tail and its Head .
Do Not Profit by Others' Ignorance : Rabbi Simon and the Jewels ;
Blossom-Gatherings Stilicho and Alaric
The Ruins of Rome
The Passing of Humanity Poems of Prudentius
The Martyrdom of St. Eulalia
.
.
On a Baptismal Font The Greek Slave
from St Augustine
Alfred the Great . Thomas Hodgkin
385 . 385 . 386 386 387 Roman and Provincial Life in the Fifth Century . Sidonius Apollinaris . 391 Hero and Leander Musxus . . . 401
Poems of Claudian
The Old Man of Verona
Fescennine Verses on the Nuptials of Honorius
Claudian
. .
.
. Heliodorus . .
Achilles Tatius .
Mencius . . (? )King Sudraka .
Kalidasa . . . 301 Tr. Sir B. F. Burton . 315 325 325 326 327 . 328
329 330 331 333 334
Rabbi Saphra and the Buyer Folly of Idolatry
No Point of Pride where Good can be Wrought The Lawful Heir
A Parable of Life
The Inhospitable Jester
Miscellaneous Observations Confessions of St. Augustine
An Account of His Youth
His Living Idle at Home Contributed to His Sins
He Confesses a Theft of His Youth
That Men Sin not without Some Appearance or Pretence of Good
Lord Byron . P. B. Shelley Prudentius .
. . .
. . . . 336 344 . 345 . 346 . 353 . 377 . 381 . 383
E. B. Browning .
336 341 341 341
383
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VOLUME VII.
COMMENTARIES ON ST. PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS.
. . . . . .
(Illuminated Mahubcript)
HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS 18 NOONDAY IN THE FIELDS 67 GATHERING FUEL 129 DAPHNIS AND CHLOE 241 ST. AUGUSTINE AND HIS MOTHER 341 UPON THE RUINS 377 A GREEK SLAVE 385 INTERIOR OF A ROMAN S HOUSE 397
Frmtltpiece PAGE
Henry Smith Williams.
THE LITEEATUEE OF SCIENCE
By Henry Smith Williams
If we accept Buffon's famous dictum, that the style is the man, it might be expected that the writings of men of science would be as ruggedly fact-bound, as unimaginative, as inartistic as science is usually supposed to be. Yet Buffon himself, famed as a writer a century ago, and remembered to-day chiefly for his mastery of literary style, was by profession a naturalist. His greater contem porary, Voltaire, the master litterateur of France, did not hesitate to pose as a master in science as welL Again, Dante, the one world- classic of the Italian language, was learned in every phase of the known science of his time. Keats, one of [the few writers of English whom critics have ventured to name in the same breath with Shakespeare, was trained to the profession of medicine. Goldsmith, famed for the lucidity of his verse and prose alike, was a practising physician. So was Schiller, the second poet of Germany ; while his one master in that tongue, the incomparable Goethe, whose genius " raised the German language to a new plane as a medium of literary expression," would be remembered as a discoverer in science had he never penned a page that could be called literature. Turning to America we find that Franklin, the one man who attained distinction as a writer in Colonial days, was equally distinguished as a scientist ; and everyone will recall that in a later day the most genial of poets, Holmes, made literature only a staff, to quote his own happy phrase, his " crutch " being medicine, and his specialty anatomy, the veritable dry bones of medicine at that.
Without looking further, these familiar illustrations suffice to xiii
xiv THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE
indicate that there is no necessary incompatibility between the so- called scientific cast of mind and the capacity for artistic expression in words. Yet the argument must not be carried too far. The great mass of the literature of science, using the term in the broader sense, is matter which cannot by any elasticity of definition be brought within the narrower ken of literature at alL In the main, men of science write as one would expect them to write. The style is the man, and the man of science is as a rule a dry-as-dust fact-hunter. Here and there, men of literary capacity have been devotees of science; but this cannot hide the fact that most scientists have hardly a spark of artistic sensibility, and that the great mass of scientific writing is painfully devoid of literary merit. More than that, most of the great classics of scientific literature owe their position, in the nature of the case, to their matter rather than their manner, and hence are not, properly speaking, works of art. They constitute what De Quincey appropriately termed the " literature of knowledge. "
There is a long list of this character which, without regard to their varying degrees of artistic merit, must be counted among the world's great books, because of the enormous influence they have had on the progress of thought, and of civilisation itself. Thus the varied scientific writings of Aristotle furnished what seemed the last word on almost every department of knowledge, undis puted and indisputable, for something like a hundred generations of his followers. The Almagest and the Geographia of Ptolemy, and the Natural History of the elder Pliny, in so far as they did not conflict with Aristotle, were accepted as final authorities in their respective fields for a thousand years.
It was purchased with two smaller
manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham, for the sum of one thousand guineas.
Commentaries on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. {Fourteenth Century. )
Illuminated by Guilio Clovio, in the Soane Museum. It was purchased with two smaller manuscripts of the late Duke of Buckingham for the sum of one thousand guineas. At this period, and even previously, it became customary only to ornament the first two pages of the works, and sometimes only a single first page, for the more artistic quality of the orna ments rendered the former profusion impossible, except in very rare cases.
THK UNIVERSAL
ANTHOLOGY
t/} Collection of the ""Best Literature, ^Ancient, {Mediaeval and Modern, with Biographical and Explanatory Notes,
Edited by
RICHARD GARNETT
Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum London, 1851 to 1899
LEON VALLEE
Librarian at the Bibliotheque Nationale Paris, Since 1871
ALOIS BRANDL
Protestor of Literature in the Imperial University of Berlin
VOLUME SEVEN
PUBLISHED BY
THE CLARKE COMPANY, Limited, London
MERRILL & BAKER, New York EMILE TERQUEM, Paris
Entered at Stationers' Hall London, 1899
Droits de reproduction et de traduction reserve* Paris, 1S99
Alle recnte, lnsbosonderc das dcr TJbersetznng, vorbchalten Berlin, 1899
Proprleta Letleraria, Rlservate tutti i divittl Rome, 1899
Copyright, 1899 by
Richard Garnett
The Apocolocyntosis
Why Astrology cannot be True An Ancient Gulliver
Imaginary Correspondence
. 25 Aid us Oellius . . 39
63 68 63 64 65 66 66 66 66 67
TABLE OF CONTENTS. volume m
. . . .
45
The Literature of Science : Introduction by Hekrt Smith Williams
Seneca . .
Lucian Alciphron
. . . . . .
run . 13
V ^J*v
The Neglected Wife
Country Maiden and Prince Charming The Dog in the Manger
The Senile Gallant
The Unsentimental Mistress
Hen and Duck-Child
Th* Envious Fellow- Workers
The Curious Country Boy
The Losing Winner
The Barber's Practical Joke
The Fate of a Meddler
At the End of His Rope
A Literary Banquet
Thoughts
Marcus Aurelius at Home
The Roman Empire on the Edge of Decline .
The World at Auction
3 Arminius destroys Varus's Army . .
. . . 67 68 68 69 Marcus Aurelius . 85 Walter Pater . . 96 Charles Merivale . . 106 Michael Field . . 112 Dion Cassius . . 119 Calpurnius Siculus . 123 TP. B. Yeats . . 127 " Hermas" . . . 129 134 . 140 . 147 . 153 170 . 177
. 190
. #' Eclogue on the Accession of a Young Emperor .
King GoU
True Fasting, and Purity of Body The Conservatism of Heathendom On Free Will
To the Martyrs
The Fall of Palmyra
A Roman Triumph vi The Art of Composition
^"Epistle to a Friend
. .
. .
. .
Clement of Alexandria
ix
680133
.
Athenatus
Origen . Tertullian . William Ware
. . .
. .
Longinus Ausonius
. .
X TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Julian, Constantius, and the Persian War . . Ammianus Marcellinus 194
Capture of Ainida and Escape of Ammianus How Julian was Forced into Revolt
Death and Character of Constantius
PAGE
194 201 206
. 211 . 231 . 244 . 261 . 275 . 283
The Caesars
How Daphnis and Chloe Fell in Love . Arsace's Love and Chariclea's Escape . Clitopho and Leucippe
The Art of Government
The Clay Cart
The Lost Ring
Vikram and the Vampire
Stories and Observations from the Talmud
. .
Emperor Julian .
Longus . .
Blessings in Disguise
Insulting Natural Defects
Put Yourselves in Others' Places
A Parable against Democracy : The Serpent's Tail and its Head .
Do Not Profit by Others' Ignorance : Rabbi Simon and the Jewels ;
Blossom-Gatherings Stilicho and Alaric
The Ruins of Rome
The Passing of Humanity Poems of Prudentius
The Martyrdom of St. Eulalia
.
.
On a Baptismal Font The Greek Slave
from St Augustine
Alfred the Great . Thomas Hodgkin
385 . 385 . 386 386 387 Roman and Provincial Life in the Fifth Century . Sidonius Apollinaris . 391 Hero and Leander Musxus . . . 401
Poems of Claudian
The Old Man of Verona
Fescennine Verses on the Nuptials of Honorius
Claudian
. .
.
. Heliodorus . .
Achilles Tatius .
Mencius . . (? )King Sudraka .
Kalidasa . . . 301 Tr. Sir B. F. Burton . 315 325 325 326 327 . 328
329 330 331 333 334
Rabbi Saphra and the Buyer Folly of Idolatry
No Point of Pride where Good can be Wrought The Lawful Heir
A Parable of Life
The Inhospitable Jester
Miscellaneous Observations Confessions of St. Augustine
An Account of His Youth
His Living Idle at Home Contributed to His Sins
He Confesses a Theft of His Youth
That Men Sin not without Some Appearance or Pretence of Good
Lord Byron . P. B. Shelley Prudentius .
. . .
. . . . 336 344 . 345 . 346 . 353 . 377 . 381 . 383
E. B. Browning .
336 341 341 341
383
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VOLUME VII.
COMMENTARIES ON ST. PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS.
. . . . . .
(Illuminated Mahubcript)
HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS 18 NOONDAY IN THE FIELDS 67 GATHERING FUEL 129 DAPHNIS AND CHLOE 241 ST. AUGUSTINE AND HIS MOTHER 341 UPON THE RUINS 377 A GREEK SLAVE 385 INTERIOR OF A ROMAN S HOUSE 397
Frmtltpiece PAGE
Henry Smith Williams.
THE LITEEATUEE OF SCIENCE
By Henry Smith Williams
If we accept Buffon's famous dictum, that the style is the man, it might be expected that the writings of men of science would be as ruggedly fact-bound, as unimaginative, as inartistic as science is usually supposed to be. Yet Buffon himself, famed as a writer a century ago, and remembered to-day chiefly for his mastery of literary style, was by profession a naturalist. His greater contem porary, Voltaire, the master litterateur of France, did not hesitate to pose as a master in science as welL Again, Dante, the one world- classic of the Italian language, was learned in every phase of the known science of his time. Keats, one of [the few writers of English whom critics have ventured to name in the same breath with Shakespeare, was trained to the profession of medicine. Goldsmith, famed for the lucidity of his verse and prose alike, was a practising physician. So was Schiller, the second poet of Germany ; while his one master in that tongue, the incomparable Goethe, whose genius " raised the German language to a new plane as a medium of literary expression," would be remembered as a discoverer in science had he never penned a page that could be called literature. Turning to America we find that Franklin, the one man who attained distinction as a writer in Colonial days, was equally distinguished as a scientist ; and everyone will recall that in a later day the most genial of poets, Holmes, made literature only a staff, to quote his own happy phrase, his " crutch " being medicine, and his specialty anatomy, the veritable dry bones of medicine at that.
Without looking further, these familiar illustrations suffice to xiii
xiv THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE
indicate that there is no necessary incompatibility between the so- called scientific cast of mind and the capacity for artistic expression in words. Yet the argument must not be carried too far. The great mass of the literature of science, using the term in the broader sense, is matter which cannot by any elasticity of definition be brought within the narrower ken of literature at alL In the main, men of science write as one would expect them to write. The style is the man, and the man of science is as a rule a dry-as-dust fact-hunter. Here and there, men of literary capacity have been devotees of science; but this cannot hide the fact that most scientists have hardly a spark of artistic sensibility, and that the great mass of scientific writing is painfully devoid of literary merit. More than that, most of the great classics of scientific literature owe their position, in the nature of the case, to their matter rather than their manner, and hence are not, properly speaking, works of art. They constitute what De Quincey appropriately termed the " literature of knowledge. "
There is a long list of this character which, without regard to their varying degrees of artistic merit, must be counted among the world's great books, because of the enormous influence they have had on the progress of thought, and of civilisation itself. Thus the varied scientific writings of Aristotle furnished what seemed the last word on almost every department of knowledge, undis puted and indisputable, for something like a hundred generations of his followers. The Almagest and the Geographia of Ptolemy, and the Natural History of the elder Pliny, in so far as they did not conflict with Aristotle, were accepted as final authorities in their respective fields for a thousand years. The Bevolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, of Copernicus, was instrumental in working a veritable revolution in the accepted conception of the scheme of the universe, and of the earth's relative importance in that scheme. Newton's Principia explained the mechanics of the heavenly bodies to the wonderment of mankind.
The Mechanique Celeste and the Systeme du Mbnd of Laplace, expounding the nebular hypothesis, first cleared up the mystery of the creation of the world itself.
THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE xv
The origin of the strata of the earth's crust was never even vaguely understood till James Hutton wrote his Revolutions of the Globe; the theories he put forward, involving the complete over throw of the accepted notions as to the age of our planet, extended and developed by Lyell, found full expression in the latter writer's Principles of Geology.
A vision of the successive' populations of beings that have peopled our globe, and have left no trace of their existence except in the form of random fossils, was first given in the Ossementa Fossiles of Cuvier. The origin of these successive populations of creatures, tentatively explained by Lamarck in 1809, was satis factorily accounted for just half a century later in the Origin of Species of Darwin.
This is but listing off-hand the names of a few of the more important classics of the literature of fact, in what may be con sidered a single line of thought. Each of these works was epochal, and is assured permanency of fame because of its influence on the advance of knowledge. Yet the very nature of the questions treated, necessarily removes some of them from the ken of the vast majority even of educated people. The Principia and the Mechanique Cdeste, for example, are in effect treatises on mathematics, and as such are necessarily repugnant, and indeed unintelligible, to all but a small coterie of readers. On the other hand, such topics as the origin of the earth's crust and the development of organic forms lend themselves much more readily to artistic treatment, and the history of some of the classics that treat of these topics points a very clear moral concerning the value of literary skill as an aid even to the most technical of scientists. Thus the book of Hutton, despite the startling, not to say sensational, character of its subject, found very few readers, chiefly because of its heavy, intricate style. Its data remained little known till Playfair practically re-wrote the book some years after its author's death. When Lyell took the subject in hand, the world had moved on a generation, to be sure, yet it was not so much this progress as the masterly exposition and lucid style of the Principles which forced the new geology upon the popular
xvi THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE
attention. Lyell avowedly recognised both the difficulties and the desirability of attaining a popular style, and thanks to the success of his efforts at clear writing, the revolutionary doctrines of which he was the herald received in his own generation an acceptance which might otherwise have been long withheld from them.
The Origin of Species also owed much to the form of its presentation. Purporting to be only an abstract of the voluminous records which the author had spent twenty years in collecting, it necessarily bristled with technical facts, and hence could not be expected to make " easy reading. " Professor Huxley used to say that he never took it up afresh without finding something new that he had overlooked in previous readings ; and if Darwin's greatest disciple could make such a statement, it is hardly to be hoped that anyone else has ever fully mastered all the mere facts of the Origin. Yet these facts are arranged and presented in such fashion as to carry the reader forward, if not easily, at least clearly and unequivocally, to the conclusions at which the author aimed.
Nevertheless, it must be admitted that a greater artist might have marshalled the data of the Origin of Species in a still more convincing array, for it chances that a greater artist did so marshal its essentials with telling effect very soon after the book appeared. Much as Galileo, in his Dialogues, had given artistic expression to the revolutionary doctrines of Copernicus, Huxley, in his Man's Place in Nature, and in a score of other essays, brought all the resources of a marvellously flexible literary style to the aid of the equally revolutionary doctrines that Darwin had inaugurated. Nor was Huxley alone in this work. There came to his aid, from another field of science, a man of perhaps even greater literary skill ; a man who has probably had no peer as a master of English among the scientific writers of our generation. I mean, of course, Professor Tyndall. His writings and those of Huxley, not merely on this topic, but all along the lines of their varied scientific interests, are perhaps the best illustrations that have been given in our time of the extent to which literary art may triumph over difficulties of subject. Many of their essays stand as models of luminous exposition, lifting the reader over
THE LITERATURE OF SCIENCE xvii
every difficulty, and visualising the subject before ^him in enticing forms. Not all that they wrote is of equal value. Much of their most incisive work was of a controversial character, the interest of which cannot be other than ephemeral. Most of those well-aimed blows that were levelled in the cause of Darwinism spent their full force on the generation that called them forth. The cause triumphant, the means that led to victory, will be in the main forgotten. But fortunately there remains a fair residuum of writings of these masters that can claim a more lasting regard ; in particular, such masterpieces as Tyndall's "beautiful book"—as Lord Kelvin calls it—Heat as a Mode of Motion, and the various popular lectures of Huxley
It would be futile, however, to hope that even these can claim perennial popularity, or can have anything more than historical interest after the lapse of two or three generations. They are classics of scientific literature in their day, and classics they will remain, but their interest must wane as their facts lose novelty. The history of similar works in the past leaves no doubt as to this. Who to-day reads, for example, the discourses of the poet- scientist, Davy, which so captivated the English-speaking world at the beginning of the century ; or the equally lucid expositions of Arago, which set the French capital in a flutter a generation ago.
