causing
disturbazioes
in Gaul.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
intention of holding out there, at length saw that
Nep. Hann. 7, 8. ) It seems probable that the all further resistance was hopeless, and surrendered
circumstances here related refer in fact to some to Scipio. He himself, with the other more eminent
other person of the name of Mago, whom Nepos of the Carthaginian captives, was sent a prisoner
bas confounded with the brother of Hannibal. of war to Rome. (Polyb. x. 8, 12–15, 18, 19;
6. One of the chief officers of Hannibal in Italy, Liv. xxvi. 44–46, 51; Appian, Hisp. 19–22. )
whose name is appended to the treaty concluded Eutropius (iii. 15) and Orosius (iv. 18) have con-
by that general with Philip V. , king of Macedonia. founded this Mago with the brother of Hannibal.
(Polyb. vii. 9. ) It would seem probable that he is 11. An officer of cavalry under Hasdrubal, son
the same who was sent immediately afterwards of Gisco, in the war against Scipio and Masinissa
with Bostar and Gisco to accompany the Macedonian in Africa, B. C. 204. (Appian, Pun. 15. )
ambassadors back to the court of Philip, and obtain 12. One of the Carthaginian ambassadors sent
the ratification of the treaty by that monarch, but to Rome just before the breaking out of the third
who unfortunately fell into the hands of the Punic war (B. C. 149), to avert the impending hos-
Romans, and were carried prisoners to Rome. tilities by offering unqualified submission. (Polyb.
(Liv. xxiii. 34. ) Schweighaeuser, on the contrary, xxxvi. 1. )
supposes him to be the same with the following. 13. A Carthaginian, apparently not the same as
7. Surnamed the Samnite (ó Eauvítas), was one the preceding, who, on the return of the embassy
of the chief officers of Hannibal in Italy, where he | just spoken of, addressed the Carthaginian senate
## p. 905 (#921) ############################################
MAHARBAL.
905
MAIA.
in a speech at once prudent and manly. (Polyb. | vice he was recalled in haste to rejoin his com-
xxxvi. 3. ) He is termed by Polybius the Bruttian mander before the combat on the Ticinus. (1d. xxi.
(ó Bpéttios), from whence Reiske inferred him to 45. ) After the victory of Thrasymene (B. c. 217),
be the same with the lieutenant of Hannibal he was sent with a strong force of cavalry and
(No. 7), but this, as Schweighaeuser has observed, Spanish infantry to pursue a body of 6000 Romans
is impossible, on chronological grounds. That who had escaped from the battle and occupied a
author suggests that he may be the son of the one strong position in one of the neighbouring villages.
just alluded to, and may have derived his surname Finding themselves surrounded, they were induced
from the services of his father in Bruttium. (Schw. to lay down their arms, on receiving from Mahar-
ad Polyb. l. c. and Index Historicus, p. 365. ) bal a promise of safety. Hannibal refused to ratify
14. A Carthaginian of uncertain date, who wrote the capitulation, alleging that Maharbal had ex-
a work upon agriculture in the Punic language, ceeded his powers ; but he dismissed, without
which is frequently mentioned by Roman authors ransom, all those men who belonged to the Italian
in terms of the highest commendation. He is even allies, and only retained the Roman citizens as
styled by Columella the father of agriculture prisoners of war. (Polyb. iii. 84, 85 ; Liv. xxii.
rusticationis parens (De R. R. i. 1. $ 13). Nothing 6,7; Appian, Annib. 10. ) Shortly after Mahar-
is known of the period at which he flourished, or bal had an opportunity of striking a fresh blow by
of the events of his life, except that he was a man intercepting the praetor C. Centinius, who was on
of distinction in his native country, and had held his march to join Flaminius with a detachment of
important military commands. (Colum. xii. 4. 4000 men, the whole of which were either cut to
$ 2; Plin. H. N. xviii. 5. ) Heeren's conjecture pieces or fell into the hands of the Carthaginians.
that he was the same as No. 1, is wholly without (Polyb. iii. 86 ; Liv. xxii. 8 ; Appian, Annib. 11. )
foundation: the name of Mago was evidently too He is again mentioned as sent with the Numidian
common at Carthage to afford any reasonable cavalry to ravage the rich Falemnian plains ; and
ground for identifying him with any of the persons in the following year he commanded, according to
known to us from history. His work was a vo- Livy, the right wing of the Carthaginian army at
luminous one, extending to twenty-eight books, the battle of Cannae. Appian, on the contrary,
and comprising all branches of the subject. So assigns him on that occasion the command of the
great was its reputation even at Rome, that after reserve of cavalry, and Polybius does not mention
the destruction of Carthage, when the libraries his name at all. But, whatever post he held, it is
which had fallen into the hands of the Romans certain that he did good service on that eventful
were distributed among the princes of Africa, an day ; and it was he that, immediately after the
;
exception was made in favour of the work of Mago, victory, urged Hannibal to push on at once with
and it was ordered by the senate that it should be his cavalry upon Rome itself, promising him that if
translated into Latin by competent persons, at the he did so, within five days he should sup in the
head of whom was D. Silanus. (Plin. H. N. xviii. Capitol. On the refusal of his commander, Ma-
5; Colum. i. 1. $ 13. ) It was subsequently trans- harbal is said to have observed, that Hannibal
lated into Greek, though with some abridgment knew indeed how to gain victories, but not how to
and alteration, by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and use them ; a sentiment which has been confirmed
an epitome of it in the same language, brought into by some of the best judges in the art of war. (Liv.
the compass of six books, was drawn up by Dio- xxii
. 13, 46, 51; Appian, Annib. 20, 21 ; Florus,
phanes of Bithynia, and dedicated to king Deio- ii. 5 ; Zonar. ix. 1 ; Cato ap. Gell. x. 24 ; Plu-
(Varro, de R. R. i. 1. & 10; Colum. i. tarch, Fab. 17, erroneously assigns this advice to a
1. § 10. ) His precepts on agricultural matters Carthaginian of the name of Barca. ) Except an
are continually cited by the Roman writers on incidental notice of his presence at the siege of
those subjects, Varro, Columella, and Palladins, as Casilinum (Liv. xxiii. 18), Maharbal from this
well as by Pliny: his work is also alluded to by period disappears from history. A person of that
Cicero (De Orat. i. 58) in terms that imply its name is mentioned by Frontinus (Strateg. ii. 5. §
high reputation as the standard authority upon the 12) as employed by the Carthaginians against
subject on which it treated. It is said to have some African tribes that had rebelled, but whether
opened with the very sound piece of advice that if this be the same as the subject of the present arti-
a man meant to settle in the country, he should cle, or to what period the event there related is
begin by selling his town house. (Colum. i. 1. $ referable, we have no means of judging. (E. H. B. ]
18; Plin. H. N. xviii. 7. ) All the passages in MAIA (Maia or Maiás), a daughter of Atlas
Roman authors in which the work of Mago is and Pleione (whence she is called Atlantis and
cited or referred to are collected by Heeren. Pleias), was the eldest of the Pleiades, and in a
(Ideen, vol. iv. p. 527, &c. ) (E. H. B. ] grotto of mount Cyllene in Arcadia she became by
MAGUS (Mâyos), one of the followers of Simus Zeus the mother of Hermes. Arcas, the son of
in the merry and licentious songs, the poets of Zeus by Callisto, was given to her to be reafed.
which were called inapodoi. [Lysis. ) (P. S. ) (Hom. Od. xiv. 435, Hymn. in Merc. 3 ; Hes.
MAHARBAL (Maáplas), son of Himilco, and Theog. 938 ; Apollod. ii. 10. § 2, 8. $ 2; Tzetz.
one of the most distinguished Carthaginian officers ad Lycoph, 219; Horat. Carm. i. 10. 1, 2. 42,
in the Second Punic War. He is first mentioned &c. )
as commanding the besieging force at the siege of Maia is also the name of a divinity worshipped
Saguntum, during the absence of Hannibal, when at Rome, who was also called Majesta. She is
he carried on his operations and pressed the siege mentioned in connection with Vulcan, and was
with so much vigour that neither party, says Livy, regarded by some as the wife of that god, though
felt the absence of the general-in-chief. (Liv. xxi. it seems for no other reason but because a priest of
12. ) We next find him detached with a body of Vulcan offered a sacrifice to her on the first of May,
cavalry to ravage the plains near the Po, soon after while in the popular superstition of later times she
the arrival of Hannibal in Italy, but from this ser- was identified with Maia, the daughter of Atlas.
tarus.
## p. 906 (#922) ############################################
906
MAJORIANUS.
MALACUS.
a
It is more probable that Maia was an ancient | intended to invade Africa. At Arles he prevailed
name of the bona dea, who was also designated by upon Theodoric to desist from further attempts at
the names of Ops, Fauna, and Fatua. (Macrob.
causing disturbazioes in Gaul. In the beginning
Sat. i. 12 ; Gellius, xiii. 22 ; Fest. p. 134, ed. of 460 every thing was ready for setting out for
Müller. )
(L. S. ] Africa, and Majorian crossed the Pyrenees, his
MAIOR (Matwp), a Greek sophist and rhe- intention being to join his feet, which lay at
torician, who lived about the middle of the third anchor in the harbour of Carthagena. Meanwhile,
century after Christ, before and in the reign of Genseric made offers for peace, which, having been
the emperor Philippus. He was a native of Arabia, rejected by the emperor, he employed intrigues,
and wrote a work, Tepl ordoew, in thirteen books, and succeeded in bribing some of the principal
of which scarcely a trace has come down to us. officers of the Roman navy, who enabled him to
(Suid. 8. v. Matwp; Eudoc. p. 300; Schol. ad Her- surprise the fleet at Carthagena. The defeat of the
mog. p. 130. )
(L. S. ] Romans was complete, the whole of their ships
MAJORIA'NUS, JUʻLIUS VALERIUS, being sunk, bumt, or taken. The traitors were
emperor of Rome (A. D. 457–461), ascended the personal enemies of Majorian, who looked with
throne under the following circumstances. After | jealousy upon his rising fortune. The loss of the
the death of the emperor Avitus, the supreme feet obliged the emperor to return to Gaul, where
power in the western empire remained in the hands he remained during the ensuing winter ; and Gen-
of Ricimer, who was the real master previously, seric having renewed his offers, he accepted them,
and would have assumed the imperial title, but for and peace was made between Rome and Carthage.
the certainty that his elevation would create a ter- From Gaul Majorian went to Italy, where his
rible commotion. For he was a Suevian by origin, presence became indispensable to his own interest.
and there was a decided prejudice among the Ricimer, jealous of the rising power and popularity
Romans to choose a barbarian for their emperor. of a man whom he looked upon as his tool, formed
Ricimer consequently gave the crown to Majori- a scheme to deprive him of the crown. While Ma-
anus, with the consent of the Eastern emperor Leo jorian was at Tortona in Lombardy, the conspiracy
(A. D. 457). The name of Majorian appears as broke out: he found himself unexpectedly sur-
early as 438, when he distinguished himself in the rounded by the partizans of Ricimer; and the
war against the Franks, and ever since he had only way to save his life was to abdicate, which
continued to serve in the field, making himself he did on the 2d of August, 461. He died sud-
known at once for his military skill and his excel-denly, on the 7th of August, five days after his
lent character. He was descended from a family abdication, of dysentery, as was reported; but
distinguished in the army, and was indeed one of Idatius plainly says that he was put to death by
the best men that ever filled the throne of the order of Ricimer, who now placed Severus on the
Caesars : he had experienced both good fortune throne.
and bad fortune, and enjoyed unbounded popularity We cannot finish this notice without calling the
with the troops. Ricimer thought he was only a student's attention to the laws of Majorian, which
general, unfit for administrative business, who, ensure him an honourable rank among Roman
being accustomed to obey him, would continue so. legislators. He put an end to the awful fiscal
In this respect, however, Ricimer was mistaken. oppression in the provinces ; he re-invested the
As soon as Majorian was possessed of the supreme provincial magistrates with power to assess taxes ;
title, he aimed at supreme power also. His he stopped the dilapidation of the splendid monu-
choice of his principal officers did great credit to ments in Rome and other places, which renal
his discernment: among them we mention his officers would allow any body, who wanted buiid-
private secretary Petrus, Egidius who commanded ing materials, to take down, if money was paid
in Gaul, Magnus, praefectus praetorio in Gaul, and for the permission ; and he made several other
others. In 458 the coast of Campania was infested wise and useful laws and regulations, which are
by the Vandals, who held the sea with a powerful contained in the Codex Theodosianus. (Sidon.
fleet ; but Majorian, informed of their designs, had Apoll. Panegyr. Major. Epist. i. l; Procop. Vand.
posted his troops so well, that the main body of i. 7, 8 ; Greg. Turon. ii. 7 ; Priscus in Excerpt.
the Vandals was surprised when on shore, and Legat. p. 42; Evagr. H. E. ii. 7, sub fin. ; Ida-
totally defeated. The only means to stop the per- tius, Chron. ; Marcellin. Chron. ) (W. P. ]
petual incursions of the Vandals was to attack their
king Genseric in Africa, and this Majorian resolved
to do. He consequently entered Gaul with a strong
army, and succeeded in quelling the domestic troubles
by which that province was agitated through the
in-
ER
trignes of the West Gothic king Theodoric
. The
Roman army which he was leading to Africa was,
however, anything but Roman, being mostly com-
GOMOB
posed of barbarians, such as Bastarnae, Suevians,
Huns, Alani, Rugii, Burgundians, Goths, and Sar-
COIN OF MAJORIANUS.
matians with whom he passed the Alps in November,
458. Majorian first went to Lyon, where he was MAʼLACON (Marákwv), a native of Heracleia
complimented by the poet Sidonius Apollinaris, who on the Euxine, in the service of Seleucus, who slew
there wrote his panegyric of Majorian, after having Lysimachus with a javelin at the battle of Coru-
been pardoned by him for his participation in the pedion, B. c. 281. Memnon, c. 8. ) [E. H. B. ]
previous revolt. From Lyon the emperor went to MALACUS (Mallakós), a Greek historical
Arles, where he stayed the whole year 459, having writer, the author of a work entitled L. Qvlwv 'Spon
fixed upon that city as a meeting place for those which is quoted by Athenaeus (vi. p. 267). It has
immense, but still scattered forces, with which he been conjectured by some that he is the same
W
1916
IARTE
Dawid
9G
## p. 907 (#923) ############################################
MALCHUS.
907
MALCHUS.
.
[P. S. )
with Apollonius of Alabanda, who was sumamed | nearly two years with various changes of fortune,
• Malands. (APOLLONIUS. ] [C. P. M. ] but seems to have been terminated by the decisive
MALALAS. (MALELAS. ]
defeat of the Arabian monarch. We however
MALAS, of Chios, a sculptor, mentioned by again hear of Malchus, at a subsequent period, as
Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4) as having lived before fomenting the intrigues of Alexandra and Hyrca-
Dipoenus and Scyllis. He was the grandfather of nus against Herod. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 14. $S 1
Antherinus, and must therefore have flourished 2, xv. 4. SS 2, 4, 5, 6. & 2, B. J. i. 14, SS 1, 2,
about the 35th or 40th Olympiad.
19. )
(E. H. B. ]
MALCHUS or MALICHU'S (Máaxos, Márs- MALCHUS (Máaxos), literary. 1. Of BYZAN-
Xos), historical. This name is in fact a mere title and TIUM. (No. 4. )
signifies“ a king. ” (Gesenius, Ling. Phoen. Mon. 2. OT MARONIA. (No. 3. )
p. 409; and Kuster, ad Suid. s. o. Nopoúplos. ) 3. MONACH Us, the Monk, author of a curious
1. A Carthaginian leader who, according to autobiography, dictated by him in his extreme old
Justin, was one of the first that extended the age to Jeromc, then a young man residing it
power and dominion of his country, first, by suc- Maronia, a hamlet about thirty miles from Antioch.
cessful wars against the African tribes, and after-(Hieronym. Vita Malchi, Opera, rol. ii. col. 41,
wards by the subjugation of great part of Sicily. &c. ed. Vollarsii. )
But, having subsequently crossed into Sardinia, he 4. Of PHILADELPHIA. Among the writers from
was defeated in a great battle ; on account of whom the 'Ekhoyal nepi apéo6eww, Ercerpta de
which disaster he was disgraced and banished by Legationibus, compiled by order of Constantine
his countrymen. In revenge for this he led his Porphyrogenitus, are taken, was Malchus the so-
army to Carthage and laid siege to the city. His phist (Máaxos copioths). According to Suidas
son Carthalo was in vain sent to intercede with and Eudocia (s. v. Máa xos) Malchus was a By-
him ; he was crucified by order of Malchus bim- zantine ; but the statement of Photius that he was
self within sight of the walls. Yet, having at a native of Philadelphia, is preferable ; and his
length made himself master of the city, he awas Syriac name makes it probable that Philadelphia
content with putting to death ten of the principal was the city so called (the ancient Rabbah) in the
senators, and left the rest in possession of the country of Ammonitis, east of the Jordan. Mal-
chief power, of which they soon after availed chus probably followed his profession of rhetorician
themselves to bring him to trial and condemn him or sophist at Constantinople, and the statement
to death. (Justin, xviii. 7. ) Orosius, who has that he was a native of that city may have arisen
merely abridged the narrative of Justin, adds that from that circumstance. According to Suidas and
these events took place during the reign of Cyrus Eudocia, he wrote a history extending from the
the Great (Oros. iv. 6), but this is probably a mere reign of Constantine to that of Anastasius ; but
inference from the statement of Justin, that Mal- the work in seven books, of which Photius has given
chus was followed in the command br Mago. an account (Bill. cod. 78), and to which he
[Maco, No. 1. ] The chronology of these events gives the title Bušavtačká, comprehended only the
is in fact extremely uncertain.
period from the final sickness of the Eastern em-
2. One of the chief leaders among the Jews at peror Leo I. (A. D. 473 or 474), to the death of
the time that Cassius Longinus was in Syria, B. C. Nepos, emperor of the West (á. D. 480). It has
43. He had failed in payment of the tribute been supposed that this was an extract from the
which he was appointed to collect, on which ac- work mentioned by Suidas, or a mutilated copy :
count Cassius was about to put him to death, and that it was incomplete is attested by Photius him-
he was with difficulty saved by the intercession self, who says that the commencement of the first
of Hyrcanus and Antipater. But, far from being of the seven books showed that the author had
grateful to Antipater for the service this rendered already written some previous portions, and that
him, Malichus began to form designs against his the close of the seventh book showed his intention
life, and at length succeeded in removing him by of carrying it further, if his life was spared. Some
poison. Herod, the son of Antipater, for a time eminent critics, among whom is Valesius (Not. in
dissembled his desire of vengeance, and pretended Excerpt. de Legat. ), have thought that the history
to be reconciled to Malichus, who obtained a high of Malchus began with Leo's sickness, and that he
place in the favour of Hyrcanus ; but he soon was the continuator of Priscus, whose history is
took an opportunity to have him assassinated by a supposed to have left off at that point. Niebuhr
band of soldiers. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 11. $$ 2-6, (De Historicis, &c.
Nep. Hann. 7, 8. ) It seems probable that the all further resistance was hopeless, and surrendered
circumstances here related refer in fact to some to Scipio. He himself, with the other more eminent
other person of the name of Mago, whom Nepos of the Carthaginian captives, was sent a prisoner
bas confounded with the brother of Hannibal. of war to Rome. (Polyb. x. 8, 12–15, 18, 19;
6. One of the chief officers of Hannibal in Italy, Liv. xxvi. 44–46, 51; Appian, Hisp. 19–22. )
whose name is appended to the treaty concluded Eutropius (iii. 15) and Orosius (iv. 18) have con-
by that general with Philip V. , king of Macedonia. founded this Mago with the brother of Hannibal.
(Polyb. vii. 9. ) It would seem probable that he is 11. An officer of cavalry under Hasdrubal, son
the same who was sent immediately afterwards of Gisco, in the war against Scipio and Masinissa
with Bostar and Gisco to accompany the Macedonian in Africa, B. C. 204. (Appian, Pun. 15. )
ambassadors back to the court of Philip, and obtain 12. One of the Carthaginian ambassadors sent
the ratification of the treaty by that monarch, but to Rome just before the breaking out of the third
who unfortunately fell into the hands of the Punic war (B. C. 149), to avert the impending hos-
Romans, and were carried prisoners to Rome. tilities by offering unqualified submission. (Polyb.
(Liv. xxiii. 34. ) Schweighaeuser, on the contrary, xxxvi. 1. )
supposes him to be the same with the following. 13. A Carthaginian, apparently not the same as
7. Surnamed the Samnite (ó Eauvítas), was one the preceding, who, on the return of the embassy
of the chief officers of Hannibal in Italy, where he | just spoken of, addressed the Carthaginian senate
## p. 905 (#921) ############################################
MAHARBAL.
905
MAIA.
in a speech at once prudent and manly. (Polyb. | vice he was recalled in haste to rejoin his com-
xxxvi. 3. ) He is termed by Polybius the Bruttian mander before the combat on the Ticinus. (1d. xxi.
(ó Bpéttios), from whence Reiske inferred him to 45. ) After the victory of Thrasymene (B. c. 217),
be the same with the lieutenant of Hannibal he was sent with a strong force of cavalry and
(No. 7), but this, as Schweighaeuser has observed, Spanish infantry to pursue a body of 6000 Romans
is impossible, on chronological grounds. That who had escaped from the battle and occupied a
author suggests that he may be the son of the one strong position in one of the neighbouring villages.
just alluded to, and may have derived his surname Finding themselves surrounded, they were induced
from the services of his father in Bruttium. (Schw. to lay down their arms, on receiving from Mahar-
ad Polyb. l. c. and Index Historicus, p. 365. ) bal a promise of safety. Hannibal refused to ratify
14. A Carthaginian of uncertain date, who wrote the capitulation, alleging that Maharbal had ex-
a work upon agriculture in the Punic language, ceeded his powers ; but he dismissed, without
which is frequently mentioned by Roman authors ransom, all those men who belonged to the Italian
in terms of the highest commendation. He is even allies, and only retained the Roman citizens as
styled by Columella the father of agriculture prisoners of war. (Polyb. iii. 84, 85 ; Liv. xxii.
rusticationis parens (De R. R. i. 1. $ 13). Nothing 6,7; Appian, Annib. 10. ) Shortly after Mahar-
is known of the period at which he flourished, or bal had an opportunity of striking a fresh blow by
of the events of his life, except that he was a man intercepting the praetor C. Centinius, who was on
of distinction in his native country, and had held his march to join Flaminius with a detachment of
important military commands. (Colum. xii. 4. 4000 men, the whole of which were either cut to
$ 2; Plin. H. N. xviii. 5. ) Heeren's conjecture pieces or fell into the hands of the Carthaginians.
that he was the same as No. 1, is wholly without (Polyb. iii. 86 ; Liv. xxii. 8 ; Appian, Annib. 11. )
foundation: the name of Mago was evidently too He is again mentioned as sent with the Numidian
common at Carthage to afford any reasonable cavalry to ravage the rich Falemnian plains ; and
ground for identifying him with any of the persons in the following year he commanded, according to
known to us from history. His work was a vo- Livy, the right wing of the Carthaginian army at
luminous one, extending to twenty-eight books, the battle of Cannae. Appian, on the contrary,
and comprising all branches of the subject. So assigns him on that occasion the command of the
great was its reputation even at Rome, that after reserve of cavalry, and Polybius does not mention
the destruction of Carthage, when the libraries his name at all. But, whatever post he held, it is
which had fallen into the hands of the Romans certain that he did good service on that eventful
were distributed among the princes of Africa, an day ; and it was he that, immediately after the
;
exception was made in favour of the work of Mago, victory, urged Hannibal to push on at once with
and it was ordered by the senate that it should be his cavalry upon Rome itself, promising him that if
translated into Latin by competent persons, at the he did so, within five days he should sup in the
head of whom was D. Silanus. (Plin. H. N. xviii. Capitol. On the refusal of his commander, Ma-
5; Colum. i. 1. $ 13. ) It was subsequently trans- harbal is said to have observed, that Hannibal
lated into Greek, though with some abridgment knew indeed how to gain victories, but not how to
and alteration, by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and use them ; a sentiment which has been confirmed
an epitome of it in the same language, brought into by some of the best judges in the art of war. (Liv.
the compass of six books, was drawn up by Dio- xxii
. 13, 46, 51; Appian, Annib. 20, 21 ; Florus,
phanes of Bithynia, and dedicated to king Deio- ii. 5 ; Zonar. ix. 1 ; Cato ap. Gell. x. 24 ; Plu-
(Varro, de R. R. i. 1. & 10; Colum. i. tarch, Fab. 17, erroneously assigns this advice to a
1. § 10. ) His precepts on agricultural matters Carthaginian of the name of Barca. ) Except an
are continually cited by the Roman writers on incidental notice of his presence at the siege of
those subjects, Varro, Columella, and Palladins, as Casilinum (Liv. xxiii. 18), Maharbal from this
well as by Pliny: his work is also alluded to by period disappears from history. A person of that
Cicero (De Orat. i. 58) in terms that imply its name is mentioned by Frontinus (Strateg. ii. 5. §
high reputation as the standard authority upon the 12) as employed by the Carthaginians against
subject on which it treated. It is said to have some African tribes that had rebelled, but whether
opened with the very sound piece of advice that if this be the same as the subject of the present arti-
a man meant to settle in the country, he should cle, or to what period the event there related is
begin by selling his town house. (Colum. i. 1. $ referable, we have no means of judging. (E. H. B. ]
18; Plin. H. N. xviii. 7. ) All the passages in MAIA (Maia or Maiás), a daughter of Atlas
Roman authors in which the work of Mago is and Pleione (whence she is called Atlantis and
cited or referred to are collected by Heeren. Pleias), was the eldest of the Pleiades, and in a
(Ideen, vol. iv. p. 527, &c. ) (E. H. B. ] grotto of mount Cyllene in Arcadia she became by
MAGUS (Mâyos), one of the followers of Simus Zeus the mother of Hermes. Arcas, the son of
in the merry and licentious songs, the poets of Zeus by Callisto, was given to her to be reafed.
which were called inapodoi. [Lysis. ) (P. S. ) (Hom. Od. xiv. 435, Hymn. in Merc. 3 ; Hes.
MAHARBAL (Maáplas), son of Himilco, and Theog. 938 ; Apollod. ii. 10. § 2, 8. $ 2; Tzetz.
one of the most distinguished Carthaginian officers ad Lycoph, 219; Horat. Carm. i. 10. 1, 2. 42,
in the Second Punic War. He is first mentioned &c. )
as commanding the besieging force at the siege of Maia is also the name of a divinity worshipped
Saguntum, during the absence of Hannibal, when at Rome, who was also called Majesta. She is
he carried on his operations and pressed the siege mentioned in connection with Vulcan, and was
with so much vigour that neither party, says Livy, regarded by some as the wife of that god, though
felt the absence of the general-in-chief. (Liv. xxi. it seems for no other reason but because a priest of
12. ) We next find him detached with a body of Vulcan offered a sacrifice to her on the first of May,
cavalry to ravage the plains near the Po, soon after while in the popular superstition of later times she
the arrival of Hannibal in Italy, but from this ser- was identified with Maia, the daughter of Atlas.
tarus.
## p. 906 (#922) ############################################
906
MAJORIANUS.
MALACUS.
a
It is more probable that Maia was an ancient | intended to invade Africa. At Arles he prevailed
name of the bona dea, who was also designated by upon Theodoric to desist from further attempts at
the names of Ops, Fauna, and Fatua. (Macrob.
causing disturbazioes in Gaul. In the beginning
Sat. i. 12 ; Gellius, xiii. 22 ; Fest. p. 134, ed. of 460 every thing was ready for setting out for
Müller. )
(L. S. ] Africa, and Majorian crossed the Pyrenees, his
MAIOR (Matwp), a Greek sophist and rhe- intention being to join his feet, which lay at
torician, who lived about the middle of the third anchor in the harbour of Carthagena. Meanwhile,
century after Christ, before and in the reign of Genseric made offers for peace, which, having been
the emperor Philippus. He was a native of Arabia, rejected by the emperor, he employed intrigues,
and wrote a work, Tepl ordoew, in thirteen books, and succeeded in bribing some of the principal
of which scarcely a trace has come down to us. officers of the Roman navy, who enabled him to
(Suid. 8. v. Matwp; Eudoc. p. 300; Schol. ad Her- surprise the fleet at Carthagena. The defeat of the
mog. p. 130. )
(L. S. ] Romans was complete, the whole of their ships
MAJORIA'NUS, JUʻLIUS VALERIUS, being sunk, bumt, or taken. The traitors were
emperor of Rome (A. D. 457–461), ascended the personal enemies of Majorian, who looked with
throne under the following circumstances. After | jealousy upon his rising fortune. The loss of the
the death of the emperor Avitus, the supreme feet obliged the emperor to return to Gaul, where
power in the western empire remained in the hands he remained during the ensuing winter ; and Gen-
of Ricimer, who was the real master previously, seric having renewed his offers, he accepted them,
and would have assumed the imperial title, but for and peace was made between Rome and Carthage.
the certainty that his elevation would create a ter- From Gaul Majorian went to Italy, where his
rible commotion. For he was a Suevian by origin, presence became indispensable to his own interest.
and there was a decided prejudice among the Ricimer, jealous of the rising power and popularity
Romans to choose a barbarian for their emperor. of a man whom he looked upon as his tool, formed
Ricimer consequently gave the crown to Majori- a scheme to deprive him of the crown. While Ma-
anus, with the consent of the Eastern emperor Leo jorian was at Tortona in Lombardy, the conspiracy
(A. D. 457). The name of Majorian appears as broke out: he found himself unexpectedly sur-
early as 438, when he distinguished himself in the rounded by the partizans of Ricimer; and the
war against the Franks, and ever since he had only way to save his life was to abdicate, which
continued to serve in the field, making himself he did on the 2d of August, 461. He died sud-
known at once for his military skill and his excel-denly, on the 7th of August, five days after his
lent character. He was descended from a family abdication, of dysentery, as was reported; but
distinguished in the army, and was indeed one of Idatius plainly says that he was put to death by
the best men that ever filled the throne of the order of Ricimer, who now placed Severus on the
Caesars : he had experienced both good fortune throne.
and bad fortune, and enjoyed unbounded popularity We cannot finish this notice without calling the
with the troops. Ricimer thought he was only a student's attention to the laws of Majorian, which
general, unfit for administrative business, who, ensure him an honourable rank among Roman
being accustomed to obey him, would continue so. legislators. He put an end to the awful fiscal
In this respect, however, Ricimer was mistaken. oppression in the provinces ; he re-invested the
As soon as Majorian was possessed of the supreme provincial magistrates with power to assess taxes ;
title, he aimed at supreme power also. His he stopped the dilapidation of the splendid monu-
choice of his principal officers did great credit to ments in Rome and other places, which renal
his discernment: among them we mention his officers would allow any body, who wanted buiid-
private secretary Petrus, Egidius who commanded ing materials, to take down, if money was paid
in Gaul, Magnus, praefectus praetorio in Gaul, and for the permission ; and he made several other
others. In 458 the coast of Campania was infested wise and useful laws and regulations, which are
by the Vandals, who held the sea with a powerful contained in the Codex Theodosianus. (Sidon.
fleet ; but Majorian, informed of their designs, had Apoll. Panegyr. Major. Epist. i. l; Procop. Vand.
posted his troops so well, that the main body of i. 7, 8 ; Greg. Turon. ii. 7 ; Priscus in Excerpt.
the Vandals was surprised when on shore, and Legat. p. 42; Evagr. H. E. ii. 7, sub fin. ; Ida-
totally defeated. The only means to stop the per- tius, Chron. ; Marcellin. Chron. ) (W. P. ]
petual incursions of the Vandals was to attack their
king Genseric in Africa, and this Majorian resolved
to do. He consequently entered Gaul with a strong
army, and succeeded in quelling the domestic troubles
by which that province was agitated through the
in-
ER
trignes of the West Gothic king Theodoric
. The
Roman army which he was leading to Africa was,
however, anything but Roman, being mostly com-
GOMOB
posed of barbarians, such as Bastarnae, Suevians,
Huns, Alani, Rugii, Burgundians, Goths, and Sar-
COIN OF MAJORIANUS.
matians with whom he passed the Alps in November,
458. Majorian first went to Lyon, where he was MAʼLACON (Marákwv), a native of Heracleia
complimented by the poet Sidonius Apollinaris, who on the Euxine, in the service of Seleucus, who slew
there wrote his panegyric of Majorian, after having Lysimachus with a javelin at the battle of Coru-
been pardoned by him for his participation in the pedion, B. c. 281. Memnon, c. 8. ) [E. H. B. ]
previous revolt. From Lyon the emperor went to MALACUS (Mallakós), a Greek historical
Arles, where he stayed the whole year 459, having writer, the author of a work entitled L. Qvlwv 'Spon
fixed upon that city as a meeting place for those which is quoted by Athenaeus (vi. p. 267). It has
immense, but still scattered forces, with which he been conjectured by some that he is the same
W
1916
IARTE
Dawid
9G
## p. 907 (#923) ############################################
MALCHUS.
907
MALCHUS.
.
[P. S. )
with Apollonius of Alabanda, who was sumamed | nearly two years with various changes of fortune,
• Malands. (APOLLONIUS. ] [C. P. M. ] but seems to have been terminated by the decisive
MALALAS. (MALELAS. ]
defeat of the Arabian monarch. We however
MALAS, of Chios, a sculptor, mentioned by again hear of Malchus, at a subsequent period, as
Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4) as having lived before fomenting the intrigues of Alexandra and Hyrca-
Dipoenus and Scyllis. He was the grandfather of nus against Herod. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 14. $S 1
Antherinus, and must therefore have flourished 2, xv. 4. SS 2, 4, 5, 6. & 2, B. J. i. 14, SS 1, 2,
about the 35th or 40th Olympiad.
19. )
(E. H. B. ]
MALCHUS or MALICHU'S (Máaxos, Márs- MALCHUS (Máaxos), literary. 1. Of BYZAN-
Xos), historical. This name is in fact a mere title and TIUM. (No. 4. )
signifies“ a king. ” (Gesenius, Ling. Phoen. Mon. 2. OT MARONIA. (No. 3. )
p. 409; and Kuster, ad Suid. s. o. Nopoúplos. ) 3. MONACH Us, the Monk, author of a curious
1. A Carthaginian leader who, according to autobiography, dictated by him in his extreme old
Justin, was one of the first that extended the age to Jeromc, then a young man residing it
power and dominion of his country, first, by suc- Maronia, a hamlet about thirty miles from Antioch.
cessful wars against the African tribes, and after-(Hieronym. Vita Malchi, Opera, rol. ii. col. 41,
wards by the subjugation of great part of Sicily. &c. ed. Vollarsii. )
But, having subsequently crossed into Sardinia, he 4. Of PHILADELPHIA. Among the writers from
was defeated in a great battle ; on account of whom the 'Ekhoyal nepi apéo6eww, Ercerpta de
which disaster he was disgraced and banished by Legationibus, compiled by order of Constantine
his countrymen. In revenge for this he led his Porphyrogenitus, are taken, was Malchus the so-
army to Carthage and laid siege to the city. His phist (Máaxos copioths). According to Suidas
son Carthalo was in vain sent to intercede with and Eudocia (s. v. Máa xos) Malchus was a By-
him ; he was crucified by order of Malchus bim- zantine ; but the statement of Photius that he was
self within sight of the walls. Yet, having at a native of Philadelphia, is preferable ; and his
length made himself master of the city, he awas Syriac name makes it probable that Philadelphia
content with putting to death ten of the principal was the city so called (the ancient Rabbah) in the
senators, and left the rest in possession of the country of Ammonitis, east of the Jordan. Mal-
chief power, of which they soon after availed chus probably followed his profession of rhetorician
themselves to bring him to trial and condemn him or sophist at Constantinople, and the statement
to death. (Justin, xviii. 7. ) Orosius, who has that he was a native of that city may have arisen
merely abridged the narrative of Justin, adds that from that circumstance. According to Suidas and
these events took place during the reign of Cyrus Eudocia, he wrote a history extending from the
the Great (Oros. iv. 6), but this is probably a mere reign of Constantine to that of Anastasius ; but
inference from the statement of Justin, that Mal- the work in seven books, of which Photius has given
chus was followed in the command br Mago. an account (Bill. cod. 78), and to which he
[Maco, No. 1. ] The chronology of these events gives the title Bušavtačká, comprehended only the
is in fact extremely uncertain.
period from the final sickness of the Eastern em-
2. One of the chief leaders among the Jews at peror Leo I. (A. D. 473 or 474), to the death of
the time that Cassius Longinus was in Syria, B. C. Nepos, emperor of the West (á. D. 480). It has
43. He had failed in payment of the tribute been supposed that this was an extract from the
which he was appointed to collect, on which ac- work mentioned by Suidas, or a mutilated copy :
count Cassius was about to put him to death, and that it was incomplete is attested by Photius him-
he was with difficulty saved by the intercession self, who says that the commencement of the first
of Hyrcanus and Antipater. But, far from being of the seven books showed that the author had
grateful to Antipater for the service this rendered already written some previous portions, and that
him, Malichus began to form designs against his the close of the seventh book showed his intention
life, and at length succeeded in removing him by of carrying it further, if his life was spared. Some
poison. Herod, the son of Antipater, for a time eminent critics, among whom is Valesius (Not. in
dissembled his desire of vengeance, and pretended Excerpt. de Legat. ), have thought that the history
to be reconciled to Malichus, who obtained a high of Malchus began with Leo's sickness, and that he
place in the favour of Hyrcanus ; but he soon was the continuator of Priscus, whose history is
took an opportunity to have him assassinated by a supposed to have left off at that point. Niebuhr
band of soldiers. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 11. $$ 2-6, (De Historicis, &c.
