)
Chalcedon
was
always a considerable place.
always a considerable place.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Augustus narrowly es-
caped shipwreck here when returning from Actium.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 94. )
Cesu-scis, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.
(Vid. Ptolemsaus XV. )
Cerbkbus, the famous dog of Hades, the fruit of
Echidna's union with Typhon. He was stationed at
the entrance of hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent
the living from entering the infernal regions, and the
dead from escaping from their confinement. Orpheus
hilled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules
dragged him from hell in the performance of his
twelfth and last labour. (Vid. Hercules. ) The poets
differ in their descriptions of this fabled animal. He-
siod (Theog. , 312) assigns him fifty heads, calling
him <<wa rcevTrjKovTaKuarpmv. Sophocles (Trach. ,
1114) styles him 'Atdov rpixpavov oKvlaxa ("the
three-headed dog of Pluto"), and in this last account
? ? the Latin poets generally coincide. Horace, however,
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? CERES.
CERES.
succeeding poets, after whom Ovid has related it (Met. ,
5, 341. --Id. , Fast. , 4, 417, teg. ). Claudian also has
sung it in a poem, of which, unfortunately, a portion is
lost. --Proserpina, according to the author of the Ho-
meric hymn, was in the Nysian plain with the ocean-
nymphs gathering flowers. According to some ac-
counts, Venus, Minerva, and Diana were the compan-
ions of their sister on this occasion. (Hy/rin. , Fab. ,
146. --Claudian, Rapt. Pros. , 3, 11, ieqq. --Stat. ,
Achill. , 2, 150. ) Others gave her the sirens as her
attendants. (Apolt. Rh. , 4, 896. ) She plucked the
rose, the violet, the crocus, the hyacinth, when she
beheld a narcissus of surprising size and beauty, hav-
ing a hundred flowers growing from a single root.
Unconscious of danger, the maiden stretched forth
her hand to seize the wondrous flower, when suddenly
the wide earth gaped, Pluto arose in his golden char-
iot, and, seizing the terrified goddess, carried her oil'
shrieking for aid, but unheard and unseen by gods or
mortals save by Hecate, the daughter of Perses, who
heard her as she sat in her cave, and by King Hclius
(the sun), whose eye nothing on earth escapes. So
long as the goddess beheld the earth and starry heav-
ens, the fishy sea, and the beams of the sun, so long she
hoped to sec her mother and the tribes of the gods;
and the tops of the mountains and the depths of the
sea resounded with her divine voice. At length her
mother heard, and, frantic with grief, inquired for ti-
dings of her lost daughter; but neither gods, nor men,
nor birds, could give her intelligence. Nine days she
wandered over the earth, with flaming torches in her
hands; on the tenth Hecate met her, but could not
tell who it was that had carried off Proserpina. To-
gether they proceeded to Hclius, and the Sun-god
tells Ceres that the ravisher is Pluto, who, by the per-
mission of her sire, had carried her away to be his
queen. Incensed at the conduct of Jupiter, Ceres
thereupon abandoned the society of the gods and
came down among men. But now she was heedless
of her person, and no one recognised her. Under the
guise of an aged female, she came to Eleusis, and
was employed, as a nurse for her infant, son Dcmo-
phoon, by Metanira the wife of Celeus, monarch of the
place. Beneath the care of the goddess the child
"throvo like a god. " He ate no food, but Ceres
breathed on him as he lay in her bosom, and anointed
him with ambrosia, and ovcry night hid him beneath
the fire, unknown to his parents, who marvelled at his
growth. It was the design of Ceres to make him
immortal, but the curiosity and folly of Metanira de-
prived him of the intended gift. She watched one
night, and, seeing what the nurse was doing to her
child, shrieked with affright and horror. The goddess
threw the infant on the ground, declaring what he had
lost by the inconsideratcness of his mother, but an-
nouncing that he would still become a great and hon-
oured man. She then disclosed her real character,
and directed the people of Eleusis to raise an altar and
temple to her without the city, on the hill Callichorus.
The temple was speedily raised, and the mourning
goddess took up her abode in it, but a dismal year
came upon mankind; the earth yielded no produce;
in vain the oxen drew the plough in the field; in vain
the seed was cast into the ground, for Ceres would
allow of no increase. Jove at length sent Iris to
Eleusis to invite Ceres back to Olympus, but she
would not comply with the call. All the other gods
? ? were sent on the same errand, but with as little suc-
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? CER
? cireh afteT Proserpina. At times she appears in her
chariot drawn by dragons. (Keightley's Mythology,
p. 170, seqq. )--The Latin name Ceres is in reality of
the same force with the Greek appellation Demeter
(itliajrqp, i. e. ? yq /ajrrip), the Roman C being origi-
nally the same letter, both in figure and power, as the
Greek T\ which was often employed as a mere gut-
tural aspirate, especially in the old jEolic dialect, from
which the Latin is principally derived. (Compare
Knight on the Greek Alphabet, p. 4, seqq. ) The hiss-
ing termination, too, in the S, belonged to the same:
wherefore the word, which the Attics and Ionians
wrote EPA, EPE, or HPH, would naturally be writ-
ten TEPES by the old . . Eolics; the Greeks always ac-
commodating their orthography to their pronunciation;
and not, like the English and French, encumbering
their words with a number of useless letters. Ceres,
however, was not a personification of the brute matter
which composed the earth, but of the passive pro-
ductive principle supposed to pervade it (Ovid, Fast. ,
1,673. --Virg. , Gcorg. , 2, 324); which, joined to the
active, was held to be the cause of tbe organization
and animation of its substance; from whence arose
her other Greek name AHQ, " the inventress. " She
is mentioned by Virgil (loc. cit. ) as the wife of the
omnipotent Father, . Ether or Jupiter, and therefore
the same as Juno; who is usually honoured with that
title, and whose Greek name HPH signifies, as be-
fore observed, precisely the same. (Plutarch, ap.
Easeb. . Prtzp. Evang. , 3, 1. ) The Latin name Juno
is derived from the Greek AIQNH, the female Zcvr or
Aif; the Etruscan, through which the Latin received
much of its orthography, having no D or 0 in its al-
phabet. The ancient Germans worshipped the same
goddess under the name of Hertha, the form and
meaning of which still remain in our word Earth.
The Greek title seems originally to have had a more
general signification; for without the aspirate (which
was anciently added and omitted almost arbitrarily)
it becomes EPE; and by an abbreviation very com-
mon in the Greek tongue, PE, or PEE; which, pro-
nounced with the broad termination of some dialects,
become PEA; and with the hissing one of others,
PE2 or RES; a word retained in the Latin, signify-
ing properly matter, and figuratively every quality and
iDoditication that can belong to it. The Greek has
no word of such comprehensive meaning; the old
general term being in the refinement of their language
rendered more specific, and appropriated to that prin-
cipal mass of matter which forms the terraqueous
globe, and which the Latins also expressed by the
same word united to the Greek article 77) (pa--TER-
RA. (Knight, Inquiry, cVc, <) 35, seqq. -- Class.
Journ. , vol. 23, p. 228, and vol. 25, p. 39. -- Sainte-
Crovc, Mystircs du Paganismc, vol. 1, p. 159. )
Ckp. intiii s. a town of Euboea, in the vicinity of
Histisa, and near a small river called Budorus. The
name of Geronda, attached to a hamlet on the western
coast, seems to recall that of Cerinthus. (Scymn. ,
Ch. , 574. -- Pint. , Qua. it. Gr. -- Op. , ed. Reiske, vol.
7, p. 187. )
Cerxe, an island without the Pillars of Hercules,
on the African coast, mentioned by Hanno in his
Periplus, as it is usually though incorrectly termed.
Here he established a colony, and it was always the
depot of the Carthaginians on the Atlantic coast of
Africa. Hanno says that it was the same distance
from the Columns of Hercules that Carthage was.
? ? According to Rennell, the island of Cerne is the mod-
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? CHJE
and rest their spears firmly on the other, covering
their persons at the same time with their shields.
Agesilaus, not daring to attack them in this po-
sition, drew back liis forces into camp. A statue
was erected to Chabrias in honour of this exploit,
and he was represented in the posture just described.
Some of the learned of modern times think that they
recognise this statue in that of the "Gladiator. "
Chabrias afterward defeated near Naxos the fleet of
the Lacedaemonians, and thus restored to Athens the
control of the sea, which she had lost since the battle
of . . Egos Potamos. Subsequently to this he was ac-
cused of treason for having allowed Oropus to be sur-
prised by the Theban exiles, but was acquitted not-
withstanding the powerful efforts of his foes, and par-
ticularly of Callistratus. Finding a stay at Athens
rather unsafe, he accepted the oner of Tachus, king
of Egypt, who already had Agesilaus in his service,
and accepted the command of his naval forces. Ta-
chus, however, having been abandoned by Agesilaus,
who 6ided with his son Nectanebis, Chabrias returned
to Athens, and he was then sent into Thrace to take
charge of the war against Chersobleptes. His ope-
rations, however, were not yery successful in this
quarter, owing to the disorganized state of the Gre-
cian forces, in consequence of the failure of their pay.
Not long after this, the social war, as it has been
termed, broke out between the Athenians on the one
side, and the Byzantines, together with the inhabi-
tants of Chios, Rhodes, and Cos, on the other. The
Athenians gave the command of their forces to Chares,
and Chabrias went with him as second in authority,
? iving charge of the fleet according to Diodorus Sicu-
Ils, but, as Nepos informs us, in the character of a
simple volunteer. They proceeded to attack Chios;
and Chares, wishing to make an onset both by sea and
land, gave the command of his ships to Chabrias. The
alter succeeded in forcing an entrance into the har-
bour, but, not being followed by the remainder of the
squadron, he was surrounded by the vessels of the
enemy, and fell bravely defending his ship, although
he might have escaped had he felt inclined. Great
honours were paid to his memory at Athens. Demos-
thenes says, that he took in the course of his life sev-
enteen cities and seventy vessels; that he made
three thousand prisoners, and brought one hundred
and ten talents into the public treasury; that he
erected also many trophies, but his foes not a single
one for any victory over him. He adds, that the
Athenians, during the whole time Chabrias was com-
mander, never lost a single city, a single fortress, a
single vessel, or even a single soldier. In this, no
doubt, there is great exaggeration; still, however, he
appears to have been a very able general, and one that
would have equalled all who went before him, had he
lived in more favourable times. Plutarch says, that
Chabrias, though at other times scarcely anything
could move him, was in the moment of action im-
petuously vehement, and exposed his person with a
boldness ungoverned by discretion. We have his life
by Cornelius Nepos, but it is a very meager one.
Xcnophon, in his Greek history, might have given us
more ilctails respecting him ; but the partiality of this
writer for Sparta prevented him from saying much in
favour of the Athenian commander. (Corn. Ncp. in
Vit. --Pcrhon. ad ML, V. H. . 5, 1. -- Diod. Sic, 15,
32, seqq. -- Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 5, 1, 10, seqq. --Demosth.
adv. Lcptin. , 17, &c. )
? ? Ch^eremon, I. a tragic poet of Athens, who flour-
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? CHA
(Mtnncrt, Gcogr. , vol. 7, p. 155.
) Chalcedon was
always a considerable place. It preserved its inde-
pendence until the reign of Darius, to whose arms the
Chalccdonians were forced to submit. They recover-
ed their freedom, however, after the defeat of Xerxes,
and became the allies, or, rather, tributaries of the
Athenians, to whom the ports of the Bosporus were an
object of the highest commercial and financial impor-
tance. After the battle of . Egos Potamos, however,
Chalcedon opened its gates to Lysander, whose first
object seems to have been to secure the entrance of
the Bosporus by the possession of this city and By-
zantium. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 2, 1. ) Theopompus,
who is quoted by Athenseus, observes, that the Chal-
cedonians at first possessed good institutions, but,
having been tainted by the democratic principles of
their neighbours, the Byzantines, they became luxu-
rious and debauched. (Aiken. , IS, p. 986, /. ) This
city is also celebrated in ecclesiastical history for the
council held there against the Eutychian heresy (A. D.
*? . ' ^ Hierocles assigns to it the first rank among the
cities of the province then called Pontica Prima (p.
639). --It is to be observed, that in writing the name
of this city, ancient authors have not been uniform,
some giving KaX^eJciv, others XaAnnduv. The for-
mer mode is, however, much more frequent, and it |
is confirmed by the existing coins, the epigraph of
which is invariably KAAXA40NIHN, according to
the Doric form. (Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. , p. 1, vol.
I, p. 410 )--The site of this ancient city is now oc-
cupied by the Turkish village of Kadtkcvi, but the
Greeks still preserve the classical name. (Cramer's
Ana Minor, vol. 1, p. 190. --Mannert, Gcogr. , I. c. --
Walpolc, Memoirs, vol. 2, p. 8, Append. , n. 41. )
ChalcidTck, I. a district of Macedonia, between the
Sinus Thermaicus and Strymonicus. The lower part
of it formed three peninsulas, Phlegra or Pallenc, Si-
thonia, and Athos. The small town of Chalcis gave
name to this district. --II. Another in Syria, adjacent
to the town of Chalcis. (Vul. Chalcis V. )
Chalcidicus (Chaleidian), an epithet applied to
Cums in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis in
Eutxei. (Virg. , JSn. , 6, 17. )
Chalcuecus, an epithet applied to Minerva at
Sparta, from her having a brazen temple (xa/ucoic
oitoc). Sir W. Gell, in his account of the Treasury
at Argos, gives a reasonable explication of this seem-
ingly strange term. He discovered in the interior
of the Treasury, which still remains in a great de-
gree entire, a number of brass nails placed through-
out at regular intervals on the walls, and these he
supposes were originally used for securing plates of
the same metal to the wall; and hence the seeming
fables of brazen chambers and brazen temples. In a
similar manner may be explained the account, given
by the ancients, of the brazen vessel made by Eurys-
theus, and into which he retired whenever Hercules
returned from his labors. (Gell's Argolis, p. 33. )
Chalcis, I. the most celebrated and important city
if Eubcea, situate on the narrowest part of the Euri-
pus. According to the common account, it was
founded after the siege of Troy by an Ionian colony
torn Athens, under the conduct of Cothus. (Strabo,
? 17 ) Other authorities, however, have assigned to
it a much greater antiquity, and it is certain that Ho-
mer speaks of Chalcis as already existing before the
event above mentioned. (//. , 2, 537. ) The flourish-
ing condition of this irrcat Ionian city, at a very early
? ? period, is attested by its numerous colonies on the
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? CHA
CHA
vonic, Nebu-godnoi-tzar, i. c. , a prince worthy of heav-
en. Belshazzar would be equivalent to Bolshoi-tzar,
i e. , a great prince; and so of others It has been
objected to this, that the word Czar in Slavonic is
nothing more than a corruption of Casar, an opinion
hardly worth refuting. The orthography of the Rus-
sian term tsar sufficiently disproves such an idea.
Compare the Hebrew sar; the Arabic sary; the
Sanscrit shera; the English tire. So also we have
in the arrow-headed inscriptions of Persepolis, as in-
terpreted by Lassen, the form ksahmh for "king. "
(Lassen, Altpersischen Keil-Inschriften, &c, p. 141.
-- Compare Michaelis, Spicileg. Gcogr. , Hcb. ext. ,
vol. 2, p. 77, scqq. )--The Chaldeans appear to have
been originally a mountaineer-race from the northern
parts of Mesopotamia, though not, as Michaelis sup-
poses, of foreign extraction, but in reality a branch of
the Semitic race. (Compare Adelung, Mtthradatcs,
vol. 1, p. 517. -- Fiirst, Chald. Gram. , p. 5, seqq. --
Compare still farther, in relation to the Chaldce
tongue, the remarks of Saint-Martin, as cited by Bal-
bi, Introduction a I'Atlas Ethnographique, p. 106,
and, as regards the pretended antiquity of the Chaldee
empire, consult Cutter, on the Revolutions of the Sur-
face of the Globe, p. 127, seqq. , Eng. transl. , 1829,
and DrummoniFs Origines, vol. 1, p. 13, seqq. ) Tho
Chaldreans arc highly commended in many of the an-
cient writers for their skill in the sciences, especially
in astronomy. If we are to believe Diodorus, how-
ever, their claims to this high character were very
slight. They seem to have pursued the study of as-
tronomy no farther than as it might tend to aid their
astrological researches. They taught that the shape
of the earth was that of a skirl* or small boat, and of
eclipses of the sun they knew but little, and never
ventured to predict them, or fix the time of their oc-
curring. So says Diodorus. (Diod. Sic. , 2, 31. --
Compare, however, in relation to the science of the
Chaldeans, the remarks of Sir W. Drummond, Class.
Journ. , vol. 16, p. 145 and 262; vol. 17, p. 19; vol.
18, p. 1 and 298; vol. 19. p. 296 )
Chald. *i, I. the inhabitants of Chaldea. --II. The
same with the Chalybes. (Vtd. Chalybes. )
Chalybes, a people of Pontus, in Asia Minor, who
inhabited the whole coast from the Jasonium Promon-
torium to the vicinity of the river Thermodon, to-
gether with a portion of the inner country. They
were celebrated in antiquity for the great iron-mines
and forges which existed in their country. (Apoll.
Rh. , 2, 1002, seqq. --Id. , 2, 374. -- Virg. , Georg. , 1,
58. -- Dwnys. Pcricg. , 768. ) We arc ignorant of
the grounds on which the ancients attributed this ac-
tive employment in the manufacture of iron to the
Chalybes, for it does not appear at present that this
part of Asia is at all productive of that most useful
metal; perhaps, however, if the mountainous districts
were accurately examined, there could be found traces
of the ancient works. It is plain, however, that they
had not ceased to furnish a good supply of metallic
ore in Strabo's time, for he observes, that the two
great articles of produce in the land of the Chalybes,
who were then commonly called Chaldu'i or Chaldi,
were the fisheries of the pelamys and the iron-works;
the latter kept in constant employment a great num-
ber of men. Strabo observes, also, that these mines
formerly produced a quantity of silver; and this cir-
cumstance, together with some affinity in the names,
? ? led some commentators of Homer to identify the Aly-
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? ? CHA
<<. >>. Xaovia. ) Virgil uses the epithet Chaonius for
Dfdonaws (dears? . , 1, 8) in referring to the acorns of
Dodona. (Cramer's Anc. Grace, vol. 1, p. 93. )
Chaos, a heterogeneous mass, containing all the
seeds of nature. According to Hesiod (Theog. , 116),
"Chaos waa first ;'* then came into being "broad-
breasted Earth, the gloomy Tartarus, and Love. "
Chaos produced Erebus and Night, and this last bore
to Erebus Day and --Ether. The idea of Chaos and
Night, divested of poetical imagery,is simply that of un-
formed matter, eternally existing as the passive princi-
ple, whence all forms are produced. Whether, besides
this Chaotic mass, the ancient theogonies suppose an
infinite, active, intelligent Principle, who from the
first matter formed the universe, is a question which
has occasioned much debate. It is evident, upon the
most cursory review of all the ancient theogonies, that
God, the great Creator of all things, is not expressly
introduced, but it is doubted whether the framers of
these theogonies meant to exclude him from their re-
spective systems, or indirectly to suppose his exist-
ence and the exertion of his power in giving motion to
matter. When divested of allegory and poetry, the
sum of the doctrine contained in the ancient theogo-
nies will, it is conceived, be found to be as follows:
The first matter, containing the seeds of all future
beine. existed from eternity with God. At length
the Divine energy acting upon matter produced a mo-
tion among its parts, by which those of the same kind
were brought together, and those of a different kind
were separated, and by which, according to certain
wise laws, the various forms of the material world
were produced. The same energy of emanation gave
existence to animals and men, and to gods who in-
habit the heavenly bodies, and various other parts of
nature. Among men, those who possess a larger por-
tion of the Divine nature than others are hereby im-
pelled to great and beneficent actions, and afford illus-
trious proofs of their divine original, on account of
which they are, after death, raised to a place among
the gods, and become objects of religious worship.
(Enfield's Hist, of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 130, seqq. )
Chabadra, a town of Phocis, about 20 stadia from
Lilca. Near it flowed the river Charadrus, which fell
into the Cephissus. Herodotus (8, 33) names this
place among the Phocian cities destroyed by the army
of Xerxes. Dodwcll states, that the ruins of Chara-
dra are to be seen near the village of Mariolutcx. at
the foot of Parnassus. (DodvscU's Tour, vol. 2, p. 132. )
Charax, I. a considerable emporium of Bithynia,
in the later periods of the Byzantine empire. It was
situate on the bay of Nicomedia, or Sinus Astacenus.
(Steph. Bys. , s. v. Xtipa? . )--II. Another and earlier
name for the city of Tralles, in Lydia.
caped shipwreck here when returning from Actium.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 94. )
Cesu-scis, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.
(Vid. Ptolemsaus XV. )
Cerbkbus, the famous dog of Hades, the fruit of
Echidna's union with Typhon. He was stationed at
the entrance of hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent
the living from entering the infernal regions, and the
dead from escaping from their confinement. Orpheus
hilled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules
dragged him from hell in the performance of his
twelfth and last labour. (Vid. Hercules. ) The poets
differ in their descriptions of this fabled animal. He-
siod (Theog. , 312) assigns him fifty heads, calling
him <<wa rcevTrjKovTaKuarpmv. Sophocles (Trach. ,
1114) styles him 'Atdov rpixpavov oKvlaxa ("the
three-headed dog of Pluto"), and in this last account
? ? the Latin poets generally coincide. Horace, however,
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? CERES.
CERES.
succeeding poets, after whom Ovid has related it (Met. ,
5, 341. --Id. , Fast. , 4, 417, teg. ). Claudian also has
sung it in a poem, of which, unfortunately, a portion is
lost. --Proserpina, according to the author of the Ho-
meric hymn, was in the Nysian plain with the ocean-
nymphs gathering flowers. According to some ac-
counts, Venus, Minerva, and Diana were the compan-
ions of their sister on this occasion. (Hy/rin. , Fab. ,
146. --Claudian, Rapt. Pros. , 3, 11, ieqq. --Stat. ,
Achill. , 2, 150. ) Others gave her the sirens as her
attendants. (Apolt. Rh. , 4, 896. ) She plucked the
rose, the violet, the crocus, the hyacinth, when she
beheld a narcissus of surprising size and beauty, hav-
ing a hundred flowers growing from a single root.
Unconscious of danger, the maiden stretched forth
her hand to seize the wondrous flower, when suddenly
the wide earth gaped, Pluto arose in his golden char-
iot, and, seizing the terrified goddess, carried her oil'
shrieking for aid, but unheard and unseen by gods or
mortals save by Hecate, the daughter of Perses, who
heard her as she sat in her cave, and by King Hclius
(the sun), whose eye nothing on earth escapes. So
long as the goddess beheld the earth and starry heav-
ens, the fishy sea, and the beams of the sun, so long she
hoped to sec her mother and the tribes of the gods;
and the tops of the mountains and the depths of the
sea resounded with her divine voice. At length her
mother heard, and, frantic with grief, inquired for ti-
dings of her lost daughter; but neither gods, nor men,
nor birds, could give her intelligence. Nine days she
wandered over the earth, with flaming torches in her
hands; on the tenth Hecate met her, but could not
tell who it was that had carried off Proserpina. To-
gether they proceeded to Hclius, and the Sun-god
tells Ceres that the ravisher is Pluto, who, by the per-
mission of her sire, had carried her away to be his
queen. Incensed at the conduct of Jupiter, Ceres
thereupon abandoned the society of the gods and
came down among men. But now she was heedless
of her person, and no one recognised her. Under the
guise of an aged female, she came to Eleusis, and
was employed, as a nurse for her infant, son Dcmo-
phoon, by Metanira the wife of Celeus, monarch of the
place. Beneath the care of the goddess the child
"throvo like a god. " He ate no food, but Ceres
breathed on him as he lay in her bosom, and anointed
him with ambrosia, and ovcry night hid him beneath
the fire, unknown to his parents, who marvelled at his
growth. It was the design of Ceres to make him
immortal, but the curiosity and folly of Metanira de-
prived him of the intended gift. She watched one
night, and, seeing what the nurse was doing to her
child, shrieked with affright and horror. The goddess
threw the infant on the ground, declaring what he had
lost by the inconsideratcness of his mother, but an-
nouncing that he would still become a great and hon-
oured man. She then disclosed her real character,
and directed the people of Eleusis to raise an altar and
temple to her without the city, on the hill Callichorus.
The temple was speedily raised, and the mourning
goddess took up her abode in it, but a dismal year
came upon mankind; the earth yielded no produce;
in vain the oxen drew the plough in the field; in vain
the seed was cast into the ground, for Ceres would
allow of no increase. Jove at length sent Iris to
Eleusis to invite Ceres back to Olympus, but she
would not comply with the call. All the other gods
? ? were sent on the same errand, but with as little suc-
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? CER
? cireh afteT Proserpina. At times she appears in her
chariot drawn by dragons. (Keightley's Mythology,
p. 170, seqq. )--The Latin name Ceres is in reality of
the same force with the Greek appellation Demeter
(itliajrqp, i. e. ? yq /ajrrip), the Roman C being origi-
nally the same letter, both in figure and power, as the
Greek T\ which was often employed as a mere gut-
tural aspirate, especially in the old jEolic dialect, from
which the Latin is principally derived. (Compare
Knight on the Greek Alphabet, p. 4, seqq. ) The hiss-
ing termination, too, in the S, belonged to the same:
wherefore the word, which the Attics and Ionians
wrote EPA, EPE, or HPH, would naturally be writ-
ten TEPES by the old . . Eolics; the Greeks always ac-
commodating their orthography to their pronunciation;
and not, like the English and French, encumbering
their words with a number of useless letters. Ceres,
however, was not a personification of the brute matter
which composed the earth, but of the passive pro-
ductive principle supposed to pervade it (Ovid, Fast. ,
1,673. --Virg. , Gcorg. , 2, 324); which, joined to the
active, was held to be the cause of tbe organization
and animation of its substance; from whence arose
her other Greek name AHQ, " the inventress. " She
is mentioned by Virgil (loc. cit. ) as the wife of the
omnipotent Father, . Ether or Jupiter, and therefore
the same as Juno; who is usually honoured with that
title, and whose Greek name HPH signifies, as be-
fore observed, precisely the same. (Plutarch, ap.
Easeb. . Prtzp. Evang. , 3, 1. ) The Latin name Juno
is derived from the Greek AIQNH, the female Zcvr or
Aif; the Etruscan, through which the Latin received
much of its orthography, having no D or 0 in its al-
phabet. The ancient Germans worshipped the same
goddess under the name of Hertha, the form and
meaning of which still remain in our word Earth.
The Greek title seems originally to have had a more
general signification; for without the aspirate (which
was anciently added and omitted almost arbitrarily)
it becomes EPE; and by an abbreviation very com-
mon in the Greek tongue, PE, or PEE; which, pro-
nounced with the broad termination of some dialects,
become PEA; and with the hissing one of others,
PE2 or RES; a word retained in the Latin, signify-
ing properly matter, and figuratively every quality and
iDoditication that can belong to it. The Greek has
no word of such comprehensive meaning; the old
general term being in the refinement of their language
rendered more specific, and appropriated to that prin-
cipal mass of matter which forms the terraqueous
globe, and which the Latins also expressed by the
same word united to the Greek article 77) (pa--TER-
RA. (Knight, Inquiry, cVc, <) 35, seqq. -- Class.
Journ. , vol. 23, p. 228, and vol. 25, p. 39. -- Sainte-
Crovc, Mystircs du Paganismc, vol. 1, p. 159. )
Ckp. intiii s. a town of Euboea, in the vicinity of
Histisa, and near a small river called Budorus. The
name of Geronda, attached to a hamlet on the western
coast, seems to recall that of Cerinthus. (Scymn. ,
Ch. , 574. -- Pint. , Qua. it. Gr. -- Op. , ed. Reiske, vol.
7, p. 187. )
Cerxe, an island without the Pillars of Hercules,
on the African coast, mentioned by Hanno in his
Periplus, as it is usually though incorrectly termed.
Here he established a colony, and it was always the
depot of the Carthaginians on the Atlantic coast of
Africa. Hanno says that it was the same distance
from the Columns of Hercules that Carthage was.
? ? According to Rennell, the island of Cerne is the mod-
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? CHJE
and rest their spears firmly on the other, covering
their persons at the same time with their shields.
Agesilaus, not daring to attack them in this po-
sition, drew back liis forces into camp. A statue
was erected to Chabrias in honour of this exploit,
and he was represented in the posture just described.
Some of the learned of modern times think that they
recognise this statue in that of the "Gladiator. "
Chabrias afterward defeated near Naxos the fleet of
the Lacedaemonians, and thus restored to Athens the
control of the sea, which she had lost since the battle
of . . Egos Potamos. Subsequently to this he was ac-
cused of treason for having allowed Oropus to be sur-
prised by the Theban exiles, but was acquitted not-
withstanding the powerful efforts of his foes, and par-
ticularly of Callistratus. Finding a stay at Athens
rather unsafe, he accepted the oner of Tachus, king
of Egypt, who already had Agesilaus in his service,
and accepted the command of his naval forces. Ta-
chus, however, having been abandoned by Agesilaus,
who 6ided with his son Nectanebis, Chabrias returned
to Athens, and he was then sent into Thrace to take
charge of the war against Chersobleptes. His ope-
rations, however, were not yery successful in this
quarter, owing to the disorganized state of the Gre-
cian forces, in consequence of the failure of their pay.
Not long after this, the social war, as it has been
termed, broke out between the Athenians on the one
side, and the Byzantines, together with the inhabi-
tants of Chios, Rhodes, and Cos, on the other. The
Athenians gave the command of their forces to Chares,
and Chabrias went with him as second in authority,
? iving charge of the fleet according to Diodorus Sicu-
Ils, but, as Nepos informs us, in the character of a
simple volunteer. They proceeded to attack Chios;
and Chares, wishing to make an onset both by sea and
land, gave the command of his ships to Chabrias. The
alter succeeded in forcing an entrance into the har-
bour, but, not being followed by the remainder of the
squadron, he was surrounded by the vessels of the
enemy, and fell bravely defending his ship, although
he might have escaped had he felt inclined. Great
honours were paid to his memory at Athens. Demos-
thenes says, that he took in the course of his life sev-
enteen cities and seventy vessels; that he made
three thousand prisoners, and brought one hundred
and ten talents into the public treasury; that he
erected also many trophies, but his foes not a single
one for any victory over him. He adds, that the
Athenians, during the whole time Chabrias was com-
mander, never lost a single city, a single fortress, a
single vessel, or even a single soldier. In this, no
doubt, there is great exaggeration; still, however, he
appears to have been a very able general, and one that
would have equalled all who went before him, had he
lived in more favourable times. Plutarch says, that
Chabrias, though at other times scarcely anything
could move him, was in the moment of action im-
petuously vehement, and exposed his person with a
boldness ungoverned by discretion. We have his life
by Cornelius Nepos, but it is a very meager one.
Xcnophon, in his Greek history, might have given us
more ilctails respecting him ; but the partiality of this
writer for Sparta prevented him from saying much in
favour of the Athenian commander. (Corn. Ncp. in
Vit. --Pcrhon. ad ML, V. H. . 5, 1. -- Diod. Sic, 15,
32, seqq. -- Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 5, 1, 10, seqq. --Demosth.
adv. Lcptin. , 17, &c. )
? ? Ch^eremon, I. a tragic poet of Athens, who flour-
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? CHA
(Mtnncrt, Gcogr. , vol. 7, p. 155.
) Chalcedon was
always a considerable place. It preserved its inde-
pendence until the reign of Darius, to whose arms the
Chalccdonians were forced to submit. They recover-
ed their freedom, however, after the defeat of Xerxes,
and became the allies, or, rather, tributaries of the
Athenians, to whom the ports of the Bosporus were an
object of the highest commercial and financial impor-
tance. After the battle of . Egos Potamos, however,
Chalcedon opened its gates to Lysander, whose first
object seems to have been to secure the entrance of
the Bosporus by the possession of this city and By-
zantium. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 2, 2, 1. ) Theopompus,
who is quoted by Athenseus, observes, that the Chal-
cedonians at first possessed good institutions, but,
having been tainted by the democratic principles of
their neighbours, the Byzantines, they became luxu-
rious and debauched. (Aiken. , IS, p. 986, /. ) This
city is also celebrated in ecclesiastical history for the
council held there against the Eutychian heresy (A. D.
*? . ' ^ Hierocles assigns to it the first rank among the
cities of the province then called Pontica Prima (p.
639). --It is to be observed, that in writing the name
of this city, ancient authors have not been uniform,
some giving KaX^eJciv, others XaAnnduv. The for-
mer mode is, however, much more frequent, and it |
is confirmed by the existing coins, the epigraph of
which is invariably KAAXA40NIHN, according to
the Doric form. (Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. , p. 1, vol.
I, p. 410 )--The site of this ancient city is now oc-
cupied by the Turkish village of Kadtkcvi, but the
Greeks still preserve the classical name. (Cramer's
Ana Minor, vol. 1, p. 190. --Mannert, Gcogr. , I. c. --
Walpolc, Memoirs, vol. 2, p. 8, Append. , n. 41. )
ChalcidTck, I. a district of Macedonia, between the
Sinus Thermaicus and Strymonicus. The lower part
of it formed three peninsulas, Phlegra or Pallenc, Si-
thonia, and Athos. The small town of Chalcis gave
name to this district. --II. Another in Syria, adjacent
to the town of Chalcis. (Vul. Chalcis V. )
Chalcidicus (Chaleidian), an epithet applied to
Cums in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis in
Eutxei. (Virg. , JSn. , 6, 17. )
Chalcuecus, an epithet applied to Minerva at
Sparta, from her having a brazen temple (xa/ucoic
oitoc). Sir W. Gell, in his account of the Treasury
at Argos, gives a reasonable explication of this seem-
ingly strange term. He discovered in the interior
of the Treasury, which still remains in a great de-
gree entire, a number of brass nails placed through-
out at regular intervals on the walls, and these he
supposes were originally used for securing plates of
the same metal to the wall; and hence the seeming
fables of brazen chambers and brazen temples. In a
similar manner may be explained the account, given
by the ancients, of the brazen vessel made by Eurys-
theus, and into which he retired whenever Hercules
returned from his labors. (Gell's Argolis, p. 33. )
Chalcis, I. the most celebrated and important city
if Eubcea, situate on the narrowest part of the Euri-
pus. According to the common account, it was
founded after the siege of Troy by an Ionian colony
torn Athens, under the conduct of Cothus. (Strabo,
? 17 ) Other authorities, however, have assigned to
it a much greater antiquity, and it is certain that Ho-
mer speaks of Chalcis as already existing before the
event above mentioned. (//. , 2, 537. ) The flourish-
ing condition of this irrcat Ionian city, at a very early
? ? period, is attested by its numerous colonies on the
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? CHA
CHA
vonic, Nebu-godnoi-tzar, i. c. , a prince worthy of heav-
en. Belshazzar would be equivalent to Bolshoi-tzar,
i e. , a great prince; and so of others It has been
objected to this, that the word Czar in Slavonic is
nothing more than a corruption of Casar, an opinion
hardly worth refuting. The orthography of the Rus-
sian term tsar sufficiently disproves such an idea.
Compare the Hebrew sar; the Arabic sary; the
Sanscrit shera; the English tire. So also we have
in the arrow-headed inscriptions of Persepolis, as in-
terpreted by Lassen, the form ksahmh for "king. "
(Lassen, Altpersischen Keil-Inschriften, &c, p. 141.
-- Compare Michaelis, Spicileg. Gcogr. , Hcb. ext. ,
vol. 2, p. 77, scqq. )--The Chaldeans appear to have
been originally a mountaineer-race from the northern
parts of Mesopotamia, though not, as Michaelis sup-
poses, of foreign extraction, but in reality a branch of
the Semitic race. (Compare Adelung, Mtthradatcs,
vol. 1, p. 517. -- Fiirst, Chald. Gram. , p. 5, seqq. --
Compare still farther, in relation to the Chaldce
tongue, the remarks of Saint-Martin, as cited by Bal-
bi, Introduction a I'Atlas Ethnographique, p. 106,
and, as regards the pretended antiquity of the Chaldee
empire, consult Cutter, on the Revolutions of the Sur-
face of the Globe, p. 127, seqq. , Eng. transl. , 1829,
and DrummoniFs Origines, vol. 1, p. 13, seqq. ) Tho
Chaldreans arc highly commended in many of the an-
cient writers for their skill in the sciences, especially
in astronomy. If we are to believe Diodorus, how-
ever, their claims to this high character were very
slight. They seem to have pursued the study of as-
tronomy no farther than as it might tend to aid their
astrological researches. They taught that the shape
of the earth was that of a skirl* or small boat, and of
eclipses of the sun they knew but little, and never
ventured to predict them, or fix the time of their oc-
curring. So says Diodorus. (Diod. Sic. , 2, 31. --
Compare, however, in relation to the science of the
Chaldeans, the remarks of Sir W. Drummond, Class.
Journ. , vol. 16, p. 145 and 262; vol. 17, p. 19; vol.
18, p. 1 and 298; vol. 19. p. 296 )
Chald. *i, I. the inhabitants of Chaldea. --II. The
same with the Chalybes. (Vtd. Chalybes. )
Chalybes, a people of Pontus, in Asia Minor, who
inhabited the whole coast from the Jasonium Promon-
torium to the vicinity of the river Thermodon, to-
gether with a portion of the inner country. They
were celebrated in antiquity for the great iron-mines
and forges which existed in their country. (Apoll.
Rh. , 2, 1002, seqq. --Id. , 2, 374. -- Virg. , Georg. , 1,
58. -- Dwnys. Pcricg. , 768. ) We arc ignorant of
the grounds on which the ancients attributed this ac-
tive employment in the manufacture of iron to the
Chalybes, for it does not appear at present that this
part of Asia is at all productive of that most useful
metal; perhaps, however, if the mountainous districts
were accurately examined, there could be found traces
of the ancient works. It is plain, however, that they
had not ceased to furnish a good supply of metallic
ore in Strabo's time, for he observes, that the two
great articles of produce in the land of the Chalybes,
who were then commonly called Chaldu'i or Chaldi,
were the fisheries of the pelamys and the iron-works;
the latter kept in constant employment a great num-
ber of men. Strabo observes, also, that these mines
formerly produced a quantity of silver; and this cir-
cumstance, together with some affinity in the names,
? ? led some commentators of Homer to identify the Aly-
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? ? CHA
<<. >>. Xaovia. ) Virgil uses the epithet Chaonius for
Dfdonaws (dears? . , 1, 8) in referring to the acorns of
Dodona. (Cramer's Anc. Grace, vol. 1, p. 93. )
Chaos, a heterogeneous mass, containing all the
seeds of nature. According to Hesiod (Theog. , 116),
"Chaos waa first ;'* then came into being "broad-
breasted Earth, the gloomy Tartarus, and Love. "
Chaos produced Erebus and Night, and this last bore
to Erebus Day and --Ether. The idea of Chaos and
Night, divested of poetical imagery,is simply that of un-
formed matter, eternally existing as the passive princi-
ple, whence all forms are produced. Whether, besides
this Chaotic mass, the ancient theogonies suppose an
infinite, active, intelligent Principle, who from the
first matter formed the universe, is a question which
has occasioned much debate. It is evident, upon the
most cursory review of all the ancient theogonies, that
God, the great Creator of all things, is not expressly
introduced, but it is doubted whether the framers of
these theogonies meant to exclude him from their re-
spective systems, or indirectly to suppose his exist-
ence and the exertion of his power in giving motion to
matter. When divested of allegory and poetry, the
sum of the doctrine contained in the ancient theogo-
nies will, it is conceived, be found to be as follows:
The first matter, containing the seeds of all future
beine. existed from eternity with God. At length
the Divine energy acting upon matter produced a mo-
tion among its parts, by which those of the same kind
were brought together, and those of a different kind
were separated, and by which, according to certain
wise laws, the various forms of the material world
were produced. The same energy of emanation gave
existence to animals and men, and to gods who in-
habit the heavenly bodies, and various other parts of
nature. Among men, those who possess a larger por-
tion of the Divine nature than others are hereby im-
pelled to great and beneficent actions, and afford illus-
trious proofs of their divine original, on account of
which they are, after death, raised to a place among
the gods, and become objects of religious worship.
(Enfield's Hist, of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 130, seqq. )
Chabadra, a town of Phocis, about 20 stadia from
Lilca. Near it flowed the river Charadrus, which fell
into the Cephissus. Herodotus (8, 33) names this
place among the Phocian cities destroyed by the army
of Xerxes. Dodwcll states, that the ruins of Chara-
dra are to be seen near the village of Mariolutcx. at
the foot of Parnassus. (DodvscU's Tour, vol. 2, p. 132. )
Charax, I. a considerable emporium of Bithynia,
in the later periods of the Byzantine empire. It was
situate on the bay of Nicomedia, or Sinus Astacenus.
(Steph. Bys. , s. v. Xtipa? . )--II. Another and earlier
name for the city of Tralles, in Lydia.
