u ma) A
philosophical
school often called the Middle Way school founded by NagStrjuna in the 2nd century.
Khenchen-Thrangu-Rinpoche-Asanga-Uttara-Tantra
For example, if one looks at objects, one needs an external condition of a light of some sort such as the sun or a lamp
? and one needs an inner condition of good eyesight. It isn't enough to have just one condition. In the same way, a combination of the outer condition of knowledge of the meanings of the words and the inner condition of logical reasoning are needed to understand what the Buddha said.
Third, one needs to determine if one can trust these teachings of the Buddha. The teachings of the great sages remove all defilements connected with the three realms and show the benefit of peace. So, authentic teachings have to show the possibility of achieving nirvana and be closely connected with the dharma. They should remove the
defilements of all three dimensions of samsara and should give peace of mind once liberation is achieved. A teaching without these characteristics wouldn't be the Buddha's teachings.
The sastras, while not the Buddha's words, are worthy of respect and have the following characteristics. They should not be written out of a desire for fame, but written to help spread the teachings and help other beings on the path. Authors of the Sastras don't follow their fancy, but write with a completely unobstructed mind strictly in accordance with the Buddha's teachings. Their works also have the quality of being conducive to the path of liberation so it is possible through practicing the sastras to achieve liberation because these teachings are in harmony with the conditions that lead to liberation. Because those
who compose the sastras have pure motivation and because the teachings are so close to what the Buddha said himself, they are worthy of being placed on one's head in the same way one would place the words of the Buddha himself. 9
9 It is Tibetan custom that when one receives a religious object, one touches it to the lop of one's head to receive a blessing from it.
? [396] The Buddha has total knowledge of the nature of phenomena because of his complete purity. The bodhisattvas have many but not all of these characteristics. Whatever the Buddha taught in the sutras shouldn't be adulterated, meaning one shouldn't say that this part of the teaching is correct, but that part is not. This would be mixing everything up and the true teaching would be destroyed.
[397] Since dharma is so valuable, it is very harmful to abandon it. One might give up the dharma by not under- standing things the way they really are and therefore have contempt for the teachings. This happens because these persons are so attached to and involved their own ideas, that they can never change their minds. For example, one can dye a clean piece of cloth any color, but if it has grease stains on it, one can never dye it properly. In the same way, if the mind is clouded by fixed views even though it is exposed to the dharma, it just will not change its own ideas. This is an indirect cause for abandoning dharma. [398] A more direct cause of not making spiritual
progress is not having very good intelligence so that one does not understand the nature of phenomena. Another is the absence of an aspiration to goodness. Without this there's no wish to help other beings or to do anything good. When this aspiration is absent, everything becomes polluted and generates wrong views such as giving up the dharma. One may have great pride, boasting of qualities one doesn't possess. Or one may not have been exposed to
dharma in a previous life and obviously not practiced much and as a result, one is quite heavily obscured by ignorance. The next cause is being so heavily obscured that one confuses the expedient meaning of the Buddha's teaching
? with the absolute meaning or vice versa.
In addition, there are the six causes of wrong associa-
tions. If one associates closely with those who reject the dharma; if one avoids those who hold the teachings; if one has a low level of aspiration and enjoys things that are in contradiction with the dharma, then the teaching of the Buddha are likely to be abandoned. This is why one should know these causes and should try and eliminate them.
[399] Those who understand the dharma need not fear fire, venomous snakes, murderers, or lightning. One should instead fear losing the dharma because fire, snakes, murders, etc. can only make one lose one's life, but to lose the dharma causes the terrible sufferings of the lower realms and the suffering of samsara. Therefore losing the teachings is more dangerous than anything else.
[400] If one associates very closely with friends who en- courage one to do what is wrong, then very negative things will develop. Under this bad influence one may wish to kill the Buddha or kill one's own father, mother, or an arhat. One may also try to create a division among the sangha. These are the worst possible actions and are called the five actions of immediate result which means that when one dies, one falls immediately into the worst possible realm. There are even worse actions, but if one does these acts and then realizes the magnitude of these actions, one may use the four remedial powers to purify oneself and even reach liberation. So even these five very bad actions won't have such bad results if one is capable of purifying them. However, if one has wrong views of the dharma and
dislikes it strongly in the short term, it doesn't seem so bad, but in the long-term it could be very dangerous because one will remain involved with outer thing? , not
? seeing one's good qualities, and one may embark on the wrong path. Until one has given up the wrong attitude towards the dharma, one will never be able to reach liberation. If one never thinks in terms of reaching liberation, then one will never get there. This then is worse than committing the five actions of immediate results because with this attitude there is no prospect of ever obtaining liberation. This is why one must be careful of those who dislike of the dharma and those with wrong views.
Dedication
[401] The dedication is a wisdom prayer to Amitayus and is also a summary of the whole text. It begins with the prayer that whatever virtue Maitreya has obtained through properly explaining these seven vajra points may all beings be able to meet Amitayus who is the sage of boundless life and endowed with limitless life. To see him in his sambhogakaya form has a short-term benefit of having long life and a long-term benefit of being able to achieve perfect enlightenment once one's dharma eyes have been opened.
[402] Following is a recapitulation of this concluding chapter on the benefits of the text. The line "on what basis" refers to the first two lines of verse 392 stating the text was composed from the words of the Buddha and on the basis of logical reasoning. The two lines of this stanza answer the question "for which reasons" which is in order to purify oneself and to help other beings reach Buddhahood. The question "in which way" is answered in stanza 393 which states it was given by relying on the Buddha's teaching and
? relying on Maitreya's understanding using the example of the necessity of light and eyes to see something properly. "That which has been explained" refers to stanza 394 ort how to recognize a true Buddhist teaching and the Sastras which are defined in stanza 395.
[403] Next are the means for purifying oneself. One shouldn't change any of the Buddha's teachings and one should practice them as properly as possible (referring to stanzas 396 and 397). Then it refers to the causes for the loss of dharma (stanza 398) and what would be the results of this loss (stanzas 399 and 400). The immediate result is being reborn in a lower state, the ultimate result is being deprived of a choice for liberation for a long time.
[404] The last stanza of the text refers to the dedication (stanza 401) and shows the short-term and the long-term fruition. Through practice and dedication of virtue one can be born in the mandala of the Buddha, see the sambhogakaya aspect of the Buddha, and therefore be able to see the true nature of everything and achieve supreme enlightenment. This shows that if one attains the relative level of enlightenment of a bodhisattva, one is in the company of the sambhogakaya Buddha and once the dharma eyes are opened, one achieves the ultimate level of
enlightenment.
Summary
We Buddhists have to follow the path outlined by the Buddha. We have to practice according to what the Buddha taught in the sutras and the tantras and we should understand them just as they are. However, the sUtraS sometimes were answers to a given situation or a disciple's
? particular question and sometimes the Buddha would answer questions based on the understanding suitable to his audience at the time. So sometimes the sutras were quite difficult to understand because some passages are extremely clear and others less clear. Also a sutra would specialize in a particular topic so if one wanted to know the general concepts of Buddhism, one had to read sutras scattered throughout various books. This is why most Buddhists in Tibet resorted to studying the sastras. These made the deeper meaning of Buddha's words more accessible and they didn't change the meaning of the dharma. This is why the sastras were so extremely important.
The Uttara Tantra was composed by Maitreya who was no ordinary being because he is a representative of the Buddhas and will be the next Buddha in our world. So he is the most superior author of the Sastra that one could find. The Uttara Tantra was translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan by the great scholar Sadzana who was the nephew of Brahmin Ratnavajra, he who was from the "City of Glory" which we believe is the city of Srinagari, but we are not completely sure. It was also translated in that same City of Glory by the Tibetan monk Loden Sherab.
? Glossary
Technical Terms used in this Text
abhidharma (Tib. chd ngdn pa) The Buddhist teachings are often divided into the sutras (the teachings of the Buddha), the vinaya (teachings on conduct) and the abhidharma (the analysis of phenomena).
absolute truth (Skt. paramartha satya Tib. dondam) There are two truths or views of reality--relative truth which is seeing things as ordinary beings do with the dualism of "I" and "other" and absolute truth, also called ultimate truth, which is transcending duality and seeing things as they are.
arhats (Tib. dra chom pa) Accomplished hinayana practioncrs who have eliminated the kleSa obscurations. They are fully realized sravakas and pratyekabuddha.
bhumi (Tib. sa) The levels or stages a bodhisattva goes through to reach enlightenment. Also called the bodhisattva levels and usually described as consisting of ten levels in the sutra tradition and 13 in the tantra tradition.
bodhicitta (Tib. chang chup chi sem) Literally, the mind of enlightenment. There are two kinds of bodhicitta--absolute or completely awakened mind that sees the emptiness of phenomena and relative bodhicitta which is the aspiration to practice the six paramitas and free all beings from the sufferings of samsara.
bodhisattva (Tib. chang chup sem pa) An person who has committed him or herself to the mahayana path of compassion and the practice of the six paramitas to free beings from samsara.
buddha nature (Sk. tathSgatagarbha, Tib. deshin shekpai nying po) The original nature present in all beings which when realized leads to enlightenment. It is often called the essence of Buddhahood or
enlightened essence and is the topic of the Uttara Tantra.
Buddha ? akyamuni The Buddha, often called the Gautama Buddha, who is the latest Buddha and lived between 563 and 483 B. C. buddhakayas See kayas.
cakravartin (Tib. khor lo gur pa) A cakravartin, also called a universal monarch, is a king who propagates the dharma and starts a
new era.
? CittamStra school (Tib. sem tsampa) A school founded by Asanga in the fourth century and is usually translated as the Mind Only School. It is one of the four major schools in the mahayana tradition and its main tenet (to greatly simplify) is that all phenomena are menial events, clear light (Skt. prabhasvara, Tib. dsef) A subtle state of mind and according to tantric teachings is the state of mind that highest realization is attained.
dharma (Tib. cho) Dharma has two main meanings: Any truth such as the sky is blue; second, as it is used in this text, the teachings of the Buddha (also called buddhadharma).
dharma of realization (Tib. tog pa chd) The dharma teachings which have been derived from direct realization. These contrast with dharma of statements.
dharma of statements (Tib. lung gi chd) Teachings based on the Buddhist scriptures. Also called scriptural dharma or the teachings of the Tripitaka.
dharmacakra (Skt. for "wheel of dharma," Tib. cho chi khor lo ) The Buddha's teachings correspond to three levels: the hinayana, the mahayana and the vajraySna with each set being one turning of the wheel of dharma.
dharmadhatu (Tib. chd ying) The all-encompassing space which is unoriginated and without beginning out of which all phenomena arise. The Sanskrit means "the essence of phenomena" and the Tibetan means "the expanse of phenomena" but usually it refers to the emptiness which is the essence of phenomena,
dharmakaya (Tib. chd ku) One of the three bodies of buddhahood. It is enlightenment itself, that is wisdom beyond refer nee point. See kayas, three.
dharmata (Tib. chd nyi) Dharmata is often translated as "suchness" or "the true nature of things" or "things as they are. " It is phenomena as it really is or as seen by a completely enlightened being without any distortion or obscuration so one can say it is "reality. "
eight mental fabrications Not having the eight mental fabrications is to be without a beginning, without a cessation, without nihilism, without etemalism, without going, without coming, not being separate, and not being non-separate.
five actions of immediate result These actions such as killing one's guru which cause one to be reborn immediately in the hell realm upon death.
? five aggregrates (Ski. skandha, Tib. pung po nga) Literally "heaps" are the five basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. These are form, feeling, perception, formation, and consciousness.
five levels of practice See paths, five.
form kayas (Sk. rupakaya) The sambhogakaya and the nirmanakaya. four extremes These are a belief in the existence of everything ("etemalism"), a belief that nothing exists ("nihilism"), a belief that things exist and don't exist, and a belie, that reality is something other than existence and non-existence.
four fearlessnesses (SkL catvZravaifaradya, Tib. mi jig pa) The four stages to be attained by bodhisattvas. They are being fearless in
abandoning all faults, fearless of complete realization, fearless in showing the path to others, and fearless in pointing out obscurations on the path.
four inconceivables or immeasurables (Skt. calvary apramanani, Tib. isad med pa) The four qualities that one achieves with complete enlightenment. Being inconceivable to ordinary persons they arc loving kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity,
four noble truths (Tib. pak pay den pa shi) The first teaching of the Buddha and the foundation of Buddhism. These are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the cessation of suffering, and the eightfold path to enlightenment,
four particularities These are the characteristics of buddha nature when it manifests as complete enlightenment. They arc lucid clarity, purity, possessing characteristics of enlightenment, and the presence of nonconccptual andanalyticaljudgement
four unfavorable obstacles The four obstacles in reaching complete enlightenment are a dislike of the dharma, a strong belief in self, fear of suffering on the path, and lack of motivation to help others, ground, path, and fruition A logical method for describing something used in many Buddhist works. First one describes the causal conditions (ground), then the coming together of these causcs towards some goal (path), and finally the result (fruition),
hinayana (Tib. lek pa chung wa) Literally means "the lesser vehicle" which refers to the first teachings of the Buddha such as the four noble truths that developed into the 18 early schools of Buddhism. ATso called the Theravadinpath,
how-it-is see knowledge of how-it-is.
? hungry ghosts (Skt. preta, Tib. yidak ) A type of being who is always starved for food and water. Sec the six realms of samsara.
jnana (Tib. yeshe) Enlightened wisdom which is beyond dualistic thought.
Kagyu (Tib. ) One of the four major schools of Buddhism in Tibet headed by His Holiness Karmapa. The other three schools are the Nyingmapas, the Sakyas, and the Gelupas.
kalpa (Tib. kal pa) An eon which lasts in the order of millions of years.
karma (Tib. lay) Literally means "action" and karma is a natural law stating that when one does a wholesome action, one's circumstances will improve; when one does an un-wholesome action negative results will eventually occur from the act.
kayas, three (Tib. ku) The three bodies of the Buddha: the nirmanakaya, sambhogakaya and dharmakaya. The dharmakaya (the "truth body"), is the complete enlightenment of the Buddha which is unoriginated wisdom beyond form and manifests in the sambhogakaya and the nirmanakaya. The sambhogakaya (the "enjoyment body"), manifests only to bodhisattvas. The nirmanakaya (the "emanation body") manifests in the ordinary world and in the context of the Uttara Tantra manifests as the Sakyamuni Buddha.
kle? a (Tib. nydn mong) These are the emotional (in contrast to intellectual) obscurations and are often called "mind poison" and translated as "defilements" in this text. The three main poisons are ataachment (also translated as desire), aggression (anger or adversion) and ignorance (or delusion). The five poisons are these three plus pride and jealousy.
knowledge of how-it-is (Tib. ji ta ba) This is transcendent knowledge of the true nature of reality, not as it appears to individuals in samsara. knowledge of variety (Tib. ji nye pa. ) This is the transcendent knowledge of the variety of reality.
luminosity (Tib. sal wa) In the vajrayana everything is void, but this voidness is not completely empty because it has luminosity. Luminosity or luminous clarity allows all phenomena to appear and is a characteristic of emptiness (Skt. sunyata).
lung A Tibetan word for ritual reading. To perform a vajrayana practice, one must have a holder of the lineage read the text through (Tib. lung), give an explanation of the practice (Tib. tri) and give the empowerment for the practice (Tib. wang).
? madhyamaka (Tib.
u ma) A philosophical school often called the Middle Way school founded by NagStrjuna in the 2nd century. The main principle of this school is proving that everything is devoid of any inherent independent reality, that is, the teachings of emptiness, mahamudrl (Tib. cha ja chen po) Literally means "great seal" and is the meditative transmission handed down especially by the Kagyu school.
mah&pandita A great Buddhist scholar (pandita).
mahayana (Tib. tck pa chen po) Literally means "great vehicle" and are the teachings of the second and third turning of the wheel of dharma that teach the path of a bodhisattva, compassion for all beings, and realization of emptiness.
Maitreya In this work this refers to the Bodhisattva Maitreya who lived at the time of the Buddha.
mSra (Tib. dud) Difficulties encountered by the practitioner. There ar;_ four kinds--skandhamSra which is incorrect view of self, klesamaia- which is being overpowered by negative emotions, mrtyumSra which is death and interrupts spiritual practice, and devaputramSra which is becoming stuck in the bliss that comes out of meditation,
mind only school. See Cittamatra.
nirm anakaya. See kayas.
nirvana (Tib. nya ngen lay day pa) Literally, "extinction" (of ignorance) and means liberation from samsara and suffering,
pandita A great scholar.
paramitas In SanskriL it means "perfections. " These are the six practices of the mahayana path: Perfection of generosity (dana), of discipline (slla), of patience (ksanti), of exertion (vlrya), of meditation (dhyana), and of knowledge (prajfia)
attachment, aggression and ignorance.
paths, five Traditionally, a practitioner goes through five stages or paths to enlightenment. These are The Path of Accumulation (Skt. sambharamarga) which emphasizes purifying one's obscurations and accumulating merit. The Path of Junction or Application (Skt. prayogamSrga) in which the meditator develops profound understanding of the four noble truths and cuts the root to the desre
realm. The Path of Insight or Seeing (Sk. darsanamarga) in which the meditator develops greater insight and enters the first bodhisattva level. The Path of Meditation (Skt. bhavanamarga) in which the meditator cultivates insight in the 2nd through 10th bodhisattva levels. And the
? Path of Fulfillment (Skt. aiaiksammarga) which is the complete attainment of buddhahood.
poisons, three The three poisons or major defilements also called desire or attachment, anger or aggression, and ignorance or bewilderment.
prajnS (Tib. she rab) In Sanskrit it means "perfect know-ledge" and can mean wisdom, understanding, intelligence, discrimination, or judgement according to context.
pratyekabuddha (Tib. rang sang gay) Literally means "solitary rcalizer" and in this text it is a realized hinayana practitioner who has achieved the jrtana of how-it-is and variety, but who has not committed him or herself to the bodhisattva path of helping others,
ratna (Tib. rin po che) Literally, a jewel but in this context refers to the three jewels which are the Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha. relative truth (Tib. kunsop) There are two truths: relative and absolute. Relative truth is the perception of an ordinary (un- enlightened) person who secs the world with all his or her projections based on a false belief in ego.
rinpoche Literally, "very precious" and is used as a term of respect for a Tibetan guru.
salwa Tibetan for luminosity. In the vajrayana everything is void, but this voidness is not completely empty because it has luminosity. Luminosity or clarity allows all phenomena to appear and is a characteristic of emptiness (Sunyata).
samSdhi (Tib. ting nge dzin) An advanced state in which the mind is in one-pointed meditation. It is also called "meditative absorpiton. ? amatha (Tib. shi nay) See tranquility meditation,
sangha (Tib. gen dun) These are the companions on the path. They may be all the persons on the path or the noble sartgha which arc the realized ones.
sambhogakaya See the three kayas.
samsSra (Tib. kor wa) Conditioned existence which is characterized by suffering in ordinary life because one is still afflicted by attachment, aggression, and ignorance.
samvrtikSya There is the body of ultimate truth (Skt. paramarthakSya) and the body of relative truth (Skt. samvrtikaya). This is the
embodiment in relauve truth.
& stra (Tib. ten chff) The Buddhist teachings arc divided into words of the Buddha (the sutras) and the commentaries by others on the
? Buddha's works (Sastras).
six realms of sams&ra The possible types of rebirths for beings in samsara: the god realm in which gods have great pride, the asura realm in which the jealous gods try to maintain what they have, the human realm which is the best realm because one has the possiblity of achieving enlightenment, the animal realm characterized by stupidity, the hungry ghost realm characterized by great craving, and the hell realms characterized by aggression.
SrSvakas (Tib. nyon thos) Literally "those who hear" meaning disciples. A type of realized hinayana practioner (arhat) who has achieved the realization of the nonexistence of personal self.
stUpa (Tib. chd ten) A dome shaped monument to the Buddha which often contains relics and remains of the Buddha or great bodhisattvas.
sugatagarbha (Tib. der sheg nying po) Buddha nature or that enlightened essence present in all beings that allows them to have the capacity to achieve enlightenment. It is closely related to tathagStagarbha.
Sunyata (Tib. long pa nyi) Usually translated as "voidness" or "emptiness. " In the second turning of the wheel of dharma the Buddha (aught that external phenomena and internal phenomena are devoid of any real inherent existence.
sutra (Tib. do) These are the hinayana and mahayana teachings which are the words of the Sakyamuni Buddha. They are often contrasted with the Sastras.
supreme yogi An epithet for the Buddha,
svabhavikakaya Refers to the dharmakaya of the Buddha.
tathSgatas Literally, those who have gone to "thatness. " A title of the Buddhas.
tathatagatagarbha (Tib. de shin shek pay nying po) This is the seed or essence of tathata (suchness) and is also called buddha essence or enlightened essence.
ten powers of the Buddha These are special "miraculous" powers of the Buddha.
terma Literally means "hidden treasure" and are works hidden by great bodhisattvas and later rediscovered. They might be actual physical texts or they may come from "the sky" as transmissionstfrtom the sambhogakaya.
three jewels (Tib. kdn chok sum) These are the Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha.
? three marks of existence These are the characteristics of impermanent objects and mean an object has a beginning, it has a solid existence in the present, and it decays or disintegrates into smaller constituents in the future.
tlrtbikas Religious people who believe in a personal self. Also referred to as icchantikas.
tranquility meditation (Sk. Samatha, Tib. shi nay) A basic meditation practice aimed at taming and sharpening the mind. It is also called basic sitting meditation.
Tripitaka Literally, the "three baskets. " These are the sntras (the narrative teachings of the Buddha), the vinaya (a code for monks and nuns) and the abhidharma (philosophical background of the dharma). triplistic thought Is believing in the solidity of relative reality by dividing all actions into subject and object and the exchange between the two. For example, on the relative level, one (subject) does a prostration (the action between) to a buddha statue (object).
Itaita heaven This is one of the heaven fields of the Buddha. Tusita is ? ?
in the sambhogakaya and therefore is not located in any place or time, twelve deeds of the Buddha Traditionally the Buddha per-formed 12 major deeds in his life.
updffya (Tib. tab) The skillful means used by enlightened beings to present the dharma taking the person's capabilities and propensities into account.
vajra (Tib. dorje) In Sanskrit a "thunderbolt" which was a weapon of Indra. In Tibet it generally means anything invincible or indestructible or "diamond-like. "
vajrayffna (Tib. dorje tek pa) One of the three major traditions of Buddhism (the hinayana, the mahayana and the vajrayana). The vajrayana was based on the tantras and became the major tradition of Tibet
victorious one One of the epitaths given to the Buddha,
vinaya (Tib. did wa) The teachings of the Buddha concerning proper conduct. Jhere are seven main precepts that may be observed by lay persons or various levels of monks and nuns.
wheel of dharma (Skt. dharmacarka) The Buddha's teachings correspond to three levels: the hinayana, the mahayana, and the vajrayana with each set being one turning.
ySna (Tib. tek pa ) Literally, a "vehicle" but in this text refers to a level of teaching. There are three main yanas (see hinayana, mahayana, and vajrayana).
? Appendix A
Pronounced Transliteration English
chang chub
chang chub sem pa chang chub sem ching wa
chO
cho kyi yang chOten
dcr sheg nying po
de shin shek pe nying po dondam
dorje
dri
du ma che
gendun gyil lama
ji nye pa ji ta ba kem cho ku
kun zop lung
lung gi ch<J mi ji pa
mu tek pa
byang chub
byang chub sems dpa' byang chub sems bying ba
chos
chos kyi dbyings
mchod rten
bde gshegs snying po
de bzhin gsheg pai'nyingpo don dam bden pa
rdo rje
khrid
'dus ma byas dge 'dun rgyud bla ma
ji snyed pa ji lta ba dkon mchog sku kunrdzob lung
lung gi chos m i' jigs pa mu stegs pa
enlightenment bodhisattva bodhicitta bondage dharma dharmadhatu stopa
buddha nature tathatagharba absolute truth vajra
explanation uncreated sartgha Uttara Tantra kn. of variety
kn. how-it-is three jewels kaya (body) relative truth
ritual reading dhar statements 4 fearlessnesses tirthikas
? Pronounced
nang gi ycshe ngon she
non mong Oscl
pagpa rinpoche
salwa sanggye shcrab
shi nay
tan cho
tegpa
teg pa chen po terma
tog pa cho tongpanyi wang yeshe
Transliteration
nang gi ye shes mngon shes nyon mongs 'od gsal 'phagspa rinpoche
gsal ba
sangs rgyas shes rab
zhi gnas
bstan bcos
theg pa
theg pa chen po gter ma
rtogs pa'i chos stong pa nyid
dbang ye shes
English
inner jnana
clear cognition
IdeSa
clear light
realized
precious jewel
luminosity
Buddha
prajfla
Samatha
Sastra
ySna mahayana treasure
dh. realization dh.
? and one needs an inner condition of good eyesight. It isn't enough to have just one condition. In the same way, a combination of the outer condition of knowledge of the meanings of the words and the inner condition of logical reasoning are needed to understand what the Buddha said.
Third, one needs to determine if one can trust these teachings of the Buddha. The teachings of the great sages remove all defilements connected with the three realms and show the benefit of peace. So, authentic teachings have to show the possibility of achieving nirvana and be closely connected with the dharma. They should remove the
defilements of all three dimensions of samsara and should give peace of mind once liberation is achieved. A teaching without these characteristics wouldn't be the Buddha's teachings.
The sastras, while not the Buddha's words, are worthy of respect and have the following characteristics. They should not be written out of a desire for fame, but written to help spread the teachings and help other beings on the path. Authors of the Sastras don't follow their fancy, but write with a completely unobstructed mind strictly in accordance with the Buddha's teachings. Their works also have the quality of being conducive to the path of liberation so it is possible through practicing the sastras to achieve liberation because these teachings are in harmony with the conditions that lead to liberation. Because those
who compose the sastras have pure motivation and because the teachings are so close to what the Buddha said himself, they are worthy of being placed on one's head in the same way one would place the words of the Buddha himself. 9
9 It is Tibetan custom that when one receives a religious object, one touches it to the lop of one's head to receive a blessing from it.
? [396] The Buddha has total knowledge of the nature of phenomena because of his complete purity. The bodhisattvas have many but not all of these characteristics. Whatever the Buddha taught in the sutras shouldn't be adulterated, meaning one shouldn't say that this part of the teaching is correct, but that part is not. This would be mixing everything up and the true teaching would be destroyed.
[397] Since dharma is so valuable, it is very harmful to abandon it. One might give up the dharma by not under- standing things the way they really are and therefore have contempt for the teachings. This happens because these persons are so attached to and involved their own ideas, that they can never change their minds. For example, one can dye a clean piece of cloth any color, but if it has grease stains on it, one can never dye it properly. In the same way, if the mind is clouded by fixed views even though it is exposed to the dharma, it just will not change its own ideas. This is an indirect cause for abandoning dharma. [398] A more direct cause of not making spiritual
progress is not having very good intelligence so that one does not understand the nature of phenomena. Another is the absence of an aspiration to goodness. Without this there's no wish to help other beings or to do anything good. When this aspiration is absent, everything becomes polluted and generates wrong views such as giving up the dharma. One may have great pride, boasting of qualities one doesn't possess. Or one may not have been exposed to
dharma in a previous life and obviously not practiced much and as a result, one is quite heavily obscured by ignorance. The next cause is being so heavily obscured that one confuses the expedient meaning of the Buddha's teaching
? with the absolute meaning or vice versa.
In addition, there are the six causes of wrong associa-
tions. If one associates closely with those who reject the dharma; if one avoids those who hold the teachings; if one has a low level of aspiration and enjoys things that are in contradiction with the dharma, then the teaching of the Buddha are likely to be abandoned. This is why one should know these causes and should try and eliminate them.
[399] Those who understand the dharma need not fear fire, venomous snakes, murderers, or lightning. One should instead fear losing the dharma because fire, snakes, murders, etc. can only make one lose one's life, but to lose the dharma causes the terrible sufferings of the lower realms and the suffering of samsara. Therefore losing the teachings is more dangerous than anything else.
[400] If one associates very closely with friends who en- courage one to do what is wrong, then very negative things will develop. Under this bad influence one may wish to kill the Buddha or kill one's own father, mother, or an arhat. One may also try to create a division among the sangha. These are the worst possible actions and are called the five actions of immediate result which means that when one dies, one falls immediately into the worst possible realm. There are even worse actions, but if one does these acts and then realizes the magnitude of these actions, one may use the four remedial powers to purify oneself and even reach liberation. So even these five very bad actions won't have such bad results if one is capable of purifying them. However, if one has wrong views of the dharma and
dislikes it strongly in the short term, it doesn't seem so bad, but in the long-term it could be very dangerous because one will remain involved with outer thing? , not
? seeing one's good qualities, and one may embark on the wrong path. Until one has given up the wrong attitude towards the dharma, one will never be able to reach liberation. If one never thinks in terms of reaching liberation, then one will never get there. This then is worse than committing the five actions of immediate results because with this attitude there is no prospect of ever obtaining liberation. This is why one must be careful of those who dislike of the dharma and those with wrong views.
Dedication
[401] The dedication is a wisdom prayer to Amitayus and is also a summary of the whole text. It begins with the prayer that whatever virtue Maitreya has obtained through properly explaining these seven vajra points may all beings be able to meet Amitayus who is the sage of boundless life and endowed with limitless life. To see him in his sambhogakaya form has a short-term benefit of having long life and a long-term benefit of being able to achieve perfect enlightenment once one's dharma eyes have been opened.
[402] Following is a recapitulation of this concluding chapter on the benefits of the text. The line "on what basis" refers to the first two lines of verse 392 stating the text was composed from the words of the Buddha and on the basis of logical reasoning. The two lines of this stanza answer the question "for which reasons" which is in order to purify oneself and to help other beings reach Buddhahood. The question "in which way" is answered in stanza 393 which states it was given by relying on the Buddha's teaching and
? relying on Maitreya's understanding using the example of the necessity of light and eyes to see something properly. "That which has been explained" refers to stanza 394 ort how to recognize a true Buddhist teaching and the Sastras which are defined in stanza 395.
[403] Next are the means for purifying oneself. One shouldn't change any of the Buddha's teachings and one should practice them as properly as possible (referring to stanzas 396 and 397). Then it refers to the causes for the loss of dharma (stanza 398) and what would be the results of this loss (stanzas 399 and 400). The immediate result is being reborn in a lower state, the ultimate result is being deprived of a choice for liberation for a long time.
[404] The last stanza of the text refers to the dedication (stanza 401) and shows the short-term and the long-term fruition. Through practice and dedication of virtue one can be born in the mandala of the Buddha, see the sambhogakaya aspect of the Buddha, and therefore be able to see the true nature of everything and achieve supreme enlightenment. This shows that if one attains the relative level of enlightenment of a bodhisattva, one is in the company of the sambhogakaya Buddha and once the dharma eyes are opened, one achieves the ultimate level of
enlightenment.
Summary
We Buddhists have to follow the path outlined by the Buddha. We have to practice according to what the Buddha taught in the sutras and the tantras and we should understand them just as they are. However, the sUtraS sometimes were answers to a given situation or a disciple's
? particular question and sometimes the Buddha would answer questions based on the understanding suitable to his audience at the time. So sometimes the sutras were quite difficult to understand because some passages are extremely clear and others less clear. Also a sutra would specialize in a particular topic so if one wanted to know the general concepts of Buddhism, one had to read sutras scattered throughout various books. This is why most Buddhists in Tibet resorted to studying the sastras. These made the deeper meaning of Buddha's words more accessible and they didn't change the meaning of the dharma. This is why the sastras were so extremely important.
The Uttara Tantra was composed by Maitreya who was no ordinary being because he is a representative of the Buddhas and will be the next Buddha in our world. So he is the most superior author of the Sastra that one could find. The Uttara Tantra was translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan by the great scholar Sadzana who was the nephew of Brahmin Ratnavajra, he who was from the "City of Glory" which we believe is the city of Srinagari, but we are not completely sure. It was also translated in that same City of Glory by the Tibetan monk Loden Sherab.
? Glossary
Technical Terms used in this Text
abhidharma (Tib. chd ngdn pa) The Buddhist teachings are often divided into the sutras (the teachings of the Buddha), the vinaya (teachings on conduct) and the abhidharma (the analysis of phenomena).
absolute truth (Skt. paramartha satya Tib. dondam) There are two truths or views of reality--relative truth which is seeing things as ordinary beings do with the dualism of "I" and "other" and absolute truth, also called ultimate truth, which is transcending duality and seeing things as they are.
arhats (Tib. dra chom pa) Accomplished hinayana practioncrs who have eliminated the kleSa obscurations. They are fully realized sravakas and pratyekabuddha.
bhumi (Tib. sa) The levels or stages a bodhisattva goes through to reach enlightenment. Also called the bodhisattva levels and usually described as consisting of ten levels in the sutra tradition and 13 in the tantra tradition.
bodhicitta (Tib. chang chup chi sem) Literally, the mind of enlightenment. There are two kinds of bodhicitta--absolute or completely awakened mind that sees the emptiness of phenomena and relative bodhicitta which is the aspiration to practice the six paramitas and free all beings from the sufferings of samsara.
bodhisattva (Tib. chang chup sem pa) An person who has committed him or herself to the mahayana path of compassion and the practice of the six paramitas to free beings from samsara.
buddha nature (Sk. tathSgatagarbha, Tib. deshin shekpai nying po) The original nature present in all beings which when realized leads to enlightenment. It is often called the essence of Buddhahood or
enlightened essence and is the topic of the Uttara Tantra.
Buddha ? akyamuni The Buddha, often called the Gautama Buddha, who is the latest Buddha and lived between 563 and 483 B. C. buddhakayas See kayas.
cakravartin (Tib. khor lo gur pa) A cakravartin, also called a universal monarch, is a king who propagates the dharma and starts a
new era.
? CittamStra school (Tib. sem tsampa) A school founded by Asanga in the fourth century and is usually translated as the Mind Only School. It is one of the four major schools in the mahayana tradition and its main tenet (to greatly simplify) is that all phenomena are menial events, clear light (Skt. prabhasvara, Tib. dsef) A subtle state of mind and according to tantric teachings is the state of mind that highest realization is attained.
dharma (Tib. cho) Dharma has two main meanings: Any truth such as the sky is blue; second, as it is used in this text, the teachings of the Buddha (also called buddhadharma).
dharma of realization (Tib. tog pa chd) The dharma teachings which have been derived from direct realization. These contrast with dharma of statements.
dharma of statements (Tib. lung gi chd) Teachings based on the Buddhist scriptures. Also called scriptural dharma or the teachings of the Tripitaka.
dharmacakra (Skt. for "wheel of dharma," Tib. cho chi khor lo ) The Buddha's teachings correspond to three levels: the hinayana, the mahayana and the vajraySna with each set being one turning of the wheel of dharma.
dharmadhatu (Tib. chd ying) The all-encompassing space which is unoriginated and without beginning out of which all phenomena arise. The Sanskrit means "the essence of phenomena" and the Tibetan means "the expanse of phenomena" but usually it refers to the emptiness which is the essence of phenomena,
dharmakaya (Tib. chd ku) One of the three bodies of buddhahood. It is enlightenment itself, that is wisdom beyond refer nee point. See kayas, three.
dharmata (Tib. chd nyi) Dharmata is often translated as "suchness" or "the true nature of things" or "things as they are. " It is phenomena as it really is or as seen by a completely enlightened being without any distortion or obscuration so one can say it is "reality. "
eight mental fabrications Not having the eight mental fabrications is to be without a beginning, without a cessation, without nihilism, without etemalism, without going, without coming, not being separate, and not being non-separate.
five actions of immediate result These actions such as killing one's guru which cause one to be reborn immediately in the hell realm upon death.
? five aggregrates (Ski. skandha, Tib. pung po nga) Literally "heaps" are the five basic transformations that perceptions undergo when an object is perceived. These are form, feeling, perception, formation, and consciousness.
five levels of practice See paths, five.
form kayas (Sk. rupakaya) The sambhogakaya and the nirmanakaya. four extremes These are a belief in the existence of everything ("etemalism"), a belief that nothing exists ("nihilism"), a belief that things exist and don't exist, and a belie, that reality is something other than existence and non-existence.
four fearlessnesses (SkL catvZravaifaradya, Tib. mi jig pa) The four stages to be attained by bodhisattvas. They are being fearless in
abandoning all faults, fearless of complete realization, fearless in showing the path to others, and fearless in pointing out obscurations on the path.
four inconceivables or immeasurables (Skt. calvary apramanani, Tib. isad med pa) The four qualities that one achieves with complete enlightenment. Being inconceivable to ordinary persons they arc loving kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity,
four noble truths (Tib. pak pay den pa shi) The first teaching of the Buddha and the foundation of Buddhism. These are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the cessation of suffering, and the eightfold path to enlightenment,
four particularities These are the characteristics of buddha nature when it manifests as complete enlightenment. They arc lucid clarity, purity, possessing characteristics of enlightenment, and the presence of nonconccptual andanalyticaljudgement
four unfavorable obstacles The four obstacles in reaching complete enlightenment are a dislike of the dharma, a strong belief in self, fear of suffering on the path, and lack of motivation to help others, ground, path, and fruition A logical method for describing something used in many Buddhist works. First one describes the causal conditions (ground), then the coming together of these causcs towards some goal (path), and finally the result (fruition),
hinayana (Tib. lek pa chung wa) Literally means "the lesser vehicle" which refers to the first teachings of the Buddha such as the four noble truths that developed into the 18 early schools of Buddhism. ATso called the Theravadinpath,
how-it-is see knowledge of how-it-is.
? hungry ghosts (Skt. preta, Tib. yidak ) A type of being who is always starved for food and water. Sec the six realms of samsara.
jnana (Tib. yeshe) Enlightened wisdom which is beyond dualistic thought.
Kagyu (Tib. ) One of the four major schools of Buddhism in Tibet headed by His Holiness Karmapa. The other three schools are the Nyingmapas, the Sakyas, and the Gelupas.
kalpa (Tib. kal pa) An eon which lasts in the order of millions of years.
karma (Tib. lay) Literally means "action" and karma is a natural law stating that when one does a wholesome action, one's circumstances will improve; when one does an un-wholesome action negative results will eventually occur from the act.
kayas, three (Tib. ku) The three bodies of the Buddha: the nirmanakaya, sambhogakaya and dharmakaya. The dharmakaya (the "truth body"), is the complete enlightenment of the Buddha which is unoriginated wisdom beyond form and manifests in the sambhogakaya and the nirmanakaya. The sambhogakaya (the "enjoyment body"), manifests only to bodhisattvas. The nirmanakaya (the "emanation body") manifests in the ordinary world and in the context of the Uttara Tantra manifests as the Sakyamuni Buddha.
kle? a (Tib. nydn mong) These are the emotional (in contrast to intellectual) obscurations and are often called "mind poison" and translated as "defilements" in this text. The three main poisons are ataachment (also translated as desire), aggression (anger or adversion) and ignorance (or delusion). The five poisons are these three plus pride and jealousy.
knowledge of how-it-is (Tib. ji ta ba) This is transcendent knowledge of the true nature of reality, not as it appears to individuals in samsara. knowledge of variety (Tib. ji nye pa. ) This is the transcendent knowledge of the variety of reality.
luminosity (Tib. sal wa) In the vajrayana everything is void, but this voidness is not completely empty because it has luminosity. Luminosity or luminous clarity allows all phenomena to appear and is a characteristic of emptiness (Skt. sunyata).
lung A Tibetan word for ritual reading. To perform a vajrayana practice, one must have a holder of the lineage read the text through (Tib. lung), give an explanation of the practice (Tib. tri) and give the empowerment for the practice (Tib. wang).
? madhyamaka (Tib.
u ma) A philosophical school often called the Middle Way school founded by NagStrjuna in the 2nd century. The main principle of this school is proving that everything is devoid of any inherent independent reality, that is, the teachings of emptiness, mahamudrl (Tib. cha ja chen po) Literally means "great seal" and is the meditative transmission handed down especially by the Kagyu school.
mah&pandita A great Buddhist scholar (pandita).
mahayana (Tib. tck pa chen po) Literally means "great vehicle" and are the teachings of the second and third turning of the wheel of dharma that teach the path of a bodhisattva, compassion for all beings, and realization of emptiness.
Maitreya In this work this refers to the Bodhisattva Maitreya who lived at the time of the Buddha.
mSra (Tib. dud) Difficulties encountered by the practitioner. There ar;_ four kinds--skandhamSra which is incorrect view of self, klesamaia- which is being overpowered by negative emotions, mrtyumSra which is death and interrupts spiritual practice, and devaputramSra which is becoming stuck in the bliss that comes out of meditation,
mind only school. See Cittamatra.
nirm anakaya. See kayas.
nirvana (Tib. nya ngen lay day pa) Literally, "extinction" (of ignorance) and means liberation from samsara and suffering,
pandita A great scholar.
paramitas In SanskriL it means "perfections. " These are the six practices of the mahayana path: Perfection of generosity (dana), of discipline (slla), of patience (ksanti), of exertion (vlrya), of meditation (dhyana), and of knowledge (prajfia)
attachment, aggression and ignorance.
paths, five Traditionally, a practitioner goes through five stages or paths to enlightenment. These are The Path of Accumulation (Skt. sambharamarga) which emphasizes purifying one's obscurations and accumulating merit. The Path of Junction or Application (Skt. prayogamSrga) in which the meditator develops profound understanding of the four noble truths and cuts the root to the desre
realm. The Path of Insight or Seeing (Sk. darsanamarga) in which the meditator develops greater insight and enters the first bodhisattva level. The Path of Meditation (Skt. bhavanamarga) in which the meditator cultivates insight in the 2nd through 10th bodhisattva levels. And the
? Path of Fulfillment (Skt. aiaiksammarga) which is the complete attainment of buddhahood.
poisons, three The three poisons or major defilements also called desire or attachment, anger or aggression, and ignorance or bewilderment.
prajnS (Tib. she rab) In Sanskrit it means "perfect know-ledge" and can mean wisdom, understanding, intelligence, discrimination, or judgement according to context.
pratyekabuddha (Tib. rang sang gay) Literally means "solitary rcalizer" and in this text it is a realized hinayana practitioner who has achieved the jrtana of how-it-is and variety, but who has not committed him or herself to the bodhisattva path of helping others,
ratna (Tib. rin po che) Literally, a jewel but in this context refers to the three jewels which are the Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha. relative truth (Tib. kunsop) There are two truths: relative and absolute. Relative truth is the perception of an ordinary (un- enlightened) person who secs the world with all his or her projections based on a false belief in ego.
rinpoche Literally, "very precious" and is used as a term of respect for a Tibetan guru.
salwa Tibetan for luminosity. In the vajrayana everything is void, but this voidness is not completely empty because it has luminosity. Luminosity or clarity allows all phenomena to appear and is a characteristic of emptiness (Sunyata).
samSdhi (Tib. ting nge dzin) An advanced state in which the mind is in one-pointed meditation. It is also called "meditative absorpiton. ? amatha (Tib. shi nay) See tranquility meditation,
sangha (Tib. gen dun) These are the companions on the path. They may be all the persons on the path or the noble sartgha which arc the realized ones.
sambhogakaya See the three kayas.
samsSra (Tib. kor wa) Conditioned existence which is characterized by suffering in ordinary life because one is still afflicted by attachment, aggression, and ignorance.
samvrtikSya There is the body of ultimate truth (Skt. paramarthakSya) and the body of relative truth (Skt. samvrtikaya). This is the
embodiment in relauve truth.
& stra (Tib. ten chff) The Buddhist teachings arc divided into words of the Buddha (the sutras) and the commentaries by others on the
? Buddha's works (Sastras).
six realms of sams&ra The possible types of rebirths for beings in samsara: the god realm in which gods have great pride, the asura realm in which the jealous gods try to maintain what they have, the human realm which is the best realm because one has the possiblity of achieving enlightenment, the animal realm characterized by stupidity, the hungry ghost realm characterized by great craving, and the hell realms characterized by aggression.
SrSvakas (Tib. nyon thos) Literally "those who hear" meaning disciples. A type of realized hinayana practioner (arhat) who has achieved the realization of the nonexistence of personal self.
stUpa (Tib. chd ten) A dome shaped monument to the Buddha which often contains relics and remains of the Buddha or great bodhisattvas.
sugatagarbha (Tib. der sheg nying po) Buddha nature or that enlightened essence present in all beings that allows them to have the capacity to achieve enlightenment. It is closely related to tathagStagarbha.
Sunyata (Tib. long pa nyi) Usually translated as "voidness" or "emptiness. " In the second turning of the wheel of dharma the Buddha (aught that external phenomena and internal phenomena are devoid of any real inherent existence.
sutra (Tib. do) These are the hinayana and mahayana teachings which are the words of the Sakyamuni Buddha. They are often contrasted with the Sastras.
supreme yogi An epithet for the Buddha,
svabhavikakaya Refers to the dharmakaya of the Buddha.
tathSgatas Literally, those who have gone to "thatness. " A title of the Buddhas.
tathatagatagarbha (Tib. de shin shek pay nying po) This is the seed or essence of tathata (suchness) and is also called buddha essence or enlightened essence.
ten powers of the Buddha These are special "miraculous" powers of the Buddha.
terma Literally means "hidden treasure" and are works hidden by great bodhisattvas and later rediscovered. They might be actual physical texts or they may come from "the sky" as transmissionstfrtom the sambhogakaya.
three jewels (Tib. kdn chok sum) These are the Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha.
? three marks of existence These are the characteristics of impermanent objects and mean an object has a beginning, it has a solid existence in the present, and it decays or disintegrates into smaller constituents in the future.
tlrtbikas Religious people who believe in a personal self. Also referred to as icchantikas.
tranquility meditation (Sk. Samatha, Tib. shi nay) A basic meditation practice aimed at taming and sharpening the mind. It is also called basic sitting meditation.
Tripitaka Literally, the "three baskets. " These are the sntras (the narrative teachings of the Buddha), the vinaya (a code for monks and nuns) and the abhidharma (philosophical background of the dharma). triplistic thought Is believing in the solidity of relative reality by dividing all actions into subject and object and the exchange between the two. For example, on the relative level, one (subject) does a prostration (the action between) to a buddha statue (object).
Itaita heaven This is one of the heaven fields of the Buddha. Tusita is ? ?
in the sambhogakaya and therefore is not located in any place or time, twelve deeds of the Buddha Traditionally the Buddha per-formed 12 major deeds in his life.
updffya (Tib. tab) The skillful means used by enlightened beings to present the dharma taking the person's capabilities and propensities into account.
vajra (Tib. dorje) In Sanskrit a "thunderbolt" which was a weapon of Indra. In Tibet it generally means anything invincible or indestructible or "diamond-like. "
vajrayffna (Tib. dorje tek pa) One of the three major traditions of Buddhism (the hinayana, the mahayana and the vajrayana). The vajrayana was based on the tantras and became the major tradition of Tibet
victorious one One of the epitaths given to the Buddha,
vinaya (Tib. did wa) The teachings of the Buddha concerning proper conduct. Jhere are seven main precepts that may be observed by lay persons or various levels of monks and nuns.
wheel of dharma (Skt. dharmacarka) The Buddha's teachings correspond to three levels: the hinayana, the mahayana, and the vajrayana with each set being one turning.
ySna (Tib. tek pa ) Literally, a "vehicle" but in this text refers to a level of teaching. There are three main yanas (see hinayana, mahayana, and vajrayana).
? Appendix A
Pronounced Transliteration English
chang chub
chang chub sem pa chang chub sem ching wa
chO
cho kyi yang chOten
dcr sheg nying po
de shin shek pe nying po dondam
dorje
dri
du ma che
gendun gyil lama
ji nye pa ji ta ba kem cho ku
kun zop lung
lung gi ch<J mi ji pa
mu tek pa
byang chub
byang chub sems dpa' byang chub sems bying ba
chos
chos kyi dbyings
mchod rten
bde gshegs snying po
de bzhin gsheg pai'nyingpo don dam bden pa
rdo rje
khrid
'dus ma byas dge 'dun rgyud bla ma
ji snyed pa ji lta ba dkon mchog sku kunrdzob lung
lung gi chos m i' jigs pa mu stegs pa
enlightenment bodhisattva bodhicitta bondage dharma dharmadhatu stopa
buddha nature tathatagharba absolute truth vajra
explanation uncreated sartgha Uttara Tantra kn. of variety
kn. how-it-is three jewels kaya (body) relative truth
ritual reading dhar statements 4 fearlessnesses tirthikas
? Pronounced
nang gi ycshe ngon she
non mong Oscl
pagpa rinpoche
salwa sanggye shcrab
shi nay
tan cho
tegpa
teg pa chen po terma
tog pa cho tongpanyi wang yeshe
Transliteration
nang gi ye shes mngon shes nyon mongs 'od gsal 'phagspa rinpoche
gsal ba
sangs rgyas shes rab
zhi gnas
bstan bcos
theg pa
theg pa chen po gter ma
rtogs pa'i chos stong pa nyid
dbang ye shes
English
inner jnana
clear cognition
IdeSa
clear light
realized
precious jewel
luminosity
Buddha
prajfla
Samatha
Sastra
ySna mahayana treasure
dh. realization dh.
