Thus we
should perhaps have been led to form a more fa- I find him obtaining the honorary title of duumvir
vourable estimate of the Numidian king.
should perhaps have been led to form a more fa- I find him obtaining the honorary title of duumvir
vourable estimate of the Numidian king.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
duárda!
; Schol.
Venet.
ad goddess there had a celebrated sanctuary and fes-
Iliad, k. 439. )
tivals, and is hence also called incola Itoni. (Catull.
2. A Greek grammarian of Calatis, on the Eux. Epithal. P. et Th. 228. ) From Iton her worship
ine, is mentioned only by Stephanus Byzantinus spread into Boeotia and the country about lake
(s. v. Káratis), as the author of a beautiful Copais, where the Pamboeotia was celebrated, in
work, tepl Tpayodías, and it is not impossible the neighbourhood of a temple and grove of Athena.
that the anonymous author of the life of Sophocles (Paus. ix, 34. § 1; iii. 9, in fin. ; Plut. Amut.
may refer to him, and not to the author of the Narr. 4. ). According to another tradition, Athena
Atthis. The fragments of the works of the latter received the surname of Itonia from Itonus, a king
are collected by Siebelis, Fragm. Phanodemi, De- or priest. (Paus. ix. 34. § 1 ; Schol. ad Apollun.
mon. , Clitodemi, et Istri, Lips. 1812, 8vo. , and by Rhod. i. 721. )
(L. S. ]
C. and Th. Müller, Fragmenta Histor. Graec. p. ITO'NUS ("Itwvos). 1. A son of Amphictyon,
418, &c.
[L. S. ] and husband of the nymph Melanippe, by whom
ISTOM A'CHUS (ʻlothuaxos), the author of a he became the father of Boeotus and Chromia.
work entitled 'Intokpátous alpegis, that is, the (Paus. ix. 1. § 1, 34. § 1, v. 1. & 2. )
school of Hippocrates, in which he stated that 2. A son of Boeotus, and father of Hippalcimus.
Hippocrates was born 0l. 80. 1. (Soranus, ſit
. Electryon, Archilochus, and Alegenor. (Diod. iv.
Hippocr. )
[L. S. ) 67. )
[L. S. ]
ITAʼLICUS, one of the two kings of the Sue- ITU'RIUS, a client of Junia Silana (SILANA),
vians who in a. D. 70 joined the party of Vespa- whom, with a fellow-client (Calvisius, p. 586),
sian and fought against the Vitellians at Bedria- she employed to accuse the empress Agrippina of
cuin in Cisalpine Gaul. (Tac. Hist. iii. 5, 21. ) He majestas, A. D. 56, and who, on the failure of
a
## p. 635 (#651) ############################################
JUBA.
635
JUBA.
a
their charge, was banished with his patroness. I person landed in Africa where Scipio, Cato, and
After Agrippina's murder, Iturius was recalled the remaining leaders of the Pompeian party, were
from exile by Nero. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 19, 21, 22, now assembled. Juba was advancing in person, at
xiv. 12. )
(W. B. D. ] the head of a large army, to the support of Scipio,
ITYS. [TEREUS. )
when he received intelligence that his own do-
JUBA I. (166as), king of Numidia, was son minions had been invaded froin another quarter by
of Hiempsal, who was re-established on the throne Bocchus, king of Mauritania, and the Roman ge-
by Pompey. (HIEMPSAL, No. 2. ] (Dion Cass. neral P. Sitius, who had obtained considerable suc-
xli. 41; Suet. Cues. 71. ) We hear little of him cesses, and even made themselves 'masters of the
during his father's lifetime, but Cicero incidentally important city of Cirta. Herrupon he returned
mentions him in one of his orations as early as with his army, to oppose this new enemy, content-
B. C. 63 (De Leg. Ayrar. Or. ii. 22), and in the ing himself with sending thirty elephants to the
following year we find him at Rome, whither he assistar. ce of Scipio. of his operations ngainst
had probably been sent by his father, to support Sitius we know nothing, but it was not long before
their cause against a Numidian named Masinthan the urgent request of the Roman commander re-
on which occasion a violent altercation took place called him to his support ; and leaving his general
between bim and Caesar, then praetor. (Suet. Saburra to make head against Bocchus and Sitius,
Caes. 71. ) On the death of Hiempsal, Juba suc- he himself joined Scipio in his camp near Uzita,
ceeded to all the power and privileges enjoyed by with three legions of regular infantry, 800 well-
his father, whose authority appears to have ex- armed cavalry, and thirty elephants, besides a
tended not only over all Numidia but over many countless swarm of light-armed infantry and Nu-
of the Gaetulian tribes of the interior (Hirt. B. midian horse. Yet he did not, after all, render
Afr. 56), a circumstance which probably gave rise any very important services to the cause of his
to the absurd exaggeration of Lucan, who repre- allies. A combat of cavalry took place soon after
sents him (iv. 670) as ruling over the whole of his arrival, in which, notwithstanding their superior
Africa, from the pillars of Hercules to the temple numbers, the Numidians were defeated, and Juba
of Ammon. On the breaking out of the civil war himself, as well as Labienus, narrowly escaped
between Caesar and Pompey, Juba espoused the falling into the hands of the enemy. Meanwhile
cause of the latter, a course to which he was im- he gave the greatest offence to the Romans with
pelled both by his hereditary attachment to Pompey whom he was associated, by his haughty and ar-
himself, confirmed probably by the dispute with rognnt bearing towards their officers, and even
Caesar already adverted to, and by personal en- towards Scipio himself. The Gaetulians also
mity to Curio, who in the year of his tribuneship quitted his standard in great numbers, being
(B. C. 50) had proposed a law for reducing the attracted to Caesar by his relationship to Ma-
kingdom of Juba to the condition of a Roman pro- rius, whose name still exercised a powerful in-
rince. Hence, when Curio landed in Africa (B. C. fluence over them. In the final action at Thapsus,
49) with an army of only two legions, the king the elephants, on which both Scipio and Juba in
was prompted by private revenge, as well as general great measure relied, having been once put to
policy, to hasten to the support of P. Attius Varus, flight, the Numidians offered but little resistance,
the Pompeian general in Africa. Before, however, and their camp fell into the hands of the enemy
Juba could arrive to his succour, Varus had suffered almost without a struggle. Juba himself fled from
a considerable defeat, and with difficulty maintained the field of battle to the strong city of Zama, where
his ground under the walls of Utica. On the first he had deposited his wives and children, as well as
news of the king's approach, at the head of a nu- his treasures and military stores, and in which he
merous army, Curio retreated to a strong position had prepared all things for a desperate defence; but
on the sea-coast, called the Castra Cornelia, but in the inhabitants, having already received tidings of
order to draw him away from thence, Juba caused Caesar's victory, shut the gates against him. He
a report to be spread that he himself had retired now wandered about for some time, until at length,
into the interior, and had only detached a small having learnt that his lieutenant Saburra had been
force under Saburra to the relief of Utica. Curio utterly defeated by P. Sitius, and that Cato had
fell easily into the snare, attacked the advanced perished by his own hand at Utica, he abandoned
guard of the Numidians at the river Bagradas, and all hopes of safety, and put an end to his own life,
drove it before him; nor did he discover his mistake having previously, it is said, dispatched the Roman
until his little army was entirely surrounded and general Petreius, who had been the companion of
overwhelmed by the countless swarms of the Nu- his flight. (Hirt. B. Afr. 25, 48, 52, 55—57, 66,
midian cavalry. Curio himself fell in the action, 74, 80–86, 91-94 ; Dion Cass. xlii. 56-58,
with almost all his infantry: a few cohorts of ca- xliii. 2–9; Appian, B. C. ii. 95–97, 100 ; Plut.
valry, which had made their escape to the camp Caes. 52, 53; Liv. Epit. cxiii. cxiv. ; Oros, vi. 16;
near Utica, and surrendered to Varus at discretion, Flor. iv, 2; Eutrop. vi. 23; Suet. Caes. 35. ) There
were put to the sword in cold blood by Juba, in is nothing in any of the accounts transmitted to us
spite of the opposition of the Roman general. of Juba which would lead us to rank him above the
(Caes. B. C. ii. 23—44; Dion Cass. xli. 41, 42;
Appian, B. C. ii. 44--46; Lucan, iv. 581–824;
Liv. Epit. cx. ; Oros. vi. 15; Flor. iv. 2. ) For
these services, Juba was rewarded by the senate of
the Ponipcian party with the title of king, and
other honours ; while Caesar and the senate at
Rome proclaimed him a public enemy. (Dion
Cass. xli. 42; Lucan, v. 56. ) He continued in
undisturbed possession of his kingdom until the
beginning of the year B. c. 46, when Caesar in
gesinny
COIN OP JUBA J.
## p. 636 (#652) ############################################
636
JUBA.
JUBA.
ordinary level of barbarians ; but it must be ad- 111; Minucius Felix, 23), nor are there wanting
initted that these accounts are derived from his proofs of the consideration which he enjoyed during
enemies : had the party of Pompey triumphed, we his lifetime in foreign countries also.
Thus we
should perhaps have been led to form a more fa- I find him obtaining the honorary title of duumvir
vourable estimate of the Numidian king. The coins of the wealthy city of Gades (Avienus, de Ora
of Juba are numerous ; they all bear his head on Marit. v. 275), and apparently at New Carthage
the obverse, and are accommodated to the same also (Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr, vol. xxxviii. p.
standard of weight with the Roman denarius: one 101); and Pausanias mentions a statue erected to
of the. n is figured on the preceding page. (E. H. B. ] his memory at Athens itself. (Paus. i. 17. $ 2. )
JUBA 11. ('lubas), king of Mauritania, son of But it is to his literary works that Juba is indebied
the preceding. He was a mere child at the time for his clief reputation. He appears to have re-
of his father's death (E. C. 46), after which event tained on the throne the habits of study which he
he was carried a prisoner to Rome by Caesar, and bad acquired in early life ; and in the number and
compelled to grace the conqueror's triumph. (Ap variety of his writings he might vie with many
pian, B. C. ii. 101 ; Plut. Cues. 55. ) In other professed grammarians. His works are continually
respects he appears to have been well created. lle cited by Pliny (11. N. v. riii. x. xii. xii. &c. pas-
was brought up in Italy, where he received an ex- sim), who regards his authority with the utmost
cellent education, and applied himself with such deference. Plutarch (Sert. 9) calls him ó mártwv
diligence to study, that he turned out one of the iOTOPIKÁTatos Baordéwv, Athenaeus (iii. p. 83, b. )
must learned men of his day. As he rose to man. amp tolvuabéotatos ; and Avienus (de Ora Ma-
hood he obtained a high place in the favour of rit. v. 279) has described him as
Octavian, whom he accompanied in his expedition
Octaviano principi acceptissimus
to the East ; nor did he fail to reap the fruits of
Et literarum semper in studio Juba
this favour, in the general settlement of the affairs
of the empire, after the death of Antony (B. C. Ile appears indeed to have laboured in almost every
30). On that occasion Octavian restored his young branch of literature ; some of his works being
friend to the possession of his paternal kingdom of purely grammatical or antiquarian, while others
Numidia, at the same time that he gave him in comprise a wide field of history, geography, natural
marriage Cleopatra, otherwise called Selene, the history, and the fine arts. The most important
danghter of Antony and Cleopatra. (Dion Cass. among those of which the names have been trans-
li. 15; Plut. Ant. 87 ; Strab. xvii. p. 828. ) At a mitted to us are the following:-1. A history of
subsequent period (B. C. 25) Augustus gave himn Africa (Alburon Plut. Parallel. Minor. 23 ; repe
the two provinces of Mauritania (afterwards called Albúms ouyypáupata. Athen. iii. p. 83, b. ), in
Tingitana and Caesariensis), which had formed the which he had made use of the Punic authorities
kingdoms of Bocchus and Bogud, in exchange for accessible to him, a circumstance which must have
Numidia, which was reduced to a Roman pro-rendered it especially valuable. It is evident, how-
vince. Some of the Gaetulian tribes were at the ever, from some of the passages cited from it, that
same time subjected to his sway ; and almost the he had mixed these up with fables of Greek origin.
only event of his long reign that we find recorded (Plut. Sert. 9. ) It is probably from this work that
is an insurrection of these tribes, which assumed so most of the information quoted from his authority
formidable an aspect, that Juba was unable to re concerning the natural history of lions, elephants,
press it by his own efforts ; and even the Roman &c. is derived, though the title of the book is not
general Cornelius Cossus, whom he called in to his mentioned (Plin. H. N. viii. 4, 5, 13, &c. ; Aelian,
assistance, did not succeed in reducing them until Hist. Anim. vii. 23, ix. 58; Plut. de Solert. Anim.
after a long protracted struggle, by which he earned p. 972, a. ; Philostr. Vit. Apollon. ii. 13, p. 62, ed.
the honorary appellation of Gaetulicus. (Dion Olear. ), and it was doubtless here also that he gave
Cass. liii. 26, lv. 28; comp. Strab. xvii. pp. 828, that account of the origin of the Nile, derived, as
831. ) The exact period of his death is nowhere we are expressly told, from Punic sources, which is
mentioned, but Strabo more than once speaks of cited by Pliny and other authors. (Plin. v. 10;
fiim as lately dead (xvii. pp. 8:28, 829, 840) at the Amm. Marc. xxii. 15; Solin. 35. ) Ii may in-
time that he himself was writing ; and this state- deed be regarded as Pliny's chief authority for
ment, coupled with the evidence of one of his coins, the geographical account of Africa contained in the
which bears the date of the 48th year of his reign, fifth book of his Natural History. The third book
renders it probable that we may assign his death of this work is quoted by Plutarch (Parallel. l. c. ).
to A. D. 18 or 19 at latest. (See Eckhel, vol. iv. p. 2. Περί 'Ασσυρίων, in two books, in which the
157 ; Clinton, F. H. vol. iji. p. 203. )
fellowed the authority of Berosus. (Tatian, Orat.
The tranquil reign of Juba appears to have af- | adv. Gracc. 58 ; Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 329 )
forded but few materials for history ; but it is 3. A history of Arabia, which he addressed to
evident that his kingdom rose to a pitch of power C. Caesar (the grandson of Augustus) when that
and prosperity under his rule far exceeding what it prince was about to proceed on bis expedition to
had before attained, and he endeavoured to intro- the East, B. c. 1. It appears to have contained a
duce as far as possible the elements of Greck and general description of the country, and all that was
Roman civilisation among his barbarian subjects. then known concerning its geography, natural pro-
Among other things, he converted a town called ductions, &c. It is cited by Pliny as the most
lol into a handsome city, with an excellent port, trustworthy account of those regions which was
to which he gave the name of Caesareia, and which known to him (H. N. vi. 26, 28, 30, xii. 31. ).
continued from thenceforth the capital of Mauri- 4. Ρωμαϊκή ιστορία, cited repeatedly by Stephanus
tania. (Strab. xvii. p. 831; Eutrop. vii. 10. ) So of Byzantium (s. vv. 'A Goprives, 'notia, &c. ). Nu-
great was the reverence entertained for him by his merous statements quoted by Plutarch, from Jubito
own subjects, that they even paid him divine ho- without mentioning any particular work, but relating
nours after his death (Lactint. de Fuls. Relig. i. to the early history and antiquities of Rome, are
## p. 637 (#653) ############################################
JUBA.
637
JUDEX.
Rex
3
COIN OF JUBA I1.
evidently derived from this treatise. (Plut. Romul. Juba is supposed to have left two children by
14, 15, 17, Num. 7, 13, Quaest. Rom. p. 269, 278, his wife Cleopatra, of whom his son Ptolemy suc-
282, 285 ; see also Athen. iii. p. 98, b. vi. p. ceeded him upon the throne, while his daughter
229, c. ) From some of these passages, it appears Drusilla married Antonius Felix, governor of Ju-
that Júba displayed the same tendency as many daea. There is, however, much reason to doubt
Greek writers to assign a Greek origin to all the whether the latter statement is correct. (DRU-
Roman institutions. This work is styled in one silla. ] According to Josephus (Ant. xvii. 13.
Iliad, k. 439. )
tivals, and is hence also called incola Itoni. (Catull.
2. A Greek grammarian of Calatis, on the Eux. Epithal. P. et Th. 228. ) From Iton her worship
ine, is mentioned only by Stephanus Byzantinus spread into Boeotia and the country about lake
(s. v. Káratis), as the author of a beautiful Copais, where the Pamboeotia was celebrated, in
work, tepl Tpayodías, and it is not impossible the neighbourhood of a temple and grove of Athena.
that the anonymous author of the life of Sophocles (Paus. ix, 34. § 1; iii. 9, in fin. ; Plut. Amut.
may refer to him, and not to the author of the Narr. 4. ). According to another tradition, Athena
Atthis. The fragments of the works of the latter received the surname of Itonia from Itonus, a king
are collected by Siebelis, Fragm. Phanodemi, De- or priest. (Paus. ix. 34. § 1 ; Schol. ad Apollun.
mon. , Clitodemi, et Istri, Lips. 1812, 8vo. , and by Rhod. i. 721. )
(L. S. ]
C. and Th. Müller, Fragmenta Histor. Graec. p. ITO'NUS ("Itwvos). 1. A son of Amphictyon,
418, &c.
[L. S. ] and husband of the nymph Melanippe, by whom
ISTOM A'CHUS (ʻlothuaxos), the author of a he became the father of Boeotus and Chromia.
work entitled 'Intokpátous alpegis, that is, the (Paus. ix. 1. § 1, 34. § 1, v. 1. & 2. )
school of Hippocrates, in which he stated that 2. A son of Boeotus, and father of Hippalcimus.
Hippocrates was born 0l. 80. 1. (Soranus, ſit
. Electryon, Archilochus, and Alegenor. (Diod. iv.
Hippocr. )
[L. S. ) 67. )
[L. S. ]
ITAʼLICUS, one of the two kings of the Sue- ITU'RIUS, a client of Junia Silana (SILANA),
vians who in a. D. 70 joined the party of Vespa- whom, with a fellow-client (Calvisius, p. 586),
sian and fought against the Vitellians at Bedria- she employed to accuse the empress Agrippina of
cuin in Cisalpine Gaul. (Tac. Hist. iii. 5, 21. ) He majestas, A. D. 56, and who, on the failure of
a
## p. 635 (#651) ############################################
JUBA.
635
JUBA.
a
their charge, was banished with his patroness. I person landed in Africa where Scipio, Cato, and
After Agrippina's murder, Iturius was recalled the remaining leaders of the Pompeian party, were
from exile by Nero. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 19, 21, 22, now assembled. Juba was advancing in person, at
xiv. 12. )
(W. B. D. ] the head of a large army, to the support of Scipio,
ITYS. [TEREUS. )
when he received intelligence that his own do-
JUBA I. (166as), king of Numidia, was son minions had been invaded froin another quarter by
of Hiempsal, who was re-established on the throne Bocchus, king of Mauritania, and the Roman ge-
by Pompey. (HIEMPSAL, No. 2. ] (Dion Cass. neral P. Sitius, who had obtained considerable suc-
xli. 41; Suet. Cues. 71. ) We hear little of him cesses, and even made themselves 'masters of the
during his father's lifetime, but Cicero incidentally important city of Cirta. Herrupon he returned
mentions him in one of his orations as early as with his army, to oppose this new enemy, content-
B. C. 63 (De Leg. Ayrar. Or. ii. 22), and in the ing himself with sending thirty elephants to the
following year we find him at Rome, whither he assistar. ce of Scipio. of his operations ngainst
had probably been sent by his father, to support Sitius we know nothing, but it was not long before
their cause against a Numidian named Masinthan the urgent request of the Roman commander re-
on which occasion a violent altercation took place called him to his support ; and leaving his general
between bim and Caesar, then praetor. (Suet. Saburra to make head against Bocchus and Sitius,
Caes. 71. ) On the death of Hiempsal, Juba suc- he himself joined Scipio in his camp near Uzita,
ceeded to all the power and privileges enjoyed by with three legions of regular infantry, 800 well-
his father, whose authority appears to have ex- armed cavalry, and thirty elephants, besides a
tended not only over all Numidia but over many countless swarm of light-armed infantry and Nu-
of the Gaetulian tribes of the interior (Hirt. B. midian horse. Yet he did not, after all, render
Afr. 56), a circumstance which probably gave rise any very important services to the cause of his
to the absurd exaggeration of Lucan, who repre- allies. A combat of cavalry took place soon after
sents him (iv. 670) as ruling over the whole of his arrival, in which, notwithstanding their superior
Africa, from the pillars of Hercules to the temple numbers, the Numidians were defeated, and Juba
of Ammon. On the breaking out of the civil war himself, as well as Labienus, narrowly escaped
between Caesar and Pompey, Juba espoused the falling into the hands of the enemy. Meanwhile
cause of the latter, a course to which he was im- he gave the greatest offence to the Romans with
pelled both by his hereditary attachment to Pompey whom he was associated, by his haughty and ar-
himself, confirmed probably by the dispute with rognnt bearing towards their officers, and even
Caesar already adverted to, and by personal en- towards Scipio himself. The Gaetulians also
mity to Curio, who in the year of his tribuneship quitted his standard in great numbers, being
(B. C. 50) had proposed a law for reducing the attracted to Caesar by his relationship to Ma-
kingdom of Juba to the condition of a Roman pro- rius, whose name still exercised a powerful in-
rince. Hence, when Curio landed in Africa (B. C. fluence over them. In the final action at Thapsus,
49) with an army of only two legions, the king the elephants, on which both Scipio and Juba in
was prompted by private revenge, as well as general great measure relied, having been once put to
policy, to hasten to the support of P. Attius Varus, flight, the Numidians offered but little resistance,
the Pompeian general in Africa. Before, however, and their camp fell into the hands of the enemy
Juba could arrive to his succour, Varus had suffered almost without a struggle. Juba himself fled from
a considerable defeat, and with difficulty maintained the field of battle to the strong city of Zama, where
his ground under the walls of Utica. On the first he had deposited his wives and children, as well as
news of the king's approach, at the head of a nu- his treasures and military stores, and in which he
merous army, Curio retreated to a strong position had prepared all things for a desperate defence; but
on the sea-coast, called the Castra Cornelia, but in the inhabitants, having already received tidings of
order to draw him away from thence, Juba caused Caesar's victory, shut the gates against him. He
a report to be spread that he himself had retired now wandered about for some time, until at length,
into the interior, and had only detached a small having learnt that his lieutenant Saburra had been
force under Saburra to the relief of Utica. Curio utterly defeated by P. Sitius, and that Cato had
fell easily into the snare, attacked the advanced perished by his own hand at Utica, he abandoned
guard of the Numidians at the river Bagradas, and all hopes of safety, and put an end to his own life,
drove it before him; nor did he discover his mistake having previously, it is said, dispatched the Roman
until his little army was entirely surrounded and general Petreius, who had been the companion of
overwhelmed by the countless swarms of the Nu- his flight. (Hirt. B. Afr. 25, 48, 52, 55—57, 66,
midian cavalry. Curio himself fell in the action, 74, 80–86, 91-94 ; Dion Cass. xlii. 56-58,
with almost all his infantry: a few cohorts of ca- xliii. 2–9; Appian, B. C. ii. 95–97, 100 ; Plut.
valry, which had made their escape to the camp Caes. 52, 53; Liv. Epit. cxiii. cxiv. ; Oros, vi. 16;
near Utica, and surrendered to Varus at discretion, Flor. iv, 2; Eutrop. vi. 23; Suet. Caes. 35. ) There
were put to the sword in cold blood by Juba, in is nothing in any of the accounts transmitted to us
spite of the opposition of the Roman general. of Juba which would lead us to rank him above the
(Caes. B. C. ii. 23—44; Dion Cass. xli. 41, 42;
Appian, B. C. ii. 44--46; Lucan, iv. 581–824;
Liv. Epit. cx. ; Oros. vi. 15; Flor. iv. 2. ) For
these services, Juba was rewarded by the senate of
the Ponipcian party with the title of king, and
other honours ; while Caesar and the senate at
Rome proclaimed him a public enemy. (Dion
Cass. xli. 42; Lucan, v. 56. ) He continued in
undisturbed possession of his kingdom until the
beginning of the year B. c. 46, when Caesar in
gesinny
COIN OP JUBA J.
## p. 636 (#652) ############################################
636
JUBA.
JUBA.
ordinary level of barbarians ; but it must be ad- 111; Minucius Felix, 23), nor are there wanting
initted that these accounts are derived from his proofs of the consideration which he enjoyed during
enemies : had the party of Pompey triumphed, we his lifetime in foreign countries also.
Thus we
should perhaps have been led to form a more fa- I find him obtaining the honorary title of duumvir
vourable estimate of the Numidian king. The coins of the wealthy city of Gades (Avienus, de Ora
of Juba are numerous ; they all bear his head on Marit. v. 275), and apparently at New Carthage
the obverse, and are accommodated to the same also (Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr, vol. xxxviii. p.
standard of weight with the Roman denarius: one 101); and Pausanias mentions a statue erected to
of the. n is figured on the preceding page. (E. H. B. ] his memory at Athens itself. (Paus. i. 17. $ 2. )
JUBA 11. ('lubas), king of Mauritania, son of But it is to his literary works that Juba is indebied
the preceding. He was a mere child at the time for his clief reputation. He appears to have re-
of his father's death (E. C. 46), after which event tained on the throne the habits of study which he
he was carried a prisoner to Rome by Caesar, and bad acquired in early life ; and in the number and
compelled to grace the conqueror's triumph. (Ap variety of his writings he might vie with many
pian, B. C. ii. 101 ; Plut. Cues. 55. ) In other professed grammarians. His works are continually
respects he appears to have been well created. lle cited by Pliny (11. N. v. riii. x. xii. xii. &c. pas-
was brought up in Italy, where he received an ex- sim), who regards his authority with the utmost
cellent education, and applied himself with such deference. Plutarch (Sert. 9) calls him ó mártwv
diligence to study, that he turned out one of the iOTOPIKÁTatos Baordéwv, Athenaeus (iii. p. 83, b. )
must learned men of his day. As he rose to man. amp tolvuabéotatos ; and Avienus (de Ora Ma-
hood he obtained a high place in the favour of rit. v. 279) has described him as
Octavian, whom he accompanied in his expedition
Octaviano principi acceptissimus
to the East ; nor did he fail to reap the fruits of
Et literarum semper in studio Juba
this favour, in the general settlement of the affairs
of the empire, after the death of Antony (B. C. Ile appears indeed to have laboured in almost every
30). On that occasion Octavian restored his young branch of literature ; some of his works being
friend to the possession of his paternal kingdom of purely grammatical or antiquarian, while others
Numidia, at the same time that he gave him in comprise a wide field of history, geography, natural
marriage Cleopatra, otherwise called Selene, the history, and the fine arts. The most important
danghter of Antony and Cleopatra. (Dion Cass. among those of which the names have been trans-
li. 15; Plut. Ant. 87 ; Strab. xvii. p. 828. ) At a mitted to us are the following:-1. A history of
subsequent period (B. C. 25) Augustus gave himn Africa (Alburon Plut. Parallel. Minor. 23 ; repe
the two provinces of Mauritania (afterwards called Albúms ouyypáupata. Athen. iii. p. 83, b. ), in
Tingitana and Caesariensis), which had formed the which he had made use of the Punic authorities
kingdoms of Bocchus and Bogud, in exchange for accessible to him, a circumstance which must have
Numidia, which was reduced to a Roman pro-rendered it especially valuable. It is evident, how-
vince. Some of the Gaetulian tribes were at the ever, from some of the passages cited from it, that
same time subjected to his sway ; and almost the he had mixed these up with fables of Greek origin.
only event of his long reign that we find recorded (Plut. Sert. 9. ) It is probably from this work that
is an insurrection of these tribes, which assumed so most of the information quoted from his authority
formidable an aspect, that Juba was unable to re concerning the natural history of lions, elephants,
press it by his own efforts ; and even the Roman &c. is derived, though the title of the book is not
general Cornelius Cossus, whom he called in to his mentioned (Plin. H. N. viii. 4, 5, 13, &c. ; Aelian,
assistance, did not succeed in reducing them until Hist. Anim. vii. 23, ix. 58; Plut. de Solert. Anim.
after a long protracted struggle, by which he earned p. 972, a. ; Philostr. Vit. Apollon. ii. 13, p. 62, ed.
the honorary appellation of Gaetulicus. (Dion Olear. ), and it was doubtless here also that he gave
Cass. liii. 26, lv. 28; comp. Strab. xvii. pp. 828, that account of the origin of the Nile, derived, as
831. ) The exact period of his death is nowhere we are expressly told, from Punic sources, which is
mentioned, but Strabo more than once speaks of cited by Pliny and other authors. (Plin. v. 10;
fiim as lately dead (xvii. pp. 8:28, 829, 840) at the Amm. Marc. xxii. 15; Solin. 35. ) Ii may in-
time that he himself was writing ; and this state- deed be regarded as Pliny's chief authority for
ment, coupled with the evidence of one of his coins, the geographical account of Africa contained in the
which bears the date of the 48th year of his reign, fifth book of his Natural History. The third book
renders it probable that we may assign his death of this work is quoted by Plutarch (Parallel. l. c. ).
to A. D. 18 or 19 at latest. (See Eckhel, vol. iv. p. 2. Περί 'Ασσυρίων, in two books, in which the
157 ; Clinton, F. H. vol. iji. p. 203. )
fellowed the authority of Berosus. (Tatian, Orat.
The tranquil reign of Juba appears to have af- | adv. Gracc. 58 ; Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 329 )
forded but few materials for history ; but it is 3. A history of Arabia, which he addressed to
evident that his kingdom rose to a pitch of power C. Caesar (the grandson of Augustus) when that
and prosperity under his rule far exceeding what it prince was about to proceed on bis expedition to
had before attained, and he endeavoured to intro- the East, B. c. 1. It appears to have contained a
duce as far as possible the elements of Greck and general description of the country, and all that was
Roman civilisation among his barbarian subjects. then known concerning its geography, natural pro-
Among other things, he converted a town called ductions, &c. It is cited by Pliny as the most
lol into a handsome city, with an excellent port, trustworthy account of those regions which was
to which he gave the name of Caesareia, and which known to him (H. N. vi. 26, 28, 30, xii. 31. ).
continued from thenceforth the capital of Mauri- 4. Ρωμαϊκή ιστορία, cited repeatedly by Stephanus
tania. (Strab. xvii. p. 831; Eutrop. vii. 10. ) So of Byzantium (s. vv. 'A Goprives, 'notia, &c. ). Nu-
great was the reverence entertained for him by his merous statements quoted by Plutarch, from Jubito
own subjects, that they even paid him divine ho- without mentioning any particular work, but relating
nours after his death (Lactint. de Fuls. Relig. i. to the early history and antiquities of Rome, are
## p. 637 (#653) ############################################
JUBA.
637
JUDEX.
Rex
3
COIN OF JUBA I1.
evidently derived from this treatise. (Plut. Romul. Juba is supposed to have left two children by
14, 15, 17, Num. 7, 13, Quaest. Rom. p. 269, 278, his wife Cleopatra, of whom his son Ptolemy suc-
282, 285 ; see also Athen. iii. p. 98, b. vi. p. ceeded him upon the throne, while his daughter
229, c. ) From some of these passages, it appears Drusilla married Antonius Felix, governor of Ju-
that Júba displayed the same tendency as many daea. There is, however, much reason to doubt
Greek writers to assign a Greek origin to all the whether the latter statement is correct. (DRU-
Roman institutions. This work is styled in one silla. ] According to Josephus (Ant. xvii. 13.
