The intimate
connexion
between the countermarks on
Persian sigloi and those upon early Indian coins was suggested by E.
Persian sigloi and those upon early Indian coins was suggested by E.
Cambridge History of India - v1
III, no.
2.
--Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran. Heft 1. Göttingen, 1897
(=Philologus, liv, 489-527 ; LV, 213-44). Heft 2.
Heft 2. Leipzig, 1905 (=
(
Philologus, Supplementband x, 1-258).
Meyer, E. Geschichte des Altertums. Vol. I, 2nd half. Die ältesten
geschichtlichen Völker und Kulturen bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert.
3rd edn. Stuttgart and Berlin, 1913. Vol. III Das Perserreich und
die Griechen. Stuttgart, 1901.
-- Article 'Persia (History: Ancient)', in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th
edn, XXI, 202-24.
Modi, J. J. The Country of Mekran-its Past History. In East and West,
vol. III, part 1, pp. 494-505, Bombay, 1904.
Moulton, J. H. Early Zoroastrianism. (The Hibbert Lectures, second
series. ) London, 1913. [Excellent on the religious side. )
Nöldeke, Th. Aufsätze zur persischen Geschichte. Leipzig, 1887.
Prašek, J. V. Geschichte der Meder und Perser bis zur makedonischen
Eroberung. Gotha, 1906-10.
Prellberg, K. A. C. Persien : eine historische Landschaft. (Dissertation. )
Leipzig, 1891,
<Rapson, E. J. Ancient India from the earliest times to the first century
A. D. Cambridge, 1914. > (This work contains a chapter on the Persians
and the Macedonians ich. vi). ]
Rawlinson, G. The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World.
Vol. iv. The Fifth Monarchy (Persia). London, 1867,
, .
Rennell, J. The Geographical System of Herodotus. 2nd edn. revised,
London, 1830. [See especially vol. 1, pp. 303-426, 'The Twenty Satra.
pies of Darius Hystaspes. ')
>
## p. 612 (#650) ############################################
612
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
Rhys Davids, T. W. Buddhist India. New York and London, 1903.
Sarre, F. and Herzfeld, E. Iranische Felsreliefs ; Aufnahmen und Unter-
suchungen von Denkmälern aus alt. und mittelpersischer Zeit. Text
und Atlas. Berlin, 1910.
Schoff, W. H. The name of the Erythraean Sea, J. A. O. S. XXXIII, 319-62.
New Haven, 1913.
--See also Isidore of Charax, in part 1, supra.
Shepherd, W. R. Atlas of Ancient History. New York, 1913,
Historical Atlas. New York, 1911.
Smith, V. A. The Early History of India from 600 B. c. to the Muham-
madan, Conquest. 3rd edn. , revised and enlarged. Oxford, 1914.
Smith, V. A. <The Oxford History of India from the earliest times to the
end of 1911. Oxford, 1919. >
Spiegel, F. Die arische Periode und ihre Zustände. Leipzig, 1887.
--Er nische Alterthumskunde. Leipzig, 1871-8.
<Spooner, D. B. The Zoroastrian period of Indian history. J. R. AS. , 1915,
pp. 63-89, 405-55. (Based on discoveries made during the excavations on
the site of Pataliputra and reported by the author in Annual Report of
the Archaeological Survey of India, Eastern Circle, for 1913. 14,
pp. 45ff. )> [These interesting articles hare called forth considerable ad-
verse criticism in regard to some of theories advanced. (1) V. A.
Smith, J. R. A. S. , 1915, pp. 800-2, while fully agreeing with the likeli-
hood of Persian influence in early India, regards certain of the theories
set forth in the articles as 'somewhat daring speculations. (2) A. B.
'
Keith, ibid. 1916, pp. 138-43, in a discussion covering fourteen points,
strongly opposes the notion of a Zoroastrian period of Indian history.
(3) F. W. Thomas, ibid. 1916, pp. 362-6, accepts certain aspects of Dr
Spooner's interpretation of Asura Maya and of Mount Meru, but is
far from being satisfied with much of the evidence adduced in the
articles. (4) “Nimrod' (so signed), in The Modern Review, xix, 373-6,
490-8, 597-600 (Calcutta, 1916), criticises the articles adversely through-
out. ]
<Spooner, [Mrs] Elizabeth C. The Fravashi of Gautama. J. R. A. S. ,
1916, pp. 497-501> {Sees Zoroastrian influence on Buddhist art]
Stein, M A Memoir on maps illustrating the Ancient Geography of
KaśmirCalcutta, 1899. (Reprinted from J. A. S. B. vol. LXVIII, part I,
extra no 2, 1899. )
-- Afghānistān in Avestic Geography. In The Academy, XXVII, 348-9.
London, 1885. Reprinted in Ind. Ant. xv, 21-3. Bombay, 1886,
<Sykes, Lieut-Col. P. M. A History of Persia. London, 1915. >
Thomas, F. W. Sakastana. J. R. A. S. , 1906, pp, 181-216, 460-4,
Tomascheck, [W. ] Article 'Derbikes,' in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclo-
pädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. v. 237-8. Stuttgart, 1905.
Weissbach, F. H. Zur neubabylonischen und achämenidischen Chrono-
logie. ZDM. G. LXII. 629-47, Leipzig, 1908.
--Zu Herodots, persischer Steuerliste. Philologus, LXXVI, 479-90. Leipzig,
1912.
Wilson, H. H. Ariana Antiqua ; a descripiive account of the antiquities
and coins of Afghanistan. London, 1841.
## p. 613 (#651) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
613
Winckler, H. Vorläufige Nachrichten über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-
köi im Sommer 1907. Mittheilungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft,
no. 35, Dec. 1907.
NOTE TO CHAPTER XIV
ANCIENT PERSIAN COINS IN INDIA.
On Persian coins generally see B. V. Head, The Coinage of Lydia and
Persia (London, 1877), and E. Babelon, Les Perses Achéménides (Paris,
1893), pp. I-XX.
The intimate connexion between the countermarks on
Persian sigloi and those upon early Indian coins was suggested by E. J.
Rapson, J. R. A. S. , 1895, pp. 865 ft. Subsequent observations have tended
to disprove this view, since it appears that most of the countermarked
sigloi were not found in India ; see G. F. Hill, J. H. S. , 1919, pp. 125 ff.
On the comparative value of gold and silver in Ancient India see A. Cun-
ningham, Coins of Ancient India London, 1891), p. 5. In some parts of
Asia in the thirteenth century the ratio was as low as 1:5 ; see Marco
Polo, Book II, Chapters L and LIII.
## p. 614 (#652) ############################################
614
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
ALEXANDER THE GREAT ; INDIA IN EARLY GREEK
AND LATIN LITERATURE
.
1. ANCIENT AUTHORS.
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), a Greek, or Hellenised native, of Bithynia,
and an official of the Roman empire ; consul suffectus c. 130 A. D. and still
alive in 171-2 A. D. Two of his works bear on India :
(a) ’87. 8àudcov 'audßacus, Alexandri Anabasis ; recent edn. that of A. G.
Roos (Leipzig, 1907). [The most trustworthy of the ancient accounts
of Alexander's expedition which have come down to us, based mainly
on the accounts of Ptolemy and Aristobulus. )
--Trans. J. W. M'Crindle. (In The Invasion of India by Alexander the
Great. 2nd edn. Westminster, 1896. )
(6) 'ludek's Indica. (Included in edn. of Arrian's Scripta Minora by A.
Eberhard. Leipzig, 1885. ) [A brief account of the geography, man-
ners, and customs of India, drawn from Nearchus, Megasthenes, and
Eratosthenes ]
-- Trans. M'Crindle. (In Ancient India as described by Megasthenes
and Arrian. London, 1877. )
Diodorus, of Agyrion in Sicily ; travelled in the Eastern Mediterranean
c. 60 B. C. ; lived till after 361 B. C. [See Pauly-Wissowa, v, 663. ] He wrote
a history of the world, under the title B132. 00'nkn; edn. of Books l-xv by
F. Vogel (Leipzig, 1888, 1890, 1893), of Books XVI-XVIII by C. T. Fischer
(Leipzig, 1906). [Book in, chaps. 35-42, gives an account of India taken
from Megasthenes ; trans. M'Crindle in Ancient India as described by
Megasthenes and Arrian. Book xvii contains an account of Alexander's
expedition, derived in part from Clitarchus ; trans. M'Crindle in The
Invasion of India by Alexander the Great. Book xix, chaps. 33. 4, contains
the account of the sati (v. sup. pp. 372-73) ; trans. M'Crindle in Ancient
India as described in Classical Literature (Westminster, 1901), p. 202 f. ]
Quintus Curtius Rufus ; nothing known of his life, fixed by his style to
the first century A. D. ; title of his Latin work, Historiae Alexandri Magni ;
ed. E. Hedicke (Leipzig, 1908). [The rhetorical character of the book
points to Clitarchus as its main source. ) Trans, of the part relating to
India by M Crindle (in The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great. )
Plutarch, of Chaeronea in Boeotia ; c. 45-125 a. D. [Chaps. 57-67 of his
life of Alexander are concerned with India. Edn. of the Lives by K.
Sintenis (Leipzig ; vol. III, 1881); trans. by M'Crindle in The Invasion of
India by Alexander the Great. ]
Justin (Marcus Junianus Justinus) ; second half of second century A. D. ;
composed an Epitome of the (now lost) Historiae Philippicae of Pompeius
Trogus, a man of Gallic origin, who published his Latin Historiae some
time between 20 B. C. and 14 A. D. ; edn. of Justin's Epitome, together with a
series of short summaries by another hand of the contents of the 44 Books
of the lost work (the Prologi), by I. Reuhl (Leipzig, 1886). (Book XII
contained an account of Alexander's campaigns in India ; trans, of Justin's
Epitome of the Book in M'Crindle, The Invasion of India. The chief
## p. 615 (#653) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
615
source of Trogus was probably a Greek work IIepi Baceou by Timagenes
of Alexandria (born between 80 and 75 B. C. ), who himself drew, for his
account of Alexander, mainly upon Clitarchus. )
Polyaenus, a Macedonian, wrote his Strategemata (in Greek) c. 162
A. D. (Book iv, chap. 3, deals with Alexander ; ed. J. Melber. Leipzig, 1887. ]
Two slighter works relating to the campaigns of Alexander seem
occasionally to give details derived from the contemporary accounts but
dropped in our more important extant sources :
(a) Alexandri Magni Macedonis Epitomae Rerum Gestarum, an
abridgement made in the 4th or 5th century A. D. of a lost Latin work of
uncertain date, combining history with elements taken from the Romance
of Alexander ; ed. Wagner in Fleckeisen's Jahrbücher fiir klassische Philo-
logie, Supplement band xxvi (1901), pp. 105 ff.
(6) Itinerarium Alexandri, written c. 360 A. D; printed at the end
of the Didot Arrian ; trans. M*Crindle in Ancient India as described in
Classical Literature.
Strabo, of Amasia in Asia Minor ; c. 64 B. C. -19 A. D. ; his great
geographical work (Greek) contains incidental notices of India and Alex-
ander's campaigns. [Book xv, chap. 1, is devoted, to India, its geography,
manners, and customs, its material being drawn from the companions of,
Alexander and from Megasthenes : ed. A. Meineke (Leipzig, 1852-3) ; trans.
M'Crindle in Ancient India as described in Classical Literature. ]
Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) ; 23-79 A. D. ; his encyclo-
paedic work in Latin, the Naturalis Historia, contains notices of India drawn
from the Greek books or from more recent reports of merchants ; ed. D.
Detlefsen (Berlin, 1866-73) : a translation of the passages relating to India
is given in M‘Crindle's Ancient India as described in Classical Literature.
A collection of the Fragments of Ctesias by Karl Müller is appended
to the Didot edn, of Herodotus ; trans. M Crindle, in Ancient India as
described by Ktesias (London, 1882).
A collection of the Fragments of the contemporary accounts of
Alexander (Ptolemy, Aristobulus, Clitarchus, etc. ) by Karl Müller is bound
up in the Didot edn. of Arrian (Paris, 1846).
A collection of the Fragments of Megasthenes, Daimachus, and
Patrocles is contained in K. Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum,
vol. II, pp. 397-439. The references to Megasthenes, Nearchus, and
Onesicritus in these chapters of The Cambridge History of India follow
Müller's numeration. An earlier collection of the Fragments of Megas-
thenes, with notes by E. A. Schwanbeck (Bonn, 1846), now out of print,
is still useful. This is the collection on which M'Crindle's translātion
(v. sup. ) is based. ]
2. MODERN WORKS.
An account of Alexander's campaigns in contained in the histories of
Grote, Droysen (best read in the French trans. by A. Bouché-Leclercq,
entitled Historie de l'Hell nisme, vol. 1. Paris, 1883), Holm (Eng. trans.
London, 1894-8), Niese (Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen
Staaten, vol. I, Gotha, 1893), Kaerst (Geschichte des hellenistischen
Zeitalters, Leipzig, 1901), Beloch (Griechische Geschichte, vol. II, Strass-
burg, 1904).
## p. 616 (#654) ############################################
616
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
For monographs and articles see the Notes appended to M'Crindle's
translations (v. sup. ).
Smith, V. A. The Early History of India. 3rd edn. Oxford, 1914. [In his
account of Alexander's campaigns Dr Vincent Smith makes use of
more recent topographical researches than seem to be known to the
German scholars, for whom Cunningham is still generally the last
authority. ]
Anspach, A. E. De Alexandri Magni Expeditione Indica. London, 1903.
[The most full and thorough arrangement of the literary material. ]
Cunningham, A. The Ancient Geography of India. Vol I. London, 1871.
A work still of fundamental value, though necessarily to some
extent corrected by subsequent research. )
Raverty, H. G. Notes on Afghanistan and part of Baluchistan, London,
1880, 1881, 1883.
- The Mihrãn of Sind and its Tributaries. J. A. S. B. , 1892.
Tomaschek, W. Topographische Erlăuterung der Küsten fahrt Nearchs vom
Indus bis zum Euphrat. Sitz Wien, vol. cxxi. 1890.
Haig, M.
--Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran. Heft 1. Göttingen, 1897
(=Philologus, liv, 489-527 ; LV, 213-44). Heft 2.
Heft 2. Leipzig, 1905 (=
(
Philologus, Supplementband x, 1-258).
Meyer, E. Geschichte des Altertums. Vol. I, 2nd half. Die ältesten
geschichtlichen Völker und Kulturen bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert.
3rd edn. Stuttgart and Berlin, 1913. Vol. III Das Perserreich und
die Griechen. Stuttgart, 1901.
-- Article 'Persia (History: Ancient)', in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th
edn, XXI, 202-24.
Modi, J. J. The Country of Mekran-its Past History. In East and West,
vol. III, part 1, pp. 494-505, Bombay, 1904.
Moulton, J. H. Early Zoroastrianism. (The Hibbert Lectures, second
series. ) London, 1913. [Excellent on the religious side. )
Nöldeke, Th. Aufsätze zur persischen Geschichte. Leipzig, 1887.
Prašek, J. V. Geschichte der Meder und Perser bis zur makedonischen
Eroberung. Gotha, 1906-10.
Prellberg, K. A. C. Persien : eine historische Landschaft. (Dissertation. )
Leipzig, 1891,
<Rapson, E. J. Ancient India from the earliest times to the first century
A. D. Cambridge, 1914. > (This work contains a chapter on the Persians
and the Macedonians ich. vi). ]
Rawlinson, G. The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World.
Vol. iv. The Fifth Monarchy (Persia). London, 1867,
, .
Rennell, J. The Geographical System of Herodotus. 2nd edn. revised,
London, 1830. [See especially vol. 1, pp. 303-426, 'The Twenty Satra.
pies of Darius Hystaspes. ')
>
## p. 612 (#650) ############################################
612
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
Rhys Davids, T. W. Buddhist India. New York and London, 1903.
Sarre, F. and Herzfeld, E. Iranische Felsreliefs ; Aufnahmen und Unter-
suchungen von Denkmälern aus alt. und mittelpersischer Zeit. Text
und Atlas. Berlin, 1910.
Schoff, W. H. The name of the Erythraean Sea, J. A. O. S. XXXIII, 319-62.
New Haven, 1913.
--See also Isidore of Charax, in part 1, supra.
Shepherd, W. R. Atlas of Ancient History. New York, 1913,
Historical Atlas. New York, 1911.
Smith, V. A. The Early History of India from 600 B. c. to the Muham-
madan, Conquest. 3rd edn. , revised and enlarged. Oxford, 1914.
Smith, V. A. <The Oxford History of India from the earliest times to the
end of 1911. Oxford, 1919. >
Spiegel, F. Die arische Periode und ihre Zustände. Leipzig, 1887.
--Er nische Alterthumskunde. Leipzig, 1871-8.
<Spooner, D. B. The Zoroastrian period of Indian history. J. R. AS. , 1915,
pp. 63-89, 405-55. (Based on discoveries made during the excavations on
the site of Pataliputra and reported by the author in Annual Report of
the Archaeological Survey of India, Eastern Circle, for 1913. 14,
pp. 45ff. )> [These interesting articles hare called forth considerable ad-
verse criticism in regard to some of theories advanced. (1) V. A.
Smith, J. R. A. S. , 1915, pp. 800-2, while fully agreeing with the likeli-
hood of Persian influence in early India, regards certain of the theories
set forth in the articles as 'somewhat daring speculations. (2) A. B.
'
Keith, ibid. 1916, pp. 138-43, in a discussion covering fourteen points,
strongly opposes the notion of a Zoroastrian period of Indian history.
(3) F. W. Thomas, ibid. 1916, pp. 362-6, accepts certain aspects of Dr
Spooner's interpretation of Asura Maya and of Mount Meru, but is
far from being satisfied with much of the evidence adduced in the
articles. (4) “Nimrod' (so signed), in The Modern Review, xix, 373-6,
490-8, 597-600 (Calcutta, 1916), criticises the articles adversely through-
out. ]
<Spooner, [Mrs] Elizabeth C. The Fravashi of Gautama. J. R. A. S. ,
1916, pp. 497-501> {Sees Zoroastrian influence on Buddhist art]
Stein, M A Memoir on maps illustrating the Ancient Geography of
KaśmirCalcutta, 1899. (Reprinted from J. A. S. B. vol. LXVIII, part I,
extra no 2, 1899. )
-- Afghānistān in Avestic Geography. In The Academy, XXVII, 348-9.
London, 1885. Reprinted in Ind. Ant. xv, 21-3. Bombay, 1886,
<Sykes, Lieut-Col. P. M. A History of Persia. London, 1915. >
Thomas, F. W. Sakastana. J. R. A. S. , 1906, pp, 181-216, 460-4,
Tomascheck, [W. ] Article 'Derbikes,' in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclo-
pädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. v. 237-8. Stuttgart, 1905.
Weissbach, F. H. Zur neubabylonischen und achämenidischen Chrono-
logie. ZDM. G. LXII. 629-47, Leipzig, 1908.
--Zu Herodots, persischer Steuerliste. Philologus, LXXVI, 479-90. Leipzig,
1912.
Wilson, H. H. Ariana Antiqua ; a descripiive account of the antiquities
and coins of Afghanistan. London, 1841.
## p. 613 (#651) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER XIV
613
Winckler, H. Vorläufige Nachrichten über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-
köi im Sommer 1907. Mittheilungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft,
no. 35, Dec. 1907.
NOTE TO CHAPTER XIV
ANCIENT PERSIAN COINS IN INDIA.
On Persian coins generally see B. V. Head, The Coinage of Lydia and
Persia (London, 1877), and E. Babelon, Les Perses Achéménides (Paris,
1893), pp. I-XX.
The intimate connexion between the countermarks on
Persian sigloi and those upon early Indian coins was suggested by E. J.
Rapson, J. R. A. S. , 1895, pp. 865 ft. Subsequent observations have tended
to disprove this view, since it appears that most of the countermarked
sigloi were not found in India ; see G. F. Hill, J. H. S. , 1919, pp. 125 ff.
On the comparative value of gold and silver in Ancient India see A. Cun-
ningham, Coins of Ancient India London, 1891), p. 5. In some parts of
Asia in the thirteenth century the ratio was as low as 1:5 ; see Marco
Polo, Book II, Chapters L and LIII.
## p. 614 (#652) ############################################
614
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
ALEXANDER THE GREAT ; INDIA IN EARLY GREEK
AND LATIN LITERATURE
.
1. ANCIENT AUTHORS.
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), a Greek, or Hellenised native, of Bithynia,
and an official of the Roman empire ; consul suffectus c. 130 A. D. and still
alive in 171-2 A. D. Two of his works bear on India :
(a) ’87. 8àudcov 'audßacus, Alexandri Anabasis ; recent edn. that of A. G.
Roos (Leipzig, 1907). [The most trustworthy of the ancient accounts
of Alexander's expedition which have come down to us, based mainly
on the accounts of Ptolemy and Aristobulus. )
--Trans. J. W. M'Crindle. (In The Invasion of India by Alexander the
Great. 2nd edn. Westminster, 1896. )
(6) 'ludek's Indica. (Included in edn. of Arrian's Scripta Minora by A.
Eberhard. Leipzig, 1885. ) [A brief account of the geography, man-
ners, and customs of India, drawn from Nearchus, Megasthenes, and
Eratosthenes ]
-- Trans. M'Crindle. (In Ancient India as described by Megasthenes
and Arrian. London, 1877. )
Diodorus, of Agyrion in Sicily ; travelled in the Eastern Mediterranean
c. 60 B. C. ; lived till after 361 B. C. [See Pauly-Wissowa, v, 663. ] He wrote
a history of the world, under the title B132. 00'nkn; edn. of Books l-xv by
F. Vogel (Leipzig, 1888, 1890, 1893), of Books XVI-XVIII by C. T. Fischer
(Leipzig, 1906). [Book in, chaps. 35-42, gives an account of India taken
from Megasthenes ; trans. M'Crindle in Ancient India as described by
Megasthenes and Arrian. Book xvii contains an account of Alexander's
expedition, derived in part from Clitarchus ; trans. M'Crindle in The
Invasion of India by Alexander the Great. Book xix, chaps. 33. 4, contains
the account of the sati (v. sup. pp. 372-73) ; trans. M'Crindle in Ancient
India as described in Classical Literature (Westminster, 1901), p. 202 f. ]
Quintus Curtius Rufus ; nothing known of his life, fixed by his style to
the first century A. D. ; title of his Latin work, Historiae Alexandri Magni ;
ed. E. Hedicke (Leipzig, 1908). [The rhetorical character of the book
points to Clitarchus as its main source. ) Trans, of the part relating to
India by M Crindle (in The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great. )
Plutarch, of Chaeronea in Boeotia ; c. 45-125 a. D. [Chaps. 57-67 of his
life of Alexander are concerned with India. Edn. of the Lives by K.
Sintenis (Leipzig ; vol. III, 1881); trans. by M'Crindle in The Invasion of
India by Alexander the Great. ]
Justin (Marcus Junianus Justinus) ; second half of second century A. D. ;
composed an Epitome of the (now lost) Historiae Philippicae of Pompeius
Trogus, a man of Gallic origin, who published his Latin Historiae some
time between 20 B. C. and 14 A. D. ; edn. of Justin's Epitome, together with a
series of short summaries by another hand of the contents of the 44 Books
of the lost work (the Prologi), by I. Reuhl (Leipzig, 1886). (Book XII
contained an account of Alexander's campaigns in India ; trans, of Justin's
Epitome of the Book in M'Crindle, The Invasion of India. The chief
## p. 615 (#653) ############################################
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
615
source of Trogus was probably a Greek work IIepi Baceou by Timagenes
of Alexandria (born between 80 and 75 B. C. ), who himself drew, for his
account of Alexander, mainly upon Clitarchus. )
Polyaenus, a Macedonian, wrote his Strategemata (in Greek) c. 162
A. D. (Book iv, chap. 3, deals with Alexander ; ed. J. Melber. Leipzig, 1887. ]
Two slighter works relating to the campaigns of Alexander seem
occasionally to give details derived from the contemporary accounts but
dropped in our more important extant sources :
(a) Alexandri Magni Macedonis Epitomae Rerum Gestarum, an
abridgement made in the 4th or 5th century A. D. of a lost Latin work of
uncertain date, combining history with elements taken from the Romance
of Alexander ; ed. Wagner in Fleckeisen's Jahrbücher fiir klassische Philo-
logie, Supplement band xxvi (1901), pp. 105 ff.
(6) Itinerarium Alexandri, written c. 360 A. D; printed at the end
of the Didot Arrian ; trans. M*Crindle in Ancient India as described in
Classical Literature.
Strabo, of Amasia in Asia Minor ; c. 64 B. C. -19 A. D. ; his great
geographical work (Greek) contains incidental notices of India and Alex-
ander's campaigns. [Book xv, chap. 1, is devoted, to India, its geography,
manners, and customs, its material being drawn from the companions of,
Alexander and from Megasthenes : ed. A. Meineke (Leipzig, 1852-3) ; trans.
M'Crindle in Ancient India as described in Classical Literature. ]
Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) ; 23-79 A. D. ; his encyclo-
paedic work in Latin, the Naturalis Historia, contains notices of India drawn
from the Greek books or from more recent reports of merchants ; ed. D.
Detlefsen (Berlin, 1866-73) : a translation of the passages relating to India
is given in M‘Crindle's Ancient India as described in Classical Literature.
A collection of the Fragments of Ctesias by Karl Müller is appended
to the Didot edn, of Herodotus ; trans. M Crindle, in Ancient India as
described by Ktesias (London, 1882).
A collection of the Fragments of the contemporary accounts of
Alexander (Ptolemy, Aristobulus, Clitarchus, etc. ) by Karl Müller is bound
up in the Didot edn. of Arrian (Paris, 1846).
A collection of the Fragments of Megasthenes, Daimachus, and
Patrocles is contained in K. Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum,
vol. II, pp. 397-439. The references to Megasthenes, Nearchus, and
Onesicritus in these chapters of The Cambridge History of India follow
Müller's numeration. An earlier collection of the Fragments of Megas-
thenes, with notes by E. A. Schwanbeck (Bonn, 1846), now out of print,
is still useful. This is the collection on which M'Crindle's translātion
(v. sup. ) is based. ]
2. MODERN WORKS.
An account of Alexander's campaigns in contained in the histories of
Grote, Droysen (best read in the French trans. by A. Bouché-Leclercq,
entitled Historie de l'Hell nisme, vol. 1. Paris, 1883), Holm (Eng. trans.
London, 1894-8), Niese (Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen
Staaten, vol. I, Gotha, 1893), Kaerst (Geschichte des hellenistischen
Zeitalters, Leipzig, 1901), Beloch (Griechische Geschichte, vol. II, Strass-
burg, 1904).
## p. 616 (#654) ############################################
616
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTERS XV AND XVI
For monographs and articles see the Notes appended to M'Crindle's
translations (v. sup. ).
Smith, V. A. The Early History of India. 3rd edn. Oxford, 1914. [In his
account of Alexander's campaigns Dr Vincent Smith makes use of
more recent topographical researches than seem to be known to the
German scholars, for whom Cunningham is still generally the last
authority. ]
Anspach, A. E. De Alexandri Magni Expeditione Indica. London, 1903.
[The most full and thorough arrangement of the literary material. ]
Cunningham, A. The Ancient Geography of India. Vol I. London, 1871.
A work still of fundamental value, though necessarily to some
extent corrected by subsequent research. )
Raverty, H. G. Notes on Afghanistan and part of Baluchistan, London,
1880, 1881, 1883.
- The Mihrãn of Sind and its Tributaries. J. A. S. B. , 1892.
Tomaschek, W. Topographische Erlăuterung der Küsten fahrt Nearchs vom
Indus bis zum Euphrat. Sitz Wien, vol. cxxi. 1890.
Haig, M.
