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Lit 2020. 18
VERI
STAS
Harvard College Library
FROM
the library of
Charles Swain. Thomas. . .


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Lit 2020. 1?

VEL RI
TAS
Harvard College Library
FROM
the library of
Charles Swain. Thomas. . . . . . .


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JOHN RUSKIN.
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LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
•
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. XXI
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS


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iz
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
COPYRIGHT 1897
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
•
All rights reserved
WERNER COMPANY
PRINTERS
BINDERS


## p. 11985 (#19) ###########################################

THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
Bureau of EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,.
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.


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FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
JEAN RACINE
VOLUME XXI
BY HENRY BÉRENGER
The Childhood of Gargantua (Besant's 'Readings from
Rabelais')
The Education of Gargantua (same)
The Abbey of Thelema (same)
LIVED
1495-1553
ALFRED RAMBAUD
1639-1699
BY FREDERICK MORRIS WARREN
The Rivals (Bajazet')
The Appeal of Andromache (Andromaque')
The Confession of Phædra ((Phèdre')
1842-
Halting Steps toward Democracy (History of Civilization
in France')
French Governmental Experiments (History of Contem-
porary Civilization in France')
Russian Expansion West and South (General History'):
The Greek Project of Catharine II. ; Poland and Kos-
ciuszko
Benefits to Germany from French Invasions (Germany
under Napoleon, 1804-1811')
PAGE
I 2001
Civil Life in France during the Middle Ages (History of
French Civilization')
French Medical Science during the Middle Ages (same)
The Middle Ages (same): Character of their Civilization;
The Close of the Middle Ages
12027
12041


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ALLAN RAMSAY
The Gentle Shepherd
Bessy Bell and Mary Gray
Lochaber No More
LEOPOLD VON RANKE
1
THOMAS BUCHANAN READ
Drifting
Sheridan's Ride
The Fall of Strafford (History of England')
The Rise of the Jesuits in Germany (History of the
Popes of Rome')
The Last Years of Queen Johanna (History of the Latin
and Teutonic Nations')
The Swiss Army in Italy in 1513: and the Battle of No-
vara (same)
From The History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations'
CHARLES READE
vi
LIVED
1686-1758
ERNEST RENAN
An Thou were My Ain Thing
A Sang
The Highland Lassie
1795-1886
1814-1884
Viscount and Lower Classes (Christie Johnstone')
In the Green-Room (Peg Woffington')
FRITZ REUTER
1822-1872
The Closing Scene
Inez
Extract from a Sixteenth-Century Letter (The Cloister
and the Hearth')
Monk and Father (same)
1823-1892
BY FERDINAND BRUNETIÈRE
Brother and Sister (My Sister Henriette')
To the Pure Soul of My Sister Henriette (Dedication to
the 'Life of Jesus')
Motives and Conduct (Recollections of My Youth')
The Share of the Semitic People in the History of Civili-
zation (Inaugural Address on Assuming the Chair of
Semitic Languages)
The Persistence of the Celtic Race (La Poésie des Races
Celtiques')
1810-1874
The Old Parson's Death (My Apprenticeship on
Farm')
The Miller and the Justice ('In the Year '13')
PAGE
12061
the
12074
12094
12103
12149
12195


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vii
JAMES FORD RHODES
1848-
Daniel Webster (History of the United States')
Webster's Death (same)
Improvement in American Health (same)
American Manners in 1850 (same)
SAMUEL RICHARDSON
JEAN PAUL RICHTER
1689-1761
Pamela Immured by her Lover ('Pamela')
Miss Byron's Rescue from Abduction, by Sir Charles
Grandison (Sir Charles Grandison')
JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY
Away
When She Comes Home
A Life Lesson
ANNE THACKERAY RITCHIE
BY E. P. EVANS
Extra Leaf on Consolation (Flower, Fruit, and Thorn
Pieces')
The New-Year's Night of a Miserable Man
From First Flower Piece'
Maxims from Richter's Works
LIVED
Memoirs')
My Father's Mother (same)
Bricks and Ivy ('Old Kensington')
Dutch Tiles (same)
CHARLES G. D. ROBERTS
Strayed
The Unsleeping
An Epitaph for a Husband-
man
1763-1825
1838-
My Witch's-Caldron (Chapters from Some Unwritten
1852-
A Song
Nothin' to Say
Knee-Deep in June.
FREDERICK WILLIAM ROBERTSON
1860-
The Little Field of Peace
Marsyas
The Flight of the Geese
Beside the Winter Sea
The Deserted City
1816-1853
The Early Development of Christ (Sermons Preached in
Trinity Chapel')
The Universal Nature of Christ (same)
PAGE
12206
12225
12247
12265
12273
12295
12305


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AGNES MARY FRANCES ROBINSON
Tuscan Cypress
ÉDOUARD ROD
viii
LA ROCHEFOUCAULD
Maxims
Reflections: On Society; On Conversation
Marriage (The Sense of Life')
Paternity (same)
Red May
BY GRACE KING
ROMAN POETS OF THE LATER EMPIRE
PIERRE RONSARD
1857-
LIVED
SAMUEL ROGERS
Ginevra
From the Pleasures of Memory': Opening Lines; Clos-
ing Lines
From
Table-Talk'
1613-1686
Sonnet: To Angelette
His Lady's Tomb
Roses
To Cassandra
1857-
1763-1855
BY HARRIET WATERS PRESTON
Annius Florus: Roses
The Emperor Hadrian: To his Soul
From the 'Pervigilium Veneris (Author Unknown)
Calpurnius Siculus: The Rustic in the Amphitheatre
Decimus Magnus Ausonius: Idyll of the Roses; A Mother's
Epitaph
Claudius Claudianus: The Bereavement of Ceres (Rape
of Proserpine'); Invocation to Victory (Consulate of
Stilicho ')
Claudius Rutilius Numatianus: Prologue to the 'Itinera-
rium'
Anicius Severinus Boëthius: The Government of the
World (Consolation of Philosophy'); The Hymn of
Philosophy (same)
BY KATHARINE HILLARD
1524-1585
Song: To Marie
A Madrigal: To Astræa
Good Counsel
Ronsard to his Mistress
PAGE
12315
12320
12335
12345
12357
12373
A


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ix
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
CHRISTINA GEORGINA ROSSETTI
1858-
The Indians of the Northwest (Winning of the West')
Backwoodsmen and Other Early Types (same)
Hope is Like a Harebell
Dream-Land
A Birthday
Remember
After Death
Echo
Song
Rest
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI
Whitsun Eve
Heaven Overarches
The Heart Knoweth its Own Bitterness
Sudden Light
The Woodspurge
The Sea-Limits
Up-Hill
The Three Enemies
Old and New Year Dit-
ties
Amor Mundi
Life Hidden
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
1830-1894
The Blessed Damozel
The Double Betrayal (Rose Mary')
The Second-Sight (The King's Tragedy')
The Card-Dealer
LIVED
BY ÉDOUARD ROD
The Cloud Confines
Song of the Bower
Sonnets from The House of Life': Introductory Sonnet;
Lovesight; Known in Vain; The Hill Summit; The
Choice; Lost Days; A Superscription; On Refusal of
Aid between Nations; For 'A Venetian Pastoral' by
Giorgione, in the Louvre.
Foreword (The Social Contract')
The People (same)
From 'Émile >
1828-1882
On the Uses of Travel (same)
In the Isle of St. Peter (Rêveries')
1712-1778
PAGE
12384
12397
12411
12435
15


## p. 11992 (#26) ###########################################

FRIEDRICH RÜCKERT
The Hour-Glass of Ashes
Amaryllis
Sad Spring (In Memory of
Agnes')
The Sun and the Brook
The Dying Flower
X
Told by a Brahmin
GIOVANNI DOMENICO RUFFINI
The Idyl at a Close ('Dr. Antonio ')
JALAL-AD-DIN RUMI
JOHAN LUDVIG RUNEBERG
JOHN RUSKIN
Nature More than Science
Greediness Punished
The Patriot's Lament
Barbarossa
The Drum
Gone in the Wind
Ensign Stål
The Village Girl (Fänrik
Ståls Sägner')
The Old Man's Return
BY A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON
The Song of the Reed, or Divine Affections (Masnavi')
The Merchant and the Parrot (same)
The Chinese and Roman Artists; or, the Mirror of the
Heart
LIVED
1788-1866
1807-1881
Counsels
1207-1273
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
Painting')
The Throne (Stones of Venice')
Description of St. Mark's (same)
1804-1877
The Swan
The Work-Girl
My Life
Idyll
1819-
BY JOHN C. VAN DYKE
On Womanhood (Sesame and Lilies')
The Uses of Ornament ('The Seven Lamps of Architect-
ure')
Landscapes of the Poets (Lectures on Architecture and
Calais Spire (Modern Painters')
The Fribourg District, Switzerland (same)
The Mountain Gloom (same)
Description of Nature (same)
Leaves Motionless (same)
Cloud-Balancings (same)
PAGE
12457
12471
12487
12495
12509


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xi
WILLIAM CLARK RUSSELL
1844-
A Storm and a Rescue (Wreck of the Grosvenor)
RUSSIAN LYRIC POETRY
LIVED
BY PRINCE SERGE WOLKONSKY
Aleksandr Sergyevich Poushkin (1799-1837): The Black
Shawl; The Rose; To; My Studies; Caucasus;
The Bard; A Monument; Ya Perezhil Svoï Zhelanya;
The Free Life of the Bird; The Angel
Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov (1814-41): The Prisoner; The
Cloud; The Cup of Life; The Angel
M. Y. Nekrassov (1821-77): The Russian Soldier; The
Prophet
Vasili Andreyevich Joukovsky (1783-1852): Happiness in
Slumber; The Coming of Spring; Night
Ivan Ivanovich Kozlov (1779-1840): The Vesper Bells
Fedor Ivanovich Tutchev (1803-73): Spring Waters; Sun-
rise; Evening; The Leaves
Aleksei Stepanovich Homiakoff (1804-1860): Russian Song
Apollon Nikolayvich Maykov (1821-? ): The Easter Kiss;
The Alpine Glacier; The Kiss Refused
Count Aleksei Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817-75): Believe
It Not; Renewal
Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (1820-? ): On Skobelev
A. Fet (Afanasi Afanasyevich Sheashin) (1820-93): Tryst;
A Russian Scene
Aleksei Nikolaevich Apukhtin (1841-? ): Folk-Songs
Anonymous: Sorrow
PAGE
12563
12583


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--


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LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. XXI
François Rabelais
Jean Racine
Allan Ramsay
Leopold von Ranke
Thomas Buchanan Read
Charles Reade
Ernest Renan
Fritz Reuter
James Ford Rhodes
Samuel Richardson
Jean Paul Richter
James Whitcomb Riley
Anne Thackeray Ritchie
Charles G. D. Roberts
Frederick William Robertson
La Rochefoucauld
Samuel Rogers
Pierre Ronsard
Theodore Roosevelt
Christina Georgina Rossetti
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Friedrich Rückert
Johan Ludvig Runeberg
John Ruskin
William Clark Russell
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette


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1


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RABELAIS.
Cover
0 Groscl


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12001
FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
(1495 ? -1553)
BY HENRY BÉRENGER
T
RANÇOIS RABELAIS was born toward the end of the fifteenth
century in 1483 according to some, in 1495 according to
others. The second hypothesis accords better with most
of the important facts of his life. The chronological legend would
have you believe that he was born the same year as Martin Luther.
While Luther, however, was born in a peasant's hut at Eisleben, in
the shadow of the Gothic towers and the forests of dreamy Germany,
François Rabelais was born in an apothecary's shop or the inn of a
publican, at Chinon, on the banks of the sluggish Loire, among the
songs of drinkers which awoke him in his cradle. At the threshold
of the sixteenth century these two powerful and popular geniuses,
both vowed to the monastic state, still half sheathed in the past,
escape from the convent to create the future.
Rabelais studied first at the convent of Seville; then at the con-
vent of the Franciscans of La Baumette, near Angers, where at first
he was novice. In 1509 he went to finish his novitiate at the convent
of Fontenay-le-Comte, where he became priest about 1519, and lived
until 1523.
Thus his early youth was passed among those rich and
gracious landscapes of Touraine, where Honoré de Balzac also was to
be born, and to grow up three centuries later, with the same exuber-
ant and magnificent talents of reason and imagination as his great
elder and compatriot, François Rabelais.
The first convents in which young Rabelais studied were prisons
rather than refuges. The mendicant monks among whom he dwelt
at La Baumette and at Fontenay-le-Comte were ignorant, sensual,
and superstitious beings, who detested the intellectual life.
It was
in such an environment, however, but secretly, that Rabelais acquired
that passion for study which never quitted him. As long as he
studied only Latin and the old French authors, he was unmolested.
But one day they discovered some Greek books in his cell. This
was a case of heresy. The Greek books were confiscated, and Rabe-
lais was forced to flee in order to escape the stake or the oubliettes.
The Pope. Clement VII. , was more liberal than these monks, and
in 1524 he authorized Rabelais to enter the order of St. Benedict.
XXI-751


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12002
FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
Just at this time he became regular canon of the abbey of Maille-
zais. He remained there only a short time. He then passed to the
secular clergy, and was attached to the household of Guy d'Estissac,
bishop of Maillezais. He seems to have lived there very happily.
Soon afterward the taste for travel seized him. He visited France,
and studied at her chief universities. On the 16th of September, 1530,
we know that he took his first registry at the Faculty of Medicine
of Montpellier. He received all the degrees of that University, and
rapidly achieved a great medical reputation. He was appointed phy-
sician of the great hospital of Lyons in 1532, and exercised that
function until February 1534. During the same period he published
'Gargantua' and the first book of Pantagruel. ' In 1534 he left
Lyons to accompany as physician the bishop of Paris, Jean du Bel-
lay, uncle of Joachim, the celebrated poet of the Pleiade,— who was
sent to Rome as ambassador extraordinary of Francis I. to the Holy
See, from which mission he was to win the cardinal's cap. He
possessed a noble and liberal spirit, and always protected Rabelais
against the rage of his enemies. Rabelais followed him again to
Rome in 1536-1537. Thanks to the protection of the Cardinal du
Bellay, Pope Paul III. granted him absolution for his apostasy (that
is, for his change of costume), and moreover permitted him to be-
come a Benedictine again, and to exercise the profession of medicine.
Strong in these two authorizations, Rabelais took at the Faculty of
Montpellier, where he had been received doctor in 1537, a course
in anatomy. Later he was consulting physician in different cities,-
Narbonne, Castres, and Lyons. His faithful patron, the Cardinal du
Bellay, who was also abbot of St. Maur as well as bishop of Paris,
had him appointed canon of the abbey of St. Maur-les-Fossés.
Not
being bound to reside there, he continued to travel. He was in
Poitou; then in his dear native land of Touraine; then again in Pied-
mont with the vice-king Guillaume de Langey (brother of the Cardi-
nal du Bellay), where he continued to act as physician. In 1545 he
obtained from the King, Francis I. , permission to publish the third
book of his work. After the death of the King he was in great
anxiety; for the Cardinal du Bellay was not in favor with the new
King, Henry II. But he found new protectors in the houses of Châ-
tillon and of Lorraine, who recalled him from Metz and from Rome,
where he had gone, in a measure to find refuge. In 1550 he was
allowed to publish his fourth book, which he dedicated to the Cardi-
nal de Châtillon. The same year he was appointed parish priest of
Meudon by Cardinal du Bellay. We do not know whether Rabelais
exercised his priestly functions. Everything indicates that he did,
however, for he possessed a practical spirit desirous of action. But at
the beginning of the year 1552 he resigned his two charges, just as


## p. 12003 (#37) ###########################################

FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
12003
his fourth book appeared. Doubtless he wished to be more independ-
ent, unless he simply quitted these too exacting functions on account
of his health; indeed, he died in 1553. The fifth book of his work,
part of which seems apocryphal, was not published until 1562.
Considering this life as a whole, it appears that of a laborious as
well as daring genius, and of one independent as well as able. Man
of free studies and free pleasures, Rabelais was above all the enemy
of whatever constrained him. Action was life to him. On coming
into the world, he found about him all kinds of fetters: first those
of the convent, then those of the Sorbonne, and later those of Parlia-
ment; finally those of fanatics, both papists and Huguenots. Rabe-
lais never posed as apostle or martyr, but far more as a shrewd and
witty dilettante, whose device, framed by himself, was - Primo vivere,
deinde philosophari. In order to live, he sought protectors. Like Jean
de Meung before him, and Molière after him, he relied upon royalty.
He went to Rome to solicit the Pope. He obtained protection against
the monks from the high dignitaries of the Church. And having
once taken these precautions against the malice and stupidity of sub-
alterns, he composed, at his own leisure and convenience, one of the
most vehement and most revolutionary works ever directed by human
thought against the social institutions among which it struggles.
The work of Rabelais is divided into five books, of which the
first is entitled 'La Vie Très-Horrifique du Grand Gargantua, Père
de Pantagruel' (The Astounding Life of the Great Gargantua, Father
of Pantagruel;; the second, 'Pantagruel, Roi des Dipsodes, avec ses
Faits et Prouesses Épouvantables' (Pantagruel, King of the Drunkards,
with his Heroic Acts and Achievements); while the last three nar-
rate 'Les Faits et Dicts Heroïques du Bon Pantagruel' (The Heroic
Deeds and Sayings of Good Pantagruel). This work was written at
different times during a period of twenty years, and among all kinds
of journeys and occupations, from 1532 to 1553. Therefore those who
look upon it as a work composed once for all, issuing harmoniously
from the artist's brain like Minerva all armed issuing from the
brain of Jupiter, are entirely wrong. It is rather a Gothic monument
like the cathedrals of the same period, to which have been added
one after another a portal, a tower, a gable, a gallery, rose-windows,
gargoyles, with no thought of unity other than that of the general
inspiration. Strange monument built of mud and of marble, bathed
in shadow and in sunshine, decked with a thousand monstrous forms,
with riddles and logogriphs, and upon which the artist has carved
innumerable sacred or grotesque personages, angels, beasts, monks,
maidens, wise men and fools, devils and phantoms! But this monu-
ment is already illuminated by the classic glimmers of the Renais-
sance; rays of ancient wisdom penetrate it, and reveal here and


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12004
FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
there passages worthy of a place beside the works of Homer, of
Plato, or of Plutarch. The religion of human reason and of natural
beauty ennobles this architecture, apparently so barbarous and mon-
strous.
An encyclopædic genius, stationed on the boundary between
two epochs, two civilizations, and two countries, between the Middle
Ages and the Renaissance, between the north and the south,- Rab-
elais is the heir of the free-singers, of the bold story-tellers and
farce-lovers of past time, from Maître Renart to the Basoche. In this
immense monument still resound all the echoes of the Gallic spirit,
and already vibrates the alarum of the classic spirit. The abbey of
Thélème is vast enough to harbor at one time Plato, St. Paul, Virgil,
Socrates, Jean de Meung, Patelin, François Villon; and also those
macaronic poets of Italy whose unctuous joviality and gigantomachia
had so greatly diverted him during his stay at Rome. Rabelais
combined in his work all these inspirations, as he blended in his
style all the dialects of Picardy, Normandy, Touraine, Champagne,
Provence, etc.
'Gargantua' and 'Pantagruel' are, under a diverting and fantastic
form, the epic of the sixteenth century, as the Iliad and Odyssey
were the epic of ancient Greece; as the 'Divine Comedy' was the
epic of mediæval Catholicism; as the 'Comédie Humaine' of Balzac is
the epic of modern democracy. Châteaubriand was right in defining
Rabelais as "a mother-genius"; for he has conceived and given life
to most of the great French geniuses who followed him. In a tragic
and tumultuous age, filled with public calamities, with the follies of
royal ambition, with the mania for military conquests, with the fury
of intellectual controversies, with the nascent rage for civil wars, with
the Parliament's sentences to death, with the decrees and the fagots
of the Sorbonne, Rabelais attempted to restore his contemporaries to
mental health by making them laugh at their own maladies. The
powerful mocker cast such ridicule upon bad kings (Picrochole), bad
priests (Janotus de Bragmardo), bad magistrates (Grippemihaud, etc. ),
all kinds of fanatics (Coresme-Prenant, Autyrhysis), that he almost
destroyed their infernal power by the mere force of his genial buf-
foonery. And he did not content himself merely with destroying; he
constructed. He was as sublime an idealist as he was a profound,
sometimes coarse, realist. He invented the succession of good kings
(Grangousier, Gargantua, Pantagruel), he created the type of the
good educator (Ponocrates), of the good monk (Brother Jean des
Entommeures), he dreamed the Utopia of the new society, more toler-
ant, more generous, happier than the old; and over the ruins accu-
mulated by his terrible and avenging irony he built the abbey of
Thélème,- that is, of Free Will. On the front he inscribed, "Do
what thou wilt; " thus answering the old cry of the Dominican Izarn


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at the stake of the Albigeois, "Believe as you do, and you shall be
burned. " Rabelais is a powerful emancipator of modern thought, and
the natural ancestor of the Voltaires and the Diderots.
But he is at the same time a great and incomparable artist. He
had the gift of creating types and the power of creating a language.
A key to Rabelais has been made and remade twenty times: the
commentators have striven to attach a historic name to every char-
acter. According to the usual opinion, Grangousier is Louis XII. ;
Gargantua, Francis I. ; Pantagruel, Henry II. ; Picrochole, either Maxi-
milien Sforza, Ferdinand of Aragon, or Charles V. ; Brother Jean, the
Cardinal du Bellay; Panurge, the Cardinal of Lorraine, or the
author himself. It singularly lessens and lowers Rabelais to reduce
him to the rôle of a contemporary portrait painter; and thus doing,
one understands nothing of the essence or the scope of his work.
The truth is that Rabelais's imagination transformed the matter
upon which it worked, brought out its essential features,- the figures
worthy of preservation, and composed those imperishable types,
mixtures of fancy and truth, which, rooted in their own time, reach
to the most distant future. And Rabelais is not only an epic genius:
he is also the first of the great comic poets of France. Before Cor-
neille and Molière, no author possessed to such a degree the sense
of action, the art of scenic effect, and that of writing dialogue. The
meeting of Pantagruel and the Limousin student, the visit to Ron-
dibilis, the bargain with Dindenant, the consultation of Panurge with
the philosopher Trouillogan, are scenes of the most living comedy.
Finally, his style, like his thought, is magnificent in contrasts,
in exuberance, in fancy and profoundness, lights and shadows. It
has the opulence of Rubens, the irony of Callot, the sublimity of
Rembrandt. The sentence, capricious and unrestrained, is curiously
chiseled, clear, and finished; it is embellished and embroidered at
pleasure, like the ornamental stone of the Gothic monuments under
the hands of the great artists of the Middle Ages. The vocabulary,
one of unequaled wealth, is a heap of diamonds and of waste matter
for the future to sort out. The syntax is a curious one: complex, mul-
tiform, sheathed in Latin, not quite emancipated from dialect, but
already singularly flexible, agile, undulating; realistic or lyrical, bru-
tal or winged, at his will. Finally, it is French language forged and
shaped from pure Latin and Romance metal, with great blows of the
hammer, by the first, and most vigorous of its workers of genius.
Every great French writer proceeds from Rabelais, as every great
Italian writer proceeds from Dante.
Such is this strong and jovial figure, both comic and serious, like
the spectacle of life itself. Great philosopher, great artist, and great
author, Rabelais compels the admiration of the centuries — in spite
-
-


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FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
of his masks, voluntarily coarse and jocose- as the first complete
type of French genius; of the genius of tolerance, of liberty, of gen-
erous irony, which since Rabelais, and from century to century, has
given us Molière, Voltaire and Diderot, Balzac and Hugo.
Henry Bevingen
THE CHILDHOOD OF GARGANTUA
From The Inestimable Life of the Great Gargantua
G
ARGANTUA, from three years to five, was nourished and in-
structed in all proper discipline by the commandment of
his father, and spent that time like the other little child-
ren of the country,- that is, in drinking, eating, and sleeping;
in eating, sleeping, and drinking; and in sleeping, drinking, and
eating. Still he wallowed in the mire, blackened his face, trod
down his shoes at heel; at the flies he did oftentimes yawn, and
willingly ran after the butterflies, the empire whereof belonged
to his father. He sharpened his teeth with a slipper, washed his
hands with his broth, combed his head with a bowl, sat down
between two stools and came to the ground, covered himself
with a wet sack, drank while eating his soup, ate his cake with-
out bread, would bite in laughing, laugh in biting, hide himself
in the water for fear of rain, go cross, fall into dumps, look de-
mure, skin the fox, say the ape's paternoster, return to his sheep,
turn the sows into the hay, beat the dog before the lion, put the
cart before the horse, scratch where he did not itch, shoe the
grasshopper, tickle himself to make himself laugh, know flies in
milk, scrape paper, blur parchment, then run away, pull at the
kid's leather, reckon without his host, beat the bushes without
catching the birds, and thought that bladders were lanterns. He
always looked a gift-horse in the mouth, hoped to catch larks
if ever the heavens should fall, and made a virtue of necessity.
Every morning his father's puppies ate out of the dish with him,
and he with them. He would bite their ears, and they would
scratch his nose.
The good man Grangousier said to Gargantua's governesses:-
"Philip, King of Macedon, knew the wit of his son Alexander,


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FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
12007
by his skillful managing of a horse; for the said horse was so
fierce and unruly that none durst adventure to ride him, because
he gave a fall to all his riders, breaking the neck of this man,
the leg of that, the brain of one, and the jawbone of another.
This by Alexander being considered, one day in the hippodrome
(which was a place appointed for the walking and running of
horses) he perceived that the fury of the horse proceeded merely
from the fear he had of his own shadow; whereupon, getting on
his back he ran him against the sun, so that the shadow fell
behind, and by that means tamed the horse and brought him to
his hand. Whereby his father recognized the divine judgment
that was in him, and caused him most carefully to be instructed
by Aristotle, who at that time was highly renowned above all the
philosophers of Greece. After the same manner I tell you, that
as regards my son Gargantua, I know that his understanding
doth participate of some divinity,— so keen, subtle, profound, and
clear do I find him; and if he be well taught, he will attain to a
sovereign degree of wisdom. Therefore will I commit him to.
some learned man, to have him indoctrinated according to his
capacity, and will spare no cost. "
Whereupon they appointed him a great sophister-doctor, called
Maître Tubal Holophernes, who taught him his A B C so well
that he could say it by heart backwards; and about this he was
five years and three months. Then read he to him Donat,
Facet, Theodolet, and Alanus in parabolis. About this he was
thirteen years, six months, and two weeks. But you must remark
that in the mean time he did learn to write in Gothic characters,
and that he wrote all his books,- for the art of printing was not
then in use. After that he read unto him the book 'De Modis
Significandi,' with the commentaries of Hurtebise, of Fasquin, of
Tropditeux, of Gaulehaut, of John le Veau, of Billonio, of Brelin-
gandus, and a rabble of others; and herein he spent more than
eighteen years and eleven months, and was so well versed in it
that at the examination he would recite it by heart backwards,
and did sometimes prove on his fingers to his mother quod de
modis significandi non erat scientia. Then did he read to him
the 'Compost,' on which he spent sixteen years and two months,
and that justly at the time his said preceptor died, which was
in the year one thousand four hundred and twenty. Afterwards
he got another old fellow with a cough to teach him, named
Maître Jobelin Bridé, who read unto him Hugutio, Hebrard's


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FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
'Grécisme,' the Doctrinal,' the 'Parts,' the 'Quid Est,' the
'Supplementum'; Marmotret 'De Moribus in Mensa Servandis';
Seneca De Quatuor Virtutibus Cardinalibus'; Passavantus 'Cum
Commento and Dormi Securé,' for the holidays; and some
other of such-like stuff, by reading whereof he became as wise
as any we have ever baked in an oven.
At the last his father perceived that indeed he studied hard,
and that although he spent all his time in it, he did neverthe-
less profit nothing, but which is worse, grew thereby foolish, sim-
ple, doted, and blockish: whereof making a heavy regret to
Don Philip des Marays, Viceroy of Papeligosse, he found that
it were better for him to learn nothing at all than to be taught
such-like books under such schoolmasters; because their knowl-
edge was nothing but brutishness, and their wisdom but toys,
bastardizing good and noble spirits and corrupting the flower of
youth. "That it is so, take," said he, "any young boy of the
present time, who hath only studied two years: if he have not a
better judgment, a better discourse, and that expressed in better
terms, than your son, with a completer carriage and civility to
all manner of persons, account me forever a chawbacon of La
Brène. "
(
This pleased Grangousier very well, and he commanded that
it should be done. At night at supper, the said Des Marays
brought in a young page of his from Ville-gouges, called Eude-
mon, so well combed, so well dressed, so well brushed, so sweet
in his behavior, that he resembled a little angel more than a
human creature. Then he said to Grangousier, "Do you see
this child? He is not as yet full twelve years old. Let us try,
if it pleaseth you, what difference there is betwixt the knowledge
of the doting dreamers of old time and the young lads that are
now. "
The trial pleased Grangousier, and he commanded the page
to begin. Then Eudemon, asking leave of the viceroy, his mas-
ter, so to do, with his cap in his hand, a clear and open coun-
tenance, ruddy lips, his eyes steady, and his looks fixed upon
Gargantua, with a youthful modesty, stood up straight on his
feet and began to commend and magnify him, first, for his vir-
tue and good manners; secondly, for his knowledge; thirdly,
for his nobility; fourthly, for his bodily beauty; and in the
fifth place, sweetly exhorted him to reverence his father with all
observancy, who was so careful to have him well brought up.


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12009
In the end he prayed him that he would vouchsafe to admit of
him amongst the least of his servants; for other favor at that
time desired he none of heaven, but that he might do him some
grateful and acceptable service.
All this was by him delivered with gestures so proper, pro-
nunciation so distinct, a voice so eloquent, language so well
turned, and in such good Latin, that he seemed rather a Grac-
chus, a Cicero, an Æmilius of the time past, than a youth of
his age.
But all the countenance that Gargantua kept was, that
he fell to crying like a cow, and cast down his face, hiding it
with his cap; nor could they possibly draw one word from him.
Whereat his father was so grievously vexed that he would have
killed Maître Jobelin; but the said Des Marays withheld him
from it by fair persuasions, so that at length he pacified his
wrath. Then Grangousier commanded he should be paid his
wages, that they should make him drink theologically, after which
he was to go to all the devils. "At least," said he, "to-day shall
it not cost his host much, if by chance he should die as drunk
as an Englishman. "
Maître Jobelin being gone out of the house, Grangousier con-
sulted with the viceroy what tutor they should choose for Gar-
gantua; and it was betwixt them resolved that Ponocrates, the
tutor of Eudemon, should have the charge, and that they should
all go together to Paris, to know what was the study of the
young men of France at that time.
THE EDUCATION OF GARGANTUA
[The mare on which Gargantua rode to Paris was as big as six elephants:
she was brought by sea in three corvettes and a brigantine. With the whisk-
ing of her tail she laid low a whole forest. Mounted on her, Gargantua was
received with great admiration by the Parisians, who, says Rabelais, are more
easily drawn together by a fiddler or a mule with bells than by an evangel-
ical preacher,-a peculiarity which they still preserve. The young giant re-
warded their admiration by carrying away the bells of Notre Dame to hang
round the neck of his mare. To recover these bells the Parisians sent their
most esteemed orator, Maître Janotus de Bragmardo, who came, like the Vice-
Chancellor of Cambridge, duly preceded by three bedells, and followed by
six Masters of Arts - Artless Masters, "Maistres Inerts,» Rabelais calls them.
His oration is a parody on the pretensions of the old-fashioned scholars, the
ostentatious parade of bad Latin, and the learned discourses of doctors. The
bells are restored and the orator rewarded. Then we leave the realms of


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12010
FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
the miraculous and become human again. Gargantua ceases, except at inter-
vals, to be a giant; and Rabelais develops-it is the best, the wisest, the most
useful chapter of his book-his theory of what the education of a prince
should be. ]
Po
ONOCRATES appointed that for the beginning, he should do as
he had been accustomed; to the end he might understand
by what means, for so long a time, his old masters had
made him so foolish, simple, and ignorant. He disposed, there-
fore, of his time in such fashion that ordinarily he did awake
between eight and nine o'clock, whether it was day or not; for
so had his ancient governors ordained, alleging that which David
saith, Vanum est vobis ante lucem surgere. Then did he tumble
and wallow in the bed some time, the better to stir up his vital
spirits, and appareled himself according to the season; but will-
ingly he would wear a great long gown of thick frieze, lined
with fox fur. Afterwards he combed his head with the German
comb, which is the four fingers and the thumb; for his pre-
ceptors said that to comb himself otherwise, to wash and make
himself neat, was to lose time in this world.
Then to suppress
the dew and bad air, he breakfasted on fair fried tripe, fair
grilled meats, fair hams, fair hashed capon, and store of sippet
brewis. Ponocrates showed him that he ought not to eat so soon
after rising out of his bed, unless he had performed some exer-
cise beforehand. Gargantua answered: "What! have not I suffi-
ciently well exercised myself? I rolled myself six or seven turns
in my bed before I rose. Is not that enough? Pope Alexander
did so, by the advice of a Jew, his physician; and lived till his
dying day in despite of the envious. My first masters have used
me to it, saying that breakfast makes a good memory; where-
fore they drank first. I am very well after it, and dine but the
better. And Maître Tubal, who was the first licentiate at Paris,
told me that it is not everything to run a pace, but to set forth
well betimes: so doth not the total welfare of our humanity
depend upon perpetual drinking atas, atas, like ducks, but on
drinking well in the morning; whence the verse-
"To rise betimes is no good hour,
To drink betimes is better sure. > >>
After he had thoroughly broken his fast, he went to church;
and they carried for him, in a great basket, a huge breviary.
There he heard six-and-twenty or thirty masses. This while, to


## p. 12011 (#45) ###########################################

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I 2011
the same place came his sayer of hours, lapped up about the
chin like a tufted whoop, and his breath perfumed with good
store of syrup.
With him he mumbled all his kyriels, which he
so curiously picked that there fell not so much as one grain to
the ground. As he went from the church, they brought him,
upon a dray drawn by oxen, a heap of paternosters of Sanct
Claude, every one of them being of the bigness of a hat-block;
and thus walking through the cloisters, galleries, or garden, he
said more in turning them over than sixteen hermits would have
done. Then did he study for some paltry half-hour with his
eyes fixed upon his book; but as the comic saith, his mind was
in the kitchen. Then he sat down at table; and because he was
naturally phlegmatic, he began his meal with some dozens of
hams, dried neats' tongues, mullet's roe, chitterlings, and such
other forerunners of wine. In the meanwhile, four of his folks
did cast into his mouth, one after another continually, mustard
by whole shovelfuls. Immediately after that he drank a horrific
draught of white wine for the ease of his kidneys. When that
was done, he ate according to the season meat agreeable to his
appetite, and then left off eating when he was like to crack for
fulness. As for his drinking, he had neither end nor rule. For
he was wont to say, that the limits and bounds of drinking were
when the cork of the shoes of him that drinketh swelleth up half
a foot high.
Then heavily mumbling a scurvy grace, he washed his hands
in fresh wine, picked his teeth with the foot of a pig, and talked
jovially with his attendants. Then the carpet being spread, they
brought great store of cards, dice, and chessboards.
After having well played, reveled, passed and spent his time,
it was proper to drink a little, and that was eleven goblets the
man; and immediately after making good cheer again, he would
stretch himself upon a fair bench, or a good large bed, and there
sleep two or three hours together without thinking or speaking
any hurt.
After he was awakened he would shake his ears a
little. In the mean time they brought him fresh wine. Then he
drank better than ever. Ponocrates showed him that it was an
ill diet to drink so after sleeping. "It is," answered Gargantua,
"the very life of the Fathers; for naturally I sleep salt, and my
sleep hath been to me instead of so much ham. " Then began he
to study a little, and the paternosters first, which the better and
more formally to dispatch, he got up on an old mule which had


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FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
served nine kings; and so mumbling with his mouth, doddling
his head, would go see a coney caught in a net. At his return
he went into the kitchen, to know what roast meat was on the
spit; and supped very well, upon my conscience, and commonly
did invite some of his neighbors that were good drinkers; with
whom carousing, they told stories of all sorts, from the old to the
new. After supper were brought in upon the place the fair
wooden gospels-that is to say, many pairs of tables and cards
—with little small banquets, intermined with collations and reer-
suppers. Then did he sleep without unbridling, until eight
o'clock in the next morning.
When Ponocrates knew Gargantua's vicious manner of living,
he resolved to bring him up in another kind; but for a while he
bore with him, considering that nature does not endure sudden
changes without great violence. Therefore, to begin his work
the better, he requested a learned physician of that time, called
Maître Theodorus, seriously to perpend, if it were possible, how
to bring Gargantua unto a better course. The said physician
purged him canonically with Anticyran hellebore, by which med-
icine he cleansed all the alteration and perverse habitude of his
brain. By this means also Ponocrates made him forget all that
he had learned under his ancient preceptors. To do this better,
they brought him into the company of learned men who were
there, in emulation of whom a great desire and affection came to
him to study otherwise, and to improve his parts. Afterwards he
put himself into such a train of study that he lost not any hour
in the day, but employed all his time in learning and honest
knowledge. Gargantua awaked then about four o'clock in the
morning. Whilst they were rubbing him, there was read unto
him some chapter of the Holy Scripture aloud and clearly, with
a pronunciation fit for the matter; and hereunto was appointed
a young page born in Basché, named Anagnostes. According
to the purpose and argument of that lesson, he oftentimes gave
himself to revere, adore, pray, and send up his supplications to
that good God whose word did show his majesty and marvelous
judgments. Then his master repeated what had been read, ex-
pounding unto him the most obscure and difficult points. They
then considered the face of the sky, if it was such as they had
observed it the night before, and into what signs the sun was
entering, as also the moon for that day. This done, he was
appareled, combed, curled, trimmed, and perfumed, during which


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12013
time they repeated to him the lessons of the day before. He
himself said them by heart, and upon them grounded practical
cases concerning the estate of man; which he would prosecute
sometimes two or three hours, but ordinarily they ceased as soon
as he was fully clothed. Then for three good hours there was
reading. This done, they went forth, still conferring of the sub-
stance of the reading, and disported themselves at ball, tennis, or
the pile trigone; gallantly exercising their bodies, as before they
had done their minds. All their play was but in liberty, for
they left off when they pleased; and that was commonly when
they did sweat, or were otherwise weary. Then were they very
well dried and rubbed, shifted their shirts, and walking soberly,
went to see if dinner was ready. Whilst they stayed for that,
they did clearly and eloquently recite some sentences that they
had retained of the lecture. In the mean time Master Appetite
came, and then very orderly sat they down at table. At the
beginning of the meal there was read some pleasant history of
ancient prowess, until he had taken his wine. Then if they
thought good, they continued reading, or began to discourse
merrily together; speaking first of the virtue, propriety, efficacy,
and nature of all that was served in at that table; of bread, of
wine, of water, of salt, of flesh, fish, fruits, herbs, roots, and of
their dressing. By means whereof, he learned in a little time all
the passages that on these subjects are to be found in Pliny,
Athenæus, Dioscorides, Julius Pollux, Galen, Porphyrius, Oppian,
Polybius, Heliodorus, Aristotle, Ælian, and others. Whilst they
talked of these things, many times, to be more the certain, they
caused the very books to be brought to the table; and so well
and perfectly did he in his memory retain the things above said,
that in that time there was not a physician that knew half so
much as he did. Afterwards they conferred of the lessons read
in the morning; and ending their repast with some conserve of
quince, he washed his hands and eyes with fair fresh water, and
gave thanks unto God in some fine canticle, made in praise of
the Divine bounty and munificence. This done, they brought in
cards, not to play, but to learn a thousand pretty tricks and new
inventions, which were all grounded upon arithmetic. By this
means he fell in love with that numerical science; and every
day after dinner and supper he passed his time in it as pleas-
antly as he was wont to do at cards and dice: so that at last he
understood so well both the theory and practice thereof, that


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FRANÇOIS RABELAIS
Tonstal the Englishman, who had written very largely of that
purpose, confessed that verily in comparison of him he under-
stood nothing but double Dutch; and not only in that, but in
the other mathematical sciences, as geometry, astronomy, music.
For while waiting for the digestion of his food, they made a
thousand joyous instruments and geometrical figures, and at the
same time practiced the astronomical canons.
After this they recreated themselves with singing musically,
in four or five parts, or upon a set theme, as it best pleased
them. In matter of musical instruments, he learned to the
lute, the spinet, the harp, the German flute, the flute with nine
holes, the violin, and the sackbut. This hour thus spent, he be-
took himself to his principal study for three hours together, or
more, as well to repeat his matutinal lectures as to proceed in
the book wherein he was; as also to write handsomely, to draw
and form the antique and Roman letters. This being done, they
went out of their house, and with them a young gentleman of
Touraine, named Gymnast, who taught him the art of riding.
Changing then his clothes, he mounted on any kind of a horse,
which he made to bound in the air, to jump the ditch, to leap
the palisade, and to turn short in a ring both to the right and
left hand. There he broke not his lance; for it is the great-
est foolishness in the world to say, I have broken ten lances at
tilts or in fight. A carpenter can do even as much. But it is
a glorious and praiseworthy action with one lance to break and
overthrow ten enemies. Therefore with a sharp, strong, and stiff
lance would he usually force a door, pierce a harness, uproot a
tree, carry away the ring, lift up a saddle, with the mail-coat.
and gauntlet. All this he did in complete arms from head to
foot. He was singularly skillful in leaping nimbly from one
horse to another without putting foot to ground. He could like-
wise from either side, with a lance in his hand, leap on horse-
back without stirrups, and rule the horse at his pleasure without
a bridle; for such things are useful in military engagements.