No More Learning

Kyogen: Japanese traditional comedy which developed with the No, and is often performed with No plays on the No stage.
"Shojo," "Kagekiyo," "Hagoromo": No plays, included in Fenollosa-Pound transla- tions, Certain NobJe PJays of Japan [ Al 2] . "Your book" refers to 'Noh ' or Accom- plishment [A13].
"Busu": a piece of Kyogen. During the master's absence, his two servants find out that the "busu," which they have been told to be poison, is actually black sugar. They eat it up, and break their master's favorite hanging scroll and a bowl as well.
25
Kandinsky: Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), Russian abstract painter and mystic; see his Concerning the Spiritual in Art [Uber das Geistige in der Kunst] (pub- lished in 1914 in English translation as The Art of Spiritual Harmony).
26
Picabia: Francis Picabia (1879-1953), French Dadaist and "sur-irrealist" painter; acquaintance of Pound's in Paris.
27
Capt. /. BrinkJey; John Brinkley (1887-1964), son of Francis Brinkley and uncle of Aya, wife of Gonkuro Koume (younger brother of Tami); worked for the League of Nations in Paris.
? NOTES 219
30
Gakushuin: ( |^ p P/C ). educational institution established in 1877 in Tokyo mainly for the children of Japanese nobility. It is now open to the public, and includes a co-ed university, high school and other levels.
Barney: Natalie Clifford Barney, who held the "Friday salon," was "I'Amazone" of Remy de Gourmont's Letters to an Amazon. See Charles Norman, Ezra Pound (New York: MacMillan, 1960), p. 269.
32
FenoJIosa: see note to letter 4.
Umewaka Minora: Minora Umewaka ( ^-^/p
) [1827-1909], a Japanese No player; gave lessons to Fenollosa. See letter 5; see aJso Fenollosa and Pound,
'Nob' or Accomplishment.
Dr. Mori: Kainan Mori ( y^^% ^ ) [1863-1911], a Japanese scholar of Chinese
language and literature; gave lessons to Fenollosa.
Dr. Ariga: Nagao Ariga ( ^ '^ h^'^%- ) [1860-1921] graduated from Tokyo Im-
perial University in 1882, where he was a student of Fenollosa. Doctor of jurisprudence in international law; taught at Tokyo Imperial University and Waseda University. Author of a number of books on literature, sociology, and pedagogy as well as international law; later became a member of the Privy Council. He was an assistant-interpreter for Fenollosa while the latter was in Japan, and the translator of Fenollosa's Epochs oj Chinese and Japanese Art after it was posthumously published in 1912.
that earth quake: "The Great Earthquake of Kanto" which struck Tokyo and Yoko- hama area on September 1, 1923. According to the statistics, the magnitude was 7. 8-8. 2; deaths totalled 99,331, with 43,476 missing.
C. H. Douglas: Major Clifford Hugh Douglas (1879-1952), British economist and originator of the theory of Social Credit, which holds that maldistribution of wealth due to insufficient purchasing power is the reason for economic de- pressions and World Wars. Published articles in A. R. Orage's The New Age.
Gesell: Silvio Gesell (1862-1930), Minister of Finance of the second Munich Repub- lic (1919); monetary reformer and author of The Natural Economic Order.
Cavalcanti: Guido Cavalcanti Rime, published in 1932 [B27]. ABC of Reading: published in 1934 [A35]
33
Jean Cocteau: French poet and long-standing friend of Pound's from his years in Paris (1920-25).
35
Izzo and Camerino: Carlo Izzo, an Italian translator of Pound's poems, and his friend Aldo Camerino, sent out a group of letters in the fall of 1935, and launched
f:
? 220 NOTES
"a movement tending to establish a regular exchange of technical, mostly pro- sodic, information . . . between literary people of different countries"; see Charles Norman, Ezra Pound, p. 332.
Bunting: Basil Bunting, British poet.
LaughJin; James Laughlin, publisher of New Directions.
Zukofsky: Louis Zukofsky, American poet.
AngoJd; J. P. Angold, a British poet; author of an unpublished book on economics
called "Work and Privilege" which Pound tried to translate into Italian; see
David Heymann, The Last Rower (New York: Viking Press, 1976), p. 140. weJsh scholar: W. Moelwyn Merchant? ; Hugh Gordon Porteus?
36
]efferson and/or Mussolini: published in July 1935 [A41].
37
Ken Yanagisawa: { %^f '^'^ "j^ ) [1889-1953], Japanese diplomat and poet; author of Orchard, Journals of South Europe, and Twilight on the Indian Ocean.
Ginza: the most fashionable street in Tokyo at that time.
uivKER and Bopoto: see Kitasono's letter to Pound (30 January 1937).
38
Alberto Carocci: Italian publisher.
Utai: the rhythmic chanting of No texts.
Rihaku: Japanese name for the Chinese poet Li Po.
con espressioni di alta Stima: with expressions of high esteem.
40
HajimeMatsumiya: ( T^X"^ ^'ll ),Councillorof the Japanese embassy in Italy, 1936-38.
ABC: ABC of Reading [A3 5].
W. E. Wloodward: see selection of letters from Pound to Woodward in Paideuma,
vol. 15, no. 1 (Spring 1986), pp. 105-20.
41
Suma Gen;i: a No play whose "suspense is the suspense of waiting for a supernatu- ral manifestation--which comes"; see The Classic Noh Theatre of Japan.
Active Anthology: [B32].
Make It New: [A36].
The Chinese Written Character: [B36].
Ta Hio: [A28].
D. C. Fox; Douglas Fox, assistant to Leo Frobenius at the Forschungsinstitut fiir
Kulturmorphologie in Frankfurt; edited numerous works of Frobenius. Paideuma was the name of the journal the institute published.
? NOTES
221
43
Margaret Lenoa; Margaret Gerstley Lenoa corresponded with Pound on staging No plays, etc.
Meierhold: Wsewolod Emiljewitsch Meyerhold (1874-1942), Russian actor and director.
44
Pauthier: M. G. Pauthier, French translator of Confucius, kana: Japanese syllabary.
Cathay: published in 1915 [A9].
45
Globe: Milwaukee magazine to which Pound contributed articles on politics and economics during 1937-38.
Uncle George: Representative George Holden Tinkham of Massachussetts; he met Pound in Italy.
J'uomo piu educate: "the most experienced, or knowledgeable man. "
Ronald Duncan: British poet and editor of Townsman (London); "no relation" of the
American dancer.
Satie: Erik Satie, who lived in Arcueil, a southern section of Paris.
Sasajima: Toshio Sasajima ( f^'? S) -^^ ), a member of the vou Club. Nakamura: Chio Nakamura ( ^ T^ ^ /%_^ ), a member of the vou Club. KOIKE:TakeshiKoike( ^hv^^^), amemberofthevouClub.
Cummings: e. e. cummings.
Morrison: Robert Morrison, a Protestant missionary in Asia who compiled a six-
volume Chinese-English dictionary (published in Malacca, 1815-22).
48
MAO SHE CH-HING tseen: Moo Shi cheng chien ( % ttf '^ ^- ), the text of the
Kwan Kwan Tsheu kew: f^ f^ ^ ^ ^H) ? The first line of the first poem (a folksong of Southern Chou) included in the Confucian Odes, meaning " 'Kwan, kwan' sing the [two] eaglefishers. " "Kwan" means "pass," but it is used here as onoma- topoeia of the bird's cry.
49
assuperiorman. . . : Pound'stranslationfromthefourthandsixthlinesofthesame
Lacharme interpretatione, edidit Julius Mohl (Stuttgart and Tubingen, 1830). Hemingway's "They aJJ made peace": VOU no. 19 (July 1, 1937) contains Kitasono's
Confucian Book of Odes edited with notes by Mao Heng [^ %. Ch'ang( \ X ), later annotated by Cheng Hsuan( ^p ^ period, and reputedly the most authentic version of the Odes.
poem in the Confucian Odes above:
old latin bloke: P. Lacharme, Conjucii Chi-King, sive Liber Carminum, ex Latina, P.
J^ ^ ~^h' \iB-
^^^^^^
) and Mao ) inthelaterHan
? 222 NOTES
Japanese translation of the poem by Hemingway (pp. 33-4).
Butcharl: Montgomery Butchart, author of Money, one of Pound's select economic
texts.
50
Jennings' appalling translation: The Shi King: The 0\d "Voeivy Classic" of the Chinese by William Jennings (1891).
51
beautiful book; Kitasono's book of poetry, Letters of the Summer
[Natsu no Tegami in Japanese]; La Lettre d'ete referred to in Kitasono's leuer of 6 September 1937.
BrinkJey: Francis Brinkley (1841-1912), an English Japanophile journalist. Visited Japan as a naval attache to the English Embassy in Tokyo in 1867; in 1881 bought the Japan MaiJ and became its president and chief editor. In 1892, also began writing for the London Times as its Tokyo correspondent. Author of Guide to English SeJ/-taught (1875); History of the Empire of Japan (1893); Japan and China (1903); New Guide to English Self-taught (1909); History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of Meiji Era (1915).
52
^^^lih
crow. " Pound later translated the line (rightly) as "All red things foxes, each
black a crow/(evil in omen)," in Part One, Book 3, The CJassicaJ Anthology Defined by Confucius (1954), p. 19.
nowtrednot. . . :
(
%%M^%^
). "Red is the fox, black is the
Ukiyoe: woodblock print.
55
56
Bigelow: William Sturgis Bigelow (1850-1926), an American physician and Orien- talist who went to Japan in 1882. He later became a Buddhist, and gave his collection of Japanese works of art to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. See Van Wyck Brooks, FenoJJosa and His Circle.
58
Broletto: Italian quarterly magazine edited by Carlo Peroni.
Maria's booklet: Maria Pound's essay, "Gais or the Beauties of the Tyrol," was
eventually published in the Reijokai ( /^ -(f" ^ ) in Japanese translation by
Kitasono; Reijokai, vol. 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1939), pp. 98-111. Guide: Guide to Kulchur [A45].
(
I''i T*^
)
? NOTES
223
59
beautiful Townsman: refers to Townsman, vol. I, no. 1 (January, 1938) which contained Pound's introductory essay "vou Club" and a selection of poems by its members translated into English. Their poems were to be published in New Directions 1938, edited by James Laughlin. See Appendix.
62
Peroni: Carlo Peroni, editor of Broletto.
What does vou stand for? : According to Yasuo Fujitomi, when Kitasono and Shozo
Iwamoto were talking in 1935 about their new magazine in a coffee house, Iwamoto unconsciously and idly wrote with water from his fingertip on the table V and O and U. Kitasono thought vou had no meaning in any language, and they decided then that it be the title of the magazine.
UTAi:(^^) isthevocalpartoftheNoplay,andhasnothingtodowithvou. our PurceJJ music; Pound had organized performances at Rapallo of ten trio sonatas for two violins and continue by Henry Purcell (1658-95), based on an edition by
W. Gillies Whittaker and published by L'Oiseau Lyre in Paris. sheets of gaJiey proof: for Guide to KuJchur [A45].
63
Youngmen's Noh Plays: No plays performed by young men.
65
Kagekiyo and Kumasako: two No plays.
very smaJJ Western college: Olivet College (Michigan); see Pound/Ford, Letters, ed.
T. Materer, pp. 152-4.
Claude Bowers: member of the National Institute of Art and Letters in the U. S. ;
author of fefferson and Hamilton and The Tragic Era, books Pound strongly
recommended. U. S. Ambassador to Spain in 1938.
Fox: Douglas C. Fox, Leo Frobenius' assistant.
Delphian Quarterly: edited by Mary W. Burd; printed article by Olga Rudge on
Vivaldi, as well as numerous articles and letters by Pound, including "Reorganize Your Dead Universities" (April 1938 issue).
66
TongKienKangMou;T'ungchienkangmu('^ffl_'tjBl,. ^ri^ Q [Tsugankomokuin J
Japanese](59vols. ),abridgedbyChuHsi( '^^) fromTzuchiht'ungchien
(
C ^"3 J*^ ^^ ) [Shijitsugan in Japanese] (294 vols. ) by Su-Man Kuang
( Sl . 5^ ^
) oftheSungDynasty.
sort of notes left by Emperor Toi-tsong: cf. Canto 54, "And the Emperor Tai Tsong
left his son 'Notes on Conduct'. "
the first government note: According to Meng Lin ( ^/S:p|- ) of the Ching ( }'^)
dynasty, the currency notes had been used since the time of Kao Tsong in the
? 224
NOTES
T'ang period in China. But, according to more recent studies, the first govern-
ment note ( ? _ ^ ) appeared in 1023 in the Sung period. Pro/. Mori; see notes to Pound's letter of 24 May 1936.
Mr. Matsumiya: see Pound's letter of 1 January 1937.
67
Miss R/: Olga Rudge.
Isida:IchiroIshida(1909- ),JapanesecomposerandfriendofKitasono;amonghis
works is Piano Pieces: Northern Country.
68
Manyosyu: Manyoshu, the oldest Japanese anthology of poetry compiled toward the end of the Nara period, in the latter half of the eighth century. It comprises about 4,500 poems written by various classes of people, from Emperor to com- mon soldiers, living in various districts in Japan, from the fifth century to 759.
Waka: literally means Japanese poetry. In ancient times the word "waka" was used, to distinguish it from Chinese poetry, to denote choka, tanka, sedoka, and other forms of Japanese poetry, with the rhythmic pattern based on the combination of 5 and 7 syllables, but it now denotes particularly tanka, the most popular form among them, with 5, 7, 5, 7 and 7 syllables.
Uta: literally means poetry or song; it often denotes tanka.
Kokinsyu: Kokinwakashu [Anthology of Japanese Poetry, Ancient and Modern),
compiled between c. 905 and c. 914 by Ki no Tsurayuki, Ki no Tomonori, Oshikochi no Mitsune, and Mibu no Tadamine, by command of Emperor Daigo (888-930). It comprises about 1,100 poems, most of which are tanka.
Sinkokinsyu: Shinkokinwakashu [New Anthology of Japanese Poetry, Ancient and Modern), commissioned in 1201 by ex-Emperor Gotoba (1180-1239) and completed in 1221. Among the six compilers was Fujiwara Teika. It comprises about 2,000 poems.
[All the dates supplied by Kitasono in parentheses for the three anthologies are uncertain. ]
A Guide to Japanese Studies: Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, eds. , A Guide to Japanese Studies; Orientation in the Studies of Japanese History, Buddhism, Shintoism, Art, Classic Literature, Modern Literature (Tokyo: KBS, 1937).
K. B. S. : Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai ( ^ f,^ i. '^^'^^^4> ) [Society for Pro- moting International Cultural Exchange).
70
Cactus II: Cactus IrJand
Wyndham LI: Wyndham Lewis.
new portrait of me/: portrait in Tate Gallery.
72
K2? : "K secondo" or "duo"; K two times.
Girl's Circle; Rei/okai; see Pound's letter to Kitasono, 18 January 1938, and Kitaso-
no's letter to Pound. 10 February 1939.
? NOTES 225
Porteus: Hugh Gordon Porteus wrote, ". . . the most fruitful experiments with lan- guage are likely to continue to emerge from those who concern themselves with images and their relations. . . . Nothing more novel and exciting has been done
lately, along these lines, than by the poets of the Japanese VOU group. Criterion, vol. XVIII (January, 1939), pp. 397.
73
. "
Charles Henri Ford; American avant garde poet (1910-? ); author of numerous books of poetry, editor of Blues (1929- ) and View (1940- ). Ford's The Garden of Disorder and Other Poems (European Press, 1938) was reviewed by Kitasono in VOU no. 26 (April 26, 1939), pp. 17-8; Kitasono also translated into Japanese W. C. Williams' "Preface" to the book and Ford's note on international chain poems.
Chain poem: Charles Henri Ford was also a contributor, along with Kitasono, to the chain poem printed in New Directions 1940, together with his introductory "How to Write a Chainpoem. "
74
ALL theNoh pJaysought to be/iJmed; in a later letter (31 October 1939) to Iris Barry, curator of the film archive of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, Pound wrote:
Dear Iris
Cant remember everything all the time.
I forget whether the film of Noh Play, " AWOI NA UYE," that Shio Sakanishi had shown to me in Washington is from your collection.
In any case I am starting rumpus to get all the NOH filmed. Ought to be done SOON, otherwise all the IN and YO will get messed and some god damned Jap Wagner smeared over the whole business.
I wonder if you cd/ get the Museum to colly/bo/rate by putting in an order, either via Dr. Sakanishi (Congress Libr/) or direct to the
KOKUSAI BUNKA SHINKOKAI Meiji Seimei kan, Marunouchi, Tokyo
If you can write to them, merely say that Museum is interested in my proposal and that you wd. of course be ready to take copies of all films made with properly qualified Noh actors.
I hear that Shigefusa Hosho is good. Forget who did the Awoi, but it was a good show.
some of the phono discs do not seem to me very good.
Whether Fox can get Forschungsinst/ to place similar order, I mention matter to him.
I hope to be publishing a boost for the idea in Japan, shortly. and so forth.
dunno but do
. .
? 226 NOTES
A "Tong Kien Kang Mou" of Japan: A general history of Japan like T'ung chien kang mu, from which de Mailla translated into French his Histoire GeneraJe de Ja Chine, ou Annaies de cef Empire.
B^$. ^^-^J [AChronicleof Japanese Emperors], 4 vols. , edited by Nobuyoshi Fujiwara, covers the period
from Emperor Jimmu to Emperor Gotoba.
KJaproth: Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1783-1835), an Orientalist who taught Asian
history and geography in Paris, edited and translated the 1 834 edition of Nipon O Dai Itsi Ran, ou AnnaJes des Empereurs du Japan.
75
Mr. Moori; Yasotaro Mori ( <, -f ') ) \'Y ^&P ), editor of The Japan Times, and translator of Soseki Natsume's Botchan into English.
76
my latest and shortest book; Whiat Is Money For? [A46].
Rothschild: family that controlled an international banking firm; founder was
Meyer Amschelm Rothschild (17437-1812).
Sassoon: family that controlled a large trading firm in England; founder was David
Sassoon (1792-? ).
78
"poeta economista": "poet economist. "
my beloved young novelist: Maria Pound.
"Shinbu" "Miaco" . . . know: referring to Canto 58. The sources are de Mailla and
also Klaproth, tr. , Nipon O Dai Itsi Ran, ou AnnaJes des Empereurs du Japan (Paris, 1834), pp. xiv, and 399; see also John J. Nolde, Blossoms from the East: The China Cantos of Ezra Pound (Orono, Maine: National Poetry Foundation, 1983), pp. 323-26.
79
IgorMorkewitch: Igor Markevich (1912-83), Russian composer and conductor who stayed in Italy during World War II.
82
McN. Wilson: R. McNair Wilson, American historian; author of Promise to Pay, one of Pound's select texts on the truth of economics.
Kuhn Loeb and Co. : New York banking firm involved in international finance. De WendeJ: French family involved in international finance.
Vivaldi week in Siena: the Settimana musicaJe (September 16th to 21st) of the
Siena Academy, under the auspices of the Accademia Musicale Chigiana, de- voted entirely to the music of Vivaldi, under the direction of Alfredo Casella; Olga Rudge and Pound greatly contributed to its inspiration and conception, and
Nipon O Dai itsi ran: Nippon Odai Ichiran (
? NOTES
'^'^'^
managed to interest Count Chigi in the project. This germinal event sparked the
renewal of interest in the music of Vivaldi witnessed in our century. See essay 4. Odon Por: Hungarian-Italian economist; author of VoWixco. economico-socmXe in \iQ\\(i anno XVII-XVIH, which Pound translated in 1941 : lioXy's PoJicy o/ Social
Economics \^2^n^AQ [A49].
Dr. Sakanishi: Shio Sakanishi ( t^tfi? ir''^\\ )? curator of the Japanese Section at
the Library of Congress. She showed Pound the film of No plays in the Library during the summer of 1939, which impressed him greatly. Shio Sakanishi, "An Uninvited Guest: Ezra Pound," Eigo Bungaku Sekai [ '^l^XJ^Ai^ 1 (November and December, 1972). See oXso note to letter 74.
83
[1899-1980]; Japanese poet, translator, and professor of English literature (1949-70). While teaching English at Waseda University (1935-70), translated many of W. B. Yeats' poems into Japanese; author of A Sixxdy of Modern Irish Literature (1956); W. B. Yeats; Man and his
Works (1958); and English Literature and Poetic Imagination (1972).
Poems; Among Shapes and Shadows: Shotaro Oshima's book of poems written in English, published by the Hokuseido Press, Tokyo, in 1939; 350 copies were printed, and the copy sent to Pound was no. 199. As Oshima wrote in the preface, "the majority of these poems were written during my stay in England, 1937-
1939. "
84
"Antonio Vivaldi": probably "Vocale o verbale," an account of the Vivaldi Week performances in Siena which appeared in Meridiano di Roma (November 26, 1939) [C1526]; there also appeared on November 25th "Risveglio Vivaldiano" in I] Mare [C1525].
Kuan Chia Tung: ? related to Chia Tung, author of Lays and Relays; Being Selections from the "Lays of Far Cathay" (Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1894).
Marquis de Laplace: Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827), French mathematician and astronomer; author of Exposition du Systeme du Monde (1796).
85
the triangle: the Axis.
vou with yet again my phiz. : VOU no. 28 (December 1, 1939) contained a photo-
graphofPoundandKitasono'stranslationof"StatuesofGods"[Dl86], originally
published in Townsman, II, 7 (August 1939) [C1575].
Beard: Charles Beard, American historian; author of Economic Origins ofjefferso-
nian Democracy.
Woodward: William E. Woodward, American journalist and historian who was on
several advisory boards dealing with business and insurance during the Roosevelt administration; Pound sent him several items on economics to pass on
Shotaro Oshima: (
Jl, ^fLK. ^^
)
? 228 NOTES
to the president--which he never did. See selection of letter from Pound to
Woodward in Paideuma, vol. 15, no. 1 (Spring 1986), pp. 105-20.
Bowers: Claude G. Bowers, American historian and Ambassador to Spain (1938);
author of Jefferson and Hamilton and The Tragic Era.
OverhoJser; Willis A. Overholser, American economic historian; author of A Short
Review and Analysis of the History of Money in the United States (Libertyville,
IL: Progress Publishing Concern, 1936). Evviva Ja Poesia: Long live poetry!
epos; epic poetry.
87
Action: newspaper published in England by Sir Oswald Mosley.
British Union Quarterly; journal published by the Mosley Party; formerly the
Fascist Quarterly.
Social Creditor: published (beginning 1938) in Liverpool, England.
88
averyelegantvolume:Kitasono'sTheVioletsofFire( illustrated and designed by Seiji Togo.
^J^
c^ ^)[HinoSumire],
Japanese Dance all time overcoat: Michio Ito's remark to Pound, quoted in Canto 77.
a better article . . . than the J. T. interviewer: see Japan Times, November 26 and December 4, 1939.
Masaichi Tani: unidentified.
AinJey's face behind that mask: Ito made a comment to Pound on Ainley who
played the part of Cuchulain in Yeats' At the Hawk's Well in London in 1916: "He must be moving and twisting his face behind his mask. " The remark is quoted in Canto 77.
borrowing the old lady's cat: Ito asked Mrs. Tinkey if he could borrow her cat. But she "never believed he wanted her cat/ for mouse-chasing/ and not for oriental cuisine" (Canto 77).
Did you see the Hawk's Well? : The Ito family produced At the Hawk's Well in celebration of the 50th anniversary of their parents' wedding. Michio Ito trans- lated the play. Kisaku designed the masks and the stage. Hiroji composed the music, and designed the costumes. Osuke conducted the orchestra; Koreya Senda played the part of Cuchulain; Michio, the Old Man; Teiko (the wife of Hiroji), the Hawk. See Helen Caldwell, Michio Ito: the Dancer and his Dances (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), Chapter II.
89
Miharu Tiba: Miharu Chiba (1903- ), Japanese dancer, dance scriptwriter, and music educator; author of Miharu's Textbook.
Seiji Togo: (1897-1978), Japanese painter, whose paintings are often phantasmal
? NOTES 229
and colorful. "A Woman with a Parasol" and "A Woman with Black. Muffler" are
among his well-known works,
her portrait painted by Mrs. Frost; "Mrs. Ruth Sterling Frost was an American lady
who rented Palazzo Contarini in Venice. She was also a painter and did a portrait (unfinished) of me. " (Mary de Rachewiltz in a note to the editor. )
91
pamphlet I am sending Iwado: What Is Money For? [A46]?
Por: Odon Por.
Dali: Salvador Dali, the surrealist painter.
The Little Review: edited by Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap (1917-24). "Agon" is later; T. S. Eliot's Sweeney Agonistes was published in 1932, hence
"later. "
Crevel; Ren6 Crevel (1900-35), French surrealist poet, novelist, and critic.
92
Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai; Society for Promoting International Cultural Exchange. Bauern/dhig; farming skill, capacity.
j|i . ^ ; chiin tzu, a true gentleman, a wise man.
94
Hoffmann's bulletin: News from Germany, ed. H. R. Hoffmann.
his side kick Kung/; unidentified.
Mencius: Meng-tse (371? -288? b. c); Chinese Confucian philosopher. Mencius held
that the duty of a ruler is to ensure the prosperous livelihood of his subjects, and that warfare be eschewed except for defense. If a ruler's conduct reduces his subjects to penury, then he must be deposed. Proposed specific reforms in landholding and other economic matters.
Avicenna; Ibn Sina (980-1037), Persian philosopher, theologian, physician, mathe- matician, linguist, and astronomer. Interpreted Aristotle in a neo-platonic light, held that the unity of Mind (or Nous) gave form to all that exists, and that the universe emanated from the divine Active Intellect.
Matsumiya; see note to letter 40.
K. Takashi Ito's British Empire and People: The book was originally written in
Japanese as Eiteikoku oyohi Eikokujin (1937) by Takashi Ito [ ^f '^ ^p^ J [1906- ], then an official of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Funk; Walter Funk, Nazi economist, appointed Minister of Economy in 1937. Miaco; Miyako literally means capital, and usually designates Kyoto in Japanese
history.
Willkie: Wendell Lewis Willkie (1892-1944), Republican nominee for President of
the U. S. in 1940. See "Willkie, the G. O. P. Hope," Japan Times, 12 August 1940.
? 230
NOTES
97
Ponder's Modern Poetry: unidentified.
Salon/dhig .