and
Christian
persecutions.
Nietzsche - v06 - Human All-Too-Human - a
Pride of Descent. —A man may be justly
proud of an unbroken line of good ancestors down
to his father,—not however of the line itself, for
every one has that. Descent from good ancestors
constitutes the real nobility of birth; a single
break in the chain, one bad ancestor, therefore,
destroys the nobility of birth. Every one who
talks about his nobility should be asked: "Have
you no violent, avaricious, dissolute, wicked, cruel
man amongst your ancestors? " If with good
cognisance and conscience he can answer No, then
let his friendship be sought.
457-
Slaves and Labourers. —The fact that we
regard the gratification of vanity as of more
account than all other forms of well-being
(security, position, and pleasures of all sorts), is
shown to a ludicrous extent by every one wishing
for the abolition of slavery and utterly abhorring
to put any one into this position (apart altogether
from political reasons), while every one must ac-
knowledge to himself that in all respects slaves
live more securely and more happily than modern
labourers, and that slave labour is very easy
labour compared with that of the "labourer. " We
protest in the name of the " dignity of man "; but,
expressed more simply, that is just our darling
vanity which feels non-equality, and inferiority
in public estimation, to be the hardest lot of all.
-
## p. 331 (#485) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. \ 335
\
The cynic thinks differently concerning the matf it
because he despises honour:—and so Diogenes
was for some time a slave and tutor.
458.
Leading Minds and their Instruments. —
We see that great statesmen, and in general all
who have to employ many people to carry out
their plans, sometimes proceed one way* and
sometimes another; they either choose with great
skill and care the people suitable for their plans,
and then leave them a comparatively large
amount of liberty, because they know that the
nature of the persons selected impels them pre-
cisely to the point where they themselves would
have them go; or else they choose badly, in fact
take whatever comes to hand, but out of every
piece of clay they form something useful for their
purpose. These latter minds are the more high-
handed; they also desire more submissive instru-
ments; their knowledge of mankind is usually
much smaller, their contempt of mankind greater
than in the case of the first mentioned class, but
the machines they construct generally work better
than the machines from the workshops of the former.
459-
Arbitrary Law Necessary. —Jurists dis-
pute whether the most perfectly thought-out law
or that which is most easily understood should
prevail in a nation. The former, the best model
of which is Roman Law, seems incomprehensible
## p. 332 (#486) ############################################
328 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
/<h& layman, and is therefore not the expres-
sion of his sense of justice. Popular laws, the
Germanic, for instance, have been rude, supersti-
tious, illogical, and in part idiotic, but they
represented very definite, inherited national morals
and sentiments. But where, as with us, law is
no longer custom, it can only command and be
compulsion; none of us any longer possesses a
traditional sense of justice; we must therefore
content ourselves with arbitrary laws, which are
the expressions of the necessity that there must
be law. The most logical is then in any case the
most acceptable, because it is the most impartial,
granting even that in every case the smallest unit
of measure in the relation of crime and punish-
ment is arbitrarily fixed.
460.
The Great Man of the Masses. —The
recipe for what the masses call a great man is
easily given. In all circumstances let a person
provide them with something very pleasant, or
first let him put it into their heads that this or
that would be very pleasant, and then let him
give it to them. On no account give it immedi-
ately, however: but let him acquire it by the
greatest exertions, or seem thus to acquire it.
The masses must have the impression that there
is a powerful, nay indomitable strength of will
operating; at least it must seem to be there
operating. Everybody admires a strong will,
because nobody possesses it, and everybody says
## p. 333 (#487) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE.
to himself that if he did possess it then
no longer be any bounds for him and his e
If, then, it becomes evident that such a strong
effects something very agreeable to the masses;'''
instead of hearkening to the wishes of covetous-
ness, people admire once more, and wish good
luck to themselves. Moreover, if he has all the
qualities of the masses, they are the less ashamed
before him, and he is all the more popular.
Consequently, he may be violent, envious,
rapacious, intriguing, flattering, fawning, inflated,
and, according to circumstances, anything what-
soever.
461.
Prince and God. —People frequently com-
mune with their princes in the same way as with
their God, as indeed the prince himself was
frequently the Deity's representative, or at least
His high priest. This almost uncanny disposition
of veneration, disquiet, and shame, grew, and has
grown, much weaker, but occasionally it flares up
again, and fastens upon powerful persons generally.
The cult of genius is an echo of this veneration
of Gods and Princes. Wherever an effort is
made to exalt particular men to the superhuman,
there is also a tendency to regard whole grades
of the population as coarser and baser than they
really are.
462.
My UTOPIA. —In a better arranged society ,
the heavy work and trouble of life will be assigned W
to those who suffer least through it, to the most
\
## p. 334 (#488) ############################################
328 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
'V
uSe,* therefore; and so step by step up to
-Viose who are most sensitive to the highest and
sublimest kinds of suffering, and who therefore still
suffer notwithstanding the greatest alleviations
of life.
463.
A Delusion in Subversive Doctrines. —
There are political and social dreamers who
ardently and eloquently call for the overthrow
of all order, in the belief that the proudest fane
of beautiful humanity will then rear itself im-
mediately, almost of its own accord. In these
dangerous dreams there is still an echo of
Rousseau's superstition, which believes in a
marvellous primordial goodness of human nature,
buried up, as it were; and lays all the blame of
that burying-up on the institutions of civilisation,
on society, State, and education. Unfortunately,
it is well known by historical experiences that
every such overthrow reawakens into new life
the wildest energies, the long-buried horrors and
extravagances of remotest ages; that an over-
throw, therefore, may possibly be a source ot
strength to a deteriorated humanity, but never
a regulator, architect, artist, or perfecter of human
nature. It was not Voltaire's moderate nature,
0 0 inclined towards regulating, purifying, and recon-
structing, but Rousseau's passionate follies and half-
) °' lies that aroused the optimistic spirit of the Revolu-
tion, against which I cry, "Ecrasez tin/time! "
Owing to this the Spirit of enlightenment and
progressive development has been long scared
## p. 335 (#489) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 335
away; let us see—each of us individually—if it
is not possible to recall it!
464.
Moderation. —When perfect resoluteness in
thinking and investigating, that is to say, freedom
of spirit, has become a feature of character, it
produces moderation of conduct; for it weakens
avidity, attracts much extant energy for the
furtherance of intellectual aims, and shows the
semi-usefulness, or uselessness and danger, of all
sudden changes.
465.
The Resurrection of the Spirit. —A
nation usually renews its youth on a political
sick-bed, and there finds again the spirit which
it had gradually lost in seeking and maintaining
power. Culture is indebted most of all to
politically weakened periods.
466.
New Opinions in the Old Home. —The
overthrow of opinions is not immediately followed
by the overthrow of institutions; on the contrary,
the new opinions dwell for a long time in the
desolate and haunted house of their predecessors,
and conserve it even for want of a habitation.
467.
Public Education. —In large States public
education will always be extremely mediocre, for
## p. 336 (#490) ############################################
336 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
the same reason that in large kitchens the cook-
ing is at best only mediocre.
468.
Innocent Corruption. —In all institutions
into which the sharp breeze of public criticism
does not penetrate an innocent corruption grows
up like a fungus (for instance, in learned bodies
and senates).
469.
Scholars as Politicians. —To scholars who
become politicians the comic r61e is usually
assigned; they have to be the good conscience
of a state policy.
470.
The Wolf hidden behind the Sheep. —
Almost every politician, in certain circumstances,
has such need of an honest man that he breaks
into the sheep-fold like a famished wolf; not,
however, to devour a stolen sheep, but to hide
himself behind its woolly back.
471.
Happy Times. —A happy age is no longer
possible, because men only wish for it but do not
desire to have it; and each individual, when good
days come for him, learns positively to pray for
disquiet and misery. The destiny of, mankind is
arranged for happy moments—every life has such
—but not for happy times. Nevertheless, such
times will continue to exist in man's imagination
## p. 337 (#491) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 337
as "over the hills and far away," an heirloom of
his earliest ancestors; for the idea of the happy
age, from the earliest times to the present, has no
doubt been derived from the state in which man,
after violent exertions in hunting and warfare,
gives himself over to repose, stretches out his
limbs, and hears the wings of sleep rustle around
him. It is a false conclusion when, in accordance
with that old habit, man imagines that after whole
periods of distress and trouble he will be able also
to enjoy the state of happiness in proportionate
increase and duration.
472.
Religion and Government. —So long as
the State, or, more properly, the Government,
regards itself as the appointed guardian of a
number of minors, and on their account considers
the question whether religion should be preserved
or abolished, it is highly probable that it will
always decide for the preservation thereof. For
religion satisfies the nature of the individual in
times of loss, destitution, terror, and distrust, in
cases, therefore, where the Government feels itself
incapable of doing anything directly for the miti-
gation of the spiritual sufferings of the individual;
indeed, even in general unavoidable and next to
inevitable evils (famines, financial crises, and
wars) religion gives to the masses arr attitude of
tranquillity and confiding expectancy. Whenever
the necessary or accidental deficiencies of the
State Government, or the dangerous consequences
## p. 338 (#492) ############################################
338 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
of dynastic interests, strike the eyes of the
intelligent and make them refractory, the un-
intelligent will only think they see the finger of
God therein and will submit with patience to the
dispensations from on high (a conception in which
divine and human modes of government usually
coalesce); thus internal civil peace and continuity
of development will be preserved. The power,
which lies in the unity of popular feeling, in the
existence of the same opinions and aims for all,
is protected and confirmed by religion,—the rare
cases excepted in which a priesthood cannot agree
with the State about the price, and therefore
comes into conflict with it. As a rule the State
will know how to win over the priests, because
it needs their most private and secret system for
educating souls, and knows how to value servants
who apparently, and outwardly, represent quite
other interests. Even at present no power can
become "legitimate" without the assistance of
the priests; a fact which Napoleon understood.
Thus, absolutely paternal government and the
careful preservation of religion necessarily go
hand-in-hand. In this connection it must be
taken for granted that the rulers and governing
classes are enlightened concerning the advantages
which religion affords, and consequently feel them-
selves to a certain extent superior to it, inasmuch
as they use it as a means; thus freedom of spirit
has its origin here. But how will it be when
the totally different interpretation of the idea of
Government, such as is taught in democratic
States, begins to prevail? When one sees in it
## p. 339 (#493) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 339
nothing but the instrument of the popular will,
no " upper " in contrast to an " under," but merely a
function of the sole sovereign, the people? Here
also only the same attitude which the people
assume towards religion can be assumed by the
Government; every diffusion of enlightenment
will have to find an echo even in the repre-
sentatives, and the utilising and exploiting of
religious impulses and consolations for State
purposes will not be so easy (unless powerful
party leaders occasionally exercise an influence
resembling that of enlightened despotism). When,
however, the State is not permitted to derive any
further advantage from religion, or when people
think far too variously on religious matters to
allow the State to adopt a consistent and uniform
procedure with respect to them, the way out of
the difficulty will necessarily present itself, namely
to treat religion as a private affair and leave it
to the conscience and custom of each single
individual. The first result of all is that religious
feeling seems to be strengthened, inasmuch as
hidden and suppressed impulses thereof, which
the State had unintentionally or intentionally
stifled, now break forth and rush to extremes;
later on, however, it is found that religion is over-
grown with sects, and that an abundance of
dragon's teeth were sown as soon as religion
was made a private affair. The spectacle of
strife, and the hostile laying bare of all the
weaknesses of religious confessions, admit finally
of no other expedient except that every better
and more talented person should make irreligious-
## p. 340 (#494) ############################################
340 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
ness his private affair, a sentiment which now
obtains the upper hand even in the minds of
the governing classes, and, almost against their
will, gives an anti-religious character to their
measures. As soon as this happens, the sentiment
of persons still religiously disposed, who formerly
adored the State as something half sacred or
wholly sacred, changes into decided hostility to
the State; they lie in wait for governmental
measures, seeking to hinder, thwart, and disturb
as much as they can, and, by the fury of their
contradiction, drive the opposing parties, the irre-
ligious ones, into an almost fanatical enthusiasm
for the State; in connection with which there is
also the silently co-operating influence, that since
their separation from religion the hearts of persons
in these circles are conscious of a void, and seek
by devotion to the State to provide themselves
provisionally with a substitute for religion, a kind
of stuffing for the void. After these perhaps
lengthy transitional struggles, it is finally decided
whether the religious parties are still strong
enough to revive an old condition of things, and
turn the wheel backwards: in which case en-
lightened despotism (perhaps less enlightened and
more timorous than formerly), inevitably gets the
State into its hands,—or whether the non-religious
parties achieve their purpose, and, possibly through
schools and education, check the increase of their
opponents during several generations, and finally
make them no longer possible. Then, however,
their enthusiasm for the State also abates: it
always becomes more obvious that along with the
## p. 341 (#495) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 34I
religious adoration which regards the State as a
mystery and a supernatural institution, the reverent
and pious relation to it has also been convulsed.
Henceforth individuals see only that side of the
State which may be useful or injurious to them,
and press forward by all means to obtain an
influence over it. But this rivalry soon becomes
too great; men and parties change too rapidly,
and throw each other down again too furiously
from the mountain when they have only just
succeeded in getting aloft. All the measures
which such a Government carries out lack the
guarantee of permanence; people then fight shy
of undertakings which would require the silent
growth of future decades or centuries to produce
ripe fruit. Nobody henceforth feels any other
obligation to a law than to submit for the moment
to the power which introduced the law; people
immediately set to work, however, to undermine
it by a new power, a newly-formed majority.
Finally—it may be confidently asserted—the
distrust of all government, the insight into the
useless and harassing nature of these short-
winded struggles, must drive men to an entirely
new resolution: to the abrogation of the con-
ception of the State and the abolition of the
contrast of " private and public. " Private concerns
gradually absorb the business of the State; even
the toughest residue which is left over from the
old work of governing (the business, for instance,
which is meant to protect private persons from
private persons) will at last some day be managed
by private enterprise. The neglect, decline, and
## p. 342 (#496) ############################################
342 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
death of the State, the liberation of the private
person (I am careful not to say the individual),
are the consequences of the democratic conception
of the State; that is its mission. When it
has accomplished its task,—which, like every-
thing human, involves much rationality and
irrationality,—and when all relapses into the old
malady have been overcome, then a new leaf in
the story-book of humanity will be unrolled, on
which readers will find all kinds of strange tales
and perhaps also some amount of good. To
repeat shortly what has been said: the interests
pf the tutelary Government and the interests of
religion go hand-in-hand, so that when the latter
begins to decay the foundations of the State are
also shaken. The belief in a divine regulation of
political affairs, in a mystery in the existence of
the State, is of religious origin: if religion dis-
appears, the State will inevitably lose its old veil
of Isis, and will no longer arouse veneration. The
sovereignty of the people, looked at closely, serves
also to dispel the final fascination and supersti-
tion in the realm of these sentiments; modern
democracy is the historical form of the decay of
the State. The outlook which results i-rem this
certain decay is not, however, unfortunate in
every respect; the wisdom and the selfishness of
men are the best developed of all their qualities;
when the State no longer meets the demands of
these impulses, chaos will least of all result, but a
still more appropriate expedient than the State
will get the mastery over the State. How many
organising forces have already been seen to die
I
J
## p. 343 (#497) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 343
out! For example, that of the gens or clan,
which for millennia was far mightier than the
power of the family, and indeed already ruled and
regulated long before the latter existed. We our-
selves see the important notions of the right and
might of the family, which once possessed the
supremacy as far as the Roman system extended,
always becoming paler and feebler. In the same
way a later generation will also see the State
become meaningless in certain parts of the world,
—an idea which many contemporaries can hardly
contemplate without alarm and horror. To labour
for the propagation and realisation of this idea is,
certainly, another thing; one must think very
presumptuously of one's reason, and only half
understand history, to set one's hand to the
plough at present—when as yet no one can show
us the seeds that are afterwards to be sown upon
the broken soil. Let us, therefore, trust to the
"wisdom and selfishness of men" that the State
may yet exist a good while longer, and that the
destructive attempts of over-zealous, too hasty
sciolists may be in vain!
473-
Socialism, with Regard to its Means. —
Socialism is the fantastic younger brother of
almost decrepit despotism, which it wants to suc-
ceed; its efforts are, therefore, in the deepest
sense reactionary. For it desires such an amount
of State power as only despotism has possessed,
—indeed, it outdoes all the past, in that it
## p. 344 (#498) ############################################
344 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
aims at the complete annihilation of the indi-
vidual, whom it deems an unauthorised luxury
of nature, which is to be improved by it into an
appropriate organ of the general community. Owing
to its relationship, it always appears in proximity
to excessive developments of power, like the old
typical socialist, Plato, at the court of the Sicilian
tyrant; it desires (and under certain circumstances
furthers) the Caesarian despotism of this century,
because, as has been said, it would like to become
its heir. But even this inheritance would not
suffice for its objects, it requires the most sub-
missive prostration of all citizens before the
absolute State, such as has never yet been realised;
and as it can no longer even count upon the old
religious piety towards the State, but must rather
strive involuntarily and continuously for the
abolition thereof,—because it strives for the aboli-
tion of all existing States,—it can only hope for
existence occasionally, here and there for short
periods, by means of the extremest terrorism. It
is therefore silently preparing itself for reigns of
terror, and drives the word "justice" like a nail
into the heads of the half-cultured masses in order
to deprive them completely of their understanding
(after they had already suffered seriously from the
half-culture), and to provide them with a good
conscience for the bad game they are to play.
Socialism may serve to teach, very brutally and
impressively, the danger of all accumulations of
State power, and may serve so far to inspire dis-
trust of the State itself. When its rough voice
strikes up the way-cry " as much State as possible"
## p. 345 (#499) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 345
the shout at first becomes louder than ever,—but
soon the opposition cry also breaks forth, with so
much greater force: "as little State as possible. "
474-
The Development of the Mind Feared
by the State. —The Greek polls was, like every
organising political power, exclusive and distrust-
ful of the growth of culture; its powerful funda-
mental impulse seemed almost solely to have a
paralysing and obstructive effect thereon. It did
not want to let any history or any becoming have
a place in culture; the education laid down in the
State laws was meant to be obligatory on all
generations to keep them at one stage of develop-
ment. Plato also, later on, did not desire it to be
otherwise in his ideal State. In spite of the polis
culture developed itself in this manner; indirectly
to be sure, and against its will, the polis furnished
assistance because the ambition of individuals
therein was stimulated to the utmost, so that,
having once found the path of intellectual develop-
ment, they followed it to its farthest extremity.
On the other hand, appeal should not be made to
the panegyric of Pericles, for it is only a great
optimistic dream about the alleged necessary con-
nection between the Polis and Athenian culture;
immediately before the night fell over Athens (the
plague and the breakdown of tradition), Thucy-
dides makes this culture flash up once more like
a transfiguring afterglow, to efface the remem-
brance of the evil day that had preceded.
## p. 345 (#500) ############################################
344 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
aims at the complete annihilation of the indi-
vidual, whom it deems an unauthorised luxury
of nature, which is to be improved by it into an
appropriate organ of the general community. Owing
to its relationship, it always appears in proximity
to excessive developments of power, like the old
typical socialist, Plato, at the court of the Sicilian
tyrant; it desires (and under certain circumstances
furthers) the Caesarian despotism of this century,
because, as has been said, it would like to become
its heir. But even this inheritance would not
suffice for its objects, it requires the most sub-
missive prostration of all citizens before the
absolute State, such as has never yet been realised;
and as it can no longer even count upon the old
religious piety towards the State, but must rather
strive involuntarily and continuously for the
abolition thereof,—because it strives for the aboli-
tion of all existing States,—it can only hope for
existence occasionally, here and there for short
periods, by means of the extremest terrorism. It
is therefore silently preparing itself for reigns of
terror, and drives the word "justice" like a nail
into the heads of the half-cultured masses in order
to deprive them completely of their understanding
(after they had already suffered seriously from the
half-culture), and to provide them with a good
conscience for the bad game they are to play.
Socialism may serve to teach, very brutally and
impressively, the danger of all accumulations of
State power, and may serve so far to inspire dis-
trust of the State itself. When its rough voice
strikes up the way-cry " as much State as possible,"
## p. 345 (#501) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 345
the shout at first becomes louder than ever,—but
soon the opposition cry also breaks forth, with so
much greater force: "as little State as possible. "
474-
The Development of the Mind Feared
BY THE STATE. —The Greek polls was, like every
organising political power, exclusive and distrust-
ful of the growth of culture; its powerful funda-
mental impulse seemed almost solely to have a
paralysing and obstructive effect thereon. It did
not want to let any history or any becoming have
a place in culture; the education laid down in the
State laws was meant to be obligatory on all
generations to keep them at one stage of develop-
ment. Plato also, later on, did not desire it to be
otherwise in his ideal State. In spite of the polis
culture developed itself in this manner; indirectly
to be sure, and against its will, the polis furnished
assistance because the ambition of individuals
therein was stimulated to the utmost, so that,
having once found the path of intellectual develop-
ment, they followed it to its farthest extremity.
On the other hand, appeal should not be made to
the panegyric of Pericles, for it is only a great
optimistic dream about the alleged necessary con-
nection between the Polis and Athenian culture;
immediately before the night fell over Athens (the
plague and the breakdown of tradition), Thucy-
dides makes this culture flash up once more like
a transfiguring afterglow, to efface the remem-
brance of the evil day that had preceded.
## p. 346 (#502) ############################################
346 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
475-
European Man and the Destruction of
Nationalities. —Commerce and industry, inter-
change of books and letters, the universality of all
higher culture, the rapid changing of locality and
landscape, and the present nomadic life of all who
are not landowners,—these circumstances neces-
^sarily bring with them a weakening, and finally a
i destruction of nationalities, at least of European
nationalities; so that, in consequence of perpetual
crossings, there must arise out of them all a
mixed race, that of the European man. At
i—present the isolation of nations, through the rise
of national enmities, consciously or unconsciously
counteracts this tendency; but nevertheless the
f process of fusing advances slowly, in spite of
those occasional counter-currents. This artificial
x nationalism is, however, as dangerous as was
artificial Catholicism, for it is essentially an un-
natural condition of extremity and martial law,
*—' which has been proclaimed by the few over the
many, and requires artifice, lying, and force to
maintain its reputation. It is not the interest! ; of
the many (of the peoples), as they probably say,
but it is first of all the interests of certain
princely dynasties, and then of certain commercial
and social classes, which impel to this nationalism;
once we have recognised this fact, we should just
fearlessly style ourselves good Europeans and labour
actively for the amalgamation of nations; in which
efforts Germans may assist by virtue of their
hereditary position as interpreters and intermediaries
## p. 347 (#503) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 347
between nations. By the way, the great problem
of the Jews only exists within the national States,
inasmuch as their energy and higher intelligence,
their intellectual and volitional capital, accumulated
from generation to generation in tedious schools
of suffering, must necessarily attain to universal
supremacy here to an extent provocative of envy
and hatred; so that the literary misconduct is
becoming prevalent in almost all modern nations
—and all the more so as they again set up to be
national—of sacrificing the Jews as the scape-
goats of all possible public and private abuses.
So soon as it is no longer a question of the
preservation or establishment of nations, but of
the production and training of a European mixed-
race of the greatest possible strength, the Jew is
just as useful and desirable an ingredient as any
other national remnant. Every nation, every
individual, has unpleasant and even dangerous
qualities,—it is cruel to require that the Jew
should be an exception. Those qualities may even
be dangerous and frightful in a special degree in
his case; and perhaps the young Stock-Exchange
Jew is in general the most repulsive invention of
the human species. Nevertheless, in a general
summing up, I should like to know how much
must be excused in a nation which, not without
blame on the part of all of us, has had the most
mournful history of all nations, and to which we
owe the most loving of men (Christ), the most
upright of sages (Spinoza), the mightiest book,
and the most effective moral law in the world?
Moreover, in the darkest times of the Middle
## p. 348 (#504) ############################################
348 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
Ages, when Asiatic clouds had gathered darkly
over Europe, it was Jewish free-thinkers, scholars,
and physicians who upheld the banner of en-
lightenment and of intellectual independence under
the severest personal sufferings, and defended
Europe against Asia; we owe it not least to their
efforts that a more natural, more reasonable, at all
events un-mythical, explanation of the world was
finally able to get the upper hand once more, and
that the link of culture which now unites us with
the enlightenment of Greco-Roman antiquity has
remained unbroken. If Christianity has done
everything to orientalise the Occident, Judaism
has assisted essentially in occidentalising it anew;
which, in a certain sense, is equivalent to making
Europe's mission and history a continuation of
that of Greece.
476.
Apparent Superiority of the Middle
Ages. —The Middle Ages present in the Church
an institution with an absolutely universal aim,
involving the whole of humanity,—an aim,
moreover, which—presumedly—concerned man's
highest interests ; in comparison therewith the aims
of the States and nations which modern history
exhibits make a painful impression; they seem
petty, base, material, and restricted in extent.
But this different impression on our imagination
should certainly not determine our judgment; for
that universal institution corresponded to feigned
and fictitiously fostered needs, such as the need of
salvation, which, wherever they did not already
## p. 349 (#505) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 349
exist, it had first of all to create: the new
institutions, however, relieve actual distresses; and
the time is coming when institutions will arise to
minister to the common, genuine needs of all
men, and to cast that fantastic prototype, the
Catholic Church, into shade and oblivion.
477-
War Indispensable. —It is nothing but
fanaticism and beautiful soul ism to expect very
much (or even, much only) from humanity when
it has forgotten how to wage war. For the
present we know of no other means whereby the
rough energy of the camp, the deep impersonal
hatred, the cold-bloodedness of murder with a good
conscience, the general ardour of the system in the
destruction of the enemy, the proud indifference
to great losses, to one's own existence and that
of one's friends, the hollow, earthquake-like con-
vulsion of the soul, can be as forcibly and certainly
communicated to enervated nations as is done by
every great war: owing to the brooks and streams
that here break forth, which, certainly, sweep stones
and rubbish of all sorts along with them and
destroy the meadows of delicate cultures, the
mechanism in the workshops of the mind is
afterwards, in favourable circumstances, rotated by
new power. Culture can by no means dispense
with passions, vices, and malignities. When the
Romans, after having become Imperial, had grown
rather tired of war, they attempted to gain new
strength by beast-baitings, gladiatoral combats,
## p. 350 (#506) ############################################
3SO HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
and Christian persecutions. The English of to-
day, who appear on the whole to have also
renounced war, adopt other means in order to
generate anew those vanishing forces; namely, the
dangerous exploring expeditions, sea voyages
and mountaineerings, nominally undertaken for
scientific purposes, but in reality to bring home
surplus strength from adventures and dangers of
all kinds. Many other such substitutes for war
will be discovered, but perhaps precisely thereby
it will become more and more obvious that such
a highly cultivated and therefore necessarily
enfeebled humanity as that of modern Europe
not only needs wars, but the greatest and most
terrible wars,—consequently occasional relapses
into barbarism,—lest, by the means of culture, it
should lose its culture and its very existence.
478.
Industry in the South and the North.
—Industry arises in two entirely different ways.
The artisans of the South are not industrious
because of acquisitiveness but because of the
constant needs of others. The smith is in-
dustrious because some one is always coming
who wants a horse shod or a carriage mended.
If nobody came he would loiter about in the
market-place. In a fruitful land he has little
trouble in supporting himself, for that purpose
he requires only a very small amount of work,
certainly no industry; eventually he would beg
and be contented. The industry of English
## p. 351 (#507) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 351
workmen, on the contrary, has acquisitiveness
behind it; it is conscious of itself and its aims;
with property it wants power, and with power the
greatest possible liberty and individual distinction.
479-
Wealth as the Origin of a Nobility of
Race. —Wealth necessarily creates an aristocracy
of race, for it permits the choice of the most
beautiful women and the engagement of the
best teachers; it allows a man cleanliness, time
for physical exercises, and, above all, immunity
from dulling physical labour. So far it provides
all the conditions for making man, after a few
generations, move and even act nobly and
handsomely: greater freedom of character and
absence of niggardliness, of wretchedly petty
matters, and of abasement before bread-givers.
It is precisely these negative qualities which are
the most profitable birthday gift, that of happiness,
for the young man; a person who is quite poor
usually comes to grief through nobility of dis-
position, he does not get on, and acquires nothing,
his race is not capable of living. In this con-
nection, however, it must be remembered that
wealth produces almost the same effects whether
one have three hundred or thirty thousand thalers
a year; there is no further essential progression
of the favourable conditions afterwards. But to
have less, to beg in boyhood and to abase one's
self is terrible, although it may be the proper
starting-point for such as seek their happiness
## p. 352 (#508) ############################################
352 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
in the splendour of courts, in subordination to
the mighty and influential, or for such as wish
to be heads of the Church. (It teaches how to
slink crouching into the underground passages
to favour. )
480.
Envy and Inertia in Different Courses.
—The two opposing parties, the socialist and the
national,—or whatever they may be called in the
different countries of Europe,—are worthy of each
other; envy and laziness are the motive powers in
each of them. In the one camp they desire to
work as little as possible with their hands, in the
other as little as possible with their heads; in
the latter they hate and envy prominent, self-
evolving individuals, who do not willingly allow
themselves to be drawn up in rank and file for
the purpose of a collective effect; in the former
they hate and envy the better social caste, which
is more favourably circumstanced outwardly,
whose peculiar mission, the production of the
highest blessings of culture, makes life inwardly
all the harder and more painful. Certainly, if
it be possible to make the spirit of the collective
effect the spirit of the higher classes of society,
the socialist crowds are quite right, when they
also seek outward equalisation between them-
selves and these classes, since they are certainly
internally equalised with one another already in
head and heart. Live as higher men, and always
do the deeds of higher culture,—thus everything
that lives will acknowledge your right, and the
## p. 353 (#509) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 353
order of society, whose summit ye are, will be
safe from every evil glance and attack!
481.
High Politics and their Detriments. —
Just as a nation does not suffer the greatest
losses that war and readiness for war involve
through the expenses of the war, or the stoppage
of trade and traffic, or through the maintenance
of a standing army,—however great these losses
may now be, when eight European States expend
yearly the sum of five milliards of marks thereon,
—but owing to the fact that year after year its
ablest, strongest, and most industrious men are
withdrawn in extraordinary numbers from their
proper occupations and callings to be turned into
soldiers: in the same way, a nation that sets
about practising high politics and securing a
decisive voice among the great Powers does not
suffer its greatest losses where they are usually
supposed to be. In fact, from this time onward
it constantly sacrifices a number of its most
conspicuous talents upon the "Altar of the
Fatherland" or of national ambition, whilst
formerly other spheres of activity were open to
those talents which are now swallowed up by
politics. But apart from these public hecatombs,
and in reality much more horrible, there is a
drama which is constantly being performed
simultaneously in a hundred thousand acts; every
able, industrious, intellectually striving man of
a nation that thus covets political laurels, is
VOL. 1. z
## p. 353 (#510) ############################################
352 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
in the splendour of courts, in subordination to
the mighty and influential, or for such as wish
to be heads of the Church. (It teaches how to
slink crouching into the underground passages
to favour. )
480.
Envy and Inertia in Different Courses.
—The two opposing parties, the socialist and the
national,—or whatever they may be called in the
different countries of Europe,—are worthy of each
other; envy and laziness are the motive powers in
each of them. In the one camp they desire to
work as little as possible with their hands, in the
other as little as possible with their heads; in
the latter they hate and envy prominent, self-
evolving individuals, who do not willingly allow
themselves to be drawn up in rank and file for
the purpose of a collective effect; in the former
they hate and envy the better social caste, which
is more favourably circumstanced outwardly,
whose peculiar mission, the production of the
highest blessings of culture, makes life inwardly
all the harder and more painful. Certainly, if
it be possible to make the spirit of the collective
effect the spirit of the higher classes of society,
the socialist crowds are quite right, when they
also seek outward equalisation between them-
selves and these classes, since they are certainly
internally equalised with one another already in
head and heart. Live as higher men, and always
do the deeds of higher culture,—thus everything
that lives will acknowledge your right, and the
## p. 353 (#511) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 353
order of society, whose summit ye are, will be
safe from every evil glance and attack!
481.
High Politics and their Detriments. —
Just as a nation does not suffer the greatest
losses that war and readiness for war involve
through the expenses of the war, or the stoppage
of trade and traffic, or through the maintenance
of a standing army,—however great these losses
may now be, when eight European States expend
yearly the sum of five milliards of marks thereon,
—but owing to the fact that year after year its
ablest, strongest, and most industrious men are
withdrawn in extraordinary numbers from their
proper occupations and callings to be turned into
soldiers: in the same way, a nation that sets
about practising high politics and securing a
decisive voice among the great Powers does not
suffer its greatest losses where they are usually
supposed to be. In fact, from this time onward
it constantly sacrifices a number of its most
conspicuous talents upon the "Altar of the
Fatherland" or of national ambition, whilst
formerly other spheres of activity were open to
those talents which are now swallowed up by
politics. But apart from these public hecatombs,
and in reality much more horrible, there is a
drama which is constantly being performed
simultaneously in a hundred thousand acts; every
able, industrious, intellectually striving man of
a nation that thus covets political laurels, is
vol. 1. z
## p. 353 (#512) ############################################
352 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
in the splendour of courts, in subordination to
the mighty and influential, or for such as wish
to be heads of the Church. (It teaches how to
slink crouching into the underground passages
to favour. )
480.
Envy and Inertia in Different Courses.
—The two opposing parties, the socialist and the
national,—or whatever they may be called in the
different countries of Europe,—are worthy of each
other; envy and laziness are the motive powers in
each of them. In the one camp they desire to
work as little as possible with their hands, in the
other as little as possible with their heads; in
the latter they hate and envy prominent, self-
evolving individuals, who do not willingly allow
themselves to be drawn up in rank and file for
the purpose of a collective effect; in the former
they hate and envy the better social caste, which
is more favourably circumstanced outwardly,
whose peculiar mission, the production of the
highest blessings of culture, makes life inwardly
all the harder and more painful. Certainly, if
it be possible to make the spirit of the collective
effect the spirit of the higher classes of society,
the socialist crowds are quite right, when they
also seek outward equalisation between them-
selves and these classes, since they are certainly
internally equalised with one another already in
head and heart. Live as higher men, and always
do the deeds of higher culture,—thus everything
that lives will acknowledge your right, and the
## p. 353 (#513) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 353
order of society, whose summit ye are, will be
safe from every evil glance and attack!
481.
High Politics and their Detriments. —
Just as a nation does not suffer the greatest
losses that war and readiness for war involve
through the expenses of the war, or the stoppage
of trade and traffic, or through the maintenance
of a standing army,—however great these losses
may now be, when eight European States expend
yearly the sum of five milliards of marks thereon,
—but owing to the fact that year after year its
ablest, strongest, and most industrious men are
withdrawn in extraordinary numbers from their
proper occupations and callings to be turned into
soldiers: in the same way, a nation that sets
about practising high politics and securing a
decisive voice among the great Powers does not
suffer its greatest losses where they are usually
supposed to be. In fact, from this time onward
it constantly sacrifices a number of its most
conspicuous talents upon the "Altar of the
Fatherland" or of national ambition, whilst
formerly other spheres of activity were open to
those talents which are now swallowed up by
politics. But apart from these public hecatombs,
and in reality much more horrible, there is a
drama which is constantly being performed
simultaneously in a hundred thousand acts; every
able, industrious, intellectually striving man of
a nation that thus covets political laurels, is
vol. 1. z
## p. 353 (#514) ############################################
352 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
in the splendour of courts, in subordination to
the mighty and influential, or for such as wish
to be heads of the Church. (It teaches how to
slink crouching into the underground passages
to favour. )
480.
Envy and Inertia in Different Courses.
—The two opposing parties, the socialist and the
national,—or whatever they may be called in the
different countries of Europe,—are worthy of each
other; envy and laziness are the motive powers in
each of them. In the one camp they desire to
work as little as possible with their hands, in the
other as little as possible with their heads; in
the latter they hate and envy prominent, self-
evolving individuals, who do not willingly allow
themselves to be drawn up in rank and file for
the purpose of a collective effect; in the former
they hate and envy the better social caste, which
is more favourably circumstanced outwardly,
whose peculiar mission, the production of the
highest blessings of culture, makes life inwardly
all the harder and more painful. Certainly, if
it be possible to make the spirit of the collective
effect the spirit of the higher classes of society,
the socialist crowds are quite right, when they
also seek outward equalisation between them-
selves and these classes, since they are certainly
internally equalised with one another already in
head and heart. Live as higher men, and always
do the deeds of higher culture,—thus everything
that lives will acknowledge your right, and the
## p. 353 (#515) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 353
order of society, whose summit ye are, will be
safe from every evil glance and attack!
481.
High Politics and their Detriments. —
Just as a nation does not suffer the greatest
losses that war and readiness for war involve
through the expenses of the war, or the stoppage
of trade and traffic, or through the maintenance
of a standing army,—however great these losses
may now be, when eight European States expend
yearly the sum of five milliards of marks thereon,
—but owing to the fact that year after year its
ablest, strongest, and most industrious men are
withdrawn in extraordinary numbers from their
proper occupations and callings to be turned into
soldiers: in the same way, a nation that sets
about practising high politics and securing a
decisive voice among the great Powers does not
suffer its greatest losses where they are usually
supposed to be. In fact, from this time onward
it constantly sacrifices a number of its most
conspicuous talents upon the "Altar of the
Fatherland" or of national ambition, whilst
formerly other spheres of activity were open to
those talents which are now swallowed up by
politics. But apart from these public hecatombs,
and in reality much more horrible, there is a
drama which is constantly being performed
simultaneously in a hundred thousand acts; every
able, industrious, intellectually striving man of
a nation that thus covets political laurels, is
vol. 1. z
## p. 353 (#516) ############################################
352 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
in the splendour of courts, in subordination to
the mighty and influential, or for such as wish
to be heads of the Church. (It teaches how to
slink crouching into the underground passages
to favour. )
480.
Envy and Inertia in Different Courses.
—The two opposing parties, the socialist and the
national,—or whatever they may be called in the
different countries of Europe,—are worthy of each
other; envy and laziness are the motive powers in
each of them. In the one camp they desire to
work as little as possible with their hands, in the
other as little as possible with their heads; in
the latter they hate and envy prominent, self-
evolving individuals, who do not willingly allow
themselves to be drawn up in rank and file for
the purpose of a collective effect; in the former
they hate and envy the better social caste, which
is more favourably circumstanced outwardly,
whose peculiar mission, the production of the
highest blessings of culture, makes life inwardly
all the harder and more painful. Certainly, if
it be possible to make the spirit of the collective
effect the spirit of the higher classes of society,
the socialist crowds are quite right, when they
also seek outward equalisation between them-
selves and these classes, since they are certainly
internally equalised with one another already in
head and heart. Live as higher men, and always
do the deeds of higher culture,—thus everything
that lives will acknowledge your right, and the
## p. 353 (#517) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 353
order of society, whose summit ye are, will be
safe from every evil glance and attack!
481.
High Politics and their Detriments. —
Just as a nation does not suffer the greatest
losses that war and readiness for war involve
through the expenses of the war, or the stoppage
of trade and traffic, or through the maintenance
of a standing army,—however great these losses
may now be, when eight European States expend
yearly the sum of five milliards of marks thereon,
—but owing to the fact that year after year its
ablest, strongest, and most industrious men are
withdrawn in extraordinary numbers from their
proper occupations and callings to be turned into
soldiers: in the same way, a nation that sets
about practising high politics and securing a
decisive voice among the great Powers does not
suffer its greatest losses where they are usually
supposed to be. In fact, from this time onward
it constantly sacrifices a number of its most
conspicuous talents upon the "Altar of the
Fatherland" or of national ambition, whilst
formerly other spheres of activity were open to
those talents which are now swallowed up by
politics. But apart from these public hecatombs,
and in reality much more horrible, there is a
drama which is constantly being performed
simultaneously in a hundred thousand acts; every
able, industrious, intellectually striving man of
a nation that thus covets political laurels, is
vol. 1. z
## p. 353 (#518) ############################################
352 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
in the splendour of courts, in subordination to
the mighty and influential, or for such as wish
to be heads of the Church. (It teaches how to
slink crouching into the underground passages
to favour. )
480.
Envy and Inertia in Different Courses.
—The two opposing parties, the socialist and the
national,—or whatever they may be called in the
different countries of Europe,—are worthy of each
other; envy and laziness are the motive powers in
each of them. In the one camp they desire to
work as little as possible with their hands, in the
other as little as possible with their heads; in
the latter they hate and envy prominent, self-
evolving individuals, who do not willingly allow
themselves to be drawn up in rank and file for
the purpose of a collective effect; in the former
they hate and envy the better social caste, which
is more favourably circumstanced outwardly,
whose peculiar mission, the production of the
highest blessings of culture, makes life inwardly
all the harder and more painful. Certainly, if
it be possible to make the spirit of the collective
effect the spirit of the higher classes of society,
the socialist crowds are quite right, when they
also seek outward equalisation between them-
selves and these classes, since they are certainly
internally equalised with one another already in
head and heart. Live as higher men, and always
do the deeds of higher culture,—thus everything
that lives will acknowledge your right, and the
## p. 353 (#519) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 353
order of society, whose summit ye are, will be
safe from every evil glance and attack!
481.
High Politics and their Detriments. —
Just as a nation does not suffer the greatest
losses that war and readiness for war involve
through the expenses of the war, or the stoppage
of trade and traffic, or through the maintenance
of a standing army,—however great these losses
may now be, when eight European States expend
yearly the sum of five milliards of marks thereon,
—but owing to the fact that year after year its
ablest, strongest, and most industrious men are
withdrawn in extraordinary numbers from their
proper occupations and callings to be turned into
soldiers: in the same way, a nation that sets
about practising high politics and securing a
decisive voice among the great Powers does not
suffer its greatest losses where they are usually
supposed to be. In fact, from this time onward
it constantly sacrifices a number of its most
conspicuous talents upon the "Altar of the
Fatherland" or of national ambition, whilst
formerly other spheres of activity were open to
those talents which are now swallowed up by
politics. But apart from these public hecatombs,
and in reality much more horrible, there is a
drama which is constantly being performed
simultaneously in a hundred thousand acts; every
able, industrious, intellectually striving man of
a nation that thus covets political laurels, is
vol. 1. Z
## p. 353 (#520) ############################################
352 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
in the splendour of courts, in subordination to
the mighty and influential, or for such as wish
to be heads of the Church. (It teaches how to
slink crouching into the underground passages
to favour. )
480.
Envy and Inertia in Different Courses.
—The two opposing parties, the socialist and the
national,—or whatever they may be called in the
different countries of Europe,—are worthy of each
other; envy and laziness are the motive powers in
each of them. In the one camp they desire to
work as little as possible with their hands, in the
other as little as possible with their heads; in
the latter they hate and envy prominent, self-
evolving individuals, who do not willingly allow
themselves to be drawn up in rank and file for
the purpose of a collective effect; in the former
they hate and envy the better social caste, which
is more favourably circumstanced outwardly,
whose peculiar mission, the production of the
highest blessings of culture, makes life inwardly
all the harder and more painful. Certainly, if
it be possible to make the spirit of the collective
effect the spirit of the higher classes of society,
the socialist crowds are quite right, when they
also seek outward equalisation between them-
selves and these classes, since they are certainly
internally equalised with one another already in
head and heart. Live as higher men, and always
do the deeds of higher culture,—thus everything
that lives will acknowledge your right, and the
## p. 353 (#521) ############################################
A GLANCE AT THE STATE. 353
order of society, whose summit ye are, will be
safe from every evil glance and attack!
481.
High Politics and their Detriments. —
Just as a nation does not suffer the greatest
losses that war and readiness for war involve
through the expenses of the war, or the stoppage
of trade and traffic, or through the maintenance
of a standing army,—however great these losses
may now be, when eight European States expend
yearly the sum of five milliards of marks thereon,
—but owing to the fact that year after year its
ablest, strongest, and most industrious men are
withdrawn in extraordinary numbers from their
proper occupations and callings to be turned into
soldiers: in the same way, a nation that sets
about practising high politics and securing a
decisive voice among the great Powers does not
suffer its greatest losses where they are usually
supposed to be. In fact, from this time onward
it constantly sacrifices a number of its most
conspicuous talents upon the "Altar of the
Fatherland" or of national ambition, whilst
formerly other spheres of activity were open to
those talents which are now swallowed up by
politics. But apart from these public hecatombs,
and in reality much more horrible, there is a
drama which is constantly being performed
simultaneously in a hundred thousand acts; every
able, industrious, intellectually striving man of
a nation that thus covets political laurels, is
vol. 1. z
## p. 354 (#522) ############################################
TT1
I
354 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
swayed by this covetousness, and no lei tfoger
belongs entirely to himself alone as he fisl did
formerly; the new daily questions and can t;S of
the public welfare devour a daily tribute ogef the
intellectual and emotional capital of every cit izen;
the sum of all these sacrifices and losse ;s of
individual energy and labour is so enon: nous,
that the political growth of a nation allEfoost
necessarily entails an intellectual impoverishnWnt
and lassitude, a diminished capacity for Kthe
performance of works that require great concen-
tration and specialisation. The question m&y
finally be asked: "Does it then pay, all trhis
bloom and magnificence of the total (which
indeed only manifests itself as the fear of the
new Colossus in other nations, and as the com-
pulsory favouring by them of national trade and
commerce) when all the nobler, finer, and more
intellectual plants and products, in which its soil
was hitherto so rich, must be sacrificed to this
coarse and opalescent flower of the nation ? *
482.
Repeated Once More. —Public opinion—
private laziness.
* This is once more an allusion to modern Germany.
-J. M. K.
## p. 355 (#523) ############################################
NINTH DIVISION.
MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF.
483.
The Enemies of Truth. —Convictions are more
dangerous enemies of truth than lies.
484.
A Topsy-Turvy World. — We criticise a
thinker more severely when he puts an unpleasant
statement before us; and yet it would be more
reasonable to do so when we find his statement
pleasant.
485.
Decided Character. —A man far oftener ap-
pears to have a decided character from persistently
following his temperament than from persistently
following his principles.
486.
The One Thing Needful. —One thing a
man must have: either a naturally light disposition
or a disposition lightened by art and knowledge.
## p. 356 (#524) ############################################
356 HUMAN, ALL-TOO-HUMAN.
487.
The Passion for Things. —Whoever sets his
passion on things (sciences, arts, the common weal,
the interests of culture) withdraws much fervour
from his passion for persons (even when they
are the representatives of those things; as states-
men, philosophers, and artists are the representa-
tives of their creations).
488.
Calmness in Action. —As a cascade in its
descent becomes more deliberate and suspended,
so the great man of action usually acts with more
calmness than his strong passions previous to
action would lead one to expect.
489.
NOT TOO Deep. —Persons who grasp a matter
in all its depth seldom remain permanently true
to it. They have just brought the depth up into
the light, and there is always much evil to be seen
there.
490.
The Illusion of Idealists. —All idealists
imagine that the cause which they serve is
essentially better than all other causes, and will
not believe that if their cause is really to flourish
it requires precisely the same evil-smelling manure
which all other human undertakings have need of.
## p. 357 (#525) ############################################
MAN ALONE BY HIMSELF. 357
491.
Self-Observation. — Man is exceedingly
well protected from himself and guarded against
his self-exploring and self-besieging; as a rule he
can perceive nothing of himself but his outworks.
The actual fortress is inaccessible, and even in-
visible, to him, unless friends and enemies become
* traitors and lead him inside by secret paths.
492.
The Right Calling. —Men can seldom hold
on to a calling unless they believe or persuade
themselves that it is really more important than any
other. Women are the same with their lovers.
493-
Nobility of Disposition. —Nobility of dis-
position consists largely in good-nature and
absence of distrust, and therefore contains precisely
that upon which money-grabbing and successful
men take a pleasure in walking with superiority
and scorn.
494-
Goal and Path. —Many are obstinate with
regard to the once-chosen path, few with regard
to the goal.
495-
The Offensiveness in an Individual Way
OF Life. —All specially individual lines of con-
duct excite irritation against him who adopts
them; people feel themselves reduced to the
## p.
