No More Learning

vii.
of his army, and marched with about 4000 to viii. )
(C. T. A. ]
Patrae. The Aetolians turned round in pursuit, ARA'TUS ("Apatos), author of two Greek
and encamped at Methydrium, upon which Aratus astronomical poems. The date of his birth is not
changed his position to Caphyae, and in a battle, knonn; but it seems that he lived about B. C.
which began in a skirmish of cavalry to gain some 270; it is probable, therefore, that the death of
high ground advantageous to both positions, was Euclid and the birth of Apollonius Pergaeus hap-
entirely defeated and his army nearly destroyed. pened during his life, and that he was contempo-
The Aetolians marched home in triumph, and rary with Aristarchus Samos, and Theocritus,
Aratus was recalled to take his trial on several who mentions him. (Idyll. vi. and vii. )
charges, - assuming the command before his legal There are several accounts of his life by anony-
time, disbanding his troops, unskilful conduct in mous Greek writers: three of them are printed in
choosing the time and place of action, and careless the 2nd vol. of Buhle's Aratus, and one of the
ness in the action itself. He was acquitted, not same in the Uranologium of Petavius. Suidas and
on the ground that the charges were untrue, but Eudocia also mention him. From these it appears
in consideration of his past services. For some time that he was a native of Soli (afterwards Pompeio-
after this the Aetolians continued their invasions, 1 polis) in Cilicia, or (according to one authority) of


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256
ARATUS
ARBORIUS.
Tarsus ; that he was invited to the court of An- The materials are said to be taken almost wholly
tigonus Gonatns, king of Macedonia, where he from Aristotle's Meteorologica, from the work of
spent all the latter part of his life; and that his Theophrastus, “ De Siguis Ventorum," and from
chief pursuits were physic (which is also said to Hesiod. (Buhle, vol. ii. p. 471. ) Nothing is said
p
have been his profession), grammar, and philoso- in either poem about Astrology in the proper sense
phy, in which last he was instructed by the Stoic of the word.
Dionysius Heracleotes.
The style of these two poems is distinguished by
Several poetical works on various subjects, as the elegance and accuracy resulting from a study
well as a number of prose epistles, are attributed of ancient models; but it wants originality and
to Aratus (Buhle, vol. ii. p. 455), but none of poetic elevation; and variety of matter is excluded
them have come down to us, except the two poems by the nature of the subjects. (See Quintil. x. 1. )
mentioned above. These have generally been That they became very popular both in the Grecian
joined together as if parts of the same work ; and Roman world (comp. Ov. Am. i. 15. 16) is
but they seem to be distinct poems. The first, proved by the number of commentaries and Latin
called pasvomeva, consists of 732 verses ; the iranslations. The Introduction to the paivoueva
second, Aloonucia (Prognostica), of 4:22. Eudoxus, by Achilles Tatius, the Commentary of Hippas-
about a century earlier, had written two prose chus in three books, and another attributed by
works, paivóueva and "Evont pov, which are both Petavius to Achilles Tatius, are printed in the
lost ; but we are told by the biographers of Ara Uranologium, with a list of other Commentators
tus, that it was the desire of Antigonus to have (p. 267), which includes the names of Aristarchus,
them turned into verse, which gave rise to the Geminus, and Eratosthenes. Parts of three
daivóueva of the latter writer; and it appears from poetical Latin translations are preserved.
One
the fragments of them preserved by Hipparchus written by Cicero when very young (Cic. de Nat.
(Petav. Uranolog. p. 173, &c. , ed. Paris. 1630) Deor. ii. 41), one by Caesar Germanicus, the
that Aratus has in fact versified, or closely imi- grandson of Augustus, and one by Festus Arienus.
tated parts of them both, but especially of the first
. The earliest edition of Aratus is that of Aldus.
The design of the poem is to give an introduction (Ven. 1499, fol. ) The principal later ones are by
to the knowledge of the constellations, with the Grotius (Lugd. Bat. 1600, 4to. ), Buhle (Lips. 1793,
rules for their risings and settings ; and of the 1801, 2 vols. 8vo. , with the three Latin versions),
circles of the sphere, amongst which the milky Matthiae (Francof. 1817, 8vo. ), Voss (Heidelb.
way is reckoned. The positions of the constella- | 1824, 8vo. , with a German poetical version), Butt-
tions, north of the ecliptic, are described by re- mann (Berol. 1826, 8vo. ), and Bekker. (Berol.
ference to the principal groups surrounding the 1828, 8vo. )
north pole (the Bears, the Dragon, and Cepheus), (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 87 ; Schaubach,
whilst Orion serves as a point of departure for Gesch. d. griech. Astronomie, p. 215, &c. ; Delambre,
those to the south. The immobility of the earth, Hist. de l'Astron. Ancienne. ) (W. F. D. )
and the revolution of the heavens about a fixed ARA'TUS ("Apatos), of Cnidus, the author of
axis are maintained ; the path of the sun in the a history of Egypt. (Anonym. Vit. Arat. )
zodiac is described ; but the planets are intro- ARBACES ('Apbarns). " 1. The founder of the
duced merely as bodies having a motion of their Median empire, according to the account of Ctesias
own, without any attempt to define their periods ; (ap. Diod. ii. 24, &c. , 32). He is said to have
nor is anything said about the moon's orbit. The taken Nineveh in conjunction with Belesis, the
opening of the poem asserts the dependence of all Babylonian, and to have destroyed the old Assyrian
things upon Zeus, and contains the passage empire under the reign of Sardanapalus, B. c. 876.
TOū gap kal yévos éouév, quoted by St. Paul Ctesias assigns 28 years to the reign of Arbaces,
(Aratus' fellow-countryman) in his address to the B. C. 876—848, and makes his dynasty consist of
Athenians. (Acts xvii. 28. ) From the general eight kings. This account differs from that of
want of precision in the descriptions, it would Herodotus, who makes Deioces the first king of
seem that Aratus was neither a mathematician nor Media, and assigns only four kings to his dynasty.
observer (comp. Cic. de Orat. i. 16) or, at any [Deloces. ) Ciesias' account of the overthrow of
rate, that in this work he did not aim at scientific the Assyrian empire by Arbaces is followed by
accuracy. He not only represents the configura- Velleius Paterculus (i. 6), Justin (i. 3), and Strabo.
tions of particular groups incorrectly, but describes (xvi. p. 737. )
some phaenomena which are inconsistent with 2. A commander in the army of Artaxerxes,
any one supposition as to the latitude of the spec- which fought against his brother Cyrus, B. C. 401.
tator, and others which could not coexist at any He was satrap of Media. (Xen. Anab. i. 7. & 12,
one epoch. (See the article Aratus in the Penny vi. 8. $ 25. )
Cyclopaedia. ) These errors are partly to be attri- A'RBITER, PETRO'NIUS. [PETRONIUS
buted to Eudoxus himself, and partly to the way ARBITER. ]
in which Aratus has used the materials supplied ARBOʻRIUS, AEMILIUS MAGNUS, the
by him. Hipparchus (about a century later), who author of a poem in ninety-two lines in elegiac
was a scientific astronomer and observer, has left a verse, entitled “ Ad Nympham nimis cultam,”
commentary upon the Paivóueva of Eudoxus and which contains a great many expressions taken
Aratus, occasioned by the discrepancies which he from the older poets, and bears all the traces of the
had noticed between his own observations and artificial labour which characterizes the later Latin
their descriptions.
poetry. It is printed in the Anthology of Bur-
The Alconueia consists of prognostics of the mann (iii. 275) and Meyer (Ep. 262), and in
weather from astronomical phaenomena with an Wernsdorf's Póct. Lat. Nlinor. (iii
. p. 217. ) The
account of its effects upon animals. It appears to author of it was a rhetorician at Tolosa in Gaul,
be an imitation of Hesiod, and to have been imi- the maternal uncle of Ausonius, who speaks of hiin
tated by Virgil in some parts of the Georgics. with great praise, and mentions that he enjoyed


## p. 257 (#277) ############################################

ARCADIUS.
257
ARCADIUS.
the friendship of the brothers of Constantine, when sooner was Tribigildus informed of it, than be de-
they lived at Tolosa, and was afterwards called to manded the head of Eutropius before he would
Constantinople to superintend the education of one enter into negotiations; and the emperor, per-
of the Caesars. (Auson. Parent. iii. , Profess. xvi. ) suaded by Eudoxia, gave up his minister. St.
A'RBIUS ('Apolos), a surname of Zeus, derived Chrysostom, afraid of Arianism, pleaded the cause
from mount Arbius in Crete, where he was wor- of Eutropius, but in vain; the minister was ba-
shipped. (Steph. Byz. s. v. "Apois. ) (L. S. ] nished to Cyprus, and soon afterwards beheaded.
ARBU'SCULA, a celebrated female actor in (399. ) Upon this, the Goths left Phrygia and
Pantomimes, whom Cicero speaks of in B. C. 54 returned to Europe, where they stayed partly in
as having given him great pleasure. (Ad Att. iv. the neighbourhood of Constantinople, and partly
15; Hor. Serm. i. 10. 76. )
within the walls of the city. Gainas, after having
ARCADIUS, emperor of the East, was the ordered the Roman troops to leave the capital, de-
elder of the two sons of the emperor Theodosius I. manded liberty of divine service for the Goths,
and the empress Flaccilla, and was born in Spain who were Arians; and as St. Chrysostom energe-
in A. D. 383. Themistius, a pagan philosopher, tically opposed such a concession to heresy, Gainas
and afterwards Arsenius, a Christian saint, con- tried to set fire to the imperial palace. But the
ducted his education. As early as 395, Theodosius people of Constantinople took up arms, and Gainas
conferred upon him the title of Augustus; and, was forced to evacuate the city with those of the
upon the death of his father in the same year, he Goths who had not been slain by the inhabitants.
became emperor of the East, while the West was Crossing the Bosporus, he suffered a severe defeat
given to his younger hrother, Honorius; and with by the imperial fleet, and Aled to the banks of the
him begins the series of emperors who reigned at Danube, where he was killed by the Huns, who
Constantinople till the capture of the city by the sent his head to Constantinople.
Turks in 1453. Arcadius had inherited neither After his fall the incompetent emperor became
the talents nor the manly beauty of his father ; he entirely dependent upon his wife Eudoxia, who
was ill-shapen, of a small stature, of a swarthy assumed the title of “ Augusta," the empress
complexion, and without either physical or intel- hitherto having only been styled Nobilissima. "
lectual rigour; his only accomplishment was a Through her influence St. Chrysostom was exiled
beautiful handwriting. Docility was the chief in 404, and popular troubles preceded and follow-
quality of his character ; others, women or eunuchs, ed his fall. “As to Arcadius, he was a sincere
reigned for him ; for he had neither the power to adherent of the orthodox church. He confirmed
have his own will, nor even passion enough to the laws of his father, which were intended for its
make others obey his whims. Rufinus, the prae- protection ; he interdicted the public meetings of
fect of the East, a man capable of every crime, had the heretics ; he purged his palace from heretical
been appointed by Theodosius the guardian of officers and servants; and in 396 he ordered that
Arcadius, wbile Stilicho became guardian of Hono- all the buildings in which the heretics used to hold
rius. Rufinus intended to marry his daughter to their meetings should be confiscated. During his
the young emperor, but the eunuch Eutropius ren- reign great numbers of pagans adopted the Chris-
dered this plan abortive, and contrived a marriage tian religion. But his reign is stigmatized by a
between Arcadius and Eudoxia, the beautiful cruel and unjust law concerning high treason, the
daughter of Bauto, a Frank, who was a general in work of Eutropius, which was issued in 397. By
the Roman army. Exposed to the rivalship of this law, which was a most tyrannical extension of
Eutropius, as well as of Stilicho, who pretended to the Lex Julia Majestatis, the principal civil and
the guardianship over Arcadius also, Rufinus was military officers of the emperor were identified
accused of having caused an invasion of Greece by with his sacred person, and offences against them,
Alaris, chief of the Goths, to whom he had neg- either by deeds or by thoughts, were punished as
lected to pay the annual tribute. His fall was crinies of high treason. (Cod. ix. tit. 8. s. 5; Cod.
the more easy, as the people, exasperated by the Theod. ix. tit. 14. 8. 3. ) Arcadius died on the 1st
rapacity of the minister, held him in general exe- of May, 408, leaving the empire to his son Theo-
cration ; and thus Rufinus was murdered as early dosius 11. , who was a minor. (Cedrenus, vol. i.
as 395 by order of the Goth Gainas, who acted on pp. 574–586, ed. Bonn, pp. 327—334, ed. Paris ;
the command of Stilicho. His successor as mi-Socrates, Hist. Eccles. v. 10, vi. pp. 272, 305-344,
nister was Eutropius, and the emperor was a mere ed. Reading; Sozomenes, viii. pp. 323–363; Theo-
tool in the hands of his eunuch, his wife, and his phanes, PP. 63–69, ed. Paris; Theodoret. v.
general, Gainas. They declared Stilicho an enemy of 32, &c. , p. 205, ed. Vales. ; Chrysostom. (cura
the empire, confiscated his estates within the limits Montfaucon, 2nd ed. Paris, in 4to. ) Epistolae ad
of the Eastern empire, and concluded an alliance Innocentium Papam, &c. vol. iii. pp. 613–629 ;
with Alaric, for the purpose of preventing Stilicho Vita Chrysostomi, in vol. xiii. ; Claudianus. ) [W. P. ]
from marching upon Constantinople. (397. ) After
this, Eutropius was invested with the dignities of
consul and general-in-chief,—the first eunuch in
the Roman empire who had ever been honoured
with those titles, but who was unworthy of them,
being as ambitious and rapacious as Rufinus.
The fall of Eutropius took place under the fol-
lowing circumstances. Tribigildus, the chief of a
portion of the Goths who had been transplanted to
CONTO
Phrygia, rose in rebellion, and the disturbances
became so dangerons, that Gainas, who was per-
COIN OF ARCALIUS.
haps the secret instigator of them, advised the em- ARCA'DIUS, bishop of Constantia in Cyprus
peror to settle this affair in a friendly way. No wrote a life of Simeon Stylita the younger, sur
SPEAVE
TOYOTT
CCC
S


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28
ARCATHIAS.
ARCESILAUS.
a
1
named Thaumastorita, several passages from which ARCE (“Apkn), a danghter of Thaumas and sis
are quoted in the Acts of the second council of ter of Iris, who in the contest of the gods with
Nice. A few other works, which exist in MS. , the Titans sided with the latter. Zeus afterwards
are ascribed to him. (Fabric. Bil. Graec. xi. pp. punished her for this by throwing her into Tartarus
578, 579, xii. p. 179. ) Cave (Diss. de Script. and depriving her of ber wings, which were given
Incert. Aet. p. 4) places him before the eighth to Thetis at her marriage with Peleus. Thetis
century.
[P. S. ] afterwards fixed these wings to the feet of her son
ARCA'DIUS ('Apkádios) of Antioch, a Greek Achilles, who was therefore called toápans. (P10-
grammarian of uncertain date, but who did not lem. Hephaest. 6. )
(L. S. )
live before 200 A. D. , was the author of several ARCEISI'ADES ('Apkeloidons), a patronymic
grammatical works, of which Suidas mentions from Arceisius, the father of Laertes, who as well
Περί ορθογραφίας, Περί συντάξεως των του λόγου | as his sOn Odysseus are designated by the name of
mepwv, and 'Ovomastikóv. A work of his on the Arceisiades. (Hom. Od. xxiv. 270, iv. 755. ) (L. S. )
accents (ſlepi Tóvwv) has come down to us, and ARCEISIUS ('Apreioios), a son of Zeus and
was first published by Barker from a manuscript Euryodia, husband of Chalcomedusa and father of
at Paris. (Leipzig, 1820. ) It is also included in Laertes. (Hom. Od. xiv. 182, xvi. 118; Apollod.
the first volume of Dindorf's Gramat. Graec. Lips. i. 9. $ 16; Ov. Met. xiii. 145; Eustath, ad Hom.
1823.
p. 1796. ) According to Hyginus (Fub. 189), he
ARCAS ("Apkas). 1. The ancestor and epony- was a son of Cephalus and Procris, and according
mic hero of the Arcadians, from whom the country to others, of Cephalus and a she-bear. (Eustath.
and its inhabitants derived their name. He was a ad Hom. p. 1961, comp. p. 1756. ) [L. S. )
son of Zeus by Callisto, a companion of Artemis. ARCEOPHON ('Apkeodwr), a son of Minny-
After the death or the metamorphosis of mother rides of Salamis in Cyprus. Antoninus Liberalis
[CALLISTO), Zeus gave the child to Maia, and (39) relates of him and Arsinoë precisely the same
called him Arcas. (Apollod. iii. 8. & 2. ) Arcas story which Ovid (Me. xiv. 698, &c. ) relates of
became afterwards by Leaneira or Meganeira the Anaxarete and Iphis. [ANAXARETE. ) (L. S. )
father of Elatus and Apheidas. (Apollod. ii. 9. & 1. ) ARCESILAUS ('Apresinaos), a son of Lycus
According to Hyginus (Fab. 176, Poet. Astr. ii. 4) and Theobule, was the leader of the Boeotians in
Arcas was the son of Lycaon, whose flesh the fa- the Trojan war. He led his people to Troy in ten
ther set before Zeus, to try his divine character. ships, and was slain by Hector. (Hom. Il. ii. 495,
Zeus upset the table (Tpáteča) which bore the xv. 329; Hygin. Fab. 97. ) According to Pausa-
dish, and destroyed the house of Lycaon by light- nias (ix. 39. § 2) his remains were brought back
ning, but restored Arcas to life. When Arcas had to Boeotia, where a monument was erected to his
grown up, he built on the site of his father's house memory in the neighbourhood of Lebadeia. A son
the town of Trapezus. When Arcas once during of Odysseus and Penelope of the name of Arcesi-
the chase pursued his mother, who was metamor- laus is mentioned by Eustathius. (Ad
phosed into a she-bear, as far as the sanctuary of 1796. )
(L. S. ]
the Lycaean Zeus, which no mortal was allowed to ARCESILA'US ('Apkeolaos). 1. The name
enter, Zeus placed both of them among the stars. of four kings of Cyrene. [Battus and BAT-
(Ov. Met. ii. 410, &c. ) According to Pausanias TIADAE. ]
(viij. 4. § 1, &c. ), Arcas succeeded Nyctimus in 2. The murderer of Archagathus, the son of
the government of Arcadia, and gave to the coun- Agathocles, when the latter left Africa, B.