)
who regarded Naucratis with especial favour, and HERTHA (contains probably the same elements
who, as a sign of her presence with Herostratus as the words earth, erde), the goddess of the earth,
and his crew, caused myrtles to spring forth all in contrast to the god of the regions of the air,
around her.
who regarded Naucratis with especial favour, and HERTHA (contains probably the same elements
who, as a sign of her presence with Herostratus as the words earth, erde), the goddess of the earth,
and his crew, caused myrtles to spring forth all in contrast to the god of the regions of the air,
around her.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
) in the
So says the translator of Arago's Eloye of Veter. Mathemat, Opera, &c. mentioned in the life
Watt, and he adds that it is in pretty general use of Heron of Alexandria. 4. Παρεκβολαι εκ των
in Scotland.
στρατηγικών παρατάξεων, &c. This exists only
+ This work is very valuable, from its giving at in manuscript. 5. 'Ex TWY TOÛ "Hpwvos nepl Tv
length every passage to which reference is made.
της Γεωμετρίας και Στερεωμετρίας ονομάτων, pub-
:
FF 3
## p. 438 (#454) ############################################
438
HEROPHILUS.
HEROPHILUS.
lished (Gr. Lat. ) with the first book of Euclid, by, vol. ij. p. 895). He is even said to have carried
Dasypodius, Strasburg, 1571, 8vo. 6. Excerpta his ardour in his anatomical pursuits so far as to
de Mensuris (Gr. Lat. ), in the Analecta Gracca of have dissected criminals alive, a well-known accu-
the Benedictines, vol. i. Paris, 1688, 4to. 7. Elo- sation, which it seems difficult entirely to disbe-
aywy twv Yewuet pouuévwv, exists only in ma- lieve, though most of his biographers have tried to
nascript. (Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. iv. p. 237 ; explain it away, or to throw discredit on it ; for
Heilbronner, Hist. Mathes. Univ. ; Montucla, Hist. (not to lay much stress on the evident exaggeration
des Mathém. vol. i. )
(A. D. M. ) of Tertullian, who says (De Anima, c. 10. p. 757)
HEYRON ("Hpwv), a Byzantine writer of un- that he dissected as many as six hundred), it is
certain age, but who lived previous to the emperor mentioned by Celsus (De Medic. i. praef. p. 6),
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, composed a work on quite as a well-known fach, and without the least
agriculture, divided into twenty books, which was suspicion as to its truth ; added to which, it should
a compilation from most of those works which were be remembered, that such a proceeding would not
extracted by the writers of the “Geoponica," who be nearly so shocking to men's feelings two thou-
Jikewise perused the work of Heron, which is lost. sand years ago as it would be at present. He was
lleron was perhaps the author of a work on Mea- the author of several medical and anatomical
sures, extant in the Imperial Library at Vienna works, of which nothing but the titles and a few
(Fabric. Bill. Gracc. vol. iv. p. 239, vol. viii. pp. fragments remain. These have been collected by
19, 20. )
(W. P. ) C. F. H. Marx, and published in a dissertation
HERO'PHILE. (SIBYL. ]
entitled “ De Herophili Celeberrini Medici Vita,
HERO'PHILUS ("Hpódios), one of the most Scriptis, atque in Medicina Meritis,” 4to. Gotting.
celebrated physicians of antiquity, who is best 1840. Dr. Marx attributes to Herophilus a work
known on account of his skill in anatomy and phy- | nepi Altım, De Cuusis ; but this is considered by
siology, but of whose personal history few details a writer in the British and Foreign Medical Ro
have been preserved. He was a native of Chal- view (vol. xv. p. 109) to be a mistake, as the
cedon in Bithynia (Galen, Introd. vol. xiv. p. treatise in question was probably written by one
683"), and was a contemporary of the physician of his followers named Hegetor (HEGETOR). He
Philotimus, the philosopher Diodorus Cronos, and owes his principal celebrity (as has been already
of Ptolemy Soter, in the fourth and third centuries intimated) to his anatomical researches and disco-
B. C. , though the exact year both of his birth and veries, and several of the names which he gave to
death is unknown. He was a pupil of Praxagoras different parts of the human body remain in com-
(Galen, De Meth. Med. i. 3. vol. x. p. 28), and a mon use to this day; as the “ Torcular Herophili,"
fellow-pupil of Philotimus (Galen, Ibid. ), and the “ Calamus Scriptorius," and the “ Duodenum. ”
settled at Alexandria, which city, though so lately He was intimately acquainted with the nervous sys-
founded, was rapidly rising into eminence under tem, and seems to have recognised the division of
the enlightened government of the first Ptolemy. the nerves into those of sensation (aloontıká),
Here he soon acquired a great reputation, and was and those of voluntary motion (Tpoaipetiká), though
one of the first founders of the medical school in he included the tendons and ligaments under the
that city, which afterwards eclipsed in celebrity all common term veūpov, and called some at least of
the others, so much so that in the fourth century the nerves by the name of hópoi, meatus. He
after Christ the very fact of a physician having placed the seat of the soul (ró tñs yuxñs opremo
studied at Alexandria was considered to be a suffi- vikov) in the ventricles of the brain, and thus pro-
cient guarantee of his ability. (Amm. Marc. xxii. bably originated the idea, which was again brought
16. ) Connected with his residence here an amu- forward, with some modification, towards the end
sing anecdote is told by Sextus Empiricus (Pyrrhon. of the last century, by Sömmering in his treatise
Instit. ii. 22. 245, ed. Fabric. ) of the practical Veber das Organ der Seele, $S 26, 28, Königsberg,
method in which he convinced Diodorus Cronus 1796, 4to. The opinions of Herophilus on patho-
of the possibility of motion. That philosopher logy, dietetics, diagnosis, therapeutics, materia me-
used to deny the existence of motion, and to sup- dica, surgery, and midwifery (as far as they can be
port his assertion by the following dilemma :-“If collected from the few scattered extracts and allu-
matter moves, it is either in the place where it is, sions found in other authors), are collected by Dr.
or in the place where it is not ; but cannot move Marx, but need not be here particularly noticed.
in the place where it is, and certainly not in the place Perhaps the weakest point in Herophilus was his
where it is not ; therefore it cannot move at all. ” pharmaceutical practice, as he seems to have been
He happened, however, to dislocate his shoulder, one of the earliest physicians who administered
and sent for Herophilus to replace it, who first large doses of hellebore and other drastic purga-
began by proving by his own argument that it was tives, and who (on the principle that compound
quite impossible that any luxation could have diseases require compound medicines) began that
tiken place; upon which Diodorus begged him to strange system of heterogeneous mixtures, some of
leave such quibbling for the present, and to proceed which have only lately been expelled from our own
at once to his surgical treatment. He seems to Pharmacopoeia, and which still keep their place on
have given his chief attention to anatomy, which the Continent. He is the first person who is known
he studied not merely from the dissection of ani- to have commented on any of the works of Hip-
mals, but also from that of human bodies, as is ex-pocrates ( see Littré, Oeuvres d'Hippocrate, vol. i.
pressly asserted by Galen (De Uteri Dissect. c. 5. p. 83), and wrote an explanation of the words
that had become obscure or obsolete. He was the
In another passage (De Usu Part. i. 8. vol. founder of a medical school which produced several
iii. p. 21) he is called a Carthaginiun, but this is eminent physicians, and in the time of Strabo
merely a mistake (as has been more than once re- was established at Men-Carus, near Laodiceia, in
marked), arising from the similarity of the names Phrygia. (Strabo, xii. 8. p. 77, ed. Tauchn. ) of
Χαλκηδόνιος and Καρχηδόνιος.
the physicians who belonged to this school perhaps
:-
## p. 439 (#455) ############################################
HERSILIA.
439
HESIODUS.
the following were the most celebrated: Andreas, | (Sat. i. 6), and one of the accounts in Plutarch
Apollonius Mus, Aristoxenus, Baccheius, Callia- (1. c. ), of Hostus Hostilius, or Hostus, grandfather
nax, Callimachus, Demetrius, Dioscorides Phacas, of Tullus Hostilius, fourth king of Rome. Those
Gaius or Caius (Cael. Aurel. Dc Morb. Acut. iii. who made Hersilia wife of Romulus, gave her a son
14), Heracleides, Mantias, Speusippus, Zeno, and Aollius or Avillius, and a daughter Prima (Zeno-
Zeuxis, several of whom wrote accounts of the sect dotus of Troezene, ap. Plut. Romul. 14); those
and its opinions.
who assigned her to Hostus, called her son Hostus
A further account of Herophilus may be found Hostilius. (Hostilius HostU8] Hersilia was
in Haller's Biblioth. Anatom. , and Biblioth. Medic. the only married woman carried off by the nan
Pract. ; Le Clerc's and Sprengel's Histories of | in the rape of the Sabine maidens, and that un-
Medicine; Dr. Marx's dissertation mentioned above, wittingly, or because she voluntarily followed the
and a review of it (by the writer of the present fortunes of Prima her daughter. In all versions of
article) in the British und Foreign Medical Review, her story, Hersilia acts as mediator—in Livy (L. c. )
vol. xv. , from which two last works the preceding with Romulus, for the people of Antemnae-in
account has been abridged. (W. A. G. ) Dionysius and Plutarch (ib. 19), between the
HEROʻPHILUS, a veterinary surgeon at Rome Romans and Sabincs, in the war arising from the
in the first century B. C. , is said by Valerius Maxi- rape of the women. Her name is probably a later
mus (ix. 15. 1) to have passed himself off as the and a Greck addition to the original story of Rom
grandson of C. Marius, and thus to have raised him- mulus. As Romulus after death became Quirinus,
self to some degree of consequence. (W. A. G. ) 80 those writers who made Hersilia his wife raised
HERO'STRATUS ('Hpootpatos), a merchant her to the digriity of a goddess, Hora or Horta, in
of Naucratis in Egypt, who, in one of his voyages, either case, probably, with reference to boundaries
bought at Paphos a little image of Aphrodite. (ol. of time ("npa) or space (ópos). (Gell. xiii. 22 ;
23, B. c. 688—685. ) On his return to Naucratis Ennius, Ann. i. ; Nonius, s. v. Hora; Augustin. de
a storm ensued, which was stilled by the goddess, Civ. Dei. iv. 16. )
(W. B. D.
)
who regarded Naucratis with especial favour, and HERTHA (contains probably the same elements
who, as a sign of her presence with Herostratus as the words earth, erde), the goddess of the earth,
and his crew, caused myrtles to spring forth all in contrast to the god of the regions of the air,
around her. Herostratus, when safely landed, among the ancient Germans. She appears either as
gave an entertainment to his friends, to celebrate a female Hertha, that is, as the wife of Thor, or as
his deliverance, and presented each of his guests a male being Herthus or Nerthus, and a friend of
with a myrtle crown: hence such a chaplet was Thor. According to Tacitus (Gerin. 40) there was
called otepavos Naukpatítns. (Polycharm. ap. a sacred grove in an island of the ocean, containing
Athen. xv. pp. 675, f. 676, a, b; Casaub. ad loc. ; a chariot, which no one but a priest was allowed to
comp. Herod. ii. 135. )
(E. E. ] touch. This priest alone also knew when the god-
HERO'STRATUS ('Hpóotpatos), an Ephesian, dess was present, and such seasons were spent in
set fire to the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, which great festivities, and people abstained from war,
had been begun by CHERSIPHRON, and completed until the priest declared that the goddess wished
by Demetrius and Paeonius. It was burnt on the to withdraw. Tacitus further calls her the mother
same night that Alexander the Great was born, of the gods. We cannot enter here into an ex-
B. C. 356, whereupon it was remarked by Hegesias amination of this great German divinity, but refer
the Magnesian, that the conflagration was not to the reader to Grimm's Deutsche Mythologie ; J. P.
be wondered at, since the goddess was absent Anchersen, Vallis Herthae deae et Origines Danicae,
from Ephesus, and attending on the delivery of &c. ; Hafniae, 1747, 4to. ; Rabus, Dissertatio de
Olympias: an observation, says Plutarch, frigid dea Hertha, Augsburg, 1842. (L. S. ]
enough to have put out the fire. The stroke of HESI'GONÙS. (HEGESIGONUS. ]
genius in question, however, is ascribed by Cicero, HE'SIODUS ('Holodos), one of the earliest
whose taste it does not seem to have shocked, to Greek poets, respecting whose personal history we
Timaeus of Tauromenium. Herostratus was put possess little more authentic information than re-
to the torture for his deed, and confessed that he specting that of Homer, together with whom he is
had fired the temple to immortalise himself. The frequently mentioned by the ancients. The names of
Ephesians passed a decree condemning his name to these two poets, in fact, form as it were the two
oblivion ; but Theopompus embalmed him in bis poles of the early epic poetry of the Greeks; and
history, like a fly in amber. (Strab. xiv. p. 640; as Homer represents the poetry, or school of poetry,
Plut. Alex. 3; Cic. De Nat. Deor. ü. 27 ; Val. belonging chiefly to Ionia in Asia Minor, 80 Hesiod
Max. viii. 14. Ext. 5; Gell. ii. 6. ) [E. E. ) is the representative of a school of bards, which
HERSE (Epon). 1. The wife of Danaus and was developed somewhat later at the foot of Mount
mother of Hippodice and Adiante. (Apollod. ii. 1. Helicon in Boeotia, and spread over Phocis and
§ 5. )
Euboea. The only points of resemblance between
2. A daughter of Cecrops and sister of Agraulos, the two poets, or their respective schools, consist in
Pandrosos, and Erysichthon. She was the beloved their forms of versification and their dialect, but in
of Hermes, and the mother of Cephalus. (Paus. i. 2. all other respects they move in totally distinct
$ 5; Apollod. iii. 14. Ø 2, &c. ; Ov. Met. ii. 724. ) spheres ; for the Homeric takes for its subjects the
Respecting her story, see AGRAULOS. At Athens restless activity of the heroic age, while the Hesiodic
sacrifices were offered to her, and the maidens who turns its attention to the quiet pursuits of ordinary
carried the vessels containing the libation (pon) life, to the origin of the world, the gods and heroes.
were called éppnpópou. (Paus. i. 27. $ 4; Hesych. The latter thus gave to its productions an ethical
and Moeris, s. v. )
(L. S. ) and religious character ; and this circumstance
HERSI'LIA, the wife of Romulus, according to alone suggests an advance in the intellectual state
Livy (i. Il) and Plutarch (Romul. 14) but, ac- of the ancient Greeks upon that which we have
cording to Dionysius (ii. 45, iii. 1), Macrobius depicted in the Homeric poems, though we do not
PF 4
## p. 440 (#456) ############################################
410
HESIODUS.
HESIODUS.
mean to assert that the elements of the Hesiodic | life of Hesiod, especially those written by Plutarch
poetry are of a later date than the age of Homer, and Cleomenes, for they would undoubtedly have
for they may, on the contrary, be as ancient as the enlightened us upon many points respecting which
Greek nation itself. But we must, at any rate, we are now completely in the dark. We must,
infer that the Hesiodic poetry, such as it has come however, observe that many of the stories related
down to us, is of later growth than the Homeric; about Hesiod refer to his whole school of poetry
an opinion which is confirmed also by the language (but not to the poet personally), and arose from the
and expressions of the two schools, and by a relation in which the Boeotian or Hesiodic school
variety of collateral circumstances, among which stood to the Homeric or lonic school. In this light
we may mention the range of knowledge being we consider, e. g. the traditions that Stesichorus was
much more extensive in the poems which benr the a son of Hesiod, and that Hesiod had a poetical
name of Hesiod than in those attributed to llomer. contest with Homer, which is said to have taken
Herodotus (ii. 53) and others regarded Homer and place at Chalcis during the funeral solemnities of
Hesiod as contemporaries, and some even assigned king Amphidamas, or, according to others, at Aulis
to him an earlier date than Homer (Gell. iii. 11, or Delos. (Proclus, l. c. p. xliii. and ad Op. et Dies,
xvii. 21 ; Suid. 8. v. 'Holodos ; Tzetz. Chil. xii. 163, 648 ; Plut. Cono. Sept. Sap. 10. ) The story of
198, xiii. 650); but the general opinion of the this contest gave rise to a composition still extant
ancients was that Homer was the elder of the two, under the title of 'Agwv 'Ounpou kal 'Holódou, the
a belief which was entertnined by Philochorus, work of a grammarian who lived towards the end
Xenophanes, Eratosthenes, A pollodorus, and many of the first century of our era, in which the two
others.
poets are represented as engaged in the contest and
If we inquire after the exact age of Hesiod, we answering each other in their verses. The work is
are informed by Herodotus (1. c. ) that he lived four printed in Göttling's edition of Hesiod, p. 242—
hundred years before his time, that is, about B. c. 254, and in Westermann's liturum Scriptores
850. Velleius Paterculus (i. 7) considers that be- Graeci, p. 33, &c. Its author knows the whole
tween Homer and Hesiod there was an interval of family history of Hesiod, the names of his father
a hundred and twenty years, and most modern and mother, as well as of his ancestors, and traces
critics assume that Hesiod lived about a century his descent to Orpheus, Linus, and Apollo himself.
later than Homer, which is pretty much in accord- These legends, though they are mere fictions, show
ance with the statement of some ancient writers the connection which the ancients conceived to
who place him about the eleventh Olympiad, i. e. exist between the poetry of Hesiod (especially the
about B. c. 735. Respecting the life of the poet we Theogony) and the ancient schools of priests and
derive some information from one of the poems as- bards, which had their seats in Thrace and Pieria,
cribed to him, viz. the "Epya kal fuépau. We learn and thence spread into Boeotia, where they pro-
from that poem (648, &c. ), that he was born in bably formed the elements out of which the He-
the village of Ascra in Boeotia, whither his father siodic poetry was developed. Some of the fables
had enigrated from the Aeolian Cuma in Asia pretending to be the personal history of Hesiod are
Minor. Ephorus (Fragm. p. 268, ed. Marx) and of euch a nature as to throw considerable doubt upon
Suidas state that both Homer and Hesiod were the personal existence of the poet altogether ; and
natives of Cuma, and even represent them as athough we do not deny that there may have been
kinsinen,-a statement which probably arose from in the Boeotian school a poet of the name of
the belief that Hesiod was born before his father's Hesiod whose eminence caused him to be regarded
emigration to Ascra ; but if this were true, Hesiod as the representative, and a number of works to be
could not have said that he never crossed the sea, attributed to him, still we would, in speaking of
except from Aulis to Euboea. (Op. et Dies, 648. ) | Hesiod, be rather understood to mean the whole
Ascra, moreover, is mentioned as his birthplace school than any particular individual. Thus an
in the epitaph on Hesiod (Paus. ix. 38. Q 9), ancient epigram mentions that Hesiod was twice
and by Proclus in his life of Hesiod. The a youth and was twice buried (Proclus ; Suidas ;
poet describes himself (Theog. 23) as tending a Proverb. Vat. iv. 3); and there was a tradition
flock on the side of Mount Helicon, and from that, by the command of an oracle, the bones of
this, as well as from the fact of his calling himself Hesiod were removed from Naupactus to Orcho-
an dtiuntos (Op. et Dies, 636), we must infer menos, for the purpose of averting an epidemic
that he belonged to a humble station, and was (Paus. ix. 38. 3. ) These traditions show that
engaged in rural pursuits. But subsequently his Hesiod was looked upon and worshipped in
circumstances seem to have been bettered, and Boeotia (and also in Phocis) as an ancient hero,
after the death of his father, he was involved in a and, like many other heroes, he was said to have
dispute with his brother Perses about his small been unjustly killed in the grove of the Nemean
patrimony, which was decided in favour of Perses. Zeus. (Plut. Convio. Sept. Sup. 19; Certamen
(Op. et Dies, 219, 261, 637. ) He then seems to Hom. et Hes. p. 251, ed. Göttling; comp. Paus.
have emigrated to Orchomenos, where he spent the ix. 31. § 3. ) All that we can say, under these
remainder of his life. (Pind. ap. Proclum, yévos circumstances, is that a poet or hero of the name of
'Hosódov, p. xliv. in Göttling's edit. of Hesiod. ) | Hesiod was regarded by the ancients as the head
At Orchomenos he is also said to have been buried, and representative of that school of poetry which
and his tomb was shown there in later times. This was based on the Thracian or Pierian bards, and
is all that can be said, with any degree of certainty, was developed in Boeotia as distinct from the Ho-
about the life of Hesiod. Proclus, Tzetzes, and meric or Ionic school.
others relate a variety of anecdotes and marvellous The differences between the two schools of poetry
tales about his life and death, but very little value are plain and obvious, and were recognised in
can be attached to them, though they may have ancient times no less than at present, as may be
been derived from comparatively early sources. We seen from the 'Agwv 'Ouñípov kal 'Hoiódov (p. 248,
have to lament the loss of some ancient works on the ed. Göttling). In their mode of delivery the poets
## p.
So says the translator of Arago's Eloye of Veter. Mathemat, Opera, &c. mentioned in the life
Watt, and he adds that it is in pretty general use of Heron of Alexandria. 4. Παρεκβολαι εκ των
in Scotland.
στρατηγικών παρατάξεων, &c. This exists only
+ This work is very valuable, from its giving at in manuscript. 5. 'Ex TWY TOÛ "Hpwvos nepl Tv
length every passage to which reference is made.
της Γεωμετρίας και Στερεωμετρίας ονομάτων, pub-
:
FF 3
## p. 438 (#454) ############################################
438
HEROPHILUS.
HEROPHILUS.
lished (Gr. Lat. ) with the first book of Euclid, by, vol. ij. p. 895). He is even said to have carried
Dasypodius, Strasburg, 1571, 8vo. 6. Excerpta his ardour in his anatomical pursuits so far as to
de Mensuris (Gr. Lat. ), in the Analecta Gracca of have dissected criminals alive, a well-known accu-
the Benedictines, vol. i. Paris, 1688, 4to. 7. Elo- sation, which it seems difficult entirely to disbe-
aywy twv Yewuet pouuévwv, exists only in ma- lieve, though most of his biographers have tried to
nascript. (Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. iv. p. 237 ; explain it away, or to throw discredit on it ; for
Heilbronner, Hist. Mathes. Univ. ; Montucla, Hist. (not to lay much stress on the evident exaggeration
des Mathém. vol. i. )
(A. D. M. ) of Tertullian, who says (De Anima, c. 10. p. 757)
HEYRON ("Hpwv), a Byzantine writer of un- that he dissected as many as six hundred), it is
certain age, but who lived previous to the emperor mentioned by Celsus (De Medic. i. praef. p. 6),
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, composed a work on quite as a well-known fach, and without the least
agriculture, divided into twenty books, which was suspicion as to its truth ; added to which, it should
a compilation from most of those works which were be remembered, that such a proceeding would not
extracted by the writers of the “Geoponica," who be nearly so shocking to men's feelings two thou-
Jikewise perused the work of Heron, which is lost. sand years ago as it would be at present. He was
lleron was perhaps the author of a work on Mea- the author of several medical and anatomical
sures, extant in the Imperial Library at Vienna works, of which nothing but the titles and a few
(Fabric. Bill. Gracc. vol. iv. p. 239, vol. viii. pp. fragments remain. These have been collected by
19, 20. )
(W. P. ) C. F. H. Marx, and published in a dissertation
HERO'PHILE. (SIBYL. ]
entitled “ De Herophili Celeberrini Medici Vita,
HERO'PHILUS ("Hpódios), one of the most Scriptis, atque in Medicina Meritis,” 4to. Gotting.
celebrated physicians of antiquity, who is best 1840. Dr. Marx attributes to Herophilus a work
known on account of his skill in anatomy and phy- | nepi Altım, De Cuusis ; but this is considered by
siology, but of whose personal history few details a writer in the British and Foreign Medical Ro
have been preserved. He was a native of Chal- view (vol. xv. p. 109) to be a mistake, as the
cedon in Bithynia (Galen, Introd. vol. xiv. p. treatise in question was probably written by one
683"), and was a contemporary of the physician of his followers named Hegetor (HEGETOR). He
Philotimus, the philosopher Diodorus Cronos, and owes his principal celebrity (as has been already
of Ptolemy Soter, in the fourth and third centuries intimated) to his anatomical researches and disco-
B. C. , though the exact year both of his birth and veries, and several of the names which he gave to
death is unknown. He was a pupil of Praxagoras different parts of the human body remain in com-
(Galen, De Meth. Med. i. 3. vol. x. p. 28), and a mon use to this day; as the “ Torcular Herophili,"
fellow-pupil of Philotimus (Galen, Ibid. ), and the “ Calamus Scriptorius," and the “ Duodenum. ”
settled at Alexandria, which city, though so lately He was intimately acquainted with the nervous sys-
founded, was rapidly rising into eminence under tem, and seems to have recognised the division of
the enlightened government of the first Ptolemy. the nerves into those of sensation (aloontıká),
Here he soon acquired a great reputation, and was and those of voluntary motion (Tpoaipetiká), though
one of the first founders of the medical school in he included the tendons and ligaments under the
that city, which afterwards eclipsed in celebrity all common term veūpov, and called some at least of
the others, so much so that in the fourth century the nerves by the name of hópoi, meatus. He
after Christ the very fact of a physician having placed the seat of the soul (ró tñs yuxñs opremo
studied at Alexandria was considered to be a suffi- vikov) in the ventricles of the brain, and thus pro-
cient guarantee of his ability. (Amm. Marc. xxii. bably originated the idea, which was again brought
16. ) Connected with his residence here an amu- forward, with some modification, towards the end
sing anecdote is told by Sextus Empiricus (Pyrrhon. of the last century, by Sömmering in his treatise
Instit. ii. 22. 245, ed. Fabric. ) of the practical Veber das Organ der Seele, $S 26, 28, Königsberg,
method in which he convinced Diodorus Cronus 1796, 4to. The opinions of Herophilus on patho-
of the possibility of motion. That philosopher logy, dietetics, diagnosis, therapeutics, materia me-
used to deny the existence of motion, and to sup- dica, surgery, and midwifery (as far as they can be
port his assertion by the following dilemma :-“If collected from the few scattered extracts and allu-
matter moves, it is either in the place where it is, sions found in other authors), are collected by Dr.
or in the place where it is not ; but cannot move Marx, but need not be here particularly noticed.
in the place where it is, and certainly not in the place Perhaps the weakest point in Herophilus was his
where it is not ; therefore it cannot move at all. ” pharmaceutical practice, as he seems to have been
He happened, however, to dislocate his shoulder, one of the earliest physicians who administered
and sent for Herophilus to replace it, who first large doses of hellebore and other drastic purga-
began by proving by his own argument that it was tives, and who (on the principle that compound
quite impossible that any luxation could have diseases require compound medicines) began that
tiken place; upon which Diodorus begged him to strange system of heterogeneous mixtures, some of
leave such quibbling for the present, and to proceed which have only lately been expelled from our own
at once to his surgical treatment. He seems to Pharmacopoeia, and which still keep their place on
have given his chief attention to anatomy, which the Continent. He is the first person who is known
he studied not merely from the dissection of ani- to have commented on any of the works of Hip-
mals, but also from that of human bodies, as is ex-pocrates ( see Littré, Oeuvres d'Hippocrate, vol. i.
pressly asserted by Galen (De Uteri Dissect. c. 5. p. 83), and wrote an explanation of the words
that had become obscure or obsolete. He was the
In another passage (De Usu Part. i. 8. vol. founder of a medical school which produced several
iii. p. 21) he is called a Carthaginiun, but this is eminent physicians, and in the time of Strabo
merely a mistake (as has been more than once re- was established at Men-Carus, near Laodiceia, in
marked), arising from the similarity of the names Phrygia. (Strabo, xii. 8. p. 77, ed. Tauchn. ) of
Χαλκηδόνιος and Καρχηδόνιος.
the physicians who belonged to this school perhaps
:-
## p. 439 (#455) ############################################
HERSILIA.
439
HESIODUS.
the following were the most celebrated: Andreas, | (Sat. i. 6), and one of the accounts in Plutarch
Apollonius Mus, Aristoxenus, Baccheius, Callia- (1. c. ), of Hostus Hostilius, or Hostus, grandfather
nax, Callimachus, Demetrius, Dioscorides Phacas, of Tullus Hostilius, fourth king of Rome. Those
Gaius or Caius (Cael. Aurel. Dc Morb. Acut. iii. who made Hersilia wife of Romulus, gave her a son
14), Heracleides, Mantias, Speusippus, Zeno, and Aollius or Avillius, and a daughter Prima (Zeno-
Zeuxis, several of whom wrote accounts of the sect dotus of Troezene, ap. Plut. Romul. 14); those
and its opinions.
who assigned her to Hostus, called her son Hostus
A further account of Herophilus may be found Hostilius. (Hostilius HostU8] Hersilia was
in Haller's Biblioth. Anatom. , and Biblioth. Medic. the only married woman carried off by the nan
Pract. ; Le Clerc's and Sprengel's Histories of | in the rape of the Sabine maidens, and that un-
Medicine; Dr. Marx's dissertation mentioned above, wittingly, or because she voluntarily followed the
and a review of it (by the writer of the present fortunes of Prima her daughter. In all versions of
article) in the British und Foreign Medical Review, her story, Hersilia acts as mediator—in Livy (L. c. )
vol. xv. , from which two last works the preceding with Romulus, for the people of Antemnae-in
account has been abridged. (W. A. G. ) Dionysius and Plutarch (ib. 19), between the
HEROʻPHILUS, a veterinary surgeon at Rome Romans and Sabincs, in the war arising from the
in the first century B. C. , is said by Valerius Maxi- rape of the women. Her name is probably a later
mus (ix. 15. 1) to have passed himself off as the and a Greck addition to the original story of Rom
grandson of C. Marius, and thus to have raised him- mulus. As Romulus after death became Quirinus,
self to some degree of consequence. (W. A. G. ) 80 those writers who made Hersilia his wife raised
HERO'STRATUS ('Hpootpatos), a merchant her to the digriity of a goddess, Hora or Horta, in
of Naucratis in Egypt, who, in one of his voyages, either case, probably, with reference to boundaries
bought at Paphos a little image of Aphrodite. (ol. of time ("npa) or space (ópos). (Gell. xiii. 22 ;
23, B. c. 688—685. ) On his return to Naucratis Ennius, Ann. i. ; Nonius, s. v. Hora; Augustin. de
a storm ensued, which was stilled by the goddess, Civ. Dei. iv. 16. )
(W. B. D.
)
who regarded Naucratis with especial favour, and HERTHA (contains probably the same elements
who, as a sign of her presence with Herostratus as the words earth, erde), the goddess of the earth,
and his crew, caused myrtles to spring forth all in contrast to the god of the regions of the air,
around her. Herostratus, when safely landed, among the ancient Germans. She appears either as
gave an entertainment to his friends, to celebrate a female Hertha, that is, as the wife of Thor, or as
his deliverance, and presented each of his guests a male being Herthus or Nerthus, and a friend of
with a myrtle crown: hence such a chaplet was Thor. According to Tacitus (Gerin. 40) there was
called otepavos Naukpatítns. (Polycharm. ap. a sacred grove in an island of the ocean, containing
Athen. xv. pp. 675, f. 676, a, b; Casaub. ad loc. ; a chariot, which no one but a priest was allowed to
comp. Herod. ii. 135. )
(E. E. ] touch. This priest alone also knew when the god-
HERO'STRATUS ('Hpóotpatos), an Ephesian, dess was present, and such seasons were spent in
set fire to the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, which great festivities, and people abstained from war,
had been begun by CHERSIPHRON, and completed until the priest declared that the goddess wished
by Demetrius and Paeonius. It was burnt on the to withdraw. Tacitus further calls her the mother
same night that Alexander the Great was born, of the gods. We cannot enter here into an ex-
B. C. 356, whereupon it was remarked by Hegesias amination of this great German divinity, but refer
the Magnesian, that the conflagration was not to the reader to Grimm's Deutsche Mythologie ; J. P.
be wondered at, since the goddess was absent Anchersen, Vallis Herthae deae et Origines Danicae,
from Ephesus, and attending on the delivery of &c. ; Hafniae, 1747, 4to. ; Rabus, Dissertatio de
Olympias: an observation, says Plutarch, frigid dea Hertha, Augsburg, 1842. (L. S. ]
enough to have put out the fire. The stroke of HESI'GONÙS. (HEGESIGONUS. ]
genius in question, however, is ascribed by Cicero, HE'SIODUS ('Holodos), one of the earliest
whose taste it does not seem to have shocked, to Greek poets, respecting whose personal history we
Timaeus of Tauromenium. Herostratus was put possess little more authentic information than re-
to the torture for his deed, and confessed that he specting that of Homer, together with whom he is
had fired the temple to immortalise himself. The frequently mentioned by the ancients. The names of
Ephesians passed a decree condemning his name to these two poets, in fact, form as it were the two
oblivion ; but Theopompus embalmed him in bis poles of the early epic poetry of the Greeks; and
history, like a fly in amber. (Strab. xiv. p. 640; as Homer represents the poetry, or school of poetry,
Plut. Alex. 3; Cic. De Nat. Deor. ü. 27 ; Val. belonging chiefly to Ionia in Asia Minor, 80 Hesiod
Max. viii. 14. Ext. 5; Gell. ii. 6. ) [E. E. ) is the representative of a school of bards, which
HERSE (Epon). 1. The wife of Danaus and was developed somewhat later at the foot of Mount
mother of Hippodice and Adiante. (Apollod. ii. 1. Helicon in Boeotia, and spread over Phocis and
§ 5. )
Euboea. The only points of resemblance between
2. A daughter of Cecrops and sister of Agraulos, the two poets, or their respective schools, consist in
Pandrosos, and Erysichthon. She was the beloved their forms of versification and their dialect, but in
of Hermes, and the mother of Cephalus. (Paus. i. 2. all other respects they move in totally distinct
$ 5; Apollod. iii. 14. Ø 2, &c. ; Ov. Met. ii. 724. ) spheres ; for the Homeric takes for its subjects the
Respecting her story, see AGRAULOS. At Athens restless activity of the heroic age, while the Hesiodic
sacrifices were offered to her, and the maidens who turns its attention to the quiet pursuits of ordinary
carried the vessels containing the libation (pon) life, to the origin of the world, the gods and heroes.
were called éppnpópou. (Paus. i. 27. $ 4; Hesych. The latter thus gave to its productions an ethical
and Moeris, s. v. )
(L. S. ) and religious character ; and this circumstance
HERSI'LIA, the wife of Romulus, according to alone suggests an advance in the intellectual state
Livy (i. Il) and Plutarch (Romul. 14) but, ac- of the ancient Greeks upon that which we have
cording to Dionysius (ii. 45, iii. 1), Macrobius depicted in the Homeric poems, though we do not
PF 4
## p. 440 (#456) ############################################
410
HESIODUS.
HESIODUS.
mean to assert that the elements of the Hesiodic | life of Hesiod, especially those written by Plutarch
poetry are of a later date than the age of Homer, and Cleomenes, for they would undoubtedly have
for they may, on the contrary, be as ancient as the enlightened us upon many points respecting which
Greek nation itself. But we must, at any rate, we are now completely in the dark. We must,
infer that the Hesiodic poetry, such as it has come however, observe that many of the stories related
down to us, is of later growth than the Homeric; about Hesiod refer to his whole school of poetry
an opinion which is confirmed also by the language (but not to the poet personally), and arose from the
and expressions of the two schools, and by a relation in which the Boeotian or Hesiodic school
variety of collateral circumstances, among which stood to the Homeric or lonic school. In this light
we may mention the range of knowledge being we consider, e. g. the traditions that Stesichorus was
much more extensive in the poems which benr the a son of Hesiod, and that Hesiod had a poetical
name of Hesiod than in those attributed to llomer. contest with Homer, which is said to have taken
Herodotus (ii. 53) and others regarded Homer and place at Chalcis during the funeral solemnities of
Hesiod as contemporaries, and some even assigned king Amphidamas, or, according to others, at Aulis
to him an earlier date than Homer (Gell. iii. 11, or Delos. (Proclus, l. c. p. xliii. and ad Op. et Dies,
xvii. 21 ; Suid. 8. v. 'Holodos ; Tzetz. Chil. xii. 163, 648 ; Plut. Cono. Sept. Sap. 10. ) The story of
198, xiii. 650); but the general opinion of the this contest gave rise to a composition still extant
ancients was that Homer was the elder of the two, under the title of 'Agwv 'Ounpou kal 'Holódou, the
a belief which was entertnined by Philochorus, work of a grammarian who lived towards the end
Xenophanes, Eratosthenes, A pollodorus, and many of the first century of our era, in which the two
others.
poets are represented as engaged in the contest and
If we inquire after the exact age of Hesiod, we answering each other in their verses. The work is
are informed by Herodotus (1. c. ) that he lived four printed in Göttling's edition of Hesiod, p. 242—
hundred years before his time, that is, about B. c. 254, and in Westermann's liturum Scriptores
850. Velleius Paterculus (i. 7) considers that be- Graeci, p. 33, &c. Its author knows the whole
tween Homer and Hesiod there was an interval of family history of Hesiod, the names of his father
a hundred and twenty years, and most modern and mother, as well as of his ancestors, and traces
critics assume that Hesiod lived about a century his descent to Orpheus, Linus, and Apollo himself.
later than Homer, which is pretty much in accord- These legends, though they are mere fictions, show
ance with the statement of some ancient writers the connection which the ancients conceived to
who place him about the eleventh Olympiad, i. e. exist between the poetry of Hesiod (especially the
about B. c. 735. Respecting the life of the poet we Theogony) and the ancient schools of priests and
derive some information from one of the poems as- bards, which had their seats in Thrace and Pieria,
cribed to him, viz. the "Epya kal fuépau. We learn and thence spread into Boeotia, where they pro-
from that poem (648, &c. ), that he was born in bably formed the elements out of which the He-
the village of Ascra in Boeotia, whither his father siodic poetry was developed. Some of the fables
had enigrated from the Aeolian Cuma in Asia pretending to be the personal history of Hesiod are
Minor. Ephorus (Fragm. p. 268, ed. Marx) and of euch a nature as to throw considerable doubt upon
Suidas state that both Homer and Hesiod were the personal existence of the poet altogether ; and
natives of Cuma, and even represent them as athough we do not deny that there may have been
kinsinen,-a statement which probably arose from in the Boeotian school a poet of the name of
the belief that Hesiod was born before his father's Hesiod whose eminence caused him to be regarded
emigration to Ascra ; but if this were true, Hesiod as the representative, and a number of works to be
could not have said that he never crossed the sea, attributed to him, still we would, in speaking of
except from Aulis to Euboea. (Op. et Dies, 648. ) | Hesiod, be rather understood to mean the whole
Ascra, moreover, is mentioned as his birthplace school than any particular individual. Thus an
in the epitaph on Hesiod (Paus. ix. 38. Q 9), ancient epigram mentions that Hesiod was twice
and by Proclus in his life of Hesiod. The a youth and was twice buried (Proclus ; Suidas ;
poet describes himself (Theog. 23) as tending a Proverb. Vat. iv. 3); and there was a tradition
flock on the side of Mount Helicon, and from that, by the command of an oracle, the bones of
this, as well as from the fact of his calling himself Hesiod were removed from Naupactus to Orcho-
an dtiuntos (Op. et Dies, 636), we must infer menos, for the purpose of averting an epidemic
that he belonged to a humble station, and was (Paus. ix. 38. 3. ) These traditions show that
engaged in rural pursuits. But subsequently his Hesiod was looked upon and worshipped in
circumstances seem to have been bettered, and Boeotia (and also in Phocis) as an ancient hero,
after the death of his father, he was involved in a and, like many other heroes, he was said to have
dispute with his brother Perses about his small been unjustly killed in the grove of the Nemean
patrimony, which was decided in favour of Perses. Zeus. (Plut. Convio. Sept. Sup. 19; Certamen
(Op. et Dies, 219, 261, 637. ) He then seems to Hom. et Hes. p. 251, ed. Göttling; comp. Paus.
have emigrated to Orchomenos, where he spent the ix. 31. § 3. ) All that we can say, under these
remainder of his life. (Pind. ap. Proclum, yévos circumstances, is that a poet or hero of the name of
'Hosódov, p. xliv. in Göttling's edit. of Hesiod. ) | Hesiod was regarded by the ancients as the head
At Orchomenos he is also said to have been buried, and representative of that school of poetry which
and his tomb was shown there in later times. This was based on the Thracian or Pierian bards, and
is all that can be said, with any degree of certainty, was developed in Boeotia as distinct from the Ho-
about the life of Hesiod. Proclus, Tzetzes, and meric or Ionic school.
others relate a variety of anecdotes and marvellous The differences between the two schools of poetry
tales about his life and death, but very little value are plain and obvious, and were recognised in
can be attached to them, though they may have ancient times no less than at present, as may be
been derived from comparatively early sources. We seen from the 'Agwv 'Ouñípov kal 'Hoiódov (p. 248,
have to lament the loss of some ancient works on the ed. Göttling). In their mode of delivery the poets
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