" Here is a
religious
touch
not unlike that seen in Ibsen's Brand.
not unlike that seen in Ibsen's Brand.
Weininger - 1946 - Mind and Death of a Genius
'
"My first thought was that this noble, rich, and pure mind
was overturned. That he, who could not pass a worm or an in-
sect on the road without stopping to take it to safety, this good,
this sacred man, was harboring such sinister ideas in his soul!
He must be mad, he must have gone insane. That was the only
possibility.
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? Edge of Fear 93
"Once he began it was easier for him to talk: 'I spent a night
in a hotel room in Munich once. I could not sleep. Then I heard
a barking dog. I have never heard a dog bark in such a terrifying
way. It must have been a black dog. It was the evil spirit. I
fought with it, I fought with it for my soul. In sheer terror I bit
the sheets to shreds that night. Since that time I have known
that I am a murderer. That is why I must kill myself! '
"Otto Weininger--the good, the noble Weininger--speak-
ing such words!
"I don't know how I answered him. I only know that I talked
to him for a long time, that I defended the 'murderer' that
night, and defended him with sincerity because I did not believe
in his guilt. I do know that I begged and pleaded for his life,
and that I always heard the same reply: 'You cannot persuade
me! You cannot force me! Let me alone! It must be! It must be!
I cannot go on living! ' " (Taschenbuch, pp. 18-20. )
Though the struggle went on, it is clear that Weininger's
emotions had reached a climax. Gerber's earlier description of
Otto's actions--his speech with its strange, remote stresses, his
closed, introvert attitude, his ice-cold words, "In me is the chill
of the grave"--shows that Weininger was in a psychotic condi-
tion. The macabre incident, ending after midnight with Otto
avowing that he was a born criminal, a born murderer, demon-
strated the extent of his self-accusation and self-reproach. Such
self-abasement is a comm^n_Sj^rn? tojnof^mental disturbance.
It had deep roots in Weininger. The conflicting torces~irrhis
mind were steadily more accentuated on that night until with
the declaration that he was a born criminal, a born murderer,
his guilt feelings reached a peak of intensity.
Gerber ends his story: "When I asked if his intention had
been directed against any definite person, he gave no clear an-
swer. It was soon dawn. The lamp had gone out. I felt exhausted
and discouraged because my efforts had been unsuccessful. I
had spent all my energy; his will had been the stronger.
"In my great fear of losing my friend and with the vague feel-
ing that I was leaving him forever, I said a few words with my
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? 94 Edge of Fear
last, decisive strength. I wept, and my sentiment had effect
where my words had availed nothing. He put his hand on my
forehead, and there were tears in his eyes. In an extremely sol-
emn tone he said, 'I thank you. ' He would go on living, but I
must be silent. He needed peace and must be left alone.
"It was full daylight when he left me.
"We never mentioned this night to each other again"
(Taschenbuch, pp. 20-21).
Such is Gerber's story of one of the crucial passages in the life
of Otto Weininger. We must then ask, How accurate is the
account? An answer cannot be given readily. It has not been
possible to find out whether or not Gerber noted down the
events in his diary at the time. If he did record Weininger's
words soon after they were spoken on that November night of
1902, we might accept them without question. Yet Gerber's
book was not published until 1919, sixteen years after Wei-
ninger's death and seventeen years after the episode mentioned
here. The fact that Gerber and Ewald deciphered Weininger's
stenographic notes after his death may possibly have affected
the account.
There is some doubt as to whether Gerber could have remem-
bered the conversation with Weininger in completely accurate
detail. On the other hand, we cannot assume that his descrip-
tion of that exciting occurrence was pure imagination. One bit
of evidence supports the theory that he wrote down his mem-
ories of Weininger shortly after Otto's death. Gerber wrote to
Strindberg, and Strindberg sent him two letters, dated October
22 and December 8, 1903, in memory of Weininger. It would
seem a natural inference that Gerber at that time wanted to
write a book about Otto shortly after his death but, for one
reason or another, did not complete the task.
At that time Gerber might well have been prompted to write
his recollections of Weininger because he found that the criti-
cism aimed at Weininger's book and the picture given of his
personality by other writers were unjust. We have also a descrip-
tion of Weininger's suicide plans from another friend. Rappa-
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? Edge of Fear 95
port wrote, "He was thinking of suicide in the fall of 1902, but
a friend was able to avert the tragedy at that time" (U. L. D. , p.
xix). In the later editions of Vber die letzten Dinge, the state-
ment was changed to read, "Even before he had finished Sex
and Character he was thinking of suicide. " Furthermore, we
have descriptions of the suicide plans from Ferdinand Probst
(Der Fall Otto Weininger, in Grenzfragen des Nerven und
Seelenlebens, Wiesbaden, 1904), who wrote his book not long
after Weininger's death. Georg Klaren (Otto Weininger, der
Mensch, sein Werk und sein Leben, Vienna, 1924) and Paul
Biro (Die Sittlichkeitsmetaphysik Otto Weiningers, Vienna,
1927) also mention the plans, but since these were written after
Gerber's account was published, they may be derived simply
from that. To be sure, Gerber was the only witness and there-
fore the only source of information, but it seems that his story
was known long before it was published.
Since the letters Otto Weininger wrote during his travels
give the impression that a catastrophe was approaching, there is
no reason for believing that the major part of Gerber's descrip-
tion of those critical days in November was untrue. The central
fact seems clear, even though the details are known only
through Gerber.
It does not follow necessarily that Gerber was fully aware of
Weininger's mental condition. If he was, it seems remarkable
that he did not, after that November day, warn the family or
move to have Weininger given psychiatric treatment and per-
haps sent to a hospital. Possibly he did not because he was keep-
ing his promise not to mention the affair to anyone, or because
Weininger had such power over him that he did not dare to
speak.
The other possibility is that Gerber did not quite understand
the gravity of the matter. This seems less likely in view of his
early grasp of the situation. He wrote, "Those hints left no
doubt as to his condition. " Weininger's words show that he was
returning to things he had had in his mind for a long time. Yet
the hints seem to have been rather stereotyped. It is common
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? 96 Edge of Fear
in certain acute psychotic cases for the sufferer to take words
and sentences out of their context, and Weininger seems to
have followed this course; he talked only in hints which he
thought Gerber would not understand--which he himself may
not have recognized fully. Yet Gerber understood that Otto's
will to live was so weak that only great effort could make him
give up his purpose. His friend realized how serious the situa-
tion was, for he decided that Weininger was in such condition
that he should not be left alone.
Since he realized this and knew very well how strong were
Otto's feelings about Hamsun, it is strange that he repeated the
false news of Hamsun's suicide. Knowledge of the reported sui-
cide had, as might have been expected, a shocking effect on
Otto. It is, of course, possible that Gerber thought it would be
better for Otto to get the news through him than in a more
harmful way through reading the story in the newspapers. On
the other hand, it is possible that he told Weininger about it
without considering the matter carefully. If so, there is some
reason for us to ask whether Gerber really did understand Otto's
condition.
It is interesting to note the discrepancy between Gerber's ac-
count and Weininger's own account of the experience of the
barking dog. Otto himself, in the passage quoted earlier, tells
of two occasions when he heard a dog barking "in a peculiar,
penetrating way": the first was at Munich in a late afternoon
of July and did not awaken deep fear in him; the second was
"months later," at night and presumably in Vienna, and caused
him to react with terror. When he talked to Gerber, the two
incidents were fused into one, and Weininger told of biting the
sheets "in sheer terror," dating the occurrence in July and plac-
ing it in Munich. We are left with the impression that what
Weininger was actually describing to Gerber was not an event
that took place in Munich in July, but more probably an ex-
perience that had taken place just a few nights before Novem-
ber 20, possibly on November 19. It seems that a displacement
had occurred in his mind, that he was trying to push the terrible
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? Edge of Fear 97
experience as far as possible out of his mind. A like fusion of
thought can be seen in the use of the words "mental and phys-
ical death. "
Weininger had thus advanced from vague fear to rationalized
terror. If we remember that he always used introspection as an
instrument of psychotherapy, we may guess how he progressed
in the summer and autumn of 1902. His terror became clearer
and clearer, and we may believe that out of necessity he grad-
ually filled it with rationalistic content. He probably was apply-
ing his own brand of psychotherapy, which he mentioned over
and over again (especially in the last months of his life). "The
only thing is psychotherapy," he wrote, "but not imperfect ex-
ternal psychotherapy as we know it today, in which the outside
will of a suggester must produce its effect; not the heteronomic,
but the autonomic, hygiene and therapy, in which everyone is
his own diagnostician and thus at the same time a therapist.
Everyone must cure himself and be his own physician. If he
does, then God will help him; if he does not, nobody will help
him" (Taschenbuch, p. 28).
He knew that to understand his own mental state he had to
be his own diagnostician, and we may take it that he tried to
find out about his own terror. He did on the night when his fear
took its final shape--fear for his own life. The conclusion seems
unavoidable that he, through his psychotherapy, increased the
fear. He tried to supply it with a content more rationalized than
it needed to be.
This conclusion is strengthened when we recognize the un-
bending consistency with which he applied introspection. He
apparently believed that through it he could accomplish self-
control. When in August, 1903, he wrote down an appreciation
of his own gifts, he was so sure of himself that he could say: "I
believe that my gifts are such that in some way I can solve all
problems. I do not think that I could ever be wrong for any
considerable length of time. I believe that I have deserved the
name Messiah (Redeemer) because I have this nature" (Ta-
schenbuch, p. 28). Before he could arrive at this conviction, he
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? g8 Edge of Fear
must, however, have passed the stage where he came to the be-
lief that he could control all his gifts and make them fruitful in
solving all human problems. It seems probable that he did
come to this belief. After the November night of 1902 it seems
that he was beginning to master his own mental state. His faith
in psychotherapy therefore persisted. In Italy in the summer of
1903 we find him writing these words (U. L. D. , p. 130), which
must have grown from his own experience: "Perhaps disease is
always a form of poisoning. The soul does not have the courage
to become conscious of the poison and make it harmless in the
struggle. That is why it is still at work in the body. " Even if it is
dangerous to read this statement as general enough to include
all the mental torture that he suffered, it still sheds light on his
conscious effort to learn about his fear.
The terror of dying does not, however, seem to have been
built entirely by Weininger's conscious efforts. It was a product
of his mental conflicts and rose when the mental opposites in
his personality became so extreme that he forced ethical con-
siderations into every trifle. This condition resulted from his
moral uncertainty. It is clear that his moral attitude did not ex-
press his true personality, since he always had to fight in order
to maintain it. The tension and struggle bred despair. As Swo-
boda says: "Many of his statements are no doubt quite depress-
ing, but only because, disguised as realization of emotions, they
picture a soul in mortal despair. The shivering cold which one
sometimes meets in Sex and Character comes not from truth
but from the suicidal mood in which those pages were written
and which the reader cannot help feeling" (Swoboda, p. 30).
When we put all the features we now know of Otto's mental
development from the autumn of 1901 to November, 1902, into
one picture, it becomes obvious that he gave clear signs of moral
affects which had their roots in the summer of 1900 and first
appeared in an outward, critical way around July, 1902. Then it
became clear to him that he must live in accord with his moral
principles--a conviction that resulted from his great mental
conflicts, which at that time sometimes appeared to show a split
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? Edge of Fear 99
in his personality. By righting steadfastly and under great men-
tal strain for moral harmony, he arrived at the point where he
felt keenly every small demand, and he found that all the de-
mands when put together were too overwhelming to be ful-
filled. A disarrangement took place; his inner structure changed.
But this determination was an aspect of his personality that
never fell back to his former mode of life. The unique, fighting
moral attitude stayed with him and grew.
Typical of his belief that absolute demands were being made
upon him are the following words from Vber die letzten Dinge
(p. 60): "A man lives until he goes into the absolute or into
nothing. . . . He is free to choose his future life. His life goes
to ruin or is a preparation for eternity.
" Here is a religious touch
not unlike that seen in Ibsen's Brand. 5 Just as Ibsen demanded
that one should live life to the full extent of the self without
compromise, so did Weininger also have his conception of ab-
solute values. 8
Contrary to this was the fear that he might not live up to
these ethical demands--the fear that, because he was full of sin,
he must atone with his life. Once more we find a change in his
personality, a displacement.
In broad outline, we may say that two oblique lines appeared
in the original structure of Weininger's personality make-up.
In the year 1902 something new entered. The schizoid or
schizophrenic individual shows (and this seems to have been
the case with Weininger) that some definitive event has oc-
s "The specific way which Ibsen chose to solve the disharmony may seem
conventional. As Solveig laboriously works her way through the shadows, she
seems like a saving angel created just for the moment. But when she speaks,
it is the sorrow of life itself that speaks, and in her comfort is found the same
attitude that faith takes toward the religious problem of existence" (Anathon
Aall, "Peer Gynt, som libsbillede og som dikting" in Samtiden, 1921, p. 235).
6 That Ibsen was at a very early period discussing the decisive attitude of man
to the demanding necessity of action may be seen in the words he wrote to
Clemens Petersen from Rome, March 9, 1867: "But that one pace forward . . .
is just this: there can be no more question of 'I will' but only of 'I must'; you
have helped me across a terrifying precipice, and I am grateful and will always
be grateful to you for it" (Halvdan Koht, "Breve fra Henrik Ibsen" in Samtiden,
1908, p. 91). See also Werner Moring, Ibsen und Kierkegaard, Palaestra 160
(Leipzig, 1928), pp. 54, 55, 90.
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? 100
Edge of Fear
curred at one time or another in his life and that this agent has
worked to cause further reactions. Weininger's original per-
sonality during the spring and summer of 1902 went through a
change which was not only permanent but progressive. The im-
portant point is that once the change in the structure of his
personality make-up took place it did not disappear, but re-
mained until a new change took place, according to the pattern
characteristic of schizophrenic cases.
The basic conflict was the psychological expression of deep-
seated difficulties in Weininger. Through the fear he revealed
in this period we can see the basic traits in his personality: his
narcissistic self-protection and self-devoted defense, neurotic in
type. The importance he attributed to this fear must be taken
as a schizophrenic symptom.
The moral struggle in Weininger, then, resulted in morbid
manifestations, which were at first short and violent, but later,
while maintaining their intensity, assumed longer duration, and
finally became constant. This struggle called forth feelings of
abasement, shame, and unworthiness, accompanied by a strong
sense of guilt. The morbid reactions he displayed were acute
motor discharges, sometimes taking the form of fear and anx-
ieties, and sometimes the form of a blind fury against himself,
which reached a temporary climax in his openly confessed sui-
cide plans.
Weininger's bellicose moral attitude developed further and
further in this period until it finally took the form of an asocial
ethic. With the development of social asceticism, which he later
professed, this ethic became self-denying and annihilating. In
his struggle the feeling of guilt was the starting point of the
crisis, the overcoming of that feeling was the content. It in-
volved the contest between his mental extremes. 7
7 The moral hypertrophy--the opposite of moral insanity--which characterized
Weininger's attitude in respect both to his rigorous ethical demands and to the
requirements he stated as an individualist is probably suggestive of a certain
differential schizoid disposition. See Hermann Hoffmann, Vererbung und Seelen-
leben: Einfilhrung in die psychiatrische Konstitutions- und Vererbungslehre
(Berlin, 1922), p. 219.
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? Edge of Fear 101
The story of Weininger's reaction to the sound of a dog bark-
ing in the night shows that he must have suffered an hallucina-
tion. If we take it that he really did hear a dog bark, he must
have had a particularly vivid and impressionistic experience--a
pseudo hallucination--suited to the situation. Such an occur-
rence is quite possible. It often happens that a patient suffer-
ing from an acute psychosis has hallucinatory and pseudo-
hallucinatory deceptions in a confused mixture. And, quite
apart from the incident of that night, Weininger, according to
his own writings, had other experiences that can scarcely be
taken as anything but visionary hallucinations.
If we try to decide what specific type of hallucination he had,
we must note that Weininger seemed to hear imaginary voices
"commanding" him ("I am a born criminal, a born mur-
derer"), and the evidence indicates a definitely psychotic phe-
nomenon. We must remember that hallucinations as such are
not a sort of schizophrenia. Weininger doubted his real experi-
ences and his real thoughts rather than his misinterpretations
and was led to the idea that he must kill himself (imperative
hallucinations). His self-deceptions make it possible for us to
interpret his disturbance as hallucinatory disturbance. In addi-
tion, there appears to be a memory component; the displace-
ment of the events of a November night to July, 1902, resulted
apparently in loss of memory of the correct date. We may
therefore maintain that his disturbances were both hallucina-
tory and mnemonic. Though the incident of the barking dog
was well preserved in his memory, he related it incorrectly, be-
cause the reproduction of what he experienced at one definite
moment was disturbed. The incident was painful, and he sub-
merged it by distorting it. We may surmise that it was not his
memory itself that was disturbed, but rather his capacity for
associative reproduction of something remembered. Such mem-
ory distortion resulted from his narcissistic orientation.
The conclusion that something was lacking in his capacity for
recollection supports the theory that he suffered from a mental
derangement. Even if he seemed to be in contact with the out-
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? 102
Edge of Fear
side world, on this one point he was unable to understand real-
ity. The living connection between him and the outside world
was lost for a short while--his ego was separated from its sur-
roundings. The mere fact that his orientation seemed sound
(and accordingly his reactions seemed sound also) is no argu-
ment against the basic diagnosis. Quite commonly delirious
schizophrenic patients are well oriented in time and space.
As events developed that night, Gerber had to defend the
"murderer" because he did not believe in his guilt. After hours
of discussion, lasting almost until dawn, the only answer to all
of his efforts was: "You cannot persuade me! Let me alone! I
cannot go on living! " The words must be taken as an expression
of introspection, self-judgment, destructive self-criticism, and
devastating self-accusations--all symptoms within the frame-
work of the schizophrenic group. This kind of self-reproach and
self-criticism may often be seen also in the manic-depressive
psychosis. Yet if we remember his whole mood, his complete
mental situation with its practically fixed affective condition, it
is more reasonable to see his self-accusations as of schizophrenic
nature.
His suicide plan was based on a misconception. But this mis-
conception did not endure. By the morning of November 21 the
thought of killing himself had left him. He wanted to live.
When Otto Weininger made his decision, it may have been
because the idea of suicide had actually left him or it may have
been because he wanted to please his friend. The most likely
psychological explanation is that the time had arrived for a more
or less sudden remission of his acute case of disturbance. (As
Gerber said earlier, "The crisis was not yet over. ") His sudden
improvement was also indicated by the fact that he later be-
haved as if nothing had happened although he remembered
clearly what had gone on. When his mental condition improved
as it did, we have one more reason to believe his case was of
schizophrenic nature, since remissions of this sort can be seen
only in schizophrenic persons. The mental disturbance in him
was, however, of a passing kind; there was a slight and momen-
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? Edge of Fear 103
tary improvement before the real one, and the crisis passed only
after several hours. But he seems to have been open to argu-
ment. There was a serious contest between him and Gerber,
and Weininger was temporarily persuaded, not because Ger-
ber's words impressed him, but because his friend wept. He
would go on living. Thus the mental disturbance was over, and
everything seemed to be as before.
It appears that Otto Weininger was trying to pull himself to-
gether. His mental conflicts had brought him to the verge of a
split, but just as they seemed to get the upper hand Weininger
overcame them. His mental split was not too serious for him to
suppress it--at least apparently it was not. Yet one gains the
impression that Weininger barely escaped schizophrenic dis-
ease. It was on the point of overtaking him, it did overtake him,
then it relaxed and he escaped, either because its grip was not
firm enough upon him or because he was strong enough to com-
pose himself and put up enough mental resistance to throw off
the attack. Weininger was that night clear-minded enough to
be able to resist insanity consciously, shocking as the experience
may have been for him. His intelligence was keen enough for
him to realize what was happening, though he was spellbound
by his own experiences and found it hard to get away.
On that November night he came out victor over his own
mental split; at least in the following months he was able to pull
himself together. The experience, however, left its mark on his
mind. From that night emerged a new Weininger, different
from the old.
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? Sex and
Character
Q
ex and character was first published in 1903. It consisted
L-^/of two parts. Of these the first part was Weininger's thesis
for the doctor's degree, which was colored with scientific
thought. It is worth while to summarize what he says in it.
The two general concepts of male and female have come
down to us from primitive mankind. Yet is it really the case that
all women and men are marked off sharply from each other?
Nowhere in nature is there another such pronounced discon-
tinuity. There are transitional forms between the metals and
nonmetals, between animals and plants, and between mam-
mals and birds. From these analogies one might suppose that
there is in nature no sharp cleavage between masculine on the
one side and feminine on the other.
In the controversy about the nature of woman, appeal has
been made to the arbitration of anatomy, in the hflpe that some
anatomical line could be drawn between the inborn and ac-
quired properties of males and those of females. The answer of
the anatomists is clear enough. Absolute sexual distinctions be-
tween all men on the one side and all women on the other do
not exist. Sex cannot be determined with certainty from the
skeleton or from the muscles, tendons, skin, blood, or nerves.
The sex of a human embryo of less than five weeks cannot be
recognized. Sexual differentiation is never complete. All pe-
culiarities of the male sex may be present in the female in some
form, however weakly developed, and so also the sexual charac-
teristics of the woman persist in the man. Thus one can find
men with feminine pelves, well-developed breasts, and high-
pitched voices, and women with flat breasts and small hips.
Among human beings there are all sorts of intermediate condi-
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? Sex and Character 105
Hons, varieties of sexual transitional forms between male and
female.
We may suppose the existence of an ideal man, M, and of an
ideal woman, W, as sexual types. Males and females are like
two substances combined in different proportions, but with
neither element ever wholly missing. All human beings are
more or less hermaphroditic, physically and mentally. A person
may be f M + \ W; another may be f W + ? M, and so on.
Yet Weininger is first concerned not with studying these spe-
cific cases, but only with determining the mind of the absolute
woman and the absolute man, the 100 percent woman and the
100 percent man. His subject, therefore, is not the living, con-
crete woman or man, but their types, considered platonically.
Sexuality is not limited to the genital organs and glands; it
extends to other parts of the body. But where are the borders?
In other words, where does sex display itself and where is it ab-
sent? Weininger mentions the theory, first suggested by the
Danish zoologist, Johannes Japetus Smith Steenstrup, that j
sexual properties are present in every part of the body. 1 Wein-
inger finds similarly that all parts of a woman, although in dif- it*-^
ferent degrees in the various zones, are sexually excitable.
He then passes on to the formal, hypothetical concept, which
to him seems almost factually certain: Each cell in the body is
sexually charged. 2 According to this principle governing sexual
transitional forms, Weininger believes that the sexual charac-
teristics may appear in different degrees. Empirical facts seem,
indeed, to prove that this principle of sexual transition between
man and woman may be extended to all the cells of the body.
At present, he said, it is impossible to say in which part of the
cell the masculinity or femininity is located.
The distribution of sexual characteristics affords an impor-
tant proof of the appearance of sexuality. Such characteristics
1 Untersuchungen ilber das Vorkommen des Hermaphroditismus in der Natur
(Greifswald, 1846), p. 9.
2 Mobius claimed in Geschlecht und Unbescheidenheit (Halle an der Saale,
1907), p. 10, that he had said (in "Uber das Somageschlecht," in Umschau,
January, 1903) that "each cell is sexually marked. "
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? 1o6
Sex and Character
(at least in the animal kingdom) may be arranged according
to the strength of their exciting influence on the opposite sex.
Weininger describes the male and female genital glands as pri-
mary sexual characteristics. The secondary sexual characteris-
tics are those which appear at puberty and which cannot be
developed except under the influence of the internal secretions
of the genital glands. Examples of these are the beard in men,
mammary glands in women, the type of voice, and the like.
Tertiary sexual characteristics comprise certain inherited traits
such as great muscular strength or marked mental obstinacy.
Quaternary sexual characteristics are acquired habits such as
men's drinking and smoking, women's domestic duties.
The degree of development of the secondary characteristics
has been regarded as the effect upon the organism of the in-
ternal secretions of the genital glands. These are the organs in
which the sex of the individual is most obvious, and, moreover,
the characteristic properties of the species, the race, and the
family to which the organism belongs are marked in the genital
cells.
If the genital glands of a man are removed, the male charac-
teristics disappear or become weakened and the feminine char-
acteristics appear more strongly. Every cell contains a certain
percentage of male plasm (arrhenoplasm) and a certain per-
centage of female plasm (thelyplasm). This seems to be proved
by the fact that in certain hermaphroditic animals male and
female sexual characters coexist, but the two do not function
at the same period. Each such individual exercises first the func-
tions of a male, afterwards those of the female (protandry). In
human beings, also, that is, in mature men, ma. y be found like
phenomena known to the study of sexual pathology.
In all forms of sexually differentiated life there is attraction
between males and females, between man and woman, the ob-
ject of which is procreation. Feminine men love masculine
women and vice versa. The fact that maleness and femaleness
are distributed in the living world in every possible proportion
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"My first thought was that this noble, rich, and pure mind
was overturned. That he, who could not pass a worm or an in-
sect on the road without stopping to take it to safety, this good,
this sacred man, was harboring such sinister ideas in his soul!
He must be mad, he must have gone insane. That was the only
possibility.
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? Edge of Fear 93
"Once he began it was easier for him to talk: 'I spent a night
in a hotel room in Munich once. I could not sleep. Then I heard
a barking dog. I have never heard a dog bark in such a terrifying
way. It must have been a black dog. It was the evil spirit. I
fought with it, I fought with it for my soul. In sheer terror I bit
the sheets to shreds that night. Since that time I have known
that I am a murderer. That is why I must kill myself! '
"Otto Weininger--the good, the noble Weininger--speak-
ing such words!
"I don't know how I answered him. I only know that I talked
to him for a long time, that I defended the 'murderer' that
night, and defended him with sincerity because I did not believe
in his guilt. I do know that I begged and pleaded for his life,
and that I always heard the same reply: 'You cannot persuade
me! You cannot force me! Let me alone! It must be! It must be!
I cannot go on living! ' " (Taschenbuch, pp. 18-20. )
Though the struggle went on, it is clear that Weininger's
emotions had reached a climax. Gerber's earlier description of
Otto's actions--his speech with its strange, remote stresses, his
closed, introvert attitude, his ice-cold words, "In me is the chill
of the grave"--shows that Weininger was in a psychotic condi-
tion. The macabre incident, ending after midnight with Otto
avowing that he was a born criminal, a born murderer, demon-
strated the extent of his self-accusation and self-reproach. Such
self-abasement is a comm^n_Sj^rn? tojnof^mental disturbance.
It had deep roots in Weininger. The conflicting torces~irrhis
mind were steadily more accentuated on that night until with
the declaration that he was a born criminal, a born murderer,
his guilt feelings reached a peak of intensity.
Gerber ends his story: "When I asked if his intention had
been directed against any definite person, he gave no clear an-
swer. It was soon dawn. The lamp had gone out. I felt exhausted
and discouraged because my efforts had been unsuccessful. I
had spent all my energy; his will had been the stronger.
"In my great fear of losing my friend and with the vague feel-
ing that I was leaving him forever, I said a few words with my
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? 94 Edge of Fear
last, decisive strength. I wept, and my sentiment had effect
where my words had availed nothing. He put his hand on my
forehead, and there were tears in his eyes. In an extremely sol-
emn tone he said, 'I thank you. ' He would go on living, but I
must be silent. He needed peace and must be left alone.
"It was full daylight when he left me.
"We never mentioned this night to each other again"
(Taschenbuch, pp. 20-21).
Such is Gerber's story of one of the crucial passages in the life
of Otto Weininger. We must then ask, How accurate is the
account? An answer cannot be given readily. It has not been
possible to find out whether or not Gerber noted down the
events in his diary at the time. If he did record Weininger's
words soon after they were spoken on that November night of
1902, we might accept them without question. Yet Gerber's
book was not published until 1919, sixteen years after Wei-
ninger's death and seventeen years after the episode mentioned
here. The fact that Gerber and Ewald deciphered Weininger's
stenographic notes after his death may possibly have affected
the account.
There is some doubt as to whether Gerber could have remem-
bered the conversation with Weininger in completely accurate
detail. On the other hand, we cannot assume that his descrip-
tion of that exciting occurrence was pure imagination. One bit
of evidence supports the theory that he wrote down his mem-
ories of Weininger shortly after Otto's death. Gerber wrote to
Strindberg, and Strindberg sent him two letters, dated October
22 and December 8, 1903, in memory of Weininger. It would
seem a natural inference that Gerber at that time wanted to
write a book about Otto shortly after his death but, for one
reason or another, did not complete the task.
At that time Gerber might well have been prompted to write
his recollections of Weininger because he found that the criti-
cism aimed at Weininger's book and the picture given of his
personality by other writers were unjust. We have also a descrip-
tion of Weininger's suicide plans from another friend. Rappa-
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? Edge of Fear 95
port wrote, "He was thinking of suicide in the fall of 1902, but
a friend was able to avert the tragedy at that time" (U. L. D. , p.
xix). In the later editions of Vber die letzten Dinge, the state-
ment was changed to read, "Even before he had finished Sex
and Character he was thinking of suicide. " Furthermore, we
have descriptions of the suicide plans from Ferdinand Probst
(Der Fall Otto Weininger, in Grenzfragen des Nerven und
Seelenlebens, Wiesbaden, 1904), who wrote his book not long
after Weininger's death. Georg Klaren (Otto Weininger, der
Mensch, sein Werk und sein Leben, Vienna, 1924) and Paul
Biro (Die Sittlichkeitsmetaphysik Otto Weiningers, Vienna,
1927) also mention the plans, but since these were written after
Gerber's account was published, they may be derived simply
from that. To be sure, Gerber was the only witness and there-
fore the only source of information, but it seems that his story
was known long before it was published.
Since the letters Otto Weininger wrote during his travels
give the impression that a catastrophe was approaching, there is
no reason for believing that the major part of Gerber's descrip-
tion of those critical days in November was untrue. The central
fact seems clear, even though the details are known only
through Gerber.
It does not follow necessarily that Gerber was fully aware of
Weininger's mental condition. If he was, it seems remarkable
that he did not, after that November day, warn the family or
move to have Weininger given psychiatric treatment and per-
haps sent to a hospital. Possibly he did not because he was keep-
ing his promise not to mention the affair to anyone, or because
Weininger had such power over him that he did not dare to
speak.
The other possibility is that Gerber did not quite understand
the gravity of the matter. This seems less likely in view of his
early grasp of the situation. He wrote, "Those hints left no
doubt as to his condition. " Weininger's words show that he was
returning to things he had had in his mind for a long time. Yet
the hints seem to have been rather stereotyped. It is common
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? 96 Edge of Fear
in certain acute psychotic cases for the sufferer to take words
and sentences out of their context, and Weininger seems to
have followed this course; he talked only in hints which he
thought Gerber would not understand--which he himself may
not have recognized fully. Yet Gerber understood that Otto's
will to live was so weak that only great effort could make him
give up his purpose. His friend realized how serious the situa-
tion was, for he decided that Weininger was in such condition
that he should not be left alone.
Since he realized this and knew very well how strong were
Otto's feelings about Hamsun, it is strange that he repeated the
false news of Hamsun's suicide. Knowledge of the reported sui-
cide had, as might have been expected, a shocking effect on
Otto. It is, of course, possible that Gerber thought it would be
better for Otto to get the news through him than in a more
harmful way through reading the story in the newspapers. On
the other hand, it is possible that he told Weininger about it
without considering the matter carefully. If so, there is some
reason for us to ask whether Gerber really did understand Otto's
condition.
It is interesting to note the discrepancy between Gerber's ac-
count and Weininger's own account of the experience of the
barking dog. Otto himself, in the passage quoted earlier, tells
of two occasions when he heard a dog barking "in a peculiar,
penetrating way": the first was at Munich in a late afternoon
of July and did not awaken deep fear in him; the second was
"months later," at night and presumably in Vienna, and caused
him to react with terror. When he talked to Gerber, the two
incidents were fused into one, and Weininger told of biting the
sheets "in sheer terror," dating the occurrence in July and plac-
ing it in Munich. We are left with the impression that what
Weininger was actually describing to Gerber was not an event
that took place in Munich in July, but more probably an ex-
perience that had taken place just a few nights before Novem-
ber 20, possibly on November 19. It seems that a displacement
had occurred in his mind, that he was trying to push the terrible
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? Edge of Fear 97
experience as far as possible out of his mind. A like fusion of
thought can be seen in the use of the words "mental and phys-
ical death. "
Weininger had thus advanced from vague fear to rationalized
terror. If we remember that he always used introspection as an
instrument of psychotherapy, we may guess how he progressed
in the summer and autumn of 1902. His terror became clearer
and clearer, and we may believe that out of necessity he grad-
ually filled it with rationalistic content. He probably was apply-
ing his own brand of psychotherapy, which he mentioned over
and over again (especially in the last months of his life). "The
only thing is psychotherapy," he wrote, "but not imperfect ex-
ternal psychotherapy as we know it today, in which the outside
will of a suggester must produce its effect; not the heteronomic,
but the autonomic, hygiene and therapy, in which everyone is
his own diagnostician and thus at the same time a therapist.
Everyone must cure himself and be his own physician. If he
does, then God will help him; if he does not, nobody will help
him" (Taschenbuch, p. 28).
He knew that to understand his own mental state he had to
be his own diagnostician, and we may take it that he tried to
find out about his own terror. He did on the night when his fear
took its final shape--fear for his own life. The conclusion seems
unavoidable that he, through his psychotherapy, increased the
fear. He tried to supply it with a content more rationalized than
it needed to be.
This conclusion is strengthened when we recognize the un-
bending consistency with which he applied introspection. He
apparently believed that through it he could accomplish self-
control. When in August, 1903, he wrote down an appreciation
of his own gifts, he was so sure of himself that he could say: "I
believe that my gifts are such that in some way I can solve all
problems. I do not think that I could ever be wrong for any
considerable length of time. I believe that I have deserved the
name Messiah (Redeemer) because I have this nature" (Ta-
schenbuch, p. 28). Before he could arrive at this conviction, he
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? g8 Edge of Fear
must, however, have passed the stage where he came to the be-
lief that he could control all his gifts and make them fruitful in
solving all human problems. It seems probable that he did
come to this belief. After the November night of 1902 it seems
that he was beginning to master his own mental state. His faith
in psychotherapy therefore persisted. In Italy in the summer of
1903 we find him writing these words (U. L. D. , p. 130), which
must have grown from his own experience: "Perhaps disease is
always a form of poisoning. The soul does not have the courage
to become conscious of the poison and make it harmless in the
struggle. That is why it is still at work in the body. " Even if it is
dangerous to read this statement as general enough to include
all the mental torture that he suffered, it still sheds light on his
conscious effort to learn about his fear.
The terror of dying does not, however, seem to have been
built entirely by Weininger's conscious efforts. It was a product
of his mental conflicts and rose when the mental opposites in
his personality became so extreme that he forced ethical con-
siderations into every trifle. This condition resulted from his
moral uncertainty. It is clear that his moral attitude did not ex-
press his true personality, since he always had to fight in order
to maintain it. The tension and struggle bred despair. As Swo-
boda says: "Many of his statements are no doubt quite depress-
ing, but only because, disguised as realization of emotions, they
picture a soul in mortal despair. The shivering cold which one
sometimes meets in Sex and Character comes not from truth
but from the suicidal mood in which those pages were written
and which the reader cannot help feeling" (Swoboda, p. 30).
When we put all the features we now know of Otto's mental
development from the autumn of 1901 to November, 1902, into
one picture, it becomes obvious that he gave clear signs of moral
affects which had their roots in the summer of 1900 and first
appeared in an outward, critical way around July, 1902. Then it
became clear to him that he must live in accord with his moral
principles--a conviction that resulted from his great mental
conflicts, which at that time sometimes appeared to show a split
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? Edge of Fear 99
in his personality. By righting steadfastly and under great men-
tal strain for moral harmony, he arrived at the point where he
felt keenly every small demand, and he found that all the de-
mands when put together were too overwhelming to be ful-
filled. A disarrangement took place; his inner structure changed.
But this determination was an aspect of his personality that
never fell back to his former mode of life. The unique, fighting
moral attitude stayed with him and grew.
Typical of his belief that absolute demands were being made
upon him are the following words from Vber die letzten Dinge
(p. 60): "A man lives until he goes into the absolute or into
nothing. . . . He is free to choose his future life. His life goes
to ruin or is a preparation for eternity.
" Here is a religious touch
not unlike that seen in Ibsen's Brand. 5 Just as Ibsen demanded
that one should live life to the full extent of the self without
compromise, so did Weininger also have his conception of ab-
solute values. 8
Contrary to this was the fear that he might not live up to
these ethical demands--the fear that, because he was full of sin,
he must atone with his life. Once more we find a change in his
personality, a displacement.
In broad outline, we may say that two oblique lines appeared
in the original structure of Weininger's personality make-up.
In the year 1902 something new entered. The schizoid or
schizophrenic individual shows (and this seems to have been
the case with Weininger) that some definitive event has oc-
s "The specific way which Ibsen chose to solve the disharmony may seem
conventional. As Solveig laboriously works her way through the shadows, she
seems like a saving angel created just for the moment. But when she speaks,
it is the sorrow of life itself that speaks, and in her comfort is found the same
attitude that faith takes toward the religious problem of existence" (Anathon
Aall, "Peer Gynt, som libsbillede og som dikting" in Samtiden, 1921, p. 235).
6 That Ibsen was at a very early period discussing the decisive attitude of man
to the demanding necessity of action may be seen in the words he wrote to
Clemens Petersen from Rome, March 9, 1867: "But that one pace forward . . .
is just this: there can be no more question of 'I will' but only of 'I must'; you
have helped me across a terrifying precipice, and I am grateful and will always
be grateful to you for it" (Halvdan Koht, "Breve fra Henrik Ibsen" in Samtiden,
1908, p. 91). See also Werner Moring, Ibsen und Kierkegaard, Palaestra 160
(Leipzig, 1928), pp. 54, 55, 90.
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? 100
Edge of Fear
curred at one time or another in his life and that this agent has
worked to cause further reactions. Weininger's original per-
sonality during the spring and summer of 1902 went through a
change which was not only permanent but progressive. The im-
portant point is that once the change in the structure of his
personality make-up took place it did not disappear, but re-
mained until a new change took place, according to the pattern
characteristic of schizophrenic cases.
The basic conflict was the psychological expression of deep-
seated difficulties in Weininger. Through the fear he revealed
in this period we can see the basic traits in his personality: his
narcissistic self-protection and self-devoted defense, neurotic in
type. The importance he attributed to this fear must be taken
as a schizophrenic symptom.
The moral struggle in Weininger, then, resulted in morbid
manifestations, which were at first short and violent, but later,
while maintaining their intensity, assumed longer duration, and
finally became constant. This struggle called forth feelings of
abasement, shame, and unworthiness, accompanied by a strong
sense of guilt. The morbid reactions he displayed were acute
motor discharges, sometimes taking the form of fear and anx-
ieties, and sometimes the form of a blind fury against himself,
which reached a temporary climax in his openly confessed sui-
cide plans.
Weininger's bellicose moral attitude developed further and
further in this period until it finally took the form of an asocial
ethic. With the development of social asceticism, which he later
professed, this ethic became self-denying and annihilating. In
his struggle the feeling of guilt was the starting point of the
crisis, the overcoming of that feeling was the content. It in-
volved the contest between his mental extremes. 7
7 The moral hypertrophy--the opposite of moral insanity--which characterized
Weininger's attitude in respect both to his rigorous ethical demands and to the
requirements he stated as an individualist is probably suggestive of a certain
differential schizoid disposition. See Hermann Hoffmann, Vererbung und Seelen-
leben: Einfilhrung in die psychiatrische Konstitutions- und Vererbungslehre
(Berlin, 1922), p. 219.
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? Edge of Fear 101
The story of Weininger's reaction to the sound of a dog bark-
ing in the night shows that he must have suffered an hallucina-
tion. If we take it that he really did hear a dog bark, he must
have had a particularly vivid and impressionistic experience--a
pseudo hallucination--suited to the situation. Such an occur-
rence is quite possible. It often happens that a patient suffer-
ing from an acute psychosis has hallucinatory and pseudo-
hallucinatory deceptions in a confused mixture. And, quite
apart from the incident of that night, Weininger, according to
his own writings, had other experiences that can scarcely be
taken as anything but visionary hallucinations.
If we try to decide what specific type of hallucination he had,
we must note that Weininger seemed to hear imaginary voices
"commanding" him ("I am a born criminal, a born mur-
derer"), and the evidence indicates a definitely psychotic phe-
nomenon. We must remember that hallucinations as such are
not a sort of schizophrenia. Weininger doubted his real experi-
ences and his real thoughts rather than his misinterpretations
and was led to the idea that he must kill himself (imperative
hallucinations). His self-deceptions make it possible for us to
interpret his disturbance as hallucinatory disturbance. In addi-
tion, there appears to be a memory component; the displace-
ment of the events of a November night to July, 1902, resulted
apparently in loss of memory of the correct date. We may
therefore maintain that his disturbances were both hallucina-
tory and mnemonic. Though the incident of the barking dog
was well preserved in his memory, he related it incorrectly, be-
cause the reproduction of what he experienced at one definite
moment was disturbed. The incident was painful, and he sub-
merged it by distorting it. We may surmise that it was not his
memory itself that was disturbed, but rather his capacity for
associative reproduction of something remembered. Such mem-
ory distortion resulted from his narcissistic orientation.
The conclusion that something was lacking in his capacity for
recollection supports the theory that he suffered from a mental
derangement. Even if he seemed to be in contact with the out-
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? 102
Edge of Fear
side world, on this one point he was unable to understand real-
ity. The living connection between him and the outside world
was lost for a short while--his ego was separated from its sur-
roundings. The mere fact that his orientation seemed sound
(and accordingly his reactions seemed sound also) is no argu-
ment against the basic diagnosis. Quite commonly delirious
schizophrenic patients are well oriented in time and space.
As events developed that night, Gerber had to defend the
"murderer" because he did not believe in his guilt. After hours
of discussion, lasting almost until dawn, the only answer to all
of his efforts was: "You cannot persuade me! Let me alone! I
cannot go on living! " The words must be taken as an expression
of introspection, self-judgment, destructive self-criticism, and
devastating self-accusations--all symptoms within the frame-
work of the schizophrenic group. This kind of self-reproach and
self-criticism may often be seen also in the manic-depressive
psychosis. Yet if we remember his whole mood, his complete
mental situation with its practically fixed affective condition, it
is more reasonable to see his self-accusations as of schizophrenic
nature.
His suicide plan was based on a misconception. But this mis-
conception did not endure. By the morning of November 21 the
thought of killing himself had left him. He wanted to live.
When Otto Weininger made his decision, it may have been
because the idea of suicide had actually left him or it may have
been because he wanted to please his friend. The most likely
psychological explanation is that the time had arrived for a more
or less sudden remission of his acute case of disturbance. (As
Gerber said earlier, "The crisis was not yet over. ") His sudden
improvement was also indicated by the fact that he later be-
haved as if nothing had happened although he remembered
clearly what had gone on. When his mental condition improved
as it did, we have one more reason to believe his case was of
schizophrenic nature, since remissions of this sort can be seen
only in schizophrenic persons. The mental disturbance in him
was, however, of a passing kind; there was a slight and momen-
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? Edge of Fear 103
tary improvement before the real one, and the crisis passed only
after several hours. But he seems to have been open to argu-
ment. There was a serious contest between him and Gerber,
and Weininger was temporarily persuaded, not because Ger-
ber's words impressed him, but because his friend wept. He
would go on living. Thus the mental disturbance was over, and
everything seemed to be as before.
It appears that Otto Weininger was trying to pull himself to-
gether. His mental conflicts had brought him to the verge of a
split, but just as they seemed to get the upper hand Weininger
overcame them. His mental split was not too serious for him to
suppress it--at least apparently it was not. Yet one gains the
impression that Weininger barely escaped schizophrenic dis-
ease. It was on the point of overtaking him, it did overtake him,
then it relaxed and he escaped, either because its grip was not
firm enough upon him or because he was strong enough to com-
pose himself and put up enough mental resistance to throw off
the attack. Weininger was that night clear-minded enough to
be able to resist insanity consciously, shocking as the experience
may have been for him. His intelligence was keen enough for
him to realize what was happening, though he was spellbound
by his own experiences and found it hard to get away.
On that November night he came out victor over his own
mental split; at least in the following months he was able to pull
himself together. The experience, however, left its mark on his
mind. From that night emerged a new Weininger, different
from the old.
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? Sex and
Character
Q
ex and character was first published in 1903. It consisted
L-^/of two parts. Of these the first part was Weininger's thesis
for the doctor's degree, which was colored with scientific
thought. It is worth while to summarize what he says in it.
The two general concepts of male and female have come
down to us from primitive mankind. Yet is it really the case that
all women and men are marked off sharply from each other?
Nowhere in nature is there another such pronounced discon-
tinuity. There are transitional forms between the metals and
nonmetals, between animals and plants, and between mam-
mals and birds. From these analogies one might suppose that
there is in nature no sharp cleavage between masculine on the
one side and feminine on the other.
In the controversy about the nature of woman, appeal has
been made to the arbitration of anatomy, in the hflpe that some
anatomical line could be drawn between the inborn and ac-
quired properties of males and those of females. The answer of
the anatomists is clear enough. Absolute sexual distinctions be-
tween all men on the one side and all women on the other do
not exist. Sex cannot be determined with certainty from the
skeleton or from the muscles, tendons, skin, blood, or nerves.
The sex of a human embryo of less than five weeks cannot be
recognized. Sexual differentiation is never complete. All pe-
culiarities of the male sex may be present in the female in some
form, however weakly developed, and so also the sexual charac-
teristics of the woman persist in the man. Thus one can find
men with feminine pelves, well-developed breasts, and high-
pitched voices, and women with flat breasts and small hips.
Among human beings there are all sorts of intermediate condi-
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? Sex and Character 105
Hons, varieties of sexual transitional forms between male and
female.
We may suppose the existence of an ideal man, M, and of an
ideal woman, W, as sexual types. Males and females are like
two substances combined in different proportions, but with
neither element ever wholly missing. All human beings are
more or less hermaphroditic, physically and mentally. A person
may be f M + \ W; another may be f W + ? M, and so on.
Yet Weininger is first concerned not with studying these spe-
cific cases, but only with determining the mind of the absolute
woman and the absolute man, the 100 percent woman and the
100 percent man. His subject, therefore, is not the living, con-
crete woman or man, but their types, considered platonically.
Sexuality is not limited to the genital organs and glands; it
extends to other parts of the body. But where are the borders?
In other words, where does sex display itself and where is it ab-
sent? Weininger mentions the theory, first suggested by the
Danish zoologist, Johannes Japetus Smith Steenstrup, that j
sexual properties are present in every part of the body. 1 Wein-
inger finds similarly that all parts of a woman, although in dif- it*-^
ferent degrees in the various zones, are sexually excitable.
He then passes on to the formal, hypothetical concept, which
to him seems almost factually certain: Each cell in the body is
sexually charged. 2 According to this principle governing sexual
transitional forms, Weininger believes that the sexual charac-
teristics may appear in different degrees. Empirical facts seem,
indeed, to prove that this principle of sexual transition between
man and woman may be extended to all the cells of the body.
At present, he said, it is impossible to say in which part of the
cell the masculinity or femininity is located.
The distribution of sexual characteristics affords an impor-
tant proof of the appearance of sexuality. Such characteristics
1 Untersuchungen ilber das Vorkommen des Hermaphroditismus in der Natur
(Greifswald, 1846), p. 9.
2 Mobius claimed in Geschlecht und Unbescheidenheit (Halle an der Saale,
1907), p. 10, that he had said (in "Uber das Somageschlecht," in Umschau,
January, 1903) that "each cell is sexually marked. "
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? 1o6
Sex and Character
(at least in the animal kingdom) may be arranged according
to the strength of their exciting influence on the opposite sex.
Weininger describes the male and female genital glands as pri-
mary sexual characteristics. The secondary sexual characteris-
tics are those which appear at puberty and which cannot be
developed except under the influence of the internal secretions
of the genital glands. Examples of these are the beard in men,
mammary glands in women, the type of voice, and the like.
Tertiary sexual characteristics comprise certain inherited traits
such as great muscular strength or marked mental obstinacy.
Quaternary sexual characteristics are acquired habits such as
men's drinking and smoking, women's domestic duties.
The degree of development of the secondary characteristics
has been regarded as the effect upon the organism of the in-
ternal secretions of the genital glands. These are the organs in
which the sex of the individual is most obvious, and, moreover,
the characteristic properties of the species, the race, and the
family to which the organism belongs are marked in the genital
cells.
If the genital glands of a man are removed, the male charac-
teristics disappear or become weakened and the feminine char-
acteristics appear more strongly. Every cell contains a certain
percentage of male plasm (arrhenoplasm) and a certain per-
centage of female plasm (thelyplasm). This seems to be proved
by the fact that in certain hermaphroditic animals male and
female sexual characters coexist, but the two do not function
at the same period. Each such individual exercises first the func-
tions of a male, afterwards those of the female (protandry). In
human beings, also, that is, in mature men, ma. y be found like
phenomena known to the study of sexual pathology.
In all forms of sexually differentiated life there is attraction
between males and females, between man and woman, the ob-
ject of which is procreation. Feminine men love masculine
women and vice versa. The fact that maleness and femaleness
are distributed in the living world in every possible proportion
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