, 2), who
both describe it as placed on a lofty summit; and the
latter states that the old town was destroyed, and a
new one built at the foot of the hill.
both describe it as placed on a lofty summit; and the
latter states that the old town was destroyed, and a
new one built at the foot of the hill.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Boissonade, p.
171), he is the same with
a third Euscbius, of whom Stobsus has left us two
fragments.
Kisnniirs. I. archbishop of Thessalonica, nour-
ished in the 12th century under the emperors Manuel,
Alexius, and Andronicus Comnenus. He is celebra-
ted for his erudition as a grammarian, and is especially
knewn as a commentator on Homer and Dionysius
the geographer. It must be confessed, however, that
in the former of these commentaries he is largely
indebted to the Deipnosophislae of Athcnasus, and
Schweighaeuser holds the following strong language
relative to the extent of these obligations (Prof, ad.
Atlien. , p. xix. ): "In Eustathii in Homtrum Com-
mentariis Athcnaus noster a capite ad calcem (verts-
stmt dixcris) utrami/uc paginam facil: adeoque est
inrrediUIis et pane xnfinitus locorum Humerus, quibus
doctus iUe prasul ex uno Athcnai fonte hortulos suos
irrigavit, ul sapc etiam notissimorum nobilissimorum-
que auctorum, quorum ubivis obvia ipsa scripta sunt,
unius ejusdem Athcnai verbis produxerit testimonia;
utque, nisi de viri doctnna aliunde satis constaret,
subindc propemodum vidcri Me posset c solo Naucrat-
vii Deipnosophisla sapuis. se. " (Compare the note of
the same editor, and Fabricius, Bibl. Grac. , vol. 1,
p. 316, seqq. ) The commentary of Euslathius was
united to the edition of Homer which appeared it
Rome in 1542. 1548, 1550, in 3 vols, folio: tr. . S was
reprinted at Bale in 1560, also in 3 vols, fv'io. The
latest edition is the Leipzigoneof 1825-30,6 to':j. i:o:
for that of Politus, undertaken in 1730, with a I. aiiri
? ? version, was never finished. The three volumes jf
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? FAB
FAB
rated style, inasmuch as be will have to traat of great
personages still living; "quia ad inelytos principcs
tenerandosque pervenlum est. " It does not appear
that be ever carried this plan into execution. The
tat. edition is that of Tzschucke, Lips. , 1797, 8vo. --
II. A eunuch and minister of the Emperor Arcadius,
*ho rose by base and infamous practices from the vilest
? tradition to the highest pitch of opulence and power.
He was probably a native of Asia, was made chamber-
lain to the emperor in the year 395, and, after the fall of
Rufinus, succeeded that minister in the confidence of
bis mas>? r, and rose to unlimited authority. He even
was created consul, a disgrace to Rome never before
equalled. An insult offered to the empress was the
cause of his overthrow; and he was sent into perpet-
ual exile to Cyprus. He was soon afterward, however,
Drought back on another charge; and, after being con-
demned, was beheaded A. D. 399. (Zosim. , 5, 10. --
Id. , b, 18, &c. )
EdxLnxs Pontus. Vid. Pontus Euxinus.
Ex. ishvecs, a fountain which, according to Herod-
otus, flows into the Hypanis, where the river is four
days' journey from the sea, and renders its waters bit-
ter, that before were sweet. Herodotus places this
fountain in the country of the ploughing Scythians,
and of the Alazones. It takes, he adds, the name of
the place where it springs, which, in the Scythian
tongue, is Examrneus, corresponding in Greek to icpal
Hot, or " the sacred mays. " (Herodot. , 4, 62. )
F.
Fababis, now far/a, a river of Italy, in the terri-
rry of the Sabines, called also Farfaris. ( Virg. , . En. ,
. 715. )
Fabia Gens, a numerous and powerful patrician
jioe of ancient Rome, which became subdivided into
leveral families or branches, distinguished by their re-
spective cognomina, such as Fabii Maximi, Fabii Am-
busti, Fabii Vibulani, <5cc. Pliny says that the name
of Ibis bouse arose from the circumstance of its found-
en having excelled in the culture of the bean (faba),
the early Romans having been remarkable for their at-
tachment to agricultural pursuits. (P'm. , 18,3. ) Ac-
cording to Fcslua, however, the Fabii traced their ori-
gin to Hercules (Fest. , s. r. Fabii), and their name,
therefore, is thought to have come rather from the
Etrurian term Fains <rr Fabia, which Passeri makes
equivalent to "august" or "venerable. " (Tab. Eu-
cubin, vii , tin. 22. ) But this etymology is less prob-
able, since the Fabii are B<<-:d, by the ordinary author-
ities, to have been of Sab. nc origin, and to have set-
tled on the Quirinal from the time of the earliest Ro-
man kings. After the expulsion of the Tarquinii, the
Fabian, as one of the older houses, exercised consider-
able influence in the senate. Casso Fabius, being
quaestor with L. Valerius, impeached Spurius Cassius,
B C. 486. A. U. C. 268, and had him evecuted. It has
been noted as a remarkable fact, that, for seven consec-
utive years from that time, one of the two annual con-
sulships was filled by three brothers Fabii in rotation.
Niebuhr has particularly investigated this oeriod of
Roman history, and speculated on the causes of this
long retention of office by the Fabii, as connected with
the straggle then pending between the patricians and
plebeians, and the attempt of the former to monopolize
'be elections. (Rom. Hist, vol. 2, p. 174, scqq. )
Oae of the three brothers, Q. Fabius Vibulanus, fell in
battle against the Veicntes in the year of Rome 274.
? ? In the following year, under the consulship of Caeso
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? FADIUS.
FAB
pofunity of availing himself of any error or neglect on
the part of the Carthaginians. This mode of warfare,
which was new to the Romans, acquired for Fabius
the name of Cunetator or "delayer," and was cen-
sured by the yong, the rash, and the ignorant; but
* probably was the means of saving Koine from ruin.
Uinucius, who shared with Fabius the command of the
army, having imprudently engaged Hannibal, was
saved from total destruction by the timely assistance
tf tha dictator. In the following year, however,
A U. C. 636, Fabius being recalled to Rome, the com-
? and of the army was intrusted to the consul Tcren-
tus Varro, who rushed imprudently to battle, and the
defeat at Carina made manifest the wisdom of the dic-
tator's previous caution. Fabius was chosen consul
the next year, and was again employed in keeping
Hannibal in check. In A. U. C. 543, being consul for
the fifth time, he retook Tarentum by stratagem, after
which he narrowly escaped being caught himself in a
snare by Hannibal near Metapontum. (Lit. , 27, 15,
seq. ) When, some years after, the question was dis-
cussed in the senate, of sending Scipio with an army
into Africa, Fabius opposed it, saying that Italy ought
first to be rid of Hannibal. Fabius died some time
after at a very advanced age. His son, called likewise
Quintus Fabius Maximus, who had also been consul,
died before him. His grandson Quintus Fabius Max-
imus Servilianus, being proconsul, fought against Vir-
iathus in Spain, and concluded with him an honour-
able peace. (Livy, Epit? 54. ) He was afterward
consul repeatedly, and also censor. He wrote An-
nals, which are quoted by Macrobius. (Sal. , 1, 16. )
His brother by adoption, Quintus Fabius Maximus
yErmlianus, the son of Paulus jEmilius (Lie. , 45,41),
was consul A. U. C. 609, and was the father of Fabius,
called Allobrogicus, who subdued not only the Allo-
broges, but also the people of southern Gaul, which he
reduced into a Roman province, called from that time
Provincia. Quintus Fabius Maximus, a grandson of
fabius Maximus Servilianus, served in Spain under
J jIius Caesar, and was made consul A. U. C. 709. Two
of his sons or nephews were consuls in succes-
sion under Augustus. There was also a Fabius con-
sul under Tiberius. Panvinius and othera have reck-
oned that, during a period of about five centuries, from
the time of the first Fabius who is mentioned as con-
sul, to the reign of Tiberius, forty-eight consulships,
seven dictatorships, eight censorships, seven augur-
ahips, besides the offices of master of the horse and
military tribune with consular power, were filled by
individuals of the Fabian house. It could also boast
of thirteen tiiumphs and two ovations. (Augustimts
dt Familiis Komanorum. --Encyct. Us. Knotcl. , vol.
10, p. 151. )--IV. A loquacious personage alluded to
by Horaoe (Sal. , 1, 1, 14). --V. Pictor, the first Ro-
man who wrole an historical account of his country.
This historian, called by Livy scriptorum nntiquissi-
nuts, appears to have been wretchedly qualified for the
labour he had undertaken, either in point of judgment,
fidelity, or research; and to his carelessness and inac-
curacy, more than even to the loss of monuments, may
be attributed the painful uncertainty which to this dav
bangs over the early ages of Roman history. Fabius
lived in the time of the second Punic war. The fam-
ily feceived it* cognomen from Caius Fabius. who, hav-
ing resided in Etruria, and there acquired some knowl-
edge -of the fine arte, painted with figures the temple
? ? ? f Saius, in the year of the city 450. The historian
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? FAL
FALERNUS AQER.
FiiscL^, now Fiesoli, a town of Italy, in Etruria,
oulheast of Pistoria, whence it is said the augurs
passed to Rome. Catiline made it a place of arms,
ihe Goths, when they entered Italy under the consu-
late ofStdicboand Aurelian, AD. 400, were defeated
in its vicinity. (Cir. . pro Mur. , 24. --SU. Ltd. , 8,478.
Sil. usi, Cat. , 27. )
Fajctdia Lki, proposed by the tribune Falcidius,
A. U. C. 713, enacted that the testator ahould leave at
hut the fourth part of his fortune to tho person whom
za named his heir. (Dio Cass. , 48, 33. )
Faleru, a town of Picenum, southwest of Firmum,
now Faliermi (Pirn. , 3, 13. )
Falerii (or ium), a city of Etruria, southwest of
Fescennium, and the capital of the ancient Falisci,
so well known from their connexion with the early his-
tory of Rome. Much uncertainty seems to have ex-
isted respecting the ancient site of this place; but it
is now well ascertained that it occupied the posi-
tion of the present Chita Castellana. Cluver, and
after him Holstcnius (ad Steph. Byz. , p. 67), have
satisfactorily established this point. The doubt seems
to have originated in the notion that there was a city
named Faliscum, as welt as Falerii. (Strabo, 226. )
The situation of the ancient Falerii is made to agree
with that of Civil a Castellana, from the language of
Plutarch (Vit. Camill. ) and Zonaras (Ann.
, 2), who
both describe it as placed on a lofty summit; and the
latter states that the old town was destroyed, and a
new one built at the foot of the hill. This fact is con-
tinned by the identity of the new Falerii with the
church of St. Maria Falari, on the track of the Fla-
ramian way, where? the Itineraries place that city.
We learn, too, from Pliny (3, 5), that Falerii became
a colony under the name of Falisca, a circumstance
which sufficiently reconciles the apparent contradic-
tion in the accounts of this city. (Front. , de Col. , p.
130. ) Falerii, according to Dionysius of Halicarnas-
sos (1, 21), belonged at first to the Siculi; but these
were succeeded by the Pelasgi, to whom the Greek
form of its name is doubtless to be ascribed, as well
as the temple and riles of the Argive Juno, and other
indications of a Grecian origin which were observed
by that historian, and with which Ovid, who had mar-
ried a lady of this city, seems also to have been struck,
though he has followed the less authentic tradition,
which ascribed the foundation of Falerii to Halesus,
son of Agamemnon. (Am. , 3, 13. -- Fast. , 4, 73. )
The early wars of the Falisci with Rome are chiefly
detailed in the fifth book of Livy, where the celebra-
ted story of Camillus and the schoolmaster of Falerii
occurs. When the Roman commander was besie-
ging this place, the schoolmaster of the city (since the
higher classes of Falerii had a public one for the com-
mon education of their children) committed a most
disgraceful and treacherous act. Having led his schol-
ars forth, day after day, under pretence of taking ex-
ercise, and each time farther from the city walls, he
at last suddenly brought them within reach of the Ro-
nnn outposts, and surrendered them all to Camillus.
Indignant at the baseness of the deed, the Roman gen-
eral ordered his lictors to strip the delinquent, tie his
bands behind him, and supply the boys with rods and
scourges to punish the traitor, and whip him into the
city. This generous act on the part of Camillus pro-
duced so strong an impression on the minds of the in-
habitants, that they immediately sent ambassadors to
? ? treat of a surrender (Lis. 5,27. --Compare Vol. Max. ,
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? ra b
FAtI
were usual'v mixed with certain quantities of pitch,
aromatic hens, sea-water, &c, which must have com-
municated to them a taste that we, at least, should
consider very unpalatable. Among the ancient, and
especially the Greek wines, it was no uncommon
thing for an age of more than 20 years to leave no-
thing in the vessel but a thick and bitter mixture, ari-
sing, no doubt, from the substances with which the
wine had been medicated. We have an exception,
however, to this, in the wine made in Italy during the
consulship of Opimius, A. U. C. 633, which was to be
met with in the time of Pliny, nearly 200 years after.
This may have been owmg to the peculiar qualities of
that vintage, since we are informed that, in conse-
quence of the great warmth of the summer in that
year, all the productions of the earth attained an ex-
traordinary legrcc of perfection. Vid. Caecubus Ager.
{Henderson's History of ancient and modern Wines, p.
81, seqq. )
Falibci, a people of Etruria. (Vid. Falerii. )
Faliscus Gratius. Vid. Gratius.
Fannia Lex, de Sumptilms, enacted A. U. C. 588.
It limited the expenses of one day, at festivals, to 100
isses, whence the law is called by Lucilius Centussis;
on ten other days every month to 30, and on all other
days to 10 asses: alao, that no other fowl should be
served up except one hen, and that not fattened for the
purpose. (Aid. Gell. , 2, 24. --Maerob. , Sat. , 2, 13. )
Fannius, an inferior poot, ridiculed by Horace
[Sat. . 1, 4, 21). It seems the legacy-hunters of the
day carried his writings and bust to the library of the
Palat'iK Apollo, a compliment only paid to produc-
tions of merit. The satirist remarks, that this was
unasked for on the part of Fannius (ultra delatis cap-
sis ct imagine); an expression of double import, since
ultro may also contain a sly allusion to the absence of
all mental exertion on the part of the poet. (Schol. et
Heindorf, ad Horat. , I. c. )
Fanusj Vacun^e, a temple of Vicuna, in the vicin-
ty of Horace's Sabine villa. (Hor. , Ep. , 1, 10, 49. )
It is supposed to have stood on the summit of Rocca
Giovane.
Farfaris. Vid. Fabaris.
Fauna, a goddess of the Latins. According to the
old Roman legends, by which all the Italian deities
were originally mortals, she was the daughter of Picus,
and the sister and wife of Faunus. One account makes
her to have never left her bower, or let herself be seen
of men; and to have been deified for this reason, be-
coming identical with the Bona Dea, and no man be-
ing allowed to enter her temple. (Maerob. , 1, 12. )
According to another tradition, she was not only re-
markable for her modesty, but also for her extensive
and varied knowledge. Having, however, on one oc-
casion, made free with the contents of a jar of wine,
she was beaten to death by her husband with myrtle-
twigs! Repenting, however, soon after of the deed, he
bestowed on her divine honours. Hence, in the cele-
bration of her sacred rites, myrtle boughs were care-
fully excluded; nor was any wine allowed to be
brought, under that name, into her temple; but it was
called "honey," and the vessel containing it also was
termed mellarium (scil. vas), i. e. , "a honey-jar. "
(Consult Maerob. , Sat. , 1, 12, and Spangenbcrg, de
Vet. hat. Relig. Domest. ,p. 64, where other versions
of the story are given. ) Fauna is said to have given
oracles from her temple after death, which circum-
? ? stance, according to some, affords an etymology for
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? FEL
FER
md, 14, I. --Crevter, Hist, des Emp. Rom. , vol. 6, p.
306. )
Faustina, I. Annia Galena, daughter of Annius
Verus, prefect of Rome. She married Antoninus be-
fore ii:s adoption by Hadrian, and died in the third
? ear of her husband's reign, 36 years of age. She was
notorious for her licentiousness, and yet her husband
appeared blind to her frailties, and after her death even
tccorded unto her divine honours. Her effigy appears
on a large number of medals. (Dio Cass. , 17, 30. --
Capitui. , ViL Anion. P. , c 3. )--II. Annia, or the
V'ou nger. daughter of the preceding, married her cousin
Marcus Aureuus, ar. d died A. D. 176, in a village of
Cappadocia, at the foot of Mount Taurus, on her hus-
band's return from Syria. She is represented by Dio
Cassius and Capitolinus as even more profligate in her
conduct than her mother; and yet Marcus, in his Med-
itations (1, 17), extols her obedience, simplicity, and
? flection. Her daughter Lucilla married Lucius Ve-
rus. whom Marcus Aurelius associated with him in the
empire, and her son Commodus succeeded his father
is emperor. (Capitol. , Vit. Ant. Phil. ,c. 19. ) Mar-
chand (Mcrcure de France, 1745) and Wieland have at-
tempted to clear this princess of the imputations against
her character. (Encyelop. Use. Knowledge, vol. 10,
p. 209. )
Faustitas, a goddess among the Romans, supposed
to preside over cattle, and the productions of the sea-
sons generally. Faustitas is frequently equivalent to
the Fclicilas Temporum of the Roman medals. (Ho-
rn. , Od. , 4, 5, 17. )
Faostulus, the name of the shepherd who, in the
old Roman legend, found Romulus and Remus getting
suckled by the she-wolf. He took both the children
to his home and brought them up. (Vid. Romulus,
tod Roma. )
Fkbroai. Ia, a feast at Rome of purification and
atonement, in the month of February: it continued
for IS days. The month of February, which, together
with January, was added hy Numa to the ten months
restituting the year of Romulus, derived its name
from this general expiatory festival, the people being
then purified (februati) from the sins of the whole year.
{Chid, Fast. , 2, 19. ) Some, however, deduce the
came Februarius from the old Latin word fiber, men-
tioned by Varro (L. L. , 4, 13), and meaning the " end"
or " extremity" of anything, whence comes the term
fimbria. "the hem or edge of a garment. " In this
sense, therefore, February will have been so called from
its having been the last month in the earlier Roman
year. (Nork, Elymol. Handxcort. , vol. 1, p. 338. )
Felix, M. Antonius, I. a Roman governor of Ju-
dsa, who succeeded in office Cuinanus, after tholatter
had been exiled for malversation. (Josephus, Ant.
Jud. , 20, 6. ) He was the brother of tho freedman
Pallas, the favourite of Claudius. On reaching his
government, A. D. 53, Felix became enamoured of the
beautiful Drusilla, daughter of Agrippa, at that time
married to Azixus, king of Emesa; and by dint of
magnificent promises, and through the intervention of
i reputed sorcerer named Simon, he succeeded in de-
taching her from her husband, and in making her his
Jwn wife. Josephus charges this governor (Ant. Jud. ,
30,3) with having caused the assassination of the high-
priest Jonathas, to whom, in a great measure, he owed
ais place. Felix, it seems, wished to rid himself of one
who was continually remonstrating with him about the
? ? oppression of his government. And yet the Roman
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? FER
FES
il. e niBues of departed friends came and hovered over
their graves, and feasted upon the offerings which the
hand of piety and affection had prepared for them.
In theicase of the poor these offerings were plain and
simple, consisting generally of a few grains of salt,
flour mixed with wine, scattered violets, Ac. The
wealthy, however, offered up sumptuous banquets.
{Chid, Fast. , 2, 535, seqq. --Kirchmann, it Funeri-
hts, p. 560. )
Ferentinum, I. a town of Etruria, southeast of
Vulsinii, now Ferenti. From Vitruvius, who speaks
of some valuable stone-quarries in its neighbourhood
(2, 7), we collect that it was a municipium. The Em-
peror Otho's family was of this city.
a third Euscbius, of whom Stobsus has left us two
fragments.
Kisnniirs. I. archbishop of Thessalonica, nour-
ished in the 12th century under the emperors Manuel,
Alexius, and Andronicus Comnenus. He is celebra-
ted for his erudition as a grammarian, and is especially
knewn as a commentator on Homer and Dionysius
the geographer. It must be confessed, however, that
in the former of these commentaries he is largely
indebted to the Deipnosophislae of Athcnasus, and
Schweighaeuser holds the following strong language
relative to the extent of these obligations (Prof, ad.
Atlien. , p. xix. ): "In Eustathii in Homtrum Com-
mentariis Athcnaus noster a capite ad calcem (verts-
stmt dixcris) utrami/uc paginam facil: adeoque est
inrrediUIis et pane xnfinitus locorum Humerus, quibus
doctus iUe prasul ex uno Athcnai fonte hortulos suos
irrigavit, ul sapc etiam notissimorum nobilissimorum-
que auctorum, quorum ubivis obvia ipsa scripta sunt,
unius ejusdem Athcnai verbis produxerit testimonia;
utque, nisi de viri doctnna aliunde satis constaret,
subindc propemodum vidcri Me posset c solo Naucrat-
vii Deipnosophisla sapuis. se. " (Compare the note of
the same editor, and Fabricius, Bibl. Grac. , vol. 1,
p. 316, seqq. ) The commentary of Euslathius was
united to the edition of Homer which appeared it
Rome in 1542. 1548, 1550, in 3 vols, folio: tr. . S was
reprinted at Bale in 1560, also in 3 vols, fv'io. The
latest edition is the Leipzigoneof 1825-30,6 to':j. i:o:
for that of Politus, undertaken in 1730, with a I. aiiri
? ? version, was never finished. The three volumes jf
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? FAB
FAB
rated style, inasmuch as be will have to traat of great
personages still living; "quia ad inelytos principcs
tenerandosque pervenlum est. " It does not appear
that be ever carried this plan into execution. The
tat. edition is that of Tzschucke, Lips. , 1797, 8vo. --
II. A eunuch and minister of the Emperor Arcadius,
*ho rose by base and infamous practices from the vilest
? tradition to the highest pitch of opulence and power.
He was probably a native of Asia, was made chamber-
lain to the emperor in the year 395, and, after the fall of
Rufinus, succeeded that minister in the confidence of
bis mas>? r, and rose to unlimited authority. He even
was created consul, a disgrace to Rome never before
equalled. An insult offered to the empress was the
cause of his overthrow; and he was sent into perpet-
ual exile to Cyprus. He was soon afterward, however,
Drought back on another charge; and, after being con-
demned, was beheaded A. D. 399. (Zosim. , 5, 10. --
Id. , b, 18, &c. )
EdxLnxs Pontus. Vid. Pontus Euxinus.
Ex. ishvecs, a fountain which, according to Herod-
otus, flows into the Hypanis, where the river is four
days' journey from the sea, and renders its waters bit-
ter, that before were sweet. Herodotus places this
fountain in the country of the ploughing Scythians,
and of the Alazones. It takes, he adds, the name of
the place where it springs, which, in the Scythian
tongue, is Examrneus, corresponding in Greek to icpal
Hot, or " the sacred mays. " (Herodot. , 4, 62. )
F.
Fababis, now far/a, a river of Italy, in the terri-
rry of the Sabines, called also Farfaris. ( Virg. , . En. ,
. 715. )
Fabia Gens, a numerous and powerful patrician
jioe of ancient Rome, which became subdivided into
leveral families or branches, distinguished by their re-
spective cognomina, such as Fabii Maximi, Fabii Am-
busti, Fabii Vibulani, <5cc. Pliny says that the name
of Ibis bouse arose from the circumstance of its found-
en having excelled in the culture of the bean (faba),
the early Romans having been remarkable for their at-
tachment to agricultural pursuits. (P'm. , 18,3. ) Ac-
cording to Fcslua, however, the Fabii traced their ori-
gin to Hercules (Fest. , s. r. Fabii), and their name,
therefore, is thought to have come rather from the
Etrurian term Fains <rr Fabia, which Passeri makes
equivalent to "august" or "venerable. " (Tab. Eu-
cubin, vii , tin. 22. ) But this etymology is less prob-
able, since the Fabii are B<<-:d, by the ordinary author-
ities, to have been of Sab. nc origin, and to have set-
tled on the Quirinal from the time of the earliest Ro-
man kings. After the expulsion of the Tarquinii, the
Fabian, as one of the older houses, exercised consider-
able influence in the senate. Casso Fabius, being
quaestor with L. Valerius, impeached Spurius Cassius,
B C. 486. A. U. C. 268, and had him evecuted. It has
been noted as a remarkable fact, that, for seven consec-
utive years from that time, one of the two annual con-
sulships was filled by three brothers Fabii in rotation.
Niebuhr has particularly investigated this oeriod of
Roman history, and speculated on the causes of this
long retention of office by the Fabii, as connected with
the straggle then pending between the patricians and
plebeians, and the attempt of the former to monopolize
'be elections. (Rom. Hist, vol. 2, p. 174, scqq. )
Oae of the three brothers, Q. Fabius Vibulanus, fell in
battle against the Veicntes in the year of Rome 274.
? ? In the following year, under the consulship of Caeso
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? FADIUS.
FAB
pofunity of availing himself of any error or neglect on
the part of the Carthaginians. This mode of warfare,
which was new to the Romans, acquired for Fabius
the name of Cunetator or "delayer," and was cen-
sured by the yong, the rash, and the ignorant; but
* probably was the means of saving Koine from ruin.
Uinucius, who shared with Fabius the command of the
army, having imprudently engaged Hannibal, was
saved from total destruction by the timely assistance
tf tha dictator. In the following year, however,
A U. C. 636, Fabius being recalled to Rome, the com-
? and of the army was intrusted to the consul Tcren-
tus Varro, who rushed imprudently to battle, and the
defeat at Carina made manifest the wisdom of the dic-
tator's previous caution. Fabius was chosen consul
the next year, and was again employed in keeping
Hannibal in check. In A. U. C. 543, being consul for
the fifth time, he retook Tarentum by stratagem, after
which he narrowly escaped being caught himself in a
snare by Hannibal near Metapontum. (Lit. , 27, 15,
seq. ) When, some years after, the question was dis-
cussed in the senate, of sending Scipio with an army
into Africa, Fabius opposed it, saying that Italy ought
first to be rid of Hannibal. Fabius died some time
after at a very advanced age. His son, called likewise
Quintus Fabius Maximus, who had also been consul,
died before him. His grandson Quintus Fabius Max-
imus Servilianus, being proconsul, fought against Vir-
iathus in Spain, and concluded with him an honour-
able peace. (Livy, Epit? 54. ) He was afterward
consul repeatedly, and also censor. He wrote An-
nals, which are quoted by Macrobius. (Sal. , 1, 16. )
His brother by adoption, Quintus Fabius Maximus
yErmlianus, the son of Paulus jEmilius (Lie. , 45,41),
was consul A. U. C. 609, and was the father of Fabius,
called Allobrogicus, who subdued not only the Allo-
broges, but also the people of southern Gaul, which he
reduced into a Roman province, called from that time
Provincia. Quintus Fabius Maximus, a grandson of
fabius Maximus Servilianus, served in Spain under
J jIius Caesar, and was made consul A. U. C. 709. Two
of his sons or nephews were consuls in succes-
sion under Augustus. There was also a Fabius con-
sul under Tiberius. Panvinius and othera have reck-
oned that, during a period of about five centuries, from
the time of the first Fabius who is mentioned as con-
sul, to the reign of Tiberius, forty-eight consulships,
seven dictatorships, eight censorships, seven augur-
ahips, besides the offices of master of the horse and
military tribune with consular power, were filled by
individuals of the Fabian house. It could also boast
of thirteen tiiumphs and two ovations. (Augustimts
dt Familiis Komanorum. --Encyct. Us. Knotcl. , vol.
10, p. 151. )--IV. A loquacious personage alluded to
by Horaoe (Sal. , 1, 1, 14). --V. Pictor, the first Ro-
man who wrole an historical account of his country.
This historian, called by Livy scriptorum nntiquissi-
nuts, appears to have been wretchedly qualified for the
labour he had undertaken, either in point of judgment,
fidelity, or research; and to his carelessness and inac-
curacy, more than even to the loss of monuments, may
be attributed the painful uncertainty which to this dav
bangs over the early ages of Roman history. Fabius
lived in the time of the second Punic war. The fam-
ily feceived it* cognomen from Caius Fabius. who, hav-
ing resided in Etruria, and there acquired some knowl-
edge -of the fine arte, painted with figures the temple
? ? ? f Saius, in the year of the city 450. The historian
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? FAL
FALERNUS AQER.
FiiscL^, now Fiesoli, a town of Italy, in Etruria,
oulheast of Pistoria, whence it is said the augurs
passed to Rome. Catiline made it a place of arms,
ihe Goths, when they entered Italy under the consu-
late ofStdicboand Aurelian, AD. 400, were defeated
in its vicinity. (Cir. . pro Mur. , 24. --SU. Ltd. , 8,478.
Sil. usi, Cat. , 27. )
Fajctdia Lki, proposed by the tribune Falcidius,
A. U. C. 713, enacted that the testator ahould leave at
hut the fourth part of his fortune to tho person whom
za named his heir. (Dio Cass. , 48, 33. )
Faleru, a town of Picenum, southwest of Firmum,
now Faliermi (Pirn. , 3, 13. )
Falerii (or ium), a city of Etruria, southwest of
Fescennium, and the capital of the ancient Falisci,
so well known from their connexion with the early his-
tory of Rome. Much uncertainty seems to have ex-
isted respecting the ancient site of this place; but it
is now well ascertained that it occupied the posi-
tion of the present Chita Castellana. Cluver, and
after him Holstcnius (ad Steph. Byz. , p. 67), have
satisfactorily established this point. The doubt seems
to have originated in the notion that there was a city
named Faliscum, as welt as Falerii. (Strabo, 226. )
The situation of the ancient Falerii is made to agree
with that of Civil a Castellana, from the language of
Plutarch (Vit. Camill. ) and Zonaras (Ann.
, 2), who
both describe it as placed on a lofty summit; and the
latter states that the old town was destroyed, and a
new one built at the foot of the hill. This fact is con-
tinned by the identity of the new Falerii with the
church of St. Maria Falari, on the track of the Fla-
ramian way, where? the Itineraries place that city.
We learn, too, from Pliny (3, 5), that Falerii became
a colony under the name of Falisca, a circumstance
which sufficiently reconciles the apparent contradic-
tion in the accounts of this city. (Front. , de Col. , p.
130. ) Falerii, according to Dionysius of Halicarnas-
sos (1, 21), belonged at first to the Siculi; but these
were succeeded by the Pelasgi, to whom the Greek
form of its name is doubtless to be ascribed, as well
as the temple and riles of the Argive Juno, and other
indications of a Grecian origin which were observed
by that historian, and with which Ovid, who had mar-
ried a lady of this city, seems also to have been struck,
though he has followed the less authentic tradition,
which ascribed the foundation of Falerii to Halesus,
son of Agamemnon. (Am. , 3, 13. -- Fast. , 4, 73. )
The early wars of the Falisci with Rome are chiefly
detailed in the fifth book of Livy, where the celebra-
ted story of Camillus and the schoolmaster of Falerii
occurs. When the Roman commander was besie-
ging this place, the schoolmaster of the city (since the
higher classes of Falerii had a public one for the com-
mon education of their children) committed a most
disgraceful and treacherous act. Having led his schol-
ars forth, day after day, under pretence of taking ex-
ercise, and each time farther from the city walls, he
at last suddenly brought them within reach of the Ro-
nnn outposts, and surrendered them all to Camillus.
Indignant at the baseness of the deed, the Roman gen-
eral ordered his lictors to strip the delinquent, tie his
bands behind him, and supply the boys with rods and
scourges to punish the traitor, and whip him into the
city. This generous act on the part of Camillus pro-
duced so strong an impression on the minds of the in-
habitants, that they immediately sent ambassadors to
? ? treat of a surrender (Lis. 5,27. --Compare Vol. Max. ,
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? ra b
FAtI
were usual'v mixed with certain quantities of pitch,
aromatic hens, sea-water, &c, which must have com-
municated to them a taste that we, at least, should
consider very unpalatable. Among the ancient, and
especially the Greek wines, it was no uncommon
thing for an age of more than 20 years to leave no-
thing in the vessel but a thick and bitter mixture, ari-
sing, no doubt, from the substances with which the
wine had been medicated. We have an exception,
however, to this, in the wine made in Italy during the
consulship of Opimius, A. U. C. 633, which was to be
met with in the time of Pliny, nearly 200 years after.
This may have been owmg to the peculiar qualities of
that vintage, since we are informed that, in conse-
quence of the great warmth of the summer in that
year, all the productions of the earth attained an ex-
traordinary legrcc of perfection. Vid. Caecubus Ager.
{Henderson's History of ancient and modern Wines, p.
81, seqq. )
Falibci, a people of Etruria. (Vid. Falerii. )
Faliscus Gratius. Vid. Gratius.
Fannia Lex, de Sumptilms, enacted A. U. C. 588.
It limited the expenses of one day, at festivals, to 100
isses, whence the law is called by Lucilius Centussis;
on ten other days every month to 30, and on all other
days to 10 asses: alao, that no other fowl should be
served up except one hen, and that not fattened for the
purpose. (Aid. Gell. , 2, 24. --Maerob. , Sat. , 2, 13. )
Fannius, an inferior poot, ridiculed by Horace
[Sat. . 1, 4, 21). It seems the legacy-hunters of the
day carried his writings and bust to the library of the
Palat'iK Apollo, a compliment only paid to produc-
tions of merit. The satirist remarks, that this was
unasked for on the part of Fannius (ultra delatis cap-
sis ct imagine); an expression of double import, since
ultro may also contain a sly allusion to the absence of
all mental exertion on the part of the poet. (Schol. et
Heindorf, ad Horat. , I. c. )
Fanusj Vacun^e, a temple of Vicuna, in the vicin-
ty of Horace's Sabine villa. (Hor. , Ep. , 1, 10, 49. )
It is supposed to have stood on the summit of Rocca
Giovane.
Farfaris. Vid. Fabaris.
Fauna, a goddess of the Latins. According to the
old Roman legends, by which all the Italian deities
were originally mortals, she was the daughter of Picus,
and the sister and wife of Faunus. One account makes
her to have never left her bower, or let herself be seen
of men; and to have been deified for this reason, be-
coming identical with the Bona Dea, and no man be-
ing allowed to enter her temple. (Maerob. , 1, 12. )
According to another tradition, she was not only re-
markable for her modesty, but also for her extensive
and varied knowledge. Having, however, on one oc-
casion, made free with the contents of a jar of wine,
she was beaten to death by her husband with myrtle-
twigs! Repenting, however, soon after of the deed, he
bestowed on her divine honours. Hence, in the cele-
bration of her sacred rites, myrtle boughs were care-
fully excluded; nor was any wine allowed to be
brought, under that name, into her temple; but it was
called "honey," and the vessel containing it also was
termed mellarium (scil. vas), i. e. , "a honey-jar. "
(Consult Maerob. , Sat. , 1, 12, and Spangenbcrg, de
Vet. hat. Relig. Domest. ,p. 64, where other versions
of the story are given. ) Fauna is said to have given
oracles from her temple after death, which circum-
? ? stance, according to some, affords an etymology for
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? FEL
FER
md, 14, I. --Crevter, Hist, des Emp. Rom. , vol. 6, p.
306. )
Faustina, I. Annia Galena, daughter of Annius
Verus, prefect of Rome. She married Antoninus be-
fore ii:s adoption by Hadrian, and died in the third
? ear of her husband's reign, 36 years of age. She was
notorious for her licentiousness, and yet her husband
appeared blind to her frailties, and after her death even
tccorded unto her divine honours. Her effigy appears
on a large number of medals. (Dio Cass. , 17, 30. --
Capitui. , ViL Anion. P. , c 3. )--II. Annia, or the
V'ou nger. daughter of the preceding, married her cousin
Marcus Aureuus, ar. d died A. D. 176, in a village of
Cappadocia, at the foot of Mount Taurus, on her hus-
band's return from Syria. She is represented by Dio
Cassius and Capitolinus as even more profligate in her
conduct than her mother; and yet Marcus, in his Med-
itations (1, 17), extols her obedience, simplicity, and
? flection. Her daughter Lucilla married Lucius Ve-
rus. whom Marcus Aurelius associated with him in the
empire, and her son Commodus succeeded his father
is emperor. (Capitol. , Vit. Ant. Phil. ,c. 19. ) Mar-
chand (Mcrcure de France, 1745) and Wieland have at-
tempted to clear this princess of the imputations against
her character. (Encyelop. Use. Knowledge, vol. 10,
p. 209. )
Faustitas, a goddess among the Romans, supposed
to preside over cattle, and the productions of the sea-
sons generally. Faustitas is frequently equivalent to
the Fclicilas Temporum of the Roman medals. (Ho-
rn. , Od. , 4, 5, 17. )
Faostulus, the name of the shepherd who, in the
old Roman legend, found Romulus and Remus getting
suckled by the she-wolf. He took both the children
to his home and brought them up. (Vid. Romulus,
tod Roma. )
Fkbroai. Ia, a feast at Rome of purification and
atonement, in the month of February: it continued
for IS days. The month of February, which, together
with January, was added hy Numa to the ten months
restituting the year of Romulus, derived its name
from this general expiatory festival, the people being
then purified (februati) from the sins of the whole year.
{Chid, Fast. , 2, 19. ) Some, however, deduce the
came Februarius from the old Latin word fiber, men-
tioned by Varro (L. L. , 4, 13), and meaning the " end"
or " extremity" of anything, whence comes the term
fimbria. "the hem or edge of a garment. " In this
sense, therefore, February will have been so called from
its having been the last month in the earlier Roman
year. (Nork, Elymol. Handxcort. , vol. 1, p. 338. )
Felix, M. Antonius, I. a Roman governor of Ju-
dsa, who succeeded in office Cuinanus, after tholatter
had been exiled for malversation. (Josephus, Ant.
Jud. , 20, 6. ) He was the brother of tho freedman
Pallas, the favourite of Claudius. On reaching his
government, A. D. 53, Felix became enamoured of the
beautiful Drusilla, daughter of Agrippa, at that time
married to Azixus, king of Emesa; and by dint of
magnificent promises, and through the intervention of
i reputed sorcerer named Simon, he succeeded in de-
taching her from her husband, and in making her his
Jwn wife. Josephus charges this governor (Ant. Jud. ,
30,3) with having caused the assassination of the high-
priest Jonathas, to whom, in a great measure, he owed
ais place. Felix, it seems, wished to rid himself of one
who was continually remonstrating with him about the
? ? oppression of his government. And yet the Roman
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? FER
FES
il. e niBues of departed friends came and hovered over
their graves, and feasted upon the offerings which the
hand of piety and affection had prepared for them.
In theicase of the poor these offerings were plain and
simple, consisting generally of a few grains of salt,
flour mixed with wine, scattered violets, Ac. The
wealthy, however, offered up sumptuous banquets.
{Chid, Fast. , 2, 535, seqq. --Kirchmann, it Funeri-
hts, p. 560. )
Ferentinum, I. a town of Etruria, southeast of
Vulsinii, now Ferenti. From Vitruvius, who speaks
of some valuable stone-quarries in its neighbourhood
(2, 7), we collect that it was a municipium. The Em-
peror Otho's family was of this city.
