No More Learning

Appleton, Thomas Gold. An American
writer; born in Boston, March 31, 1812; died
in New York, April 17, 1884. He was a patron
of art, and an amateur painter of merit; he
aided libraries and museums of Boston. Author
of Nile Journal» (Boston, 1876); “Syrian Sun-
shine) (1877); and a volume of poems, Faded
Leaves.
Apthorp, William Foster. An American
musical and dramatic critic; born in Massa-
chusetts in 1848. He is on the staff of the
Boston Evening Transcript. His chief work
is Musicians and Music Lovers, and Other
Essays. He is also the translator of Zola's
Jacques Damour,' and of Hector Berlioz)
(1879).
Apuleius, Lucius (ap-ū-lē'us). A famous
Latin satirist and writer of fiction; lived in
the ad century, and was a native of northern
Africa. Having inherited an ample fortune,
he devoted himself to study and travel; at-
tending first the schools of Carthage, then the
Athenian schools of philosophy. His principal
work is (Metamorphosis) or (The Golden Ass,
which includes the charming epilogue of 'Cupid
and Pysche); well known also is his witty
(Apology,' a defense against a charge of sor-
cery brought by the sons of a widow twice
his age whom he had married. *
:
(


## p. 22 (#38) ##############################################

22
AQUINAS – ARBOLEDA
Aquinas, Thomas, St. See Thomas.
Arago, Dominique François (är-ä-go'). An
eminent French astronomer and physicist; born
near Perpignan, Feb. 26, 1786; died in Paris,
Oct. 2, 1853. His biographical notices of dis-
tinguished men of science hold a high place
in literature for clearness of thought and
beauty of style. Elected to the Chamber of
Deputies after the revolution of 1830, he elo-
quently took part with the advanced repub-
licans. After the fall of Louis Philippe in 1848,
he effected as Minister of War and of Marine
many salutary reforms, such as the abolition
of flogging in the navy and of negro slavery
in the colonies. His scientific observations
and discoveries were numerous and important.
English translations of separate portions of his
works have been published, notably his (Auto-
biography); (Popular Lectures on Astronomy);
(Meteorological Essays); and Biographies of
Scientific Men. *
Arago, Étienne Vincent. A French poet,
journalist, and playwright; born at Perpignan,
Feb. 9, 1802; died in Paris, March 5, 1892.
Brother of the preceding. He wrote, mostly
in collaboration with others, a number of com-
edies, vaudevilles, and melodramas; and under
the pseudonym of Jules Ferney, made himself
known through his feuilletons in the Siècle.
By far his best production, however, is (Spa,
its Origin, History, Waters, etc. ? (1851), an
epic in seven cantos. Besides this, (A Voice
from Exile) (1860) and (The Blue and the
White) (1862), a historical romance of the
wars in the Vendée, deserve mention.
Arago, Jacques Étienne. A French writer
of travels; born at Estagel, March 10, 1790;
died in Brazil, January 1855. Brother of the
preceding. Till 1837 his literary work con-
sisted in the production of light theatrical
pieces. He then lost his sight and made a
voyage around the globe, which afforded ma
terial for two charming books: Promenade
around the World) (1838) and A Blind Man's
Voyage round the World. He had some pain-
ful experiences on this side of the globe, which
are detailed in the ( Travels of a Blind Man
in California (1851).
Arany, János (or'ony). An eminent Hun-
garian poet; born at Nagy-Szalonta, March 1,
1817; died in Buda-Pesth, Oct. 22, 1882. Edu-
cated in the college at Debreczin, 1832-36, he
was employed as a teacher in his native place;
in 18. 10 was appointed notary there; and won
immediate success with his first epical produc-
tion in 1845. During the Hungarian revolution
he held a government position; then lived in
needy circumstances in his native town until
1854, when he obtained a professorship at
Nagy-Körös. Thence he was called to Buda-
Pesth in 1860 as director of the Kisfaludy
Society; founded the literary weekly Koszorú
(The Wreath); and in 1865 was appointed sec-
retary of the Hungarian Academy, of which
he had been a member since 1859. Owing to
his feeble health he resigned in 1878. As a
national poet he ranks immediately after Petöfi
and Vörösmarty, his epical creations deserving
to be acknowledged as ornaments not only of
Hungarian but of modern poetry in general.
He is a master of the ballad and a translator of
highest merit, as proven by his versions of Tasso,
Goethe, Shakespeare, and above all, his trans-
lation of Aristophanes (3 vols. , 1880). Works:
( The Lost Constitution,' a humorous epic
(1845, prize of Kisfaludy Society), depicting
the doings at the county elections ; (The Taking
of Murány) (1848, prize); Katalin (1850);
(Toldi, an epical trilogy (1851-54-80), exalting
the deeds of the Hungarian Samson; (The
Gipsies of Nagy-Ida) (1852); (Buda's Death)
(1864, prize), Prose Writings) (1879).
Arany, László. A Hungarian poet; born
at Nagy-Szalonta, March 24, 1844. Son of the
preceding; member of the Academy since
1872; author of "Elfrida,' a poetical tale (1868,
prize); (The Battle of the Huns) (1874); “The
Hero of Disenchantment,' a humorous epic
(1873), which won a prize and ranks among
the best productions of Hungarian literature.
Aratus (a-rå'tus). A Greek poet and as-
tronomer; born at Soli, Cilicia, fourishing
about 290-260 B. C. His chief work was an
astronomical poem entitled "Phænomena' (As.
pects of the Heavens), in 1,154 verses; the
plan being in imitation of Hesiod, while the
style is borrowed from Homer. Greatly ad-
mired in antiquity, it was translated into Latin
by Cicero and others. He was a friend of
the poets Theocritus and Callimachus.
Araujo Porto-Alegre, Manoel de (ä-rouʼzhö
põr'tö ä-lā'gre). A Brazilian poet; born at Rio
Pardo, Nov. 29, 1806; died in Lisbon, Portugal,
Dec. 30, 1879. He frequented the Academy of
Arts in Rio de Janeiro, 1826-28; studied paint-
ing in Paris and architecture there and in
Italy until 1837, when he returned to Rio and
was made professor at the Academy of Arts,
later at the Military Academy. He was Bra-
zilian consul-general at Stettin in 1859-65, but
lived mostly in Berlin, afterwards at Lisbon.
His principal works are: (Colombo, an epic,
celebrating the discovery of America; and (Bra-
silianas,' a lyric cycle, abounding in splendid
descriptions of nature.
Arblay, Madame d'. See Burney.
Arbois de Jubainville, Henri d'(är-bwä'
dė zhuban'vēl). A distinguished French archæ-
ologist; born at Nancy, Dec. 5, 1827. He is
the most eminent authority in France on Gal.
lic antiquity and the Celtic languages. Of his
works the most noteworthy are: (History of
the Dukes and Counts of Champagne) (1859-
69); “The First Inhabitants of Europe) (1877);
(A Course of Celtic Literature) (5 vols. , 1883).
Arboleda, Julio (är-bo-lā'tuä). A South
American poet, orator, journalist, and revolu-
tionist; born in Colombia, June 9, 1817; died
about 1872. Having assumed the supreme
power in New Granada, he was assassinated.
He was of the best-known poets of
one


## p. 23 (#39) ##############################################

ARBUTHNOT - ARGYLE
23
Spanish America. Of his principal work,
Gonzalo of Oyón,' only such parts as hap-
pened to exist in duplicate were published, the
manuscript having been destroyed by a bitter
personal enemy.
Arbuthnot, John. A Scottish humorist;
born near Arbuthnot Castle, Kincardineshire,
Scotland, April 29, 1667; died in London, Feb.
27, 1735. He was physician to Queen Anne.
His literary fame rests mainly on (The His.
tory of John Bull (1712), at first attributed to
Swift, but proved to have been the work of
Arbuthnot. Primarily designed to satirize the
Duke of Marlborough, and to oppose the con-
tinuance of the War of the Spanish Succession,
this work was the means of fastening the so-
briquet and the typical character of John Bull
upon the English nation; but owing to its
ardent and extreme Toryism it is now little
read, and known chiefly by brilliant extracts.
It is said to have suggested to Swift the com-
position of (Gulliver's Travels. He also wrote
a number of serious works which have been
highly valued. *
Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von (är'chen-
hõlts). A German historian (1743-1812). He
took part in the closing campaigns of the
Seven Years' War and retired as captain, 1763;
traveled extensively in Europe, lived in Eng-
land the greater part of 1769-79, and settled
in Hamburg in 1792. His book on England
and Italy) (1785), extensively translated, ob-
tained a phenomenal success. A sequel to it
was Annals of British History) (1789-98, 20
vols. ). His History of the Seven Years' War)
(1789, augmented 1793, 13th ed. 1892) is still the
most popular account of that war.
Archer, Thomas. An English novelist and
essayist. His works deal with the conditions
of the working classes and with social evils.
Among the best known are: (A Fool's Para.
dise (1870); Profitable Plants) (1874).
Archer, William. A Scottish critic; born
at Perth, Sept. 23, 1856. He graduated at
Edinburgh University, 1876, and was called to
the bar, 1883. He has long been dramatic
critic for various London papers, and has pub-
lished books on the drama, including : (Eng-
lish Dramatists of To-day) (1882); Masks or
Faces: a Study in the Psychology of Acting)
(1888); Henry Irving,' a critical study (1883);
(William Ch. Macready, a Biography) (1890).
He is the English translator of Ibsen's dramas
(1890-91).
Archilochus (är-kil'ō-kus). An eminent
Greek poet; flourished in the 7th century B. C.
Of his life nothing is definitely known. He
was classed by the ancients with the greatest
poets, Homer, Pindar, Sophocles; but of his
works only a few fragments have come down
His lyrics, in iambic verse, were often
pointed with the bitterest satire; besides satires
he wrote hymns, elegies, and epodes. *
Arène, Paul Auguste (ä-rån'). A French
writer of stories and travels; born at Sisteron,
June 26, 1843; died at Antibes, Dec. 16, 1896.
At first engaged in teaching at Marseilles and
in Paris; but from 1865 on he devoted himself
to literature, and became favorably known
through his brilliant descriptions of his Pro-
vençal home. Notable among various collec-
lections of stories are: (The Perfumed Beggar
Woman) (1876); “In the Kindly Sun' (1879);
(The True Temptation of St. Anthony);
(Christmas Stories. He also wrote two nov-
els --John of the Figs) (1868) and "The
Golden Goat' (1889); several comedies, partly
in conjunction with others, especially Alphonse
Daudet, whose collaborator he was in the
(Letters from my Mill. ? Equally charming as
his stories are the pictures of travel : (Twenty
Days in Tunis) (1884); From the Alps to the
Pyrenees) (1891).
Aretino, Pietro (ä-rā-tē'no). An Italian
satirical poet and dramatist; born at Arezzo,
April 20, 1492; died in Venice, Oct. 21, 1556.
He had already won some fame as a writer
of satires, when he settled in Rome in 1517,
where his bent for witty effusions led to his
banishment in 1524. Turning to Florence, he
won the favor of John de' Medici, and at
Milan ingratiated himself with Francis I. of
France, through whose intercession he was
allowed to return to Rome. Of his works only
his five comedies in prose, and (Orazia, a
tragedy in verse, numbering among the best
in Italian literature, are of lasting merit. His
(Letters) are a valuable contribution to the
history of the times.
Argensola, Bartolomeo Leonardo de (är-
Hen-sõ'lä). A Spanish poet and historian
(1565-1631). His verse lacks native force, but
shows considerable depth of sentiment, while
in form it displays exquisite finish. His history
of The Conquest of the Moluccas) is esteemed
a model of correct and idiomatic Spanish
prose.
Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de. A nota-
ble Spanish poet; born at Barbastro, Aragon,
Dec. 14, 1559 ; died at Naples in March 1613.
Brother of the preceding. His three tragedies,
(Isabella, (Alexandra,' and Phyllis' brought
him fame while still a young man; but his forte
was lyric poetry, in which he won distinction.
His ballads and songs are notable for vigor of
thought and richness of pictorial fancy. Some
of his (Sonnets) are masterpieces; and his
(Epistles, both in substance and form, are
models of that species of composition.
Argyle or Argyll, George Douglas Camp-
bell (är-gil'), eighth Duke of. An English
philosophical, scientific, and political writer, and
statesman; born in Ardencaple Castle, Dum-
bartonshire, April 30, 1823. He was Lord Privy
Seal (1860) and Postmaster-General (1855),
being reappointed to both offices in 1860, to
the former again in 1880; was Secretary for
India (1868–74). He wrote: (The Reign of
Law) (1866), a striking work upholding theism ;
(I'rimeval Man) (1869); (Ional (1870); (The
Eastern Question) (2 vols. , 1879); (The Unity
to us.
:


## p. 24 (#40) ##############################################

24
ARICI - ARMSTRONG
of Nature (2d ed. , 1884); (Geology and the
Deluge) (1885); (Scotland as It Was and as It
Is) (2 vols. , 1887); and (The Unseen Founda-
tions of Society. ?
Arici, Cesare (ä-rē'chē). An Italian poet ;
born in Brescia, July 2, 1782; died there, July
2, 1836. He laid the foundation of his suc-
cess with a poem on (The Cultivation of the
Olive) (1808), which won for him a profes-
sorship of history and literature; it still ranks
among the best specimens of Italian didactic
poetry. He wrote many lyric pieces, but his
chief distinction is as a poet of bucolic and
pastoral themes. He left in an incomplete
state an epic on (The Destruction of Jerusa-
lem.
Ariosto, Ludovico (ä-rê-os'to). A cele-
brated Italian poet; born at Reggio, Sept. 8,
1474; died at Ferrara, June 6, 1533. He was
one of the three great epic poets of Italy,
and styled “The Divine” by his countrymen.
He early abandoned the study of law for that
of the classics. Having attracted attention
through two comedies, he entered the service
of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, who intrusted him
with several diplomatic missions; after whose
death in 1520 he was employed by the reign-
ing duke of Ferrara, Alfonso, the cardinal's
brother. His imperishable fame rests mainly
on his great romantic-heroic poem (Orlando
Furioso); of which Orlando's love for the fair
Angelica, and his madness induced by her
treachery, form the theme. It is really a con-
tinuation of Bojardo's (Orlando Innamorato,
a knowledge of which is most helpful to a
thorough appreciation of the Furioso. Of his
other poetical efforts the most noteworthy are
his seven epistolary satires, conceived in the
spirit of Horace, which contain sundry bits of
autobiographical information and rank among
the treasures of Italian literature.
Aristides or Aristeides (ar-is-ti'dēz). A
Greek writer who lived in the ad century B. C.
He was the father of Greek prose romance.
He wrote a series of love stories in six or
more books, entitled Milesiaca! (Milesian
Tales), from the place in which their scene
was laid.
Aristocles. See Plato.
Aristophanes (ar-is-tof'a-nēz). The greatest
of the Greek writers of comedy (B. C. 448 ? -
380 ? ); born at Athens. His comedy (The
Knights) is said to have been put on the stage
when the author was but 20 years old. Of his
44 plays only eleven have come down to us.
These are: (The Knights); (The Clouds,-
prized by him above all the rest, - wherein he
ridicules the Sophists and with them Socrates;
(The Wasps, in which the Athenians are
lashed for their litigiousness ; ( The Acharnians);
(The Peace) and (The Lyristrate, arguments
for concord among Grecian States; (The Birds,
a satire against the “Greater Athens ) idea;
in "The Thesmophoriazusä) the Athenian
women carry off to court the poet Euripides
in punishment of his misogyny; (The Frogs,
directed against Euripides, as the cause of the
degeneration of dramatic art; in “The Eccle-
siazusä) or (Ladies in Parliament,' he reduces
to absurdity the overweening expectation of the
righting of all wrongs through political reforms;
in the Plutus) the blind god of wealth is made
to see and the good old times come back
again. *
Aristotle (ar'is-totl). The most renowned of
Greek philosophers; born at Stagira, Mace-
donia, 384 B. C. ; died at Chalcis, Eubæa, 322
B. C. He was for twenty years a student of
philosophy in the school of Plato at Athens.
but at the same time a teacher, in the mean
time mastering and digesting all the accessible
results of philosophical and scientific research
and speculation in his time. After Plato's
death, he opened a school of philosophy at
the court of Hermias, king of Atarneus in
Mysia, who had been his fellow student in
Plato's Academy, and whose adopted daughter
he afterwards married. At the invitation of
Philip of Macedon he undertook the education
of his son, Alexander. When Alexander suc-
ceeded to the throne, the philosopher returned
to Athens and opened a school in the Lyceum,
so called from the neighboring temple of the
Lycian Apollo. From being held in the cov-
ered walk (peripatos) of the Lyceum the school
obtained the name of the Peripatetic. He
taught in the Lyceum for 13 years, and to that
period we owe the composition of most of his
numerous writings. The number of his sep-
arate treatises is given by Diogenes Laertius
as 146: only 46 separate works bearing the
name of the philosopher have come down to
our time.
*
Ari Thorgilsson (ä'rē tor'gils-son). The
father of Icelandic literature (1067–1148). He
was the first Icelander to use his mother
tongue as a literary medium, in writing his
(Islendingabók,' a concise history of Iceland
from its settlement (about 870) until 1120.
This work was finished between 1134 and 1138.
Arlincourt, Victor Vicomte d' (är-lan-kör').
A French poet and novelist (1789-1856). His
chief poetical work is (Charlemagne, or the
Caroleid) (1818), an epic; and of his novels
the most successful was "Le Solitaire) (1821),
which was translated into all European lan-
guages. Among several pamphlets, written in
support of the Legitimist cause in 1848, one
entitled (God Wills It) went through 64 edi-
tions.
Armitage, Thomas. An American clergy-
man; born at Pontefract, England, Aug. 2,
1819; died Jan. 21, 1896. He was an import-
ant influence in the Baptist Church in New
York city, and the prime mover in the estab.
lishment of the American Bible Union in 1850.
He was president of that body from 1856 to
1875. Among his works are: Jesus, His Self-
Introspection); and History of the Baptists!
(1887).
Armstrong, Edmund John. An Irish poet:
born in Dublin, July 23, 1841; died at Kings-


## p. 25 (#41) ##############################################

ARMSTRONG - ARNOLD
25
town, Feb. 24, 1865. His most elaborate poem
is (The Prisoner of Mount Saint Michael
(1863), a romantic tale of passion and crime,
the scene being suggested by the author's
rambles in France in 1862. Next in import-
ance is "Ovoca,' an idyllic poem, partly dra-
matic, partly narrative in form.
Armstrong, George Francis. An Irish poet;
born in the county of Dublin, May 5, 1845.
Brother of the preceding. Professor of his-
tory and English literature at Queen's College,
Cork, since 1871. His works include : (Poems,
Lyrical and Dramatic) (1869); (Ugone, a
tragedy (1870); (Tragedy of Israel, a trilogy
comprising King Saul (1872), (King David)
(1874), and King Solomon (1876); “Essays)
(1877); and Mephistopheles in Broadcloth)
(1888), a satire in verse.
Armstrong, John. An American author
and soldier; born at Carlisle, Pa. , Nov. 25,
1758; died at Red Hook, N. Y. , April 1, 1843.
Served in the war of the Revolution on the staff
of General Gates; was United States minister
to France, 1804-10, afterwards to Spain; and
Secretary of War, 1813-14. Author of Newburg
Letters,' begun in camp 1783, anonymously,
and intended to arouse Congress to redress
army grievances. They gave General Washing-
ton displeasure. He also wrote Notices of the
War of 1812) (1836).
Arnaboldi, Alessandro (är-nä-bol'di). An
Italian poet; born in Milan, Dec. 19, 1827;
studied law in Pavia and entered the govern-
ment service, but resigned in 1873 owing to an
optic infirmity, and has since lived in retire-
ment near Milan. On the publication of a
volume of (Verses) (1872), he was hailed by
his countrymen as the peer of Manzoni and
Leopardi, while Dall' Ongaro even styled him
the greatest living poet of Italy. A second
collection of his poems appeared as New
Verses) (1888).
Arnason, Jón (är'nä-son). An Icelandic writer;
born at Hof, Akagaströnd, Nov. 13, 1819; died
at Reykjavik, Aug. 17, 1888. He was for many
years librarian of the National Library, and
devoted himself assiduously to the collection of
Icelandic folk tales. He has hence been called
the "Grimm of Iceland. ” His principal liter-
ary work is Popular Legends and Tales of
Iceland (1862–64). *
Arnault, Antoine Vincent (är-nö'). A French
poet and dramatist (1766-1834). He came into
public notice through his tragedy (Marius at
Minturna) (1791); but more especially deserves
remembrance for his satirical fables, in which
he guarded successfully against imitation of La-
fontaine, and for his graceful poems, of which
(The Leaf) has become most widely known.
His Souvenirs of a Sexagenarian (1833) con-
tain excellent delineations of character, and
many interesting disclosures about the history
of the time up to 1804.
Arndt, Ernst Moritz (ärnt). A German
poet, miscellaneous writer, and patriot; born at
Schoritz, Isle of Rügen, Dec. 29, 1769; died in
Bonn, Jan. 29, 1860. On the publication, in
1806, of the first series of his "Spirit of the
Times, which kindled patriotic enthusiasm
throughout the German lands, he was com-
pelled to take refuge in Sweden. Somie years
later he was the editor at Cologne of a polit-
ical journal, The Watchman. In 1848 a mem-
ber of the National Assembly, he belonged
to the so-called imperial party, advocating the
union of Germany under the leadership of
Prussia. On his ninetieth birthday (1859) the
whole nation united in paying him homage.
His influence was due to his devotion to the
national cause. Many of his poems have be-
come national lyrics, intimately linked with the
stirring events to which they owe their origin.
Among them are: What is the German's
Fatherland ? ) and (The Song of the Field
Marshal. *
Arneth, Alfred von (är'net). An Austrian
historian; born in Vienna, July 10, 1819; died
there, July 31, 1897. He was member of the
House of Lords after 1869, and president of
the Academy of Sciences after 1879. His life
of Prince Eugene of Savoy) (1858-59) is note-
worthy as the first authoritative work on that
great leader. Next in importance is the (His-
tory of Maria Theresa' (1863-79).
Arnim, Achim von (är'nim). A noted Ger-
man poet and novelist; born in Berlin, Jan.
26, 1781; died at Wiepersdorf, Jan. 31, 1831.
He is the main representative of the younger
generation of the Romantic school. Settling
at Heidelberg in 1806 after extensive travels,
he formed a close friendship with Clemens
Brentano, and edited with him (The Boy's
Wonder-Horn,' a collection of old German
legends and songs, which was received with
much favor. In 1811 he married Brentano's sis-
ter Bettina, and thereafter lived alternately in
Berlin, and on his estate Wiepersdorf in the
province of Brandenburg. He was at his best as
a story-teller. His principal works are : (Pov-
erty, Riches, Guilt, and Penitence of Countess
Dolores,' a novel (1810); and (The Crown-
Guardians,' a fantastic historical romance (1817).
a glowing picture of life towards the wane of
the 15th century. Among his short stories,
published mostly in collections, the following
deserve mention: (The Mad Invalid at Fort
Ratonneau); (The Three Loving Sisters and
the Happy Dyer); Prince All-god and Singer
Demi-god. His complete works, with an in-
troduction by W. Grimm, were edited by his
wife (1839-46).
Arnim, Bettina von. See Brentano.
Arnold, Arthur. An English traveler, jour-
nalist, and statesman; born in Sussex, May 28,
1833. From 1863 to 1866 he was a member of
a commission to examine into the causes of the
« Cotton Famine," and published a treatise on
that subject. In 1885 he became president of
the Free Land League. Among his works are:
(From the Levant); (Through Persia by Cara-
van' (1877); (Social Politics); and (Free Land.
(


## p. 26 (#42) ##############################################

26
ARNOLD - ARNULFI
Arnold, Edwin, Sir. A distinguished Eng.
lish poet and journalist ; born in Rochester,
June 10, 1832. He graduated from Oxford in
1854; taught for a while in Birmingham; and
became principal of the Sanskrit College at
Poona in the Bombay Presidency, where he
rendered important service to the government
during the great rebellion in India. Returning
to London in 1861, he joined the editorial staff
of the Daily Telegraph. He has twice visited
the United States on lecture tours. Of his ori-
ginal poetry, inspired by Oriental themes and
legends, the most famous work is (The Light
of Asia, a Poetic Presentation of the Life and
Teaching of Gautama' (1876). Indian Idylls )
(1883); Pearls of the Faith); (Sa'di in the
Garden); (The Light of the World); Poti-
phar's Wife and Other Poems); (India Re-
visited); Japonica); and (The Tenth Muse and
;
Other Poems,' are among his many works. *
Arnold, Edwin Lester. An English novelist
and writer of travels; son of Sir Edwin Ar-
nold. He has written : (A Summer Holiday
in Scandinavia) (1877); (On the Indian Hills,
or Coffee-Planting in Southern India) (1881);
(Bird Life in England) (1887); England as
She Seems) (1888); --- the novels Phra, the
Phænician) (1890); «The Story of Ulla' (1895).
Arnold, George. An American poet; born
in New York, June 24, 1834; died at Straw-
berry Farms, N. J. , Nov. 3, 1865. Author of
(McArone Papers, contributed to Vanity Fair
(1860-65). His poetry is of merit : Drift and
Other Poems) (1866); Poems Grave and Gay)
(1867). Collected edition, with memoir, by
William Winter (new ed. 1889).
Arnold, Hans, pseudonym of Bertha
Bülow. A German story-writer; born at Warm-
brunn, Silesia, Sept. 30, 1850. Among her
stories which enjoy great popularity are : Merry
Tales' (1891); (Once in May and Other Stories)
(1892). She also wrote some good comedies,
viz. : (Theory and Practice) (1890); (Two
Peaceful Ones) (1892).
Arnold, Isaac Newton. An American law-
yer, politician, and author; born at Hartwick,
N. Y. , Nov. 30, 1815; died at Chicago, Ill. ,
April 24, 1884. He was a member of Con-
gress from 1861 to 1865. His works are: (Life
of Abraham Lincoln (1866); Life of Benedict
Arnold (1880); (Recollections of the Early
Chicago and Illinois Bar) (1880).
Arnold, Johann Georg Daniel. An Alsatian
dialect poet; born in Strassburg, Feb. 18, 1780;
died there, Feb. 18, 1829. His lyrics (in High
German) are meritorious, but he is at his best
in Pentecost Monday) (1816), a comedy in
Strassburg dialect and rhymed Alexandrine
verse, pronounced by Goethe "an incompar-
able monument of ancient Strassburg custom
and language, a work which in clearness and
completeness of intuition and ingenious delin-
eation of detail can scarcely be equaled. ”
Arnold, thew. An eminent English poet,
critic, and essayist; born at Laleham, Dec. 24,
1822; died in Liverpool, April 15, 1888. He
graduated at Oxford in 1844, and was profes-
sor of poetry there from 1857 to 1867. The
degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by
the University of Edinburgh in 1869, and by
Oxford in 1870. He was government inspector
of schools from 1851, and repeatedly visited
the Continent to inquire into and report upon
systems of education.
In 1883-84 he made a
lecturing tour through the United States. His
works include: (The Strayed Reveler and Other
Poems) (1848); (Empedocles on Etna (1853);
Merope, a tragedy (1857); New Poems)
(1868). His prose writings comprise : Essays
in Criticism' (1865, 2d series 1888); Lectures
on the Study of Celtic Literature) (1867);
(Culture Anarchy) (1809); (Friendship's
Garland) (1871), a humorous work; Liter-
ature and Dogma) (1873); Last Essays on
Church and Religion (1877); Mixed Essays)
(1879); Irish Essays) (1882); and (Discourses
on America) (1885). *
Arnold, Thomas. A notable English edu-
cator and historical writer; born at Cowes,
Isle of Wight, June 13, 1795; died at Oxford,
June 12, 1842. Studied at Winchester school;
was student and fellow of Oxford 1811-19. He
was head-master of the school at Rugby 1828–
41. As an educator, he was remarkable for
the training of the character of his pupils to a
lofty and noble standard. In 1841 he became
professor of modern history at Oxford. His
writings include: an annotated edition of
Thucydides (1830); (Sermons) (1829-34); (His-
tory of Rome (1838); Lectures on Modern
History) (1842).
Arnold, Thomas. An English writer on
literature and editor of old texts, son of Dr.
Arnold of Rugby and brother of Matthew
Arnold; born at Laleham, Nov. 30, 1823. He
became a Roman Catholic, and spent a num-
ber of years in New Zealand and Tasmania.
Among his works are : (A Manual of English
Literature); (Select English Works of Wyclif)
(3 vols. , 1869); (Selections from the Specta-
tor); (Beowulf) (text, translation, and notes);
(Henry of Huntingdon); (Symeon of Dur-
ham); Chronicles of the Abbey of Bury St.
Edmunds. )
Arnould, Arthur (är-nö'). A French novel-
ist, dramatist, and journalist; born in Paris in
1833; died there, Nov. 25, 1895. At an early
age he devoted himself to journalism, and
soon attracted attention by his hostility to the
Empire. In 1870 he founded La Marseillaise
and the famous Journal du Peuple. After the
fall of the Empire he became a member of
the Commune, and with its downfall barely
escaped with his life. Besides essays and
dramas, he is the author of a history of the
Commune and over 30 novels, the best known
being (Zoé) and Princess Belladonna.
Arnulfi, Alberto (är-nöl'fi). A Piedmontese
dialect poet; born in Turin, July 13, 1849 ; died
in Rome, March 27, 1888. He is the author of
(Turin Blots) (1879), a collection of satirical
von
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AROLAS - ASNYK
27
sonnets, under the pseudonym of “Fulberto
Alarni”; and of Drolleries,' a comedy. In
conjunction with Eraldo Baretti he wrote (The
Dukes of Nemi) (1887), a drama depicting
Roman society at the downfall of the temporal
power.
Arolas, Juan de (ä-roʻläs). A Spanish poet
(1805-49). His first poems were amatory, but
the works on which his fame rests are poems
of chivalry and romance. A specimen of his
best work is to be found in (The Sylph of
the Aqueduct,' a traditional Spanish legend
told in various metres.
Arouet. See Voltaire.
Arrebo, Anders Christensen (är-e-bo'). A
Danish poet (1587-1637). Bishop of Drontheim,
Norway, when only thirty-one, but deposed
in 1622 owing to his objectionable life; he was
afterwards rehabilitated as preacher in Vord-
ingborg. As the pioneer of the renaissance
movement, he is considered the father of mod-
ern poetry in Denmark. His rhymed transla-
tion of the Psalms of David) (1623), but
especially his (Hexæmeron) (1641), an imita-
tion of a once famous poem of the French
poet Du Bartas on the Creation, are highly
esteemed.
Arrianus, Flavius (ar-i-ā'nus). A Greek
philosopher and historian (95-180); born at
Nicomedia. He aimed to imitate Xenophon
in the direction of his studies; and as Xeno-
phon recorded the sayings of Socrates, so Arri-
anus became the reporter of the Discoveries
of Epictetus. These were comprised in eight
books, but only the first four remain. He next
wrote (Epictetus's Handbook,' a compendium
of that teacher's moral doctrine. He wrote
also an Anabasis, a history of Alexander's
conquests in Asia; this is still extant complete.
Arrington, Alfred W. An American law.
yer, author, and poet; born in Iredell County,
N. C. , Sept. 18, 1810; died in Chicago, Ill. ,
Dec. 31, 1867. He was admitted to the Mis-
souri bar in 1834. He practiced throughout
the Southwest and later in Chicago. Among
his works are: (The Rangers and Regulators
of the Tanaha' (1856); “Sketches of the South-
west); Poems, with Memoir) (1869).
Arrivabene, Ferdinando (är-rê-vä-bā'ne). An
Italian poet and littérateur (1770-1834). While
contined as a political prisoner at Sebenico,
he wrote and published a poem, (The Tomb
of Sebenico, which made a stir throughout
Italy. Of works on the history of literature, he
wrote (The Age of Dante) (1827) and others.
The Academy of Brescia crowned his work
"On the Humanity of the Judge) (1817).
Arrom, Cecilia de.