His
principal
work was 'Enten - Eller) (Either
- Or: 4th ed.
- Or: 4th ed.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
, 1811; died 1897.
He was Postmaster-Gen-
eral of the United States in 1861. He wrote
(Sketches of Travel (1878); and “Turning on
the Light: A Survey of the Administration of
Buchanan.
King, Thomas Starr. An American essayist;
born in New York, Dec. 17, 1824; died in San
Francisco, March 4, 1863. He was a Unitarian
clergyman and a popular lecturer, and wrote
( The White Hills : their Legends, Landscape,
and Poetry) (1859); Patriotism and Other Pa-
pers) (1864).
Kinglake, Alexander William. A noted
English historian ; born at Taunton, Devonshire,
Aug. 5, 1809; died in London, Jan. 2, 1891. Hav-
ing accompanied the English army to the
Crimea in 1854, he wrote his masterpiece, “The
1
## p. 305 (#321) ############################################
KINGO-KINNEY
305
Invasion of the Crimea, its Origin and an Ac-
count of its Progress) (8 vols. , 1863-87). It is
the standard work on the subject, written in
an almost perfect style, though perhaps it is
slightly diffuse, and partial to his friend Lord
Raglan. Before the Crimean War he had
written Eöthen; or Traces of Travel Brought
Home from the East) (5th ed. 1846), a delight-
ful record of personal experiences and a brill-
iant book of travel, with a light touch yet often
penetrating to the springs of Oriental feeling. *
Kingo, Thomas (kin'go). A Danish reli-
gious poet; born at Slangeruh, Seeland, 1634;
died 1703.
His secular poetry was common-
place; but his hymns, of which he wrote 41,
elevated in thought and beautiful in style, may
de said to have made him the John Keble of
Denmark. More than two centuries old, they
are sung to-day in the Danish churches, and
will continue in use while the Danish tongue
endures. They appeal both to the cultivated
and the rude. The best of them may be seen
in his (Hymn Book) (1689).
Kingsley, Charles. An English novelist,
poet, and philanthropist; born at Holne, near
Dartmoor, Devonshire, June 13, 1819; died at
Eversley, Hampshire, Jan. 23, 1875. He became
curate (1842) and vicar (1844) of Eversley,
where he spent a large part of his life. His
literary career began with the publication of
(The Saint's Tragedy) (1848), a drama in verse
on the story of St. Elizabeth of Hungary.
This was followed by a series of novels that
caught the attention of the best readers : the first
being (Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet) (1849),
which led to the establishment of co-operative
associations in England, and contained the
author's views as a Christian socialist, as did
also Yeast' (1851). Hypatia) (1853) described
pagan and Christian life in Alexandria early
in the fifth century. Westward Ho! ) (1855)
narrated the adventures in the New World
of Sir Amyas Leigh, with Sir Walter Raleigh,
Drake, Hawkins, etc. , as fellow characters.
(The Water Babies) (1853) was a fairy tale
enjoyed by readers of all ages. Of his verse,
(Poems, chiefly lyric, appeared in 1856, again
in 1875, and (Andromeda and Other Poems)
in 1858. Lectures delivered in America' (1875)
contained addresses given during his visit to
the United States in 1874. His controversy
with John Henry (afterward Cardinal) New-
man, in 1864, led to the latter publishing his
celebrated (Apologia pro Vita Sua. Mr. Kings-
ley became professor of modern history at
Cambridge in 1859, chaplain to the Queen in
1860, canon of Westminster in 1873. ((Works,'
28 vols. , 1878–81. ) *
Kingsley, Henry. An English novelist,
brother of Charles; born at Barnack, North-
amptonshire, Jan. 2, 1830; died at Cuckfield,
Sussex, May 24, 1876. An unsuccessful experi-
ment at gold-mining in Australia gave him
the material for his first novel, (The Recollec-
tions of Geoffrey Hamlyn) (3 vols. , 1859),
which was well received. He followed it with
a long list of popular novels, among them
(Ravenshoe) (1861), generally considered his
best work; (Austin Elliot) (2 vols. , 1863); (The
Hillyars and the Burtons) (3 vols. , 1865);
(Leighton Court) (2 vols. , 1866). A humorous
strain in his writings contrasts forcibly with
his brother's work. He was also a worker
for reviews and newspapers, being a special
correspondent in the Franco-Prussian War.
The battle of Sedan, at which he was present,
formed the subject of Valentin: A French
Boy's Story of Sedan) (1872).
Kingston, William Beatty. An English
journalist and author; born in London, in 1837.
For some years in the Austrian consular serv.
ice at London and Cardiff, he became a spe-
cial correspondent of the Daily Telegraph in
the principal Continental cities, and subse-
quently war correspondent for the same jour-
nal in the Austro-Prussian, Franco-Prussian,
and Russo-Turkish wars. His publications in-
clude: (The Battle of Berlin (1871); (William
I. , German Emperor) (1883); (Music and Man-
ners) (1887), a volume of personal reminis-
cences; (Monarchs I Have Met' (1887).
Kingston, William Henry Giles. An Eng
lish novelist; born in London, Feb. 28, 1814;
died near there, Aug. 2 (? ), 1880. He wrote
almost though not quite exclusively for boys,
producing 130 stories in 30 years; mostly of
sea voyage and adventure, instructive as well
as pleasing, and very popular. Peter the
Whaler) (1851), (The Cruise of the Frolic)
(1860), the series beginning with (The Three
Midshipmen' (1873), Joviman' (1877), etc. ,
won swarms of readers, both young and old.
His articles on Portugal, where his father was
a merchant at Oporto, led to the commercial
treaty between Portugal and England in 1842.
Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (kink'el). A dis-
tinguished German poet and historian of art;
born at Obercassel, near Bonn, Aug. 11, 1815;
died at Zürich, Nov. 12, 1882. His patriotic
and stormy life and political martyrdom con-
trasted oddly with his peaceful writings. His
first volume of verse (1843; 7th ed. 1872), rich
in feeling and charming in simplicity, contained
the fine narrative poem (Otto the Archer,' which
had afterward enormous success printed alone
(56th ed. 1881), also serving repeatedly as an
opera libretto; his second (1868), more political
and much inferior, contained however the ex-
quisite narrative poem (The Blacksmith of
Antwerp, one of his best productions. The
tragedy Nimrod (1857) aimed to depict the
rise of despotism. The village tale Margret)
became at once a classic. Of a great prose
work he projected, “History of Christian Plastic
Art, only the first part, on Ancient Christian
Art, ever appeared (1845).
Kinney, Coates. An American journalist
and writer of verse; born in Yates County,
N. Y. , 1826. He was originally a lawyer, after-
wards editor of the Cincinnati Times and the
Ohio State Journal. He has written : (Ke-u-ka,
etc. (1855); (Lyrics of the Ideal and the
20
## p. 306 (#322) ############################################
306
KINNEY – KISFALUDY
1
Real' (1888). His best-known poem is probably
(The Rain upon the Roof.
Kinney, Elizabeth Clementine (Dodge).
An American prose and verse writer; born in
New York city, 1810; died at Summit, N. J. ,
1889. She wrote Felicita, a Metrical Romance)
(1855); (Poems) (1807); and (Bianca Cappello,
a Tragedy) (1873).
Kip, Leonard. An American miscellaneous
prose-writer, brother of William I. Kip; born in
New York city, 1826; died in San Francisco,
Cal. , 1893. Among his published works are :
"California Sketches) (1850); ((Enone, a Ro-
man Tale) (1866); (Under the Bells) (1879);
and Nestlenook) (1880).
Kip, William Ingraham. A distinguished
American Episcopal divine, one of the notable
men of his denomination; born in New York
city, Oct. 3, 1811; died 1893. He achieved dis-
tinction as missionary bishop of California in
1853, and was made bishop in 1857. He pub-
lished: (The Double Witness of the Church)
(1844); (The Catacombs of Rome) (1854); (The
Unnoticed Things of Scripture) (1868); and
(The Church of the Apostles! (1877).
Kipling, Rudyard. An English short-story
writer, novelist, and poet; born at Bombay, In-
dia, Dec. 30, 1865. Starting with prose, his short
stories are : (Plain Tales from the Hills) (1888),
introducing among others the famous creations
Mulvaney and Ortheris, who appeared again
with Learoyd, the third of the great trio, in
(Soldiers Three) (1889) and others of his works;
(The Phantom Rickshaw) (1889); Mine Own
People) (1891 ); Life's Handicap) ( 1891 );
Many Inventions) (1893); (The Jungle Books)
(1894-95). His novels are: (The Story of the
Gadsbys) (1890), in dialogue form ; (The Light
that Failed(1891); (The Naulahka) (1892),
with Wolcott Balestier; (Captains Courageous)
(1897), a story with American characters. His
verse can be seen in Departmental and Other
Ditties) (1890); "Barrack Room Ballads )
(1892); (The Seven Seas) (1896). *
Kirby, William. A Canadian novelist, poet,
and dramatist; born in Kingston-upon-Hull,
England, Oct. 13, 1817. He came to Canada in
1832. From 1841 till 1861 he edited and pub-
lished the Niagara Mail. Among his published
works are : (U. E. : A Tale of Upper Canada);
Niagara, a poem (1869); (Chien d'Or, a
Canadian historical romance (1877); Joseph
in Egypt); dramas; and many poems.
Kirchbach, Wolfgang (kirch'bäch). A Ger-
man poet and novelist ; born in London, Sept.
18, 1857. Of his numerous works, especially
noticeable were: (Salvator Rosa' (1880), a
novel; (Children of the Kingdom (1883), «a
novel cycle)); Selected Poems) (1883); (Waib-
linger) (1886), a modern tragedy ; (The Judge
of Men (1888), a comedy. He has filled vari-
ous editorial positions at Dresden.
Kirchhoff, Theodor (kirch’hof). A German-
American poet; born at Ütersen, Jan. 8, 1828.
Residing in the United States, he writes in
German and publishes in Germany. With his
brother Christian, he published (Songs of War
and Love! (1864), and another volume of
poems, (Adelpha) (1869). Alone, he has writ-
ten: Pictures of Travel and Sketches from
America) (2 vols. , 1875-76); (Ballads and Re-
cent Poems) (1883); Pictures of Californian
Civilization (1886); (A Trip to Hawaii' (1890).
Kirk, Ellen Warner (Olney). An American
novelist, wife of John Foster Kirk; born at
Southington, Conn. , 1842. She has been a fre-
quent and welcome contributor to periodicals.
Of her books, (A Midsummer Madness) (1885),
and (A Daughter of Eve' (1889), created a
marked impression. (The Story of Margaret
Kent! (1885), published under the pseudonym
"Henry Hayes,” passed rapidly through many
editions.
Kirk, John Foster. An American historian;
born at Fredericton, N. B. , 1824. He moved
to the United States about 1842. He is author
of History of Charles the Bold (3 vols. , 1863-
68), and of various historical essays and re-
views. He has been editor of Lippincott's Mag-
azine since 1871.
Kirkland, Caroline Matilda Stansbury. An
American prose-writer; born in New York city,
1801; died there, 1864. Her works, in part, are :
(Forest Life) (1842); "Garden Walks with the
Poets' (1854); (Memoirs of Washington' (1857);
(The Destiny of Our Country) (1864).
Kirkland, John Thornton. A distinguished
American Unitarian divine, educator, and bi-
ographer; born in New York State, 1770; died
1840. He was president of Harvard University
(1810-27). He wrote : "Life of Fisher Ames);
(Eulogy of General Washington. '
Kirkland, Joseph. An American novelist;
born at Geneva, N. Y. , 1830; died 1894. (Zury,
the Meanest Man in Spring County' (1887) gives
a touching picture of the beginning of pioneer
life in Illinois. In The McVeys) (1888) re-
appear several of the characters of (Zury. )
(The Captain of Company Kappeared in
1891; (The Chicago Massacre of 1812' 1893
(in collaboration with Caroline Kirkland );
(The Story of Chicago) (2 vols. ) in 1892-94.
Kirwan. See Murray, Nicholas.
Kisfaludy, Károly (kish'fa-lö'de). A noted
Hungarian poet and novelist, brother of San-
dor; born at Tét (Raab), Feb. 5, 1788; died
Nov. II, 1830. He was the father of modern
Hungarian drama. His noblest tragedy, 'Irene)
(1820), has scarcely a peer in Hungarian lit.
erature. Next comes the fragment (Matthew
Csák); overwork on which, injuring his health,
compelled him to leave it unfinished. His com-
edies excelled his tragedies; among the best
of them were: «The Rebels, (The Murderer,
Illusions, all bright pictures of modern Hun-
garian life. He was successful as a lyric poet
also; and as a novelist, particularly a humor-
Soon after his death a Kisfaludy
Society was formed in Hungary in support of
the national Muse. (Works, 6 vols. , 1893. )
OUS One.
## p. 307 (#323) ############################################
KISFALUDY - KLEMM
307
Kisfaludy, Sándor. A celebrated Hungarian
poet; born at Sümeg (Zala), Sept. 27, 1772;
died Oct. 28, 1844. He was the first great poet
of modern Hungary. His masterpiece was
(Himfy's Love Songs) (1801-7), in two parts,
(Love Unrequited' and 'Love Returned,' -- the
former being the better, and both showing the
influence of Petrarch. His other important work
was the epic ( Legends from the Magyar Past)
(1807-38), which also contained many love songs.
He was the poet of the aristocracy, as Csokonai
was of the people. A memorial to him was
erected at Lake Platten in 1860. ((Works,' 8
vols. , 1892. )
Kiss, Josef (kish). A celebrated Hungarian
poet; born at Temesvár, 1843. He is exclus-
ively modern in subjects and treatment, but
with a strain of melancholy. His Song of
the Sewing Machine) (1884), a glorification of
work and a noble eulogy on woman, and (A
Grave) (his mother's), are noted. A fourth edi.
tion of his 'Poetical Works) appeared in 1890;
New Poems) in 1891. Since 1890 he has been
editor of The Week, a literary journal.
Kjerkegaard, Sören Aaby (kyer'ke-gor). An
eminent Danish religious writer; born at Co-
penhagen, May 5, 1813; died there, Nov. II,
1835. He placed the philosophical basis of Chris-
tianity in personal faith; and decried (official >>
Christianity, making religion a personal matter
between each soul and the Supreme Being.
His principal work was 'Enten - Eller) (Either
- Or: 4th ed. 1878).
Klaczko, Julian (kläch'ko). A Polish states-
man, poet, and historical writer; born Nov. 6,
1828, of Hebrew parents. He was at one time a
prominent member of the Austrian Landtag,
and is a voluminous writer on historical and
political subjects in Polish, French, and Ger-
man. Chief among his publications are: “The
Polish School (1854); (The Unitarian Agita-
tion in Germany) (1862); “Studies in Contem-
porary Diplomacy) (1866); (The Preliminaries
of Sadowa) (1869); (The Two Chancellors)
(1876), a study of Bismarck and Gortchakoff ;
Florentine Causeries); Dante and Michel
Angelo.
Klapp, Michael (kläpp). A German dram-
atist and novelist; born at Prague, 1834; died
at Vienna, Feb. 25, 1888. He was a successful
writer of comedies, of which one of the best
known was Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern)
(1878). Others were: “The Blank Lottery);
(Miss Councillor of Commerce. (The Bank
Barons) (2 vols. , 1877) deserves mention.
Klaproth, Heinrich Julius von (kläp'rot).
A celebrated German Orientalist; born in Ber-
lin, Oct. 11, 1783; died in Paris, Aug. 20, 1835.
He was sent by the Russian government on
a mission to Central Asia, and acquired valua-
ble information concerning Oriental languages
and customs. In 1815 he took up his residence
at Paris, at the same time holding a nomi-
nal professorship at the University of Berlin.
Among his numerous works may be noticed :
( Travels in Caucasus and Georgia) (1812-14);
(Geographico-Historical Description of Eastern
Caucasus) (1814); (Asia Polyglotto) (1823-29);
(Historical View of Asia) (1824).
Klein, Julius Leopold (klin). A German
dramatist and dramatic historian; born at Mis-
kolcz, Hungary, 1810; died at Berlin, Aug. 2,
1876. Prominent among his dramas were the
historical tragedies (Marie de Médicis) (1841;
second part, "Luines, 1842); «Zenobia (1847);
(Strafford (1862): among his comedies, “The
Duchess) (1848); (A Protégé) (1850); Vol-
taire) (1862). Of his dramatic work, it has
been said that it shows him to be a man of
talent working by a mistaken method. His
celebrated History of the Drama) (13 vols. ,
1865-76; index 1886) -- a production of vast scope,
research, and industry -- aimed to give the dra-
matic history of all peoples, but was unfinished
at death.
Kleinpaul, Rudolph (klin'poul). A German
miscellaneous writer; born at Grossgrabe, near
Kamentz, March 9, 1845. He wrote several in-
teresting volumes of travel in Egypt, Italy, and
along the shores of the Mediterranean, of which
(Crucify Him! Adventures of Italian Travel
reached a second edition in 1882. The drama
(The Abduction of the Princes'appeared in 1884.
Kleist, Ewald Christian von (klist). A
German poet; born at Zeblin, Pomerania,
March 7, 1715; died at Frankfort on the Oder,
Aug. 24, 1759. His fame rests upon the poem
(Spring) (1749), which contains description
eminently true to nature, together with an ele-
ment of melancholy; this trait marks also his
odes, elegies, songs, etc. His second-best poem
was the little martial epic 'Cissides and Paches,'
breathing patriotism from every line. A lover
of nature, he was an ardent admirer of the
English poet Thomson. His idyls belong to his
best work.
Kleist, Heinrich von. A German poet ; born
at Frankfort on the Oder, Oct. 18, 1777 ; died at
Wannsee, near Potsdam, Nov. 21, 1811. His
dramas rival those of Goethe and Schiller. The
best are: "Penthesilea) (1808), a tragedy ;
(Kitty of Heilbronn) (1810); 'The Prince of
Homburg) (1821) ;(Hermann's Battle) (1821), -
the last two being his masterpieces; the comedy
(The Broken Jug' (1812). Though known
chiefly as a dramatic poet, he wrote also lyrical
verse that made a deep and lasting impression.
His fine prose story (Michael Kohlhaas, to-
gether with others, all showing marked ability,
appeared in (Tales) (2 vols. , 1810-11). His
fame did not come till after his death. ('Works,
Stuttgart, 1885. ) *
Klemm, Friedrich Gustav (klem). A Ger-
man librarian and historian; born at Chemnitz,
Nov. 12, 1802; died at Dresden, Aug. 26, 1867.
Having studied in Leipsic, he settled in 1825
in Dresden, where he became royal librarian
(1852), retaining that post until 1864. Of special
value are his historical works, such as : Attila
according to History, Sagas, and Legends)
(
:
## p. 308 (#324) ############################################
308
KLICPERA - KNEELAND
(1825); History of Bavaria) (1828); (Hand-
book of German Archäology) (1835); Italica)
(1839), Italian travels; (General History of
Civilization (10 vols. , 1843-52); “Science of Civ-
ilization) (1854-55); (Women) (6 vols. , 1854-59).
Klicpera, Václav Kliment (klich'pe-rä). A
Czech poet and novelist; born at Chlumec,
Bohemia, 1792 ; died at Prague, 1859. He wrote
in a style that was picturesque, but occasionally
somewhat coarse. Of a large number of dramas,
the tragedy (Sobeslav); and the comedies (The
Magic Hat, « Ziska's Sword, (The Liar, (The
Comedy on the Bridge,' were successful. Among
his novels may be named (Tocnik) and “Vil-
kovic. He wrote also patriotic verse, etc.
("Works, 1864. )
Klingemann, Ernst August Friedrich
(kling'e-män). A German dramatist ; born at
Brunswick, Aug. 31, 1777; died there, Jan. 25,
1831. His model was Schiller, and so success-
ful in their day were his dramas, that for years
his name and Schiller's were coupled in popu-
lar speech. Among his works were: (Mar-
tin Luther); (Cromwell); (German Faith);
(Faust. When belonging to the management
of the Brunswick Court Theatre, he was the
first to produce, though sorely against his will,
Goethe's Faust! (1829). (“Works, 2 vols. ,
1817-18. )
Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von (kling'.
er). A German poet and novelist; born at
Frankfort on the Main, Feb. 17, 1752; died
at Dorpat, Feb. 25, 1831. Among his earlier
dramas, including “The Twins) (1776), (Otto)
(1781), (The Suffering Wife, etc. , was (Sturm
und Drang) (Storm and Stress : 1776), which
gave its celebrated name to that period of Ger-
man literature. He was called at the time he
wrote it a “Shakespeare gone mad, and he
himself referred in later life to his early pro-
ductions as (explosions of youthful brains
and ill-humor. ) From them his evolution was
toward moderation and restraint. Of his novels,
best known was the gloomy (Faust's Life, Deeds,
and Journey to Hell? (1791); unless indeed
(The Worldling and the Poet! (1798), consist-
ing of psychological dialogues on the contrast
between the actual and the ideal world, were
its successful competitor. Reflections and
Thoughts on Various Subjects of the World and
Literature) (3 vols. , 1802-5) may also be men-
tioned. Early left an orphan in wretched cir-
cumstances, after various vicissitudes he entered
the service of Russia, where he rose to high
position. (Latest edition of his works, 1841. )
Klonowicz, Sebastián Fabián (klo-nö'vich).
A Neo-Latin and Polish poet; born at Sul-
mierzyce, about 1545; died at Lublin, Aug. 29,
1602. His chief work, (Roxolania) (1584), was
a description in verse of the country and peo-
ple of Red Russia (eastern Galicia). The
didactic poem “The Victory of the Gods)
(1595), also in Latin, and directed against the
privileges of birth and other wrongs, contained
fine passages, but was too long. (Flis) (The
Waterman: 1595), a Polish poem, described
transportation down the Vistula from War-
saw to Dantzic. Judas's Purse) (1600) was a
sharp, satirical poem, directed against theft,
hypocrisy, etc.
Klopp, Onno (klõp). A German historian;
born in Leer, 1822. For a number of years
he was a teacher in the gymnasium at Osna-
brück, and later became a close friend of
George V. of Hanover. A strong anti-Prussian
tendency is the only blemish in a series of
remarkable historical productions, such as a
(History of East Friesland) (1854-58); King
Frederick of Prussia and the German Nation
(2d ed. 1867); (Tilly in the Thirty Years' War)
(1861); (The Fall of the House of Stuart) (14
vols. , 1875-87); (The Thirty Years' War to the
Death of Gustavus Adolphus) (1891).
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (klop'stok).
A celebrated German poet; born at Quedlin-
burg, 1724; died at Hamburg, 1803. In free-
ing German poetry from the exclusive reign of
the Alexandrine verse, he was the founder of
a new era in German literature. His great epic
(Messiah) (1748–73), at first partly written in
prose and changed afterward to hexameters,
made him famous; its effect on German thought
was great, and its influence can be traced down
succeeding German literature. His most fin-
ished work, however, was doubtless his (Odes,
which represent intellectual originality and truth.
Even Schiller and Goethe were artistically in-
debted to him. His dramas were of less worth.
("Works, 1879. ) *
Knapp, Albert (knäp). A German religious
poet; born July 25, 1798; died June 18, 1864.
Many of his hymns can be found in the man-
ual (Christoterpe) (1833-53), a collection which
had previously appeared in small volumes, one
issued each year. His Evangelical Treasury
of Songs for Church and Home (1837; 3d ed.
1865) was taken from the liturgies and hymns
of all Christian countries. He gave great im-
petus to the poetry of devotion in Germany.
Knapp, Arthur May. An American Uni-
tarian divine and writer of travels; born in
Massachusetts, 1841. His home is at Fall River,
Mass. He has written (Feudal and Modern
Japan.
Knapp, Samuel Lorenzo. An American mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Newburyport, Mass. ,
1783; died in Hopkinton, Mass. , 1838. He at.
tained to eminence in law; was editor of the
Boston Gazette and the Boston Monthly Mag-
azine. His works, chiefly biographical, include
(Travels in North America by Ali Béy) (1818);
(Memoirs of General Lafayette) (1824); Lect-
ures on American Literature) (1829); (Lives)
of Daniel Webster, Aaron Burr, and Andrew
Jackson. He edited (The Library of American
History) (1837).
Kneeland, Samuel. An American miscel-
laneous writer and naturalist; born in Boston,
Mass. , 1821 ; died 1888. He was a member of
numerous scientific societies, and has contrib-
uted many articles to medical literature. In
## p. 309 (#325) ############################################
KNIASHNIN - KNOWLES
309
addition to editing (The Annual of Scientific
Discovery) (1886-89), a translation of "Andry's
Diseases of the Heart) (1847), and Smith's
(History of the Human Species,' he wrote
(Science and Mechanism (1854); "The Won-
ders of the Yosemite Valley and of California)
(1871); and (An American in Iceland) (1876).
Kniashnin, Jakov Borissovitch (knē-azh'-
nēn). A Russian poet; born at Pskov, 1742;
died at St. Petersburg, 1791. In his tragedies,
"Dido, (Roslav,' etc. , he tried to imitate Cor-
neille. Vladimir (1793), another tragedy, was
destroyed by order of Catherine II. as imperil.
ing public safety. Of his comedies, two, (The
Queer Fellows) and (The Boaster,' are excel.
lent pieces of work. He wrote also odes,
satires, songs, fables, and other minor poems.
("Works, 2 vols. , 1842. )
Kniaznin, Franciszek Dionizy (knē-azh'-
nên). A Polish poet; born at Witebsk, 1750;
died at Konskawola, 1807. He may be styled
the herald of romanticism in Poland. His
works consisted of lyrics, dramas, and numer-
ous occasional pieces. Among them were the
drama (Spartan Mother, and the tragedy (The-
mistocles, also the opera (The Gipsies. He
translated into Polish some of La Fontaine's
fables. (Works, 7 vols. , 1828. )
Knigge, Adolf Franz Heinrich von, Baron
(knigʻė). A German miscellaneous writer; born
at Bredenbeck, near Hanover, Oct. 16, 1752 ;
died at Bremen, May 6, 1796. The most im-
portant of his works, (On Converse with Men'
(2 vols. , 1788), gave maxims and rules for the
conduct of life, of which it showed profound
knowledge. (The Journey to Brunswick) (1839,
illustrated) was a humorous novel, and has fre-
quently been reprinted. (The Romance of My
Life) (4 vols. , 1781; new ed. 1805) has been a
great favorite. He was one of the “Illumi-
nati"); and published a defense of Illuminism
in his adept's-name “Philo. ” ((Works, 12
vols. , 1804-06. )
Knight, Charles. An English miscellaneous
writer and publisher; born at Windsor, 1791 ;
died at Addlestone, Surrey, 1873. His life was
one of wide activity and increasingly great
usefulness to his country, from the time when
he became publisher of The Etonian for Praed,
Macaulay, Nelson Coleridge, etc. , while they
were students at Eton. He was editor of
Knight's Quarterly Magazine ; superintendent
of publications to the famous Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; publisher of
the Library of Entertaining Knowledge, in
which he wrote several volumes; publisher of
the Penny Magazine (1832) and of the Penny
Cyclopædia (1833). His great work was the
Popular History of England) (8 vols. , 1854-
61), a monument of research, breadth of view,
and devotion to the people. His autobiogra-
phy,“ Passages from a Working Life) (3 vols. ,
1864-65), is one of the most interesting of books.
His Pictorial Shakespeare) (8 vols. , 1839-41),
which he himself probably considered the
work of his life, served a good end; and (The
Shadows of the Old Booksellers) (1865) is a
gem of its kind. He wrote also a historical
novel entitled “Begg’d at Court) (1868).
Knight, Francis Arnold. An English writer
on country life; born at Gloucester, 1852. A
regular contributor, mainly on natural-history
subjects, to the Daily News, Speaker, Spectator,
and other periodicals, he has published four
volumes of essays, entitled By Leafy Ways';
(Idylls of the Field); (Rambles of a Dominie);
(By Moorland and Sea. '
Knight, William Angus. A Scotch philo-
sophical writer and littérateur ; born at Mord-
ington, Berwickshire, Feb. 22, 1836.
He has
been professor of philosophy at the University
of St. Andrews since 1876, and made valuable
additions to philosophical and general liter-
ature. Among numerous publications may be
noticed : Poems from the Dawn of English
Literature to the Year 1699) (1863); “Colloquia
Peripatetica' (1870); “Studies in Philosophy and
Literature) (1879); Memorials of Colenton)
(1887); “Wordsworth's Prose) (1893); (Aspects
of Theism (1894). He has also been the
editor of Philosophical Classics for English
Readers) (15 vols. , 1880-90), and University
Extension Manuals) (18 vols. , 1891-94).
Knorring, Soia Margarete von (knor'ing).
A Swedish novelist; born Sept. 29, 1797 ; died
Feb. 13, 1848. Unlike Fredrika Bremer, who
described middle-class life, she was the novel.
eral of the United States in 1861. He wrote
(Sketches of Travel (1878); and “Turning on
the Light: A Survey of the Administration of
Buchanan.
King, Thomas Starr. An American essayist;
born in New York, Dec. 17, 1824; died in San
Francisco, March 4, 1863. He was a Unitarian
clergyman and a popular lecturer, and wrote
( The White Hills : their Legends, Landscape,
and Poetry) (1859); Patriotism and Other Pa-
pers) (1864).
Kinglake, Alexander William. A noted
English historian ; born at Taunton, Devonshire,
Aug. 5, 1809; died in London, Jan. 2, 1891. Hav-
ing accompanied the English army to the
Crimea in 1854, he wrote his masterpiece, “The
1
## p. 305 (#321) ############################################
KINGO-KINNEY
305
Invasion of the Crimea, its Origin and an Ac-
count of its Progress) (8 vols. , 1863-87). It is
the standard work on the subject, written in
an almost perfect style, though perhaps it is
slightly diffuse, and partial to his friend Lord
Raglan. Before the Crimean War he had
written Eöthen; or Traces of Travel Brought
Home from the East) (5th ed. 1846), a delight-
ful record of personal experiences and a brill-
iant book of travel, with a light touch yet often
penetrating to the springs of Oriental feeling. *
Kingo, Thomas (kin'go). A Danish reli-
gious poet; born at Slangeruh, Seeland, 1634;
died 1703.
His secular poetry was common-
place; but his hymns, of which he wrote 41,
elevated in thought and beautiful in style, may
de said to have made him the John Keble of
Denmark. More than two centuries old, they
are sung to-day in the Danish churches, and
will continue in use while the Danish tongue
endures. They appeal both to the cultivated
and the rude. The best of them may be seen
in his (Hymn Book) (1689).
Kingsley, Charles. An English novelist,
poet, and philanthropist; born at Holne, near
Dartmoor, Devonshire, June 13, 1819; died at
Eversley, Hampshire, Jan. 23, 1875. He became
curate (1842) and vicar (1844) of Eversley,
where he spent a large part of his life. His
literary career began with the publication of
(The Saint's Tragedy) (1848), a drama in verse
on the story of St. Elizabeth of Hungary.
This was followed by a series of novels that
caught the attention of the best readers : the first
being (Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet) (1849),
which led to the establishment of co-operative
associations in England, and contained the
author's views as a Christian socialist, as did
also Yeast' (1851). Hypatia) (1853) described
pagan and Christian life in Alexandria early
in the fifth century. Westward Ho! ) (1855)
narrated the adventures in the New World
of Sir Amyas Leigh, with Sir Walter Raleigh,
Drake, Hawkins, etc. , as fellow characters.
(The Water Babies) (1853) was a fairy tale
enjoyed by readers of all ages. Of his verse,
(Poems, chiefly lyric, appeared in 1856, again
in 1875, and (Andromeda and Other Poems)
in 1858. Lectures delivered in America' (1875)
contained addresses given during his visit to
the United States in 1874. His controversy
with John Henry (afterward Cardinal) New-
man, in 1864, led to the latter publishing his
celebrated (Apologia pro Vita Sua. Mr. Kings-
ley became professor of modern history at
Cambridge in 1859, chaplain to the Queen in
1860, canon of Westminster in 1873. ((Works,'
28 vols. , 1878–81. ) *
Kingsley, Henry. An English novelist,
brother of Charles; born at Barnack, North-
amptonshire, Jan. 2, 1830; died at Cuckfield,
Sussex, May 24, 1876. An unsuccessful experi-
ment at gold-mining in Australia gave him
the material for his first novel, (The Recollec-
tions of Geoffrey Hamlyn) (3 vols. , 1859),
which was well received. He followed it with
a long list of popular novels, among them
(Ravenshoe) (1861), generally considered his
best work; (Austin Elliot) (2 vols. , 1863); (The
Hillyars and the Burtons) (3 vols. , 1865);
(Leighton Court) (2 vols. , 1866). A humorous
strain in his writings contrasts forcibly with
his brother's work. He was also a worker
for reviews and newspapers, being a special
correspondent in the Franco-Prussian War.
The battle of Sedan, at which he was present,
formed the subject of Valentin: A French
Boy's Story of Sedan) (1872).
Kingston, William Beatty. An English
journalist and author; born in London, in 1837.
For some years in the Austrian consular serv.
ice at London and Cardiff, he became a spe-
cial correspondent of the Daily Telegraph in
the principal Continental cities, and subse-
quently war correspondent for the same jour-
nal in the Austro-Prussian, Franco-Prussian,
and Russo-Turkish wars. His publications in-
clude: (The Battle of Berlin (1871); (William
I. , German Emperor) (1883); (Music and Man-
ners) (1887), a volume of personal reminis-
cences; (Monarchs I Have Met' (1887).
Kingston, William Henry Giles. An Eng
lish novelist; born in London, Feb. 28, 1814;
died near there, Aug. 2 (? ), 1880. He wrote
almost though not quite exclusively for boys,
producing 130 stories in 30 years; mostly of
sea voyage and adventure, instructive as well
as pleasing, and very popular. Peter the
Whaler) (1851), (The Cruise of the Frolic)
(1860), the series beginning with (The Three
Midshipmen' (1873), Joviman' (1877), etc. ,
won swarms of readers, both young and old.
His articles on Portugal, where his father was
a merchant at Oporto, led to the commercial
treaty between Portugal and England in 1842.
Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (kink'el). A dis-
tinguished German poet and historian of art;
born at Obercassel, near Bonn, Aug. 11, 1815;
died at Zürich, Nov. 12, 1882. His patriotic
and stormy life and political martyrdom con-
trasted oddly with his peaceful writings. His
first volume of verse (1843; 7th ed. 1872), rich
in feeling and charming in simplicity, contained
the fine narrative poem (Otto the Archer,' which
had afterward enormous success printed alone
(56th ed. 1881), also serving repeatedly as an
opera libretto; his second (1868), more political
and much inferior, contained however the ex-
quisite narrative poem (The Blacksmith of
Antwerp, one of his best productions. The
tragedy Nimrod (1857) aimed to depict the
rise of despotism. The village tale Margret)
became at once a classic. Of a great prose
work he projected, “History of Christian Plastic
Art, only the first part, on Ancient Christian
Art, ever appeared (1845).
Kinney, Coates. An American journalist
and writer of verse; born in Yates County,
N. Y. , 1826. He was originally a lawyer, after-
wards editor of the Cincinnati Times and the
Ohio State Journal. He has written : (Ke-u-ka,
etc. (1855); (Lyrics of the Ideal and the
20
## p. 306 (#322) ############################################
306
KINNEY – KISFALUDY
1
Real' (1888). His best-known poem is probably
(The Rain upon the Roof.
Kinney, Elizabeth Clementine (Dodge).
An American prose and verse writer; born in
New York city, 1810; died at Summit, N. J. ,
1889. She wrote Felicita, a Metrical Romance)
(1855); (Poems) (1807); and (Bianca Cappello,
a Tragedy) (1873).
Kip, Leonard. An American miscellaneous
prose-writer, brother of William I. Kip; born in
New York city, 1826; died in San Francisco,
Cal. , 1893. Among his published works are :
"California Sketches) (1850); ((Enone, a Ro-
man Tale) (1866); (Under the Bells) (1879);
and Nestlenook) (1880).
Kip, William Ingraham. A distinguished
American Episcopal divine, one of the notable
men of his denomination; born in New York
city, Oct. 3, 1811; died 1893. He achieved dis-
tinction as missionary bishop of California in
1853, and was made bishop in 1857. He pub-
lished: (The Double Witness of the Church)
(1844); (The Catacombs of Rome) (1854); (The
Unnoticed Things of Scripture) (1868); and
(The Church of the Apostles! (1877).
Kipling, Rudyard. An English short-story
writer, novelist, and poet; born at Bombay, In-
dia, Dec. 30, 1865. Starting with prose, his short
stories are : (Plain Tales from the Hills) (1888),
introducing among others the famous creations
Mulvaney and Ortheris, who appeared again
with Learoyd, the third of the great trio, in
(Soldiers Three) (1889) and others of his works;
(The Phantom Rickshaw) (1889); Mine Own
People) (1891 ); Life's Handicap) ( 1891 );
Many Inventions) (1893); (The Jungle Books)
(1894-95). His novels are: (The Story of the
Gadsbys) (1890), in dialogue form ; (The Light
that Failed(1891); (The Naulahka) (1892),
with Wolcott Balestier; (Captains Courageous)
(1897), a story with American characters. His
verse can be seen in Departmental and Other
Ditties) (1890); "Barrack Room Ballads )
(1892); (The Seven Seas) (1896). *
Kirby, William. A Canadian novelist, poet,
and dramatist; born in Kingston-upon-Hull,
England, Oct. 13, 1817. He came to Canada in
1832. From 1841 till 1861 he edited and pub-
lished the Niagara Mail. Among his published
works are : (U. E. : A Tale of Upper Canada);
Niagara, a poem (1869); (Chien d'Or, a
Canadian historical romance (1877); Joseph
in Egypt); dramas; and many poems.
Kirchbach, Wolfgang (kirch'bäch). A Ger-
man poet and novelist ; born in London, Sept.
18, 1857. Of his numerous works, especially
noticeable were: (Salvator Rosa' (1880), a
novel; (Children of the Kingdom (1883), «a
novel cycle)); Selected Poems) (1883); (Waib-
linger) (1886), a modern tragedy ; (The Judge
of Men (1888), a comedy. He has filled vari-
ous editorial positions at Dresden.
Kirchhoff, Theodor (kirch’hof). A German-
American poet; born at Ütersen, Jan. 8, 1828.
Residing in the United States, he writes in
German and publishes in Germany. With his
brother Christian, he published (Songs of War
and Love! (1864), and another volume of
poems, (Adelpha) (1869). Alone, he has writ-
ten: Pictures of Travel and Sketches from
America) (2 vols. , 1875-76); (Ballads and Re-
cent Poems) (1883); Pictures of Californian
Civilization (1886); (A Trip to Hawaii' (1890).
Kirk, Ellen Warner (Olney). An American
novelist, wife of John Foster Kirk; born at
Southington, Conn. , 1842. She has been a fre-
quent and welcome contributor to periodicals.
Of her books, (A Midsummer Madness) (1885),
and (A Daughter of Eve' (1889), created a
marked impression. (The Story of Margaret
Kent! (1885), published under the pseudonym
"Henry Hayes,” passed rapidly through many
editions.
Kirk, John Foster. An American historian;
born at Fredericton, N. B. , 1824. He moved
to the United States about 1842. He is author
of History of Charles the Bold (3 vols. , 1863-
68), and of various historical essays and re-
views. He has been editor of Lippincott's Mag-
azine since 1871.
Kirkland, Caroline Matilda Stansbury. An
American prose-writer; born in New York city,
1801; died there, 1864. Her works, in part, are :
(Forest Life) (1842); "Garden Walks with the
Poets' (1854); (Memoirs of Washington' (1857);
(The Destiny of Our Country) (1864).
Kirkland, John Thornton. A distinguished
American Unitarian divine, educator, and bi-
ographer; born in New York State, 1770; died
1840. He was president of Harvard University
(1810-27). He wrote : "Life of Fisher Ames);
(Eulogy of General Washington. '
Kirkland, Joseph. An American novelist;
born at Geneva, N. Y. , 1830; died 1894. (Zury,
the Meanest Man in Spring County' (1887) gives
a touching picture of the beginning of pioneer
life in Illinois. In The McVeys) (1888) re-
appear several of the characters of (Zury. )
(The Captain of Company Kappeared in
1891; (The Chicago Massacre of 1812' 1893
(in collaboration with Caroline Kirkland );
(The Story of Chicago) (2 vols. ) in 1892-94.
Kirwan. See Murray, Nicholas.
Kisfaludy, Károly (kish'fa-lö'de). A noted
Hungarian poet and novelist, brother of San-
dor; born at Tét (Raab), Feb. 5, 1788; died
Nov. II, 1830. He was the father of modern
Hungarian drama. His noblest tragedy, 'Irene)
(1820), has scarcely a peer in Hungarian lit.
erature. Next comes the fragment (Matthew
Csák); overwork on which, injuring his health,
compelled him to leave it unfinished. His com-
edies excelled his tragedies; among the best
of them were: «The Rebels, (The Murderer,
Illusions, all bright pictures of modern Hun-
garian life. He was successful as a lyric poet
also; and as a novelist, particularly a humor-
Soon after his death a Kisfaludy
Society was formed in Hungary in support of
the national Muse. (Works, 6 vols. , 1893. )
OUS One.
## p. 307 (#323) ############################################
KISFALUDY - KLEMM
307
Kisfaludy, Sándor. A celebrated Hungarian
poet; born at Sümeg (Zala), Sept. 27, 1772;
died Oct. 28, 1844. He was the first great poet
of modern Hungary. His masterpiece was
(Himfy's Love Songs) (1801-7), in two parts,
(Love Unrequited' and 'Love Returned,' -- the
former being the better, and both showing the
influence of Petrarch. His other important work
was the epic ( Legends from the Magyar Past)
(1807-38), which also contained many love songs.
He was the poet of the aristocracy, as Csokonai
was of the people. A memorial to him was
erected at Lake Platten in 1860. ((Works,' 8
vols. , 1892. )
Kiss, Josef (kish). A celebrated Hungarian
poet; born at Temesvár, 1843. He is exclus-
ively modern in subjects and treatment, but
with a strain of melancholy. His Song of
the Sewing Machine) (1884), a glorification of
work and a noble eulogy on woman, and (A
Grave) (his mother's), are noted. A fourth edi.
tion of his 'Poetical Works) appeared in 1890;
New Poems) in 1891. Since 1890 he has been
editor of The Week, a literary journal.
Kjerkegaard, Sören Aaby (kyer'ke-gor). An
eminent Danish religious writer; born at Co-
penhagen, May 5, 1813; died there, Nov. II,
1835. He placed the philosophical basis of Chris-
tianity in personal faith; and decried (official >>
Christianity, making religion a personal matter
between each soul and the Supreme Being.
His principal work was 'Enten - Eller) (Either
- Or: 4th ed. 1878).
Klaczko, Julian (kläch'ko). A Polish states-
man, poet, and historical writer; born Nov. 6,
1828, of Hebrew parents. He was at one time a
prominent member of the Austrian Landtag,
and is a voluminous writer on historical and
political subjects in Polish, French, and Ger-
man. Chief among his publications are: “The
Polish School (1854); (The Unitarian Agita-
tion in Germany) (1862); “Studies in Contem-
porary Diplomacy) (1866); (The Preliminaries
of Sadowa) (1869); (The Two Chancellors)
(1876), a study of Bismarck and Gortchakoff ;
Florentine Causeries); Dante and Michel
Angelo.
Klapp, Michael (kläpp). A German dram-
atist and novelist; born at Prague, 1834; died
at Vienna, Feb. 25, 1888. He was a successful
writer of comedies, of which one of the best
known was Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern)
(1878). Others were: “The Blank Lottery);
(Miss Councillor of Commerce. (The Bank
Barons) (2 vols. , 1877) deserves mention.
Klaproth, Heinrich Julius von (kläp'rot).
A celebrated German Orientalist; born in Ber-
lin, Oct. 11, 1783; died in Paris, Aug. 20, 1835.
He was sent by the Russian government on
a mission to Central Asia, and acquired valua-
ble information concerning Oriental languages
and customs. In 1815 he took up his residence
at Paris, at the same time holding a nomi-
nal professorship at the University of Berlin.
Among his numerous works may be noticed :
( Travels in Caucasus and Georgia) (1812-14);
(Geographico-Historical Description of Eastern
Caucasus) (1814); (Asia Polyglotto) (1823-29);
(Historical View of Asia) (1824).
Klein, Julius Leopold (klin). A German
dramatist and dramatic historian; born at Mis-
kolcz, Hungary, 1810; died at Berlin, Aug. 2,
1876. Prominent among his dramas were the
historical tragedies (Marie de Médicis) (1841;
second part, "Luines, 1842); «Zenobia (1847);
(Strafford (1862): among his comedies, “The
Duchess) (1848); (A Protégé) (1850); Vol-
taire) (1862). Of his dramatic work, it has
been said that it shows him to be a man of
talent working by a mistaken method. His
celebrated History of the Drama) (13 vols. ,
1865-76; index 1886) -- a production of vast scope,
research, and industry -- aimed to give the dra-
matic history of all peoples, but was unfinished
at death.
Kleinpaul, Rudolph (klin'poul). A German
miscellaneous writer; born at Grossgrabe, near
Kamentz, March 9, 1845. He wrote several in-
teresting volumes of travel in Egypt, Italy, and
along the shores of the Mediterranean, of which
(Crucify Him! Adventures of Italian Travel
reached a second edition in 1882. The drama
(The Abduction of the Princes'appeared in 1884.
Kleist, Ewald Christian von (klist). A
German poet; born at Zeblin, Pomerania,
March 7, 1715; died at Frankfort on the Oder,
Aug. 24, 1759. His fame rests upon the poem
(Spring) (1749), which contains description
eminently true to nature, together with an ele-
ment of melancholy; this trait marks also his
odes, elegies, songs, etc. His second-best poem
was the little martial epic 'Cissides and Paches,'
breathing patriotism from every line. A lover
of nature, he was an ardent admirer of the
English poet Thomson. His idyls belong to his
best work.
Kleist, Heinrich von. A German poet ; born
at Frankfort on the Oder, Oct. 18, 1777 ; died at
Wannsee, near Potsdam, Nov. 21, 1811. His
dramas rival those of Goethe and Schiller. The
best are: "Penthesilea) (1808), a tragedy ;
(Kitty of Heilbronn) (1810); 'The Prince of
Homburg) (1821) ;(Hermann's Battle) (1821), -
the last two being his masterpieces; the comedy
(The Broken Jug' (1812). Though known
chiefly as a dramatic poet, he wrote also lyrical
verse that made a deep and lasting impression.
His fine prose story (Michael Kohlhaas, to-
gether with others, all showing marked ability,
appeared in (Tales) (2 vols. , 1810-11). His
fame did not come till after his death. ('Works,
Stuttgart, 1885. ) *
Klemm, Friedrich Gustav (klem). A Ger-
man librarian and historian; born at Chemnitz,
Nov. 12, 1802; died at Dresden, Aug. 26, 1867.
Having studied in Leipsic, he settled in 1825
in Dresden, where he became royal librarian
(1852), retaining that post until 1864. Of special
value are his historical works, such as : Attila
according to History, Sagas, and Legends)
(
:
## p. 308 (#324) ############################################
308
KLICPERA - KNEELAND
(1825); History of Bavaria) (1828); (Hand-
book of German Archäology) (1835); Italica)
(1839), Italian travels; (General History of
Civilization (10 vols. , 1843-52); “Science of Civ-
ilization) (1854-55); (Women) (6 vols. , 1854-59).
Klicpera, Václav Kliment (klich'pe-rä). A
Czech poet and novelist; born at Chlumec,
Bohemia, 1792 ; died at Prague, 1859. He wrote
in a style that was picturesque, but occasionally
somewhat coarse. Of a large number of dramas,
the tragedy (Sobeslav); and the comedies (The
Magic Hat, « Ziska's Sword, (The Liar, (The
Comedy on the Bridge,' were successful. Among
his novels may be named (Tocnik) and “Vil-
kovic. He wrote also patriotic verse, etc.
("Works, 1864. )
Klingemann, Ernst August Friedrich
(kling'e-män). A German dramatist ; born at
Brunswick, Aug. 31, 1777; died there, Jan. 25,
1831. His model was Schiller, and so success-
ful in their day were his dramas, that for years
his name and Schiller's were coupled in popu-
lar speech. Among his works were: (Mar-
tin Luther); (Cromwell); (German Faith);
(Faust. When belonging to the management
of the Brunswick Court Theatre, he was the
first to produce, though sorely against his will,
Goethe's Faust! (1829). (“Works, 2 vols. ,
1817-18. )
Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von (kling'.
er). A German poet and novelist; born at
Frankfort on the Main, Feb. 17, 1752; died
at Dorpat, Feb. 25, 1831. Among his earlier
dramas, including “The Twins) (1776), (Otto)
(1781), (The Suffering Wife, etc. , was (Sturm
und Drang) (Storm and Stress : 1776), which
gave its celebrated name to that period of Ger-
man literature. He was called at the time he
wrote it a “Shakespeare gone mad, and he
himself referred in later life to his early pro-
ductions as (explosions of youthful brains
and ill-humor. ) From them his evolution was
toward moderation and restraint. Of his novels,
best known was the gloomy (Faust's Life, Deeds,
and Journey to Hell? (1791); unless indeed
(The Worldling and the Poet! (1798), consist-
ing of psychological dialogues on the contrast
between the actual and the ideal world, were
its successful competitor. Reflections and
Thoughts on Various Subjects of the World and
Literature) (3 vols. , 1802-5) may also be men-
tioned. Early left an orphan in wretched cir-
cumstances, after various vicissitudes he entered
the service of Russia, where he rose to high
position. (Latest edition of his works, 1841. )
Klonowicz, Sebastián Fabián (klo-nö'vich).
A Neo-Latin and Polish poet; born at Sul-
mierzyce, about 1545; died at Lublin, Aug. 29,
1602. His chief work, (Roxolania) (1584), was
a description in verse of the country and peo-
ple of Red Russia (eastern Galicia). The
didactic poem “The Victory of the Gods)
(1595), also in Latin, and directed against the
privileges of birth and other wrongs, contained
fine passages, but was too long. (Flis) (The
Waterman: 1595), a Polish poem, described
transportation down the Vistula from War-
saw to Dantzic. Judas's Purse) (1600) was a
sharp, satirical poem, directed against theft,
hypocrisy, etc.
Klopp, Onno (klõp). A German historian;
born in Leer, 1822. For a number of years
he was a teacher in the gymnasium at Osna-
brück, and later became a close friend of
George V. of Hanover. A strong anti-Prussian
tendency is the only blemish in a series of
remarkable historical productions, such as a
(History of East Friesland) (1854-58); King
Frederick of Prussia and the German Nation
(2d ed. 1867); (Tilly in the Thirty Years' War)
(1861); (The Fall of the House of Stuart) (14
vols. , 1875-87); (The Thirty Years' War to the
Death of Gustavus Adolphus) (1891).
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (klop'stok).
A celebrated German poet; born at Quedlin-
burg, 1724; died at Hamburg, 1803. In free-
ing German poetry from the exclusive reign of
the Alexandrine verse, he was the founder of
a new era in German literature. His great epic
(Messiah) (1748–73), at first partly written in
prose and changed afterward to hexameters,
made him famous; its effect on German thought
was great, and its influence can be traced down
succeeding German literature. His most fin-
ished work, however, was doubtless his (Odes,
which represent intellectual originality and truth.
Even Schiller and Goethe were artistically in-
debted to him. His dramas were of less worth.
("Works, 1879. ) *
Knapp, Albert (knäp). A German religious
poet; born July 25, 1798; died June 18, 1864.
Many of his hymns can be found in the man-
ual (Christoterpe) (1833-53), a collection which
had previously appeared in small volumes, one
issued each year. His Evangelical Treasury
of Songs for Church and Home (1837; 3d ed.
1865) was taken from the liturgies and hymns
of all Christian countries. He gave great im-
petus to the poetry of devotion in Germany.
Knapp, Arthur May. An American Uni-
tarian divine and writer of travels; born in
Massachusetts, 1841. His home is at Fall River,
Mass. He has written (Feudal and Modern
Japan.
Knapp, Samuel Lorenzo. An American mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Newburyport, Mass. ,
1783; died in Hopkinton, Mass. , 1838. He at.
tained to eminence in law; was editor of the
Boston Gazette and the Boston Monthly Mag-
azine. His works, chiefly biographical, include
(Travels in North America by Ali Béy) (1818);
(Memoirs of General Lafayette) (1824); Lect-
ures on American Literature) (1829); (Lives)
of Daniel Webster, Aaron Burr, and Andrew
Jackson. He edited (The Library of American
History) (1837).
Kneeland, Samuel. An American miscel-
laneous writer and naturalist; born in Boston,
Mass. , 1821 ; died 1888. He was a member of
numerous scientific societies, and has contrib-
uted many articles to medical literature. In
## p. 309 (#325) ############################################
KNIASHNIN - KNOWLES
309
addition to editing (The Annual of Scientific
Discovery) (1886-89), a translation of "Andry's
Diseases of the Heart) (1847), and Smith's
(History of the Human Species,' he wrote
(Science and Mechanism (1854); "The Won-
ders of the Yosemite Valley and of California)
(1871); and (An American in Iceland) (1876).
Kniashnin, Jakov Borissovitch (knē-azh'-
nēn). A Russian poet; born at Pskov, 1742;
died at St. Petersburg, 1791. In his tragedies,
"Dido, (Roslav,' etc. , he tried to imitate Cor-
neille. Vladimir (1793), another tragedy, was
destroyed by order of Catherine II. as imperil.
ing public safety. Of his comedies, two, (The
Queer Fellows) and (The Boaster,' are excel.
lent pieces of work. He wrote also odes,
satires, songs, fables, and other minor poems.
("Works, 2 vols. , 1842. )
Kniaznin, Franciszek Dionizy (knē-azh'-
nên). A Polish poet; born at Witebsk, 1750;
died at Konskawola, 1807. He may be styled
the herald of romanticism in Poland. His
works consisted of lyrics, dramas, and numer-
ous occasional pieces. Among them were the
drama (Spartan Mother, and the tragedy (The-
mistocles, also the opera (The Gipsies. He
translated into Polish some of La Fontaine's
fables. (Works, 7 vols. , 1828. )
Knigge, Adolf Franz Heinrich von, Baron
(knigʻė). A German miscellaneous writer; born
at Bredenbeck, near Hanover, Oct. 16, 1752 ;
died at Bremen, May 6, 1796. The most im-
portant of his works, (On Converse with Men'
(2 vols. , 1788), gave maxims and rules for the
conduct of life, of which it showed profound
knowledge. (The Journey to Brunswick) (1839,
illustrated) was a humorous novel, and has fre-
quently been reprinted. (The Romance of My
Life) (4 vols. , 1781; new ed. 1805) has been a
great favorite. He was one of the “Illumi-
nati"); and published a defense of Illuminism
in his adept's-name “Philo. ” ((Works, 12
vols. , 1804-06. )
Knight, Charles. An English miscellaneous
writer and publisher; born at Windsor, 1791 ;
died at Addlestone, Surrey, 1873. His life was
one of wide activity and increasingly great
usefulness to his country, from the time when
he became publisher of The Etonian for Praed,
Macaulay, Nelson Coleridge, etc. , while they
were students at Eton. He was editor of
Knight's Quarterly Magazine ; superintendent
of publications to the famous Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; publisher of
the Library of Entertaining Knowledge, in
which he wrote several volumes; publisher of
the Penny Magazine (1832) and of the Penny
Cyclopædia (1833). His great work was the
Popular History of England) (8 vols. , 1854-
61), a monument of research, breadth of view,
and devotion to the people. His autobiogra-
phy,“ Passages from a Working Life) (3 vols. ,
1864-65), is one of the most interesting of books.
His Pictorial Shakespeare) (8 vols. , 1839-41),
which he himself probably considered the
work of his life, served a good end; and (The
Shadows of the Old Booksellers) (1865) is a
gem of its kind. He wrote also a historical
novel entitled “Begg’d at Court) (1868).
Knight, Francis Arnold. An English writer
on country life; born at Gloucester, 1852. A
regular contributor, mainly on natural-history
subjects, to the Daily News, Speaker, Spectator,
and other periodicals, he has published four
volumes of essays, entitled By Leafy Ways';
(Idylls of the Field); (Rambles of a Dominie);
(By Moorland and Sea. '
Knight, William Angus. A Scotch philo-
sophical writer and littérateur ; born at Mord-
ington, Berwickshire, Feb. 22, 1836.
He has
been professor of philosophy at the University
of St. Andrews since 1876, and made valuable
additions to philosophical and general liter-
ature. Among numerous publications may be
noticed : Poems from the Dawn of English
Literature to the Year 1699) (1863); “Colloquia
Peripatetica' (1870); “Studies in Philosophy and
Literature) (1879); Memorials of Colenton)
(1887); “Wordsworth's Prose) (1893); (Aspects
of Theism (1894). He has also been the
editor of Philosophical Classics for English
Readers) (15 vols. , 1880-90), and University
Extension Manuals) (18 vols. , 1891-94).
Knorring, Soia Margarete von (knor'ing).
A Swedish novelist; born Sept. 29, 1797 ; died
Feb. 13, 1848. Unlike Fredrika Bremer, who
described middle-class life, she was the novel.
