, the perennial truths which the
to realise through medltatlVe expenence
Buddha taught.
to realise through medltatlVe expenence
Buddha taught.
Dudjom Rinpoche - Fundamentals and History of the Nyingmapa
4.
2] 651 Tampa Sedrakpa [S.
4.
3] 651
of Central Tibet [5. 4. 4J 652 ZhIkpo Diitsi [5. 4. 5] 653
TatOn Co-ye [5. 4. 6] 656
TatOn Co-so [5. 4. 7]
TatOn Ziji [5. 4. 8] 660 Pakshi Sakya-o [5. 4. 9] 660
Zur Campa Senge [5. 4. 10] 663
YungWn Dorjepel [5. 4. 11J 666
Tanak Drolmawa Samdrup Dorje [5. 4. 12] 667
Zur Zangpopel and Zur Ham Sakya Jungne [5. 4. 13] 669 Sangye RIncen [5. 4. 14] 672
Golo (Yezang Tsepa) [5. 4. 1S] 674 Rmpoche, Zharmarpa IV [5. 4. 16] 675 Zur. pa Rincen Phtintsok [5. 4. 17] 676
Khonton PelJor Lhiindrup [S. 4. 18] 677 Choying Rangdrol [5. 4. 19] 679 The FIfth Dalai Lama [S. 4. 20J 683
659
orJe Gyeltsen and his Successors [5. 5. 3] 686 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE KHAM TRADITION [5. 6] 688
388
7
Detailed Contents ofBook Two Khedrup Yeshe Gyeltsen [5. 6. 5] 696
The Lineages of Katok [5. 6. 6] 698
MISCELLANEOUS LINEAGES OF THE ZUR AND KHAM TRADITIONS [5. 7] 700
The Empowerment of the Sutra which Gathers All Intentions in Kham [5. 7. 1] 700
The Lineage of Rok Sherap-o [5. 7. 2] 701
History 389
8
9
RONGZOM CHOKI ZANGPO [5. 8] 703
750
10
11
The Lineage of YatO Zurpa [5. 7. 3]
702
1
THE NATURE, PURPOSE AND KINDS OF TREASURE [6. 1J 743
The Nature of the Treasures [6. 1. 1] 743 The Purpose of the Treasures [6. 1. 2] 744 The Lineages of the Treasures [6. 1. 3] 745
The of the Earth Treasures [6. 1. 4J 746 Pure VISIOns and Treasures of Intention [6. 1. SJ 747
2
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE TREASURE-FINDERS [6. 2]
THE TRADITIONS
OF V AJRAKILA
[5. 9] 710
The Transmissions of VajrakIla [5. 9. 1] 710
Langlap Cangcup Dorje and Other Masters of VajrakIla [5. 9. 2]
713
Darcarupa and the Terma Tradition of VajrakIla [5. 9. 3]
714
THELINEAGESOFTHEEMPOWERMENTOFTHESOTRA WHICH GATHERS ALL INTENTIONS [5. 10] 717
The Lineage of Zur Ham Sakya Jungne [5. 10. 1] 717
719
ZhangtOn Namka Dor;e [5. 10. 3. 1] 720
Rikdzin Yudruk Dor;e [5. 10. 3. 2] 721
Khedrup Lodro Gyeltsen Pelzangpo (Sodokpa) [5. 10. 3. 3] 722 Kong-ra Locen Zhenpen Dorje [5. 10. 3. 4] 723
Sangdak Trhinle Lhtindrup [5. 10. 3. 5] 724
Locen Chogyel Tendzin [5. 10. 3. 6] 726
Locen DharmasrI [5. 10. 3. 7] 728
LATER LINEAGES OF THE TRANSMITTED PRECEPTS [5. 11] 733
The MindrOling Lineage of Transmitted Precepts [5. 11. 1] 733 The Mindroling Lineage of Atiyoga [5. 11. 2] 734
The Lineage of the Collected Tantras [5. 11. 3] 734
Lineages in Kham [5. 11. 4] 735
Katok [5. 11. 4. 1] 736 Dzokcen [5. 11. 4. 2] 736 Pelyul [5. 11. 4. 3] 738
NY ANG-REL
NYIMA
753 OZER [6. SJ
755 760
Dorje Trak Rikdzin Perna Trhinle [5. 10. 1. 1]
The Lineage of Zur Ham's Sister, Zurmo [5. 10. 2] 720 The Lineage of the Son, Sangye Rincen [5. 10. 3] 720
NGODRUP GYELTSEN OR RIKDZIN GODEMCEN [6. 9J 780
3 4 5
6
7
8 9 10
II
12 13 14
15 16 17
SANGYE LAMA [6. 3J
751
PART SIX: THE CLOSE LINEAGES OF THE TREASURES [6]
TRAP A
NGONSHE
[6. 4]
GURU CHOKI
W ANGCUK
[6. 6]
COMO MENMO [6. 7] 771 ORGYEN LINGP A [6. 8] 775
Ji
SANGYE
LINGP A
[6. 10] 784
789 793
KARMA LINGPA [6. 14] 800
THANGTONG . GYELPO [6. 15] 802
DOR]E
RA TNA
LINGP A
[6. 11]
PEMA LINGP A
NGARI
P ANCEN
PEMA W ANGYEL
[6. 16J 805 809
LINGP A
[6. 12J [6. 13J 796
RIKDZIN ]A TSON NYINGPO [6. 17]
18
RIKDZIN DODOL DOR]E [6. 18] 813
19
LHA TSON NAMKA JIKME [6. 19J 818
390 Detailed Contents ofBook Two
20 THE FIFTH DALAI LAMA [6. 20]
821
8 TREASURE-FINDER 9
ON THE PROPHECIES FOUND IN THE TREASURES [7. 8] 934
21 RIKDZIN TERDAK LINGP A, OF MINDROLING [6. 21]
22 JIKME LINGPA [6. 22] 835
23 CHOGYUR DECEN LINGP A [6. 23]
THE GREA T 825
THE RELA TIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NYINGMAP A TRADITIONS [7. 9] 936
AND
PONPO
Chogyur Lingpa's Seven Successions to the Transmitted Precepts [6. 23. 1] 844
24 JAMY ANG. KHYENTSE W ANGPO [6. 24] 849
Khyentse Wangpo's Seven Successions to the Transmitted Precepts [6. 24. 1] 855
PART EIGHT: THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE DOCTRINE [8] DURA TION OF THE DOCTRINE [8. 1] 943
25 JAMGON
26 MIPHAM
KONGTRUL
LODRO
THA YE
[6. 25] 859
JAMY ANG
NAMGYEL
GY AMTSO
[6. 26] 869
THE PRESENT [8. 4] 951 SOME PROPHECIES [8. 5] 960
CLOSING STATEMENTS PRIMARY SOURCES 965
CONCLUDING BENEDICTIONS
COLOPHON 972
CONCLUSION 881
5
2 3
PART SEVEN: A RECTIFICATION OF THE MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING THE NYINGMA SCHOOL [7]
1 GENERAL REPL Y TO TANTRAS [7. 1] 887
OF THE
NYINGMAP A
CRITICISMS
967
2 ON THE VIEW OF THE GREAT PERFECTION [7. 2] 896
3 RESPONSE TO CRITICS OF THE SOTRA WHICH GATHERS ALL
INTENTIONS [7. 3] 911
4 RESPONSE TO CRITICS OF THE ROOT TANTRA OF THE
SECRET NUCLEUS [7. 4] 914
5 THE CONTINUITY OF THE NYINGMAPA TRADITION AND ITS
IMP ACT ON THE OTHER SCHOOLS [7. 5] 918
6 ON THE VALIDITY OF THE TREASURES [7. 6] 927
7 THE SHORTCOMINGS OF REFUT A TION AND 929
PROOF [7. 7]
841
10
2
3
FROM THE BUDDHA'S FINAL NIRVANA UNTIL THE BEGINNING
OF THE FIRST TIBETAN SEXAGENARY CYCLE [8. 3] 948
4
FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST SEXAGENARY CYCLE TO
ON THE "BAD LUCK OF THE NYINGMAPA" [7. 10] 938
A CHRONOLOGY OF THE BUDDHA'S LIFE [8. 2] 946
History 391
Translators'Introduction
In the traditional view, the Buddhist religion made its first appearance in Tibet during the reign of Lha Thotori Nyentsen at some time prior to the mid-fifth century of our era. According to some, a collection of scriptures and symbols consecrated to Avalokitesvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, simply fell onto the roof of the palace, but others main- tain that an Indian or Central Asian Buddhist monk made his way to Tibet with a translator. The country, however, was not yet ripe for the teaching of the Buddha's doctrine. Tibet was still not literate, much less prepared to import an alien civilisation.
The fact ofthe matter was that in the middle part ofthe first millenium Tibet was an island in the midst of a Buddhist sea. In India the great monastic universities of the Gangetic plain were at the height of their development. In China Buddhist learning and devotion had acclimatised themselves to an East Asian environment, and, all along the great trade routes linking China to India and to the West, wealthy oases patronised the spread of the genuine doctrine (saddhanna). So during the seventh century when Tibet, under the leadership of King Songtsen Gampo, burst onto the international scene as a full-fledged empire, she found the unifying feature throughout the known civilised world to be Bud- dhism.
Songtsen Gampo is revered in Tibet as the father of Tibetan civilisa- tion as we know it. He gave his people law and literacy, an improved technology and a new range of occult skills. Most of all, however, he gave them the basis for the growth of the universal religion of the Tathagata, which reached its first fruition during the reign of Songtsen Gampo's descendant Trhisong Detsen. He and his grandson Relpacen generously sponsored the missionary work of Indian, Chinese and Cent- ral Asian Buddhist masters, who, in collaboration with a growing Tibetan Buddhist clergy, refined the literary Tibetan language into a precision instrument for the expression of the profound depths of scrip- and commentary. Their achievement in translating, with astonish- Ing accuracy, a vas. t literary corpus into Tibetan is certainly to be ranked
394 History
. 1 among the great mtellectua an
.
d s iritual monuments of mankmd. Pt nt to make of their new religion
As Tibet passed through the first of its sixty-year calendrical cycles (1027-87), the political fragmentation of its society was mirrored in the development of a number of new independent Buddhist schools, each adhering to its own special system of meditative experience and tracing its lineage back through different masters. Most important among them were the Kadampa school, which based itself on the teachings of the saintly and accomplished Bengali scholar Atisa, who came to Tibet in
1042 and remained there until his death in 1054, and whose teaching emphasised the cultivation of the pure enlightened attitude of the greater vehicle (Mahayana); the Path and Fruit (lam-'bras) school, which was introduced by the Tibetan translator Drokmi and rooted itself in the esoteric teachings of the accomplished master Virupa; and the Kagyti school, derived from the precepts of Marpa Chaki Wangcuk, who had mastered the innermost instructions of the yogas taught by the Indian adepts Naropa, Maitripa and others. These schools in their turn gave rise to numerous sub-schools. The Kagyti, for instance, is usually said to have four great and eight minor subsects within its aegis. At the same time other small and distinctive traditions flourished, the foremost among them being the Shangpa Kagyti, founded by Khyungpo Neljor; Pacification and the Object of Cutting, both tracing themselves back to the Indian master Phadampa; and various schools emphasising the Kalacakra Tantra. In the midst of these developments the Nyingma teaching maintained its own identity and its unique and treasured
precepts.
The pattern of religious development in Tibet gradually yielded four
major Buddhist schools: the Nyingma, Kagyti, and Sakya schools, and, in addition, the Gelukpa, founded by the great Je Tsongkapa (1357- 1419), which based itself to a large extent on the teachings of the older Kadampa school. The first of these is here treated in detail, but like a gem in Indra's Net it reflects all the others as well.
In the conflicting and often violent political currents of post-imperial Tibet the various spiritual traditions, for better or worse, could not but become to some extent entangled in mundane power struggles. Thus, it was for the better that the Khan family, rising to promineq. ce in Sakya, took a special interest in the Path and Fruit tradition, which has been preserved primarily by their school, the Sakyapa. But it was certainly for the worse that the hierarchs of Drigung, one of the Kagyti subsects, involved themselves in thirteenth-century Mongol politics only to bring about their own destruction at the hands of the Sakyapa's Mongol patrons. For some centuries Tibetan life was to be dominated by shifting alliances of religious and political parties. An unfortunate OUtcome has been a legacy of sporadic, bitter sectarianism.
. At the same time greater minds saw beyond the rivalries and fac- tIonalism. Maintaining the integrity of their own traditions, they freely learned from anq taught adherents of other traditions as well. All of
Moreover, the r:onk and layman alike undertook an intellectual exerCIse y g .
, the perennial truths which the
to realise through medltatlVe expenence
Buddha taught. d'd not however, meet with the approval These new developments 'd a reaction set in Relpacen was of all factions of Tibetan elder brother who
assassinated in (or 831e:nthe The latter persecuted the detested BuddhIsm, ascen. 1 after he himself was assassinated. monastic establishments final' collapse of the dynasty and The ensuing chaos culmmat. e m t e
the end of the d d' ted Tibetan monks did manage
Despite the ? ards. hlPs a . eW : age. Also, married yogins, th t
to keep their. alIve and had suffered less in the persecu- who lived wnhm the commuld Yf Buddhist learning and lore. By the tions, preserved all they 0 . n ascendant phase once more:
mid-tenth century BuddhIsm ,,:as m a to travel to Nepal and India
Tibetans in search of the doctnne began d by the eastward spread of . . d perhaps encourage .
for mstructlons, an , . d ' . India Indian BuddhIst masters
Islam and. the young disciples, who
began to Journey TIbet to ortive of their spiritual endeavours. lived in commumtles largely supp . or boundary one
In the related thus fa: special
that it is crucIal to be aware of m or Os hool of Tibetan Buddhism, . A . ent Translatlon c
of the Nymgma nCl. b'ect-matter of the present book. the history of. whIch of the imperial period, On the one sIde there IS t e u hen Tibet was at the
transmitted and redacted royal Buddhism itself was eak of its political and mIlItary a. '1' t' On the other side
r' f
finding its own refuge In, and fundamentally inhosPlt-
P
at its zenith as the re 19IOn 0
of the boundary we a po ltlCa. y. at the same time a refuge
an ASIan Clvllsa Ion.
. . - 11 disunified and weakened Tibet
an enlightened doctrine tenuously eXlstmg m a
able world. . ome of their roots back
While all schools of h themselves by their . . d h Nymgmapa lstmguls .
to the earlIer peno , t e 1 t unadulterated teachlllg . h 1 epresent the comp e e -
assertIOn that t eya one r c. - k't and the other accomP V· 1 'tra;)antaraSla en
of Padmasambhava, lma a m I , . fKingTrhisong Dets lished masters of India who, to Tibetan disciples transmitted the whole theIr Yeshe Tshogyel and the king
of such remarkable calIbre e been transmitted within the himself. The Buddhist teachmgs ,:"hlch by Dudjom Rinpoche,
Nyingma school are In10
: 1(bstan-pa'i rnam-gzhag) which
in his Fundamentals ofthe Nymgma c 00 constitutes the first part of this volume.
,
Translators'Introduction 395
396 History
the Tibetan schools can boast of such figures. In the pages of the present history we will encounter the likes of Rongzompa, Longcenpa, Terdak Lingpa and others who exemplified Nyingma ideals while affirming the common ground shared by all Buddhist traditions.
None the less, the Nyingmapa did suffer in the temporal sphere owing to their determined aloofness from the political scene. The distant lineage of the transmitted precepts (ring-brgyud bka'-ma), which was traced back in a direct succession to the ancient period,
grew increasingly fragile with each new This state of affairs, however, had been foreseen by the anCIent masters: Pad- masambhava, in particular, had responded by filling the land of Tibet with spiritual treasures which awaited rediscovery by individuals of
appropriate vision. So it was that as the distant lineage waned there arose a close lineage of rediscovered spiritual treasures (nye-brgyud gter- ma) to meet the needs of a new age. Since this proved to be a medium for maintaining the continuity and blessing of the ancIent translations, most practising Nyingmapa at the present time adhere to
meditative cycles which were revealed in this way. Moreover, from the seventeenth century onwards major Nyingmapa monasteries were founded and restored to preserve the vast array of such treasures as well as all that survived of the distant lineage, thereby guaranteeing
the ongoing vitality of the tradition. .
Thus there are now two methods of transmission through whIch the
Nyingma teachings have been handed down. The lineage oft. he transmitted precepts (ring-brgyud bka'-ma) has synthesIsed the major texts and teaching cycles of Mahayoga, Anuyoga and Atiyoga under the heading Trio of the Sutra, Magical Net and Mental Class (mdo-sgyu-
sems-gsum). These are respectively the Anuyoga Sutra which Gathers All Intentions, the Mahayoga Tantra of the Magical Net, and the Class of Atiyoga. In addition, the close lineage of treasures or covered teachings (nye-brgyud gter-ma) has transmitted the doctrmes known as the Trio of the Guru, Great Perfection and the Great Compas-
sionate One (bla-rdzogs-thugs gsum) , which synthesise the teaching cycles s
relating to Guru Padmasambhava (bla), the Great Perfection (rdzog ) and the Great Compassionate One, Avalokitesvara (thugs).
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE TEXT
The History is divided into eight parts. The first of these is a
ings of par excellence, and here the beginnings of their lmeages are surveyed: the lineage of the intention of the PrImordIal Buddha, Samantabhadra, the symbolic transmission of the holders, and the aural transmission of individual human bemgs.
P. art Three an account of the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet dUrIng the reIgns of Songtsen Trhisong Detsen, and Trhi Relpacen and along with an account o. f the of tradition through to the restora- tIon of monastIc BuddhIsm m Central Tibet during the late tenth and early eleventh centuries.
Part Four treats the introduction into Tibet of the three inner classes of but deals primarily with the lives of the masters of the Great PerfectIOn, from Vairocana (circa eighth century) through to Longcenpa (1308-63).
. In Part Five subject-matter is the previously mentioned distant lmeage of which was maintained at an early date Jnanakumara (czrca late eighth century), Nup Sangye Yeshe (mid-nmth and the masters of the Zur family (eleventh century The lmeage was continued by the Rong tradition in Central and the Kham tradition in the Sino-Tibetan border regions until the of Terdak Lingpa (1646-1714), and descended to the present
Author m an unbroken line.
Six outlines the history of the close lineage of the rediscovered
an account of their meaning and purpose along WIth bnef bIOgraphIes of the most important treasure-finders down to Mipham Rinpoche (1846-1912).
Seven considers the polemical attacks which have been launched agamst the Nyingma tradition in the past and summarises the responses to t. hese in order to introduce the reader precisely to the view that the Nymgmapa have traditionally held.
The eighth and final part provides a chronology for the book as a whole and an account of the prophecies concerning the future develop- ment of Buddhism.
· . I d· haslS- accountoftheoriginsanddevelopment hismm n la,emp ·tS
NYinWhich of history of the peculiarly p teachmgs m TIbet. The histoncal traditions of the Great perfectlOn, considered in Part Four, were redacted in much of their d:es. ent form as early as the fourteenth century by Longcenpa and his
ISClples. Those of th. e distant lineage of transmitted precepts, abridged
d
ing the life of Sakyamuni Buddha, the patrIarchs . of the teaChIng, I
preservation, and the expansion of the greater vehIcle. _ Part Two describes the origins of the three inner classes of tantra the Mahayoga, Anuyoga and Atiyoga. These are the characteristic teach-
THE LITERARY TRADITION OF THE HISTORY It will b f h
th . e seen rom t e above that the central parts are the fourth to comprise some three-quarters of the work as a whole
Translators'Introduction 397
398 History
in Part Five, were fairly well established by the time Golo Zhonupel composed his Blue Annals (1478) and reached the form in which they are found here in the works of such seventeenth-century authors as Rikdzin Pema Trhinle and Locen DharmasrI. Finally, the contents of Part Six were established by a succession of masters, the most recent being Jamgon Kongtrtil Lodro Thaye (1813-99), There were therefore three major historical traditions connected with the lineages of the Nyingma school in Tibet, and these have been masterfully anthologised by Dudjom Rinpoche in this work.
The similarities at certain junctures between this and earlier histories have been noted by a number of contemporary scholars: Parts One to Five, for example, often correspond to the second part of Gyurme Tshewang Chokdrup's Catalogue ofthe Collected Tantras, and Part Seven to the third part of the latter, which similarly borrows from earlier works, It is important to recognise that Tibet was free from the concepts of ownership of the written word which form the bases for our copyright laws, and so Tibetan authors borrowed from one another with perfect freedom, the guiding principle being that the insights of enlightened masters of the past are always worthy of repetition, The works upon which Dudjom Rinpoche has drawn have, in accordance with tradition, been listed in a special section at the end of the book (pp, 965-6),
As the foregoing remarks suggest, the Tibetan historian acts very much as a compiler or anthologist of material that has been handed down by his or her tradition, It would be wrong, however, to see in Tibetan religious historiography merely an uncritical repetition of old stories; for its canons are most certainly not those of modern western historiography, and any attempt to judge the former in terms of the latter will always lead to the conclusion that Tibetan historiography is defective in the manner of its pre-Renaissance counterpart in the West,
As we read the biographies found in Dudjom Rinpoche's History, however, another observation forces itself upon us: many of these stories, which certainly do treat of historical figures, their studies, meditations, and actions on behalf of the Buddhist religion, function as allegorical accounts of the specific spiritual traditions in which they are written, Nyak }fHinakumara (pp, 601-5), for example, appears motivated in his practice by a search for vengeance, but "his intention turned to reality itself and he was completely unable to perform the [wrathful] rite", Rikdzin Terdak Lingpa (pp, 825-34) lives different stages of his life according to the different stages of esoteric empower- ment. The examples could be multiplied indefinitely, Viewed with sufficient sensitivity to the tradition it becomes clear that the spiritual paths taught abstractly in doctrinal texts are here mapped concretely through the lives of individuals, These accounts thus tell us as much ofTibetan religious beliefs, values and insights as can any other available sources, History, as understood in the contemporary West, is here
Introduction 399 clearly subservient to a spiritual end b t h'
appreciating these biographies as s ' u t not prevent our guidance for those who pursue th 10 InspIratIOn and practical equally as a record of their spIntua path outlined in them, and
The historian, too, can find a wealth f d '
ground, education and teaching careers of ata the back- well as information on the ma'or 0 ,many Nymgma masters as text should therefore be retreat centres, The
on which it is written, abandonin receptIVIty, to the many levels
should or should not be,
g ngId preconceptIOns of what history
The hard facts given in the Histor
reproduced with fid l't h y - names, places, titles and dates - are
elYtotesourcesup h'h' ,
have endeavoured to identif on w IC It IS The
lIterary works concerned and t 'd y the persons, locatIOns and
their researches This materI'al ,0 provI, e the reader with the results of , IS occaSIOnally gi ' h N '
umeTwo,butthereadershould 1 £ venmt e otesmVol- tions, Bibliography and indexe re er to ,the Glossary of Enumera-
the work with endless e aVOl? e? the to fill
required, Accordingly the ' :v ere speCIalIsed studIes are in fact , , annotatIOns we have 'd d '
pnmarily to clarify obscurities and bl ,provI e are mtended rare lexical items, and to direct the ems m the text, to point out treat specific topics in detail. eader to secondary sources which
We have also endeavoured to conv 11 T'b
calendar, Here some difficulties ,ert a 1, etan dates to the western
aware, The Tibetans only fixed thanse 0 f the reader should be cycle to begin in 1027 th ' e use of theIr characteristic sixty-year
7'
1 antra into the Tib
1027 Tibetan ch
where errors do a relatIvely straightforward matter, and readily corrected For t na occur th,ey may, for the most part, be
tIns
e for the whole period following
' eyeargIVenforthetra l' f h
e Kalacakra
often utilised onl'y a twhelPenod precedmg 1027, however, the Tibetans eve-year cycle wh' h '
the calculation of 1 f" IC was not well suIted for
thirteenth century ong sPdans 0 tIme, When Tibetan historians of the , onwar s attempted t h
Imperial period int th ' 0, convert t e records of the
errors arose and e sIxtr-year reckonmg many discrepancies and
them 1 IS not a ways a simple task to detect and correct
Arabic and othPerorcahry have made admirable use of Chinese
rOllICesmb' , I'h ' though many difficulties do r,mgmg Ig t to bear on the problem,
lators then h b
remam, The Course adopted by the trans-
SUggested by recent scholarsh' . ' or s cQnsent.
0 prOVI e the alternative dates
t? Iehave the traditional dates for the pre-I027
Period as aars
egIVenmt etext andt 'd
errors in dating h Ip the Notes. the post-1027 period
\\lIth the Auth ' ave een corrected In the body of the text
atIOn 0 t
400 History
In addition, the precise chronological tables drawn up by Dieter Schuh in Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Tibetischen Kalenderrechnung have permitted us to give exact calculations of dates following 1027 which include the day and month. A word of caution is in order, however, because Schuh has provided us with the calculations not of one, but of four calendrical systems, and as he himself has noted it is essential that one exercise discretion in deciding, in any given case, which system is to be used. The four systems are Phakpa, originating in the thirteenth century; Tshurpu, from the early fourteenth century; old Phukpa, from 1447 onwards; and new Phukpa, which became the official system of the Tibetan government in 1696. Our procedure has been to follow old Phukpa for the period from 1447 until 1695 and new Phukpa for the period which follows unless there are very strong reasons for preferring one of the other systems. For the period from
1027 until 1446 the choice of Phakpa or Tshurpu must be made on a case by case basis, and in some instances neither one seems quite right. When this problem occurs old Phukpa has been used even though it is anachronistic to do so, the maximum error possible being seldom more than one month. Future research may eventually resolve these difficulties.
The formal title of this volume is A Clearly Elucidated History of the Precious Teachings o f the Vehicle o f Indestructible Reality according to the Earliest ofAll Teachings ofthe Conqueror in the Land ofSnows, the Ancient Translation School, entitled Thunder from the Great Conquering Battle- Drum o f Devendra (gangs-ljongs rgyal-bstan yongs-rdzogs-kyi phyi-mo snga- 'gyur rdo-rje theg-pa'i bstan-pa rin-po-che ji-ltar byung-ba'i tshul dag-cing gsal-bar brjod-pa lha-dbang gYul-Ias rgyal-ba'i rnga-bo-che'i sgra-dbyangs). Devendra is said to be the form taken by the Buddha when dwelling among the gods. His drum not only ensures divine victory, but rouses the gods from the slumber of complacency and reveals to them the impermanence of even their celestial condition.
The text was composed in 1962 by His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche, Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje, the late head of the Nyingma school, after his arrival in India as a refugee. It was intended, as the Author clearly states, to give stability to the Nyingma tradition during that particular crisis situation. It has now seen many editions, the present translation following the third, which comprises four hundred and twenty-three Tibetan folios (eight hundred and forty-six pages) and occupies the first volume in theAuthor's Collected Works (Kalimpong, 1979).
The Text
A Elucidated of the Precious Teachings of the VehIcle of Indes. tructlble Reality according to the Earliest of
GYURME DORJE & MA TTHEW KAPSTEIN
. .
nCIent TranslatIon School, entitled Thunder from
:. gyal-bstan phyi-mo snga-'gyur rdo- rye theg-pa 1 bstan-pa byung-ba'i tshul dag-cing gsal-bar bryod-pa lha-dbang gYul-las rgyal-ba'i
rnga-bo-che'i sgra-dbyangs
All TeachIngs of the Conqueror in the Land ofS
hA t e
nows, the Great Conquering Battle-Drum of Devendra
Verses of Invocation
[2. 1-10. 6] Always frolicking in pristine cognition, The pure, unchanging, peaceful expanse,
Where there is no trace of elaboration,
May the unequalled Guru conquer the world!
The sun of all-knowing pristine cognition alone
Is never obscured by elaborations:
May he protect us, for he sheds a thousand rays of spiritual and
temporal well-being
On the illusory city of the world, which arises dependent on causes. 363
Cool, soothing camphor and nectar do not compare
With this gift that cures delusion's unbearable fever,
The panacea that destroys the plague ofthe world:
May that jewel oftrue doctrine, transmitted and realised,364 be our
victorious crown!
I praise, above all, the supreme community,365
The banner of the teaching,
Supported by a golden shaft of superior aspiration,
Flying the exquisite cloth of the three correct trainings,
And beautified by the jewelled peak ofexegesis and attainmclu.
Primordially pure, just what naturally is, the supreme body of reality, the all-embracing nucleus - this is the essence, awareness and emptiness, Samantabhadra;
Ceaseless transformation, pristine cognition's expressive play, arisen as a billowing, magical net - this is his natural expression, bliss and emptiness, Vajrasattva;
Loving compassion, teaching each in accord with his needs at appropriate times, with an unqualified intention - this is his spirituality, appearance and emptiness,Vajradhara;
404 History
.
. I b In devotIOn
t ow 0
the gurus ofthe six lineages - intentional, symbohc, h. 1 ho are
Verses ofInvocation 405
369 Whoisitthatwouldleaveyourfeet,evenonbecomingenlightened?
Body complete with major and minor marks, released from a lotus bud in Sindhu Lake, containing the seed-syllable HRII:I, the pristine
cognition that is the knowledge and love of the Lord ofSukhavatI Field:370
You are neither born, nor do you die, while saIpsara exists, but by the dance, the indestructible discipline ofgreat bliss,
You cut off, or take into your following, all conscious beings within the three spheres.
This being the unobstructed expression ofyour power, you can be compared with yourself alone in this world.
Although all the conquerors equally love living beings, only you,
Skull-garlanded Master, 371 have been so kind as to protect the afflicted Tibetans; so I revere you with all my heart.
You were the sole spiritual son of the 5akya King, 372 0 heroic Lord of Secrets,373 who strictly maintained his vows, and was renowned as
the great Bodhisattva.
Endowed with unlimited brilliance, retention, and mastery of the ten
powers, you wilfully lived for nine hundred years to illuminate the Land of Snows.
You planted well the banner of the teaching as the ornament ofCentral Tibet, and gave birth to a line ofthe Conqueror's family
that had no precedent.
Thinking ofyou, who had the meritorious fortune to become the first venerated priest in Tibet, I bow down in faith, time
and time again.
In the Cold Land that was obscured by darkest ignorance, you, whose sceptre is discernment's sword,374 assumed a kingly guise,
AndlitanewtheilluminatinglampoftheConqueror'sprecious
teaching, so that this frontier land achieved even greater fortune than India.
If the mass of such wondrous grace were given form, the vast universe Would be too small a vessel!
Knowing that here and now whatever enjoyment is found in this
storehouse ofprofoundly significant, wish-granting gems is thus due to your power alone, lord Trhisong, I have faith.
A hundred times I praise the Tibetan translators and Indian scholars, Who flawlessly translated, revised and established
The immaCUlate scriptures ofthe Conqueror, and the commentaries on their intention,
ural and the rest - the teachers of the supreme ve lC e, w
a , b d· 366 inseparable from these three buddha- 0 les.
You embody everything, always delighting: in an authentic and secret reat mandala endowed with supreme . .
g rna;" disci lesyourespondappropnately,appeanng10a bef! e wild ones, and before the peaceful and paSSIOnate
as is fit· d l"k AndfroU-:thelimitlessunionofyourforms 1 ; the
In the dark Land ofSnows
beyond the pale.
great thunder-clouds, you bring a satIsfymg an ertl e sower 0
. ,
mi ht warrior, glorious Heruka, favour me WIth
o g! ant that I accomplish the indestructible realIty ofyour body, speech, and mind.
There is nothing at all, animate or inanimate, that is not in t7-ed seal of this beauty, emptiness; there is no buddha who as not re Ie
on you. . h who lust after form IntheguiseofapassionateloveryouentIcet ose . bl. '
·h t367 two accomp1IS men s.
for it is said that the pristine cognition ofunchangmg, supreme may be known by this means. 1. h
ISS
Y ou are a messenger to those who desire supreme accomp IS and the sole mistress of my circle, for I have good fortune,
t m e n ,
oVajra Queen! h BeforeyouIbow,intherealisationofco-emergence,t ecomm
on
savourofall.
Embrace me tightly in the alluring play 0
love!
fb i. great
dletusmake ISS, an
I give obeisant worship to the host of India's great scholars"
h. ng
The agents of the Conqueror, who reve. aled s AndequalledtheConquerorhimself,hkeNagafjuna,Asang ,
others, .
Who commented on [the Buddha's] intentIon, an
philosophy's limits.
d . ed at arnv
T o the numberless host of accomplished I bow:
T o Saraha, Luipa, Ghal). tapada an. d the rest,. Who arrived at the indestructible level, by the mdestructIble p So that they equalled V ajradhara's intentIon.
o Lord ofthe World,368 renowned as Songtsen Gampo, You were the lord who ushered in the very first dawn ofthe
Conqueror's teaching
ath
,
406 History
And so opened for the Land of Snows a hundred doors of spiritual and temporal well-being.
I give my heart's faith to the host ofsupreme, accomplished masters, awareness-holders,
Who maintain the indestructible lineage ofsupreme transformation,375 Delighting in whatever appears in the ma1). qala ofsupreme bliss, Intoxicated by the nectar of esoteric instructions, distilled from the
intention of the three lineages.
Moreover, in devotion I here praise
All who appear as agents ofour Guide, the Conqueror,
Who glorify the teaching and living beings without bias
By their liberating careers oflearning, dignity and accomplishment.
Oakinls and protectors ofthe transmitted doctrine, bearers of secrets! Not wishing to divulge this profound history,
Please understand that the teaching now nears final rest,
And with joyful smile grant your consent.
In this most degenerate age the sun ofthe Conqueror's teaching is almost concealed by gathering black storm-clouds of disorder;
And the extraordinary tradition ofthe supremely secret vehicle, to which even accomplished persons take recourse, has virtually disappeared.
At the present time there are few who have mastered the lives ofthose who attained realisation, and those few rarely repeat the account.
For that reason I will endeavour to set this forth, so that some small part of the ancient tales, might be kept from disappearing.
Th 0 . .
Part One
e
ngzn of the Precious Teaching of the Conqueror in this World
Introduction
(10. 6-12. 3] It is my pleasure to relate briefly here, in pure and clear language, how the precious doctrine of the vehicle of indestructible reality - the unsurpassed, most secret nucleus of the entire teaching of our Teacher, the Sugata - originated and developed in the world at large and especially in the Land of Snows. So at the outset I must explain how, generally speaking, the precious teaching ofthe Conqueror came into the world.
The world systems of the universe, which are like vessels, supports created by the oceanic extent of the buddhas' compassion and the deeds of sentient beings, are spread throughout the infinite reaches of space. Therein, the place enjoyed by the buddha-body of perfect rapture, Vairocana the Great Glacial Lake, is the Buddha-field whose Foundation and Centre are Adorned with Flowers. Within each pore of the conqueror [Vairocana] residing there, there appear oceanic systems, numerous as grains of dust. Upon the lotuses which float in the perfumed oceans in the palms of his hands, there are twenty-five world systems situated one above the other. And here, in the thir- teenth among them, the world of Patient Endurance,376 there is a great trichiliocosm consisting of one billion worlds, each with four continents.
Of the four continents, each one of which has two subcontinents, the one to the south is Jambudvlpa, the Rose-Apple Continent, so called owing to the presence of the Jambu or rose-apple tree. 377 Its country is Magadha, where there is the self-originated Indestruct- Ible Seat, Vajrasana. Here one thousand supreme emanational bodies will come forth one after the other, as ifforming a rosary, attain buddha- hood and turn the wheel of the doctrine. Thus, they make of this Auspicious Aeon378 an illuminated world. At the present time, the light of the precious teaching of the Fourth Guide379 spreads throughout the World.
How this came to pass may be considered in four parts: (1) the Coming ofour Teacher, the Buddha; (2) the collection ofhis transmitted
410 History: Origin ofthe Precious Teaching . . nd 4
. line of patriarchs of the teachmg, a precepts by (3)
the preservatlon of the teaChIng an
(Mahayana).
1 The Coming of Buddha) Teacher of the Doctrine
. () d the expansion of the greater vehIcle
[12. 4-13. 3] Concerning this topic, the different philosophical systems hold many conflicting opinions, for they were conceived in accord with the varied intellectual capacities of those who required instruction.
THE OPINION OF THE ADHERENTS OF THE LESSER VEHICLE
Among these, the pious attendants of the school380 main- tained that after developing a supremely enlightened attitude our Teacher gathered, for three "countless" aeons,381 the provisions [of merit and pristine cognition] such as may be gathered on the path of provisions. 382 Then, as prince Siddhartha, an ordinary individual who, in this his final birth, was still bound [to things mundane], he attained, on the basis of [his prior completion of] the greater path of provisions, the connecting path and the paths of insight, meditation, and no-more- learning during a single sitting at Vajrasana; and thus he realised bud- dhahood. So it says in the Treasury o/the Abhidhanna (Ch. 6, v. 24ab):
In the last stage of meditation
The buddha and the self-centred buddha (pratyekabuddha) Obtain total enlightenment seated in one position. 383
Thus, they claim that the buddhahood of the Teacher is like [the enlightenment of] the self-centred buddha, who is sharp-witted and enjoys solitude. Though they consider the Bodhisattva in his last birth to have been an ordinary individual, they refer to his previous births as having been "in accord with liberation";384 and they say [Treasury of the Abhidhanna, Ch. 4, v. lIS]:
Though they are not sublime,
Parents, invalids, teachers of religion, And the Bodhisattva in his last rebirth Are said to be worthy beyond measure.
412 History: Origin ofthe Precious Teaching
THE ORDINARY OPINION OF THE GREATER VEHICLE AND OF THE TANTRAS
[13. 3-16. 2] According to the usual opinion of the greater vehicle, how- ever, after developing an enlightened attitude and gathering the provi- sions for three "countless" aeons, the holy Svetaketu, a son of the gods and a bodhisattva of the tenth level385 who was bound to take birth once more, was born as the prince Siddhartha. He was a bodhisattva of the tenth level in his final birth, and he attained buddhahood in this world. In the Sutra ofthe Array ofAttributes gUlJavyuhasutra, T 59) it says:
From the time I first developed the unsurpassed enlightened attitude I gathered the provisions with great effort for a period of three "countless" aeons. Then, gazing upon the blind, unguided creatures of this age when life endures for one hundred years, I attained buddhahood here in Jambu- dvlpa, and turned the inconceivable wheel of the doctrine . . .
While some works concerning the way of secret mantra are in general agreement with this description, they maintain, in particular, that when Siddhartha dwelt on the bank of the Nairafijana River absorbed in fixed contemplation, he was roused and summoned by the tathagatas. Leaving his conventional body behind, the body of his pristine cognition jour- neyed to the heaven,386 where he received empowerment from all the tathagatas.
of Central Tibet [5. 4. 4J 652 ZhIkpo Diitsi [5. 4. 5] 653
TatOn Co-ye [5. 4. 6] 656
TatOn Co-so [5. 4. 7]
TatOn Ziji [5. 4. 8] 660 Pakshi Sakya-o [5. 4. 9] 660
Zur Campa Senge [5. 4. 10] 663
YungWn Dorjepel [5. 4. 11J 666
Tanak Drolmawa Samdrup Dorje [5. 4. 12] 667
Zur Zangpopel and Zur Ham Sakya Jungne [5. 4. 13] 669 Sangye RIncen [5. 4. 14] 672
Golo (Yezang Tsepa) [5. 4. 1S] 674 Rmpoche, Zharmarpa IV [5. 4. 16] 675 Zur. pa Rincen Phtintsok [5. 4. 17] 676
Khonton PelJor Lhiindrup [S. 4. 18] 677 Choying Rangdrol [5. 4. 19] 679 The FIfth Dalai Lama [S. 4. 20J 683
659
orJe Gyeltsen and his Successors [5. 5. 3] 686 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE KHAM TRADITION [5. 6] 688
388
7
Detailed Contents ofBook Two Khedrup Yeshe Gyeltsen [5. 6. 5] 696
The Lineages of Katok [5. 6. 6] 698
MISCELLANEOUS LINEAGES OF THE ZUR AND KHAM TRADITIONS [5. 7] 700
The Empowerment of the Sutra which Gathers All Intentions in Kham [5. 7. 1] 700
The Lineage of Rok Sherap-o [5. 7. 2] 701
History 389
8
9
RONGZOM CHOKI ZANGPO [5. 8] 703
750
10
11
The Lineage of YatO Zurpa [5. 7. 3]
702
1
THE NATURE, PURPOSE AND KINDS OF TREASURE [6. 1J 743
The Nature of the Treasures [6. 1. 1] 743 The Purpose of the Treasures [6. 1. 2] 744 The Lineages of the Treasures [6. 1. 3] 745
The of the Earth Treasures [6. 1. 4J 746 Pure VISIOns and Treasures of Intention [6. 1. SJ 747
2
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE TREASURE-FINDERS [6. 2]
THE TRADITIONS
OF V AJRAKILA
[5. 9] 710
The Transmissions of VajrakIla [5. 9. 1] 710
Langlap Cangcup Dorje and Other Masters of VajrakIla [5. 9. 2]
713
Darcarupa and the Terma Tradition of VajrakIla [5. 9. 3]
714
THELINEAGESOFTHEEMPOWERMENTOFTHESOTRA WHICH GATHERS ALL INTENTIONS [5. 10] 717
The Lineage of Zur Ham Sakya Jungne [5. 10. 1] 717
719
ZhangtOn Namka Dor;e [5. 10. 3. 1] 720
Rikdzin Yudruk Dor;e [5. 10. 3. 2] 721
Khedrup Lodro Gyeltsen Pelzangpo (Sodokpa) [5. 10. 3. 3] 722 Kong-ra Locen Zhenpen Dorje [5. 10. 3. 4] 723
Sangdak Trhinle Lhtindrup [5. 10. 3. 5] 724
Locen Chogyel Tendzin [5. 10. 3. 6] 726
Locen DharmasrI [5. 10. 3. 7] 728
LATER LINEAGES OF THE TRANSMITTED PRECEPTS [5. 11] 733
The MindrOling Lineage of Transmitted Precepts [5. 11. 1] 733 The Mindroling Lineage of Atiyoga [5. 11. 2] 734
The Lineage of the Collected Tantras [5. 11. 3] 734
Lineages in Kham [5. 11. 4] 735
Katok [5. 11. 4. 1] 736 Dzokcen [5. 11. 4. 2] 736 Pelyul [5. 11. 4. 3] 738
NY ANG-REL
NYIMA
753 OZER [6. SJ
755 760
Dorje Trak Rikdzin Perna Trhinle [5. 10. 1. 1]
The Lineage of Zur Ham's Sister, Zurmo [5. 10. 2] 720 The Lineage of the Son, Sangye Rincen [5. 10. 3] 720
NGODRUP GYELTSEN OR RIKDZIN GODEMCEN [6. 9J 780
3 4 5
6
7
8 9 10
II
12 13 14
15 16 17
SANGYE LAMA [6. 3J
751
PART SIX: THE CLOSE LINEAGES OF THE TREASURES [6]
TRAP A
NGONSHE
[6. 4]
GURU CHOKI
W ANGCUK
[6. 6]
COMO MENMO [6. 7] 771 ORGYEN LINGP A [6. 8] 775
Ji
SANGYE
LINGP A
[6. 10] 784
789 793
KARMA LINGPA [6. 14] 800
THANGTONG . GYELPO [6. 15] 802
DOR]E
RA TNA
LINGP A
[6. 11]
PEMA LINGP A
NGARI
P ANCEN
PEMA W ANGYEL
[6. 16J 805 809
LINGP A
[6. 12J [6. 13J 796
RIKDZIN ]A TSON NYINGPO [6. 17]
18
RIKDZIN DODOL DOR]E [6. 18] 813
19
LHA TSON NAMKA JIKME [6. 19J 818
390 Detailed Contents ofBook Two
20 THE FIFTH DALAI LAMA [6. 20]
821
8 TREASURE-FINDER 9
ON THE PROPHECIES FOUND IN THE TREASURES [7. 8] 934
21 RIKDZIN TERDAK LINGP A, OF MINDROLING [6. 21]
22 JIKME LINGPA [6. 22] 835
23 CHOGYUR DECEN LINGP A [6. 23]
THE GREA T 825
THE RELA TIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NYINGMAP A TRADITIONS [7. 9] 936
AND
PONPO
Chogyur Lingpa's Seven Successions to the Transmitted Precepts [6. 23. 1] 844
24 JAMY ANG. KHYENTSE W ANGPO [6. 24] 849
Khyentse Wangpo's Seven Successions to the Transmitted Precepts [6. 24. 1] 855
PART EIGHT: THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE DOCTRINE [8] DURA TION OF THE DOCTRINE [8. 1] 943
25 JAMGON
26 MIPHAM
KONGTRUL
LODRO
THA YE
[6. 25] 859
JAMY ANG
NAMGYEL
GY AMTSO
[6. 26] 869
THE PRESENT [8. 4] 951 SOME PROPHECIES [8. 5] 960
CLOSING STATEMENTS PRIMARY SOURCES 965
CONCLUDING BENEDICTIONS
COLOPHON 972
CONCLUSION 881
5
2 3
PART SEVEN: A RECTIFICATION OF THE MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING THE NYINGMA SCHOOL [7]
1 GENERAL REPL Y TO TANTRAS [7. 1] 887
OF THE
NYINGMAP A
CRITICISMS
967
2 ON THE VIEW OF THE GREAT PERFECTION [7. 2] 896
3 RESPONSE TO CRITICS OF THE SOTRA WHICH GATHERS ALL
INTENTIONS [7. 3] 911
4 RESPONSE TO CRITICS OF THE ROOT TANTRA OF THE
SECRET NUCLEUS [7. 4] 914
5 THE CONTINUITY OF THE NYINGMAPA TRADITION AND ITS
IMP ACT ON THE OTHER SCHOOLS [7. 5] 918
6 ON THE VALIDITY OF THE TREASURES [7. 6] 927
7 THE SHORTCOMINGS OF REFUT A TION AND 929
PROOF [7. 7]
841
10
2
3
FROM THE BUDDHA'S FINAL NIRVANA UNTIL THE BEGINNING
OF THE FIRST TIBETAN SEXAGENARY CYCLE [8. 3] 948
4
FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST SEXAGENARY CYCLE TO
ON THE "BAD LUCK OF THE NYINGMAPA" [7. 10] 938
A CHRONOLOGY OF THE BUDDHA'S LIFE [8. 2] 946
History 391
Translators'Introduction
In the traditional view, the Buddhist religion made its first appearance in Tibet during the reign of Lha Thotori Nyentsen at some time prior to the mid-fifth century of our era. According to some, a collection of scriptures and symbols consecrated to Avalokitesvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, simply fell onto the roof of the palace, but others main- tain that an Indian or Central Asian Buddhist monk made his way to Tibet with a translator. The country, however, was not yet ripe for the teaching of the Buddha's doctrine. Tibet was still not literate, much less prepared to import an alien civilisation.
The fact ofthe matter was that in the middle part ofthe first millenium Tibet was an island in the midst of a Buddhist sea. In India the great monastic universities of the Gangetic plain were at the height of their development. In China Buddhist learning and devotion had acclimatised themselves to an East Asian environment, and, all along the great trade routes linking China to India and to the West, wealthy oases patronised the spread of the genuine doctrine (saddhanna). So during the seventh century when Tibet, under the leadership of King Songtsen Gampo, burst onto the international scene as a full-fledged empire, she found the unifying feature throughout the known civilised world to be Bud- dhism.
Songtsen Gampo is revered in Tibet as the father of Tibetan civilisa- tion as we know it. He gave his people law and literacy, an improved technology and a new range of occult skills. Most of all, however, he gave them the basis for the growth of the universal religion of the Tathagata, which reached its first fruition during the reign of Songtsen Gampo's descendant Trhisong Detsen. He and his grandson Relpacen generously sponsored the missionary work of Indian, Chinese and Cent- ral Asian Buddhist masters, who, in collaboration with a growing Tibetan Buddhist clergy, refined the literary Tibetan language into a precision instrument for the expression of the profound depths of scrip- and commentary. Their achievement in translating, with astonish- Ing accuracy, a vas. t literary corpus into Tibetan is certainly to be ranked
394 History
. 1 among the great mtellectua an
.
d s iritual monuments of mankmd. Pt nt to make of their new religion
As Tibet passed through the first of its sixty-year calendrical cycles (1027-87), the political fragmentation of its society was mirrored in the development of a number of new independent Buddhist schools, each adhering to its own special system of meditative experience and tracing its lineage back through different masters. Most important among them were the Kadampa school, which based itself on the teachings of the saintly and accomplished Bengali scholar Atisa, who came to Tibet in
1042 and remained there until his death in 1054, and whose teaching emphasised the cultivation of the pure enlightened attitude of the greater vehicle (Mahayana); the Path and Fruit (lam-'bras) school, which was introduced by the Tibetan translator Drokmi and rooted itself in the esoteric teachings of the accomplished master Virupa; and the Kagyti school, derived from the precepts of Marpa Chaki Wangcuk, who had mastered the innermost instructions of the yogas taught by the Indian adepts Naropa, Maitripa and others. These schools in their turn gave rise to numerous sub-schools. The Kagyti, for instance, is usually said to have four great and eight minor subsects within its aegis. At the same time other small and distinctive traditions flourished, the foremost among them being the Shangpa Kagyti, founded by Khyungpo Neljor; Pacification and the Object of Cutting, both tracing themselves back to the Indian master Phadampa; and various schools emphasising the Kalacakra Tantra. In the midst of these developments the Nyingma teaching maintained its own identity and its unique and treasured
precepts.
The pattern of religious development in Tibet gradually yielded four
major Buddhist schools: the Nyingma, Kagyti, and Sakya schools, and, in addition, the Gelukpa, founded by the great Je Tsongkapa (1357- 1419), which based itself to a large extent on the teachings of the older Kadampa school. The first of these is here treated in detail, but like a gem in Indra's Net it reflects all the others as well.
In the conflicting and often violent political currents of post-imperial Tibet the various spiritual traditions, for better or worse, could not but become to some extent entangled in mundane power struggles. Thus, it was for the better that the Khan family, rising to promineq. ce in Sakya, took a special interest in the Path and Fruit tradition, which has been preserved primarily by their school, the Sakyapa. But it was certainly for the worse that the hierarchs of Drigung, one of the Kagyti subsects, involved themselves in thirteenth-century Mongol politics only to bring about their own destruction at the hands of the Sakyapa's Mongol patrons. For some centuries Tibetan life was to be dominated by shifting alliances of religious and political parties. An unfortunate OUtcome has been a legacy of sporadic, bitter sectarianism.
. At the same time greater minds saw beyond the rivalries and fac- tIonalism. Maintaining the integrity of their own traditions, they freely learned from anq taught adherents of other traditions as well. All of
Moreover, the r:onk and layman alike undertook an intellectual exerCIse y g .
, the perennial truths which the
to realise through medltatlVe expenence
Buddha taught. d'd not however, meet with the approval These new developments 'd a reaction set in Relpacen was of all factions of Tibetan elder brother who
assassinated in (or 831e:nthe The latter persecuted the detested BuddhIsm, ascen. 1 after he himself was assassinated. monastic establishments final' collapse of the dynasty and The ensuing chaos culmmat. e m t e
the end of the d d' ted Tibetan monks did manage
Despite the ? ards. hlPs a . eW : age. Also, married yogins, th t
to keep their. alIve and had suffered less in the persecu- who lived wnhm the commuld Yf Buddhist learning and lore. By the tions, preserved all they 0 . n ascendant phase once more:
mid-tenth century BuddhIsm ,,:as m a to travel to Nepal and India
Tibetans in search of the doctnne began d by the eastward spread of . . d perhaps encourage .
for mstructlons, an , . d ' . India Indian BuddhIst masters
Islam and. the young disciples, who
began to Journey TIbet to ortive of their spiritual endeavours. lived in commumtles largely supp . or boundary one
In the related thus fa: special
that it is crucIal to be aware of m or Os hool of Tibetan Buddhism, . A . ent Translatlon c
of the Nymgma nCl. b'ect-matter of the present book. the history of. whIch of the imperial period, On the one sIde there IS t e u hen Tibet was at the
transmitted and redacted royal Buddhism itself was eak of its political and mIlItary a. '1' t' On the other side
r' f
finding its own refuge In, and fundamentally inhosPlt-
P
at its zenith as the re 19IOn 0
of the boundary we a po ltlCa. y. at the same time a refuge
an ASIan Clvllsa Ion.
. . - 11 disunified and weakened Tibet
an enlightened doctrine tenuously eXlstmg m a
able world. . ome of their roots back
While all schools of h themselves by their . . d h Nymgmapa lstmguls .
to the earlIer peno , t e 1 t unadulterated teachlllg . h 1 epresent the comp e e -
assertIOn that t eya one r c. - k't and the other accomP V· 1 'tra;)antaraSla en
of Padmasambhava, lma a m I , . fKingTrhisong Dets lished masters of India who, to Tibetan disciples transmitted the whole theIr Yeshe Tshogyel and the king
of such remarkable calIbre e been transmitted within the himself. The Buddhist teachmgs ,:"hlch by Dudjom Rinpoche,
Nyingma school are In10
: 1(bstan-pa'i rnam-gzhag) which
in his Fundamentals ofthe Nymgma c 00 constitutes the first part of this volume.
,
Translators'Introduction 395
396 History
the Tibetan schools can boast of such figures. In the pages of the present history we will encounter the likes of Rongzompa, Longcenpa, Terdak Lingpa and others who exemplified Nyingma ideals while affirming the common ground shared by all Buddhist traditions.
None the less, the Nyingmapa did suffer in the temporal sphere owing to their determined aloofness from the political scene. The distant lineage of the transmitted precepts (ring-brgyud bka'-ma), which was traced back in a direct succession to the ancient period,
grew increasingly fragile with each new This state of affairs, however, had been foreseen by the anCIent masters: Pad- masambhava, in particular, had responded by filling the land of Tibet with spiritual treasures which awaited rediscovery by individuals of
appropriate vision. So it was that as the distant lineage waned there arose a close lineage of rediscovered spiritual treasures (nye-brgyud gter- ma) to meet the needs of a new age. Since this proved to be a medium for maintaining the continuity and blessing of the ancIent translations, most practising Nyingmapa at the present time adhere to
meditative cycles which were revealed in this way. Moreover, from the seventeenth century onwards major Nyingmapa monasteries were founded and restored to preserve the vast array of such treasures as well as all that survived of the distant lineage, thereby guaranteeing
the ongoing vitality of the tradition. .
Thus there are now two methods of transmission through whIch the
Nyingma teachings have been handed down. The lineage oft. he transmitted precepts (ring-brgyud bka'-ma) has synthesIsed the major texts and teaching cycles of Mahayoga, Anuyoga and Atiyoga under the heading Trio of the Sutra, Magical Net and Mental Class (mdo-sgyu-
sems-gsum). These are respectively the Anuyoga Sutra which Gathers All Intentions, the Mahayoga Tantra of the Magical Net, and the Class of Atiyoga. In addition, the close lineage of treasures or covered teachings (nye-brgyud gter-ma) has transmitted the doctrmes known as the Trio of the Guru, Great Perfection and the Great Compas-
sionate One (bla-rdzogs-thugs gsum) , which synthesise the teaching cycles s
relating to Guru Padmasambhava (bla), the Great Perfection (rdzog ) and the Great Compassionate One, Avalokitesvara (thugs).
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE TEXT
The History is divided into eight parts. The first of these is a
ings of par excellence, and here the beginnings of their lmeages are surveyed: the lineage of the intention of the PrImordIal Buddha, Samantabhadra, the symbolic transmission of the holders, and the aural transmission of individual human bemgs.
P. art Three an account of the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet dUrIng the reIgns of Songtsen Trhisong Detsen, and Trhi Relpacen and along with an account o. f the of tradition through to the restora- tIon of monastIc BuddhIsm m Central Tibet during the late tenth and early eleventh centuries.
Part Four treats the introduction into Tibet of the three inner classes of but deals primarily with the lives of the masters of the Great PerfectIOn, from Vairocana (circa eighth century) through to Longcenpa (1308-63).
. In Part Five subject-matter is the previously mentioned distant lmeage of which was maintained at an early date Jnanakumara (czrca late eighth century), Nup Sangye Yeshe (mid-nmth and the masters of the Zur family (eleventh century The lmeage was continued by the Rong tradition in Central and the Kham tradition in the Sino-Tibetan border regions until the of Terdak Lingpa (1646-1714), and descended to the present
Author m an unbroken line.
Six outlines the history of the close lineage of the rediscovered
an account of their meaning and purpose along WIth bnef bIOgraphIes of the most important treasure-finders down to Mipham Rinpoche (1846-1912).
Seven considers the polemical attacks which have been launched agamst the Nyingma tradition in the past and summarises the responses to t. hese in order to introduce the reader precisely to the view that the Nymgmapa have traditionally held.
The eighth and final part provides a chronology for the book as a whole and an account of the prophecies concerning the future develop- ment of Buddhism.
· . I d· haslS- accountoftheoriginsanddevelopment hismm n la,emp ·tS
NYinWhich of history of the peculiarly p teachmgs m TIbet. The histoncal traditions of the Great perfectlOn, considered in Part Four, were redacted in much of their d:es. ent form as early as the fourteenth century by Longcenpa and his
ISClples. Those of th. e distant lineage of transmitted precepts, abridged
d
ing the life of Sakyamuni Buddha, the patrIarchs . of the teaChIng, I
preservation, and the expansion of the greater vehIcle. _ Part Two describes the origins of the three inner classes of tantra the Mahayoga, Anuyoga and Atiyoga. These are the characteristic teach-
THE LITERARY TRADITION OF THE HISTORY It will b f h
th . e seen rom t e above that the central parts are the fourth to comprise some three-quarters of the work as a whole
Translators'Introduction 397
398 History
in Part Five, were fairly well established by the time Golo Zhonupel composed his Blue Annals (1478) and reached the form in which they are found here in the works of such seventeenth-century authors as Rikdzin Pema Trhinle and Locen DharmasrI. Finally, the contents of Part Six were established by a succession of masters, the most recent being Jamgon Kongtrtil Lodro Thaye (1813-99), There were therefore three major historical traditions connected with the lineages of the Nyingma school in Tibet, and these have been masterfully anthologised by Dudjom Rinpoche in this work.
The similarities at certain junctures between this and earlier histories have been noted by a number of contemporary scholars: Parts One to Five, for example, often correspond to the second part of Gyurme Tshewang Chokdrup's Catalogue ofthe Collected Tantras, and Part Seven to the third part of the latter, which similarly borrows from earlier works, It is important to recognise that Tibet was free from the concepts of ownership of the written word which form the bases for our copyright laws, and so Tibetan authors borrowed from one another with perfect freedom, the guiding principle being that the insights of enlightened masters of the past are always worthy of repetition, The works upon which Dudjom Rinpoche has drawn have, in accordance with tradition, been listed in a special section at the end of the book (pp, 965-6),
As the foregoing remarks suggest, the Tibetan historian acts very much as a compiler or anthologist of material that has been handed down by his or her tradition, It would be wrong, however, to see in Tibetan religious historiography merely an uncritical repetition of old stories; for its canons are most certainly not those of modern western historiography, and any attempt to judge the former in terms of the latter will always lead to the conclusion that Tibetan historiography is defective in the manner of its pre-Renaissance counterpart in the West,
As we read the biographies found in Dudjom Rinpoche's History, however, another observation forces itself upon us: many of these stories, which certainly do treat of historical figures, their studies, meditations, and actions on behalf of the Buddhist religion, function as allegorical accounts of the specific spiritual traditions in which they are written, Nyak }fHinakumara (pp, 601-5), for example, appears motivated in his practice by a search for vengeance, but "his intention turned to reality itself and he was completely unable to perform the [wrathful] rite", Rikdzin Terdak Lingpa (pp, 825-34) lives different stages of his life according to the different stages of esoteric empower- ment. The examples could be multiplied indefinitely, Viewed with sufficient sensitivity to the tradition it becomes clear that the spiritual paths taught abstractly in doctrinal texts are here mapped concretely through the lives of individuals, These accounts thus tell us as much ofTibetan religious beliefs, values and insights as can any other available sources, History, as understood in the contemporary West, is here
Introduction 399 clearly subservient to a spiritual end b t h'
appreciating these biographies as s ' u t not prevent our guidance for those who pursue th 10 InspIratIOn and practical equally as a record of their spIntua path outlined in them, and
The historian, too, can find a wealth f d '
ground, education and teaching careers of ata the back- well as information on the ma'or 0 ,many Nymgma masters as text should therefore be retreat centres, The
on which it is written, abandonin receptIVIty, to the many levels
should or should not be,
g ngId preconceptIOns of what history
The hard facts given in the Histor
reproduced with fid l't h y - names, places, titles and dates - are
elYtotesourcesup h'h' ,
have endeavoured to identif on w IC It IS The
lIterary works concerned and t 'd y the persons, locatIOns and
their researches This materI'al ,0 provI, e the reader with the results of , IS occaSIOnally gi ' h N '
umeTwo,butthereadershould 1 £ venmt e otesmVol- tions, Bibliography and indexe re er to ,the Glossary of Enumera-
the work with endless e aVOl? e? the to fill
required, Accordingly the ' :v ere speCIalIsed studIes are in fact , , annotatIOns we have 'd d '
pnmarily to clarify obscurities and bl ,provI e are mtended rare lexical items, and to direct the ems m the text, to point out treat specific topics in detail. eader to secondary sources which
We have also endeavoured to conv 11 T'b
calendar, Here some difficulties ,ert a 1, etan dates to the western
aware, The Tibetans only fixed thanse 0 f the reader should be cycle to begin in 1027 th ' e use of theIr characteristic sixty-year
7'
1 antra into the Tib
1027 Tibetan ch
where errors do a relatIvely straightforward matter, and readily corrected For t na occur th,ey may, for the most part, be
tIns
e for the whole period following
' eyeargIVenforthetra l' f h
e Kalacakra
often utilised onl'y a twhelPenod precedmg 1027, however, the Tibetans eve-year cycle wh' h '
the calculation of 1 f" IC was not well suIted for
thirteenth century ong sPdans 0 tIme, When Tibetan historians of the , onwar s attempted t h
Imperial period int th ' 0, convert t e records of the
errors arose and e sIxtr-year reckonmg many discrepancies and
them 1 IS not a ways a simple task to detect and correct
Arabic and othPerorcahry have made admirable use of Chinese
rOllICesmb' , I'h ' though many difficulties do r,mgmg Ig t to bear on the problem,
lators then h b
remam, The Course adopted by the trans-
SUggested by recent scholarsh' . ' or s cQnsent.
0 prOVI e the alternative dates
t? Iehave the traditional dates for the pre-I027
Period as aars
egIVenmt etext andt 'd
errors in dating h Ip the Notes. the post-1027 period
\\lIth the Auth ' ave een corrected In the body of the text
atIOn 0 t
400 History
In addition, the precise chronological tables drawn up by Dieter Schuh in Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Tibetischen Kalenderrechnung have permitted us to give exact calculations of dates following 1027 which include the day and month. A word of caution is in order, however, because Schuh has provided us with the calculations not of one, but of four calendrical systems, and as he himself has noted it is essential that one exercise discretion in deciding, in any given case, which system is to be used. The four systems are Phakpa, originating in the thirteenth century; Tshurpu, from the early fourteenth century; old Phukpa, from 1447 onwards; and new Phukpa, which became the official system of the Tibetan government in 1696. Our procedure has been to follow old Phukpa for the period from 1447 until 1695 and new Phukpa for the period which follows unless there are very strong reasons for preferring one of the other systems. For the period from
1027 until 1446 the choice of Phakpa or Tshurpu must be made on a case by case basis, and in some instances neither one seems quite right. When this problem occurs old Phukpa has been used even though it is anachronistic to do so, the maximum error possible being seldom more than one month. Future research may eventually resolve these difficulties.
The formal title of this volume is A Clearly Elucidated History of the Precious Teachings o f the Vehicle o f Indestructible Reality according to the Earliest ofAll Teachings ofthe Conqueror in the Land ofSnows, the Ancient Translation School, entitled Thunder from the Great Conquering Battle- Drum o f Devendra (gangs-ljongs rgyal-bstan yongs-rdzogs-kyi phyi-mo snga- 'gyur rdo-rje theg-pa'i bstan-pa rin-po-che ji-ltar byung-ba'i tshul dag-cing gsal-bar brjod-pa lha-dbang gYul-Ias rgyal-ba'i rnga-bo-che'i sgra-dbyangs). Devendra is said to be the form taken by the Buddha when dwelling among the gods. His drum not only ensures divine victory, but rouses the gods from the slumber of complacency and reveals to them the impermanence of even their celestial condition.
The text was composed in 1962 by His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche, Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje, the late head of the Nyingma school, after his arrival in India as a refugee. It was intended, as the Author clearly states, to give stability to the Nyingma tradition during that particular crisis situation. It has now seen many editions, the present translation following the third, which comprises four hundred and twenty-three Tibetan folios (eight hundred and forty-six pages) and occupies the first volume in theAuthor's Collected Works (Kalimpong, 1979).
The Text
A Elucidated of the Precious Teachings of the VehIcle of Indes. tructlble Reality according to the Earliest of
GYURME DORJE & MA TTHEW KAPSTEIN
. .
nCIent TranslatIon School, entitled Thunder from
:. gyal-bstan phyi-mo snga-'gyur rdo- rye theg-pa 1 bstan-pa byung-ba'i tshul dag-cing gsal-bar bryod-pa lha-dbang gYul-las rgyal-ba'i
rnga-bo-che'i sgra-dbyangs
All TeachIngs of the Conqueror in the Land ofS
hA t e
nows, the Great Conquering Battle-Drum of Devendra
Verses of Invocation
[2. 1-10. 6] Always frolicking in pristine cognition, The pure, unchanging, peaceful expanse,
Where there is no trace of elaboration,
May the unequalled Guru conquer the world!
The sun of all-knowing pristine cognition alone
Is never obscured by elaborations:
May he protect us, for he sheds a thousand rays of spiritual and
temporal well-being
On the illusory city of the world, which arises dependent on causes. 363
Cool, soothing camphor and nectar do not compare
With this gift that cures delusion's unbearable fever,
The panacea that destroys the plague ofthe world:
May that jewel oftrue doctrine, transmitted and realised,364 be our
victorious crown!
I praise, above all, the supreme community,365
The banner of the teaching,
Supported by a golden shaft of superior aspiration,
Flying the exquisite cloth of the three correct trainings,
And beautified by the jewelled peak ofexegesis and attainmclu.
Primordially pure, just what naturally is, the supreme body of reality, the all-embracing nucleus - this is the essence, awareness and emptiness, Samantabhadra;
Ceaseless transformation, pristine cognition's expressive play, arisen as a billowing, magical net - this is his natural expression, bliss and emptiness, Vajrasattva;
Loving compassion, teaching each in accord with his needs at appropriate times, with an unqualified intention - this is his spirituality, appearance and emptiness,Vajradhara;
404 History
.
. I b In devotIOn
t ow 0
the gurus ofthe six lineages - intentional, symbohc, h. 1 ho are
Verses ofInvocation 405
369 Whoisitthatwouldleaveyourfeet,evenonbecomingenlightened?
Body complete with major and minor marks, released from a lotus bud in Sindhu Lake, containing the seed-syllable HRII:I, the pristine
cognition that is the knowledge and love of the Lord ofSukhavatI Field:370
You are neither born, nor do you die, while saIpsara exists, but by the dance, the indestructible discipline ofgreat bliss,
You cut off, or take into your following, all conscious beings within the three spheres.
This being the unobstructed expression ofyour power, you can be compared with yourself alone in this world.
Although all the conquerors equally love living beings, only you,
Skull-garlanded Master, 371 have been so kind as to protect the afflicted Tibetans; so I revere you with all my heart.
You were the sole spiritual son of the 5akya King, 372 0 heroic Lord of Secrets,373 who strictly maintained his vows, and was renowned as
the great Bodhisattva.
Endowed with unlimited brilliance, retention, and mastery of the ten
powers, you wilfully lived for nine hundred years to illuminate the Land of Snows.
You planted well the banner of the teaching as the ornament ofCentral Tibet, and gave birth to a line ofthe Conqueror's family
that had no precedent.
Thinking ofyou, who had the meritorious fortune to become the first venerated priest in Tibet, I bow down in faith, time
and time again.
In the Cold Land that was obscured by darkest ignorance, you, whose sceptre is discernment's sword,374 assumed a kingly guise,
AndlitanewtheilluminatinglampoftheConqueror'sprecious
teaching, so that this frontier land achieved even greater fortune than India.
If the mass of such wondrous grace were given form, the vast universe Would be too small a vessel!
Knowing that here and now whatever enjoyment is found in this
storehouse ofprofoundly significant, wish-granting gems is thus due to your power alone, lord Trhisong, I have faith.
A hundred times I praise the Tibetan translators and Indian scholars, Who flawlessly translated, revised and established
The immaCUlate scriptures ofthe Conqueror, and the commentaries on their intention,
ural and the rest - the teachers of the supreme ve lC e, w
a , b d· 366 inseparable from these three buddha- 0 les.
You embody everything, always delighting: in an authentic and secret reat mandala endowed with supreme . .
g rna;" disci lesyourespondappropnately,appeanng10a bef! e wild ones, and before the peaceful and paSSIOnate
as is fit· d l"k AndfroU-:thelimitlessunionofyourforms 1 ; the
In the dark Land ofSnows
beyond the pale.
great thunder-clouds, you bring a satIsfymg an ertl e sower 0
. ,
mi ht warrior, glorious Heruka, favour me WIth
o g! ant that I accomplish the indestructible realIty ofyour body, speech, and mind.
There is nothing at all, animate or inanimate, that is not in t7-ed seal of this beauty, emptiness; there is no buddha who as not re Ie
on you. . h who lust after form IntheguiseofapassionateloveryouentIcet ose . bl. '
·h t367 two accomp1IS men s.
for it is said that the pristine cognition ofunchangmg, supreme may be known by this means. 1. h
ISS
Y ou are a messenger to those who desire supreme accomp IS and the sole mistress of my circle, for I have good fortune,
t m e n ,
oVajra Queen! h BeforeyouIbow,intherealisationofco-emergence,t ecomm
on
savourofall.
Embrace me tightly in the alluring play 0
love!
fb i. great
dletusmake ISS, an
I give obeisant worship to the host of India's great scholars"
h. ng
The agents of the Conqueror, who reve. aled s AndequalledtheConquerorhimself,hkeNagafjuna,Asang ,
others, .
Who commented on [the Buddha's] intentIon, an
philosophy's limits.
d . ed at arnv
T o the numberless host of accomplished I bow:
T o Saraha, Luipa, Ghal). tapada an. d the rest,. Who arrived at the indestructible level, by the mdestructIble p So that they equalled V ajradhara's intentIon.
o Lord ofthe World,368 renowned as Songtsen Gampo, You were the lord who ushered in the very first dawn ofthe
Conqueror's teaching
ath
,
406 History
And so opened for the Land of Snows a hundred doors of spiritual and temporal well-being.
I give my heart's faith to the host ofsupreme, accomplished masters, awareness-holders,
Who maintain the indestructible lineage ofsupreme transformation,375 Delighting in whatever appears in the ma1). qala ofsupreme bliss, Intoxicated by the nectar of esoteric instructions, distilled from the
intention of the three lineages.
Moreover, in devotion I here praise
All who appear as agents ofour Guide, the Conqueror,
Who glorify the teaching and living beings without bias
By their liberating careers oflearning, dignity and accomplishment.
Oakinls and protectors ofthe transmitted doctrine, bearers of secrets! Not wishing to divulge this profound history,
Please understand that the teaching now nears final rest,
And with joyful smile grant your consent.
In this most degenerate age the sun ofthe Conqueror's teaching is almost concealed by gathering black storm-clouds of disorder;
And the extraordinary tradition ofthe supremely secret vehicle, to which even accomplished persons take recourse, has virtually disappeared.
At the present time there are few who have mastered the lives ofthose who attained realisation, and those few rarely repeat the account.
For that reason I will endeavour to set this forth, so that some small part of the ancient tales, might be kept from disappearing.
Th 0 . .
Part One
e
ngzn of the Precious Teaching of the Conqueror in this World
Introduction
(10. 6-12. 3] It is my pleasure to relate briefly here, in pure and clear language, how the precious doctrine of the vehicle of indestructible reality - the unsurpassed, most secret nucleus of the entire teaching of our Teacher, the Sugata - originated and developed in the world at large and especially in the Land of Snows. So at the outset I must explain how, generally speaking, the precious teaching ofthe Conqueror came into the world.
The world systems of the universe, which are like vessels, supports created by the oceanic extent of the buddhas' compassion and the deeds of sentient beings, are spread throughout the infinite reaches of space. Therein, the place enjoyed by the buddha-body of perfect rapture, Vairocana the Great Glacial Lake, is the Buddha-field whose Foundation and Centre are Adorned with Flowers. Within each pore of the conqueror [Vairocana] residing there, there appear oceanic systems, numerous as grains of dust. Upon the lotuses which float in the perfumed oceans in the palms of his hands, there are twenty-five world systems situated one above the other. And here, in the thir- teenth among them, the world of Patient Endurance,376 there is a great trichiliocosm consisting of one billion worlds, each with four continents.
Of the four continents, each one of which has two subcontinents, the one to the south is Jambudvlpa, the Rose-Apple Continent, so called owing to the presence of the Jambu or rose-apple tree. 377 Its country is Magadha, where there is the self-originated Indestruct- Ible Seat, Vajrasana. Here one thousand supreme emanational bodies will come forth one after the other, as ifforming a rosary, attain buddha- hood and turn the wheel of the doctrine. Thus, they make of this Auspicious Aeon378 an illuminated world. At the present time, the light of the precious teaching of the Fourth Guide379 spreads throughout the World.
How this came to pass may be considered in four parts: (1) the Coming ofour Teacher, the Buddha; (2) the collection ofhis transmitted
410 History: Origin ofthe Precious Teaching . . nd 4
. line of patriarchs of the teachmg, a precepts by (3)
the preservatlon of the teaChIng an
(Mahayana).
1 The Coming of Buddha) Teacher of the Doctrine
. () d the expansion of the greater vehIcle
[12. 4-13. 3] Concerning this topic, the different philosophical systems hold many conflicting opinions, for they were conceived in accord with the varied intellectual capacities of those who required instruction.
THE OPINION OF THE ADHERENTS OF THE LESSER VEHICLE
Among these, the pious attendants of the school380 main- tained that after developing a supremely enlightened attitude our Teacher gathered, for three "countless" aeons,381 the provisions [of merit and pristine cognition] such as may be gathered on the path of provisions. 382 Then, as prince Siddhartha, an ordinary individual who, in this his final birth, was still bound [to things mundane], he attained, on the basis of [his prior completion of] the greater path of provisions, the connecting path and the paths of insight, meditation, and no-more- learning during a single sitting at Vajrasana; and thus he realised bud- dhahood. So it says in the Treasury o/the Abhidhanna (Ch. 6, v. 24ab):
In the last stage of meditation
The buddha and the self-centred buddha (pratyekabuddha) Obtain total enlightenment seated in one position. 383
Thus, they claim that the buddhahood of the Teacher is like [the enlightenment of] the self-centred buddha, who is sharp-witted and enjoys solitude. Though they consider the Bodhisattva in his last birth to have been an ordinary individual, they refer to his previous births as having been "in accord with liberation";384 and they say [Treasury of the Abhidhanna, Ch. 4, v. lIS]:
Though they are not sublime,
Parents, invalids, teachers of religion, And the Bodhisattva in his last rebirth Are said to be worthy beyond measure.
412 History: Origin ofthe Precious Teaching
THE ORDINARY OPINION OF THE GREATER VEHICLE AND OF THE TANTRAS
[13. 3-16. 2] According to the usual opinion of the greater vehicle, how- ever, after developing an enlightened attitude and gathering the provi- sions for three "countless" aeons, the holy Svetaketu, a son of the gods and a bodhisattva of the tenth level385 who was bound to take birth once more, was born as the prince Siddhartha. He was a bodhisattva of the tenth level in his final birth, and he attained buddhahood in this world. In the Sutra ofthe Array ofAttributes gUlJavyuhasutra, T 59) it says:
From the time I first developed the unsurpassed enlightened attitude I gathered the provisions with great effort for a period of three "countless" aeons. Then, gazing upon the blind, unguided creatures of this age when life endures for one hundred years, I attained buddhahood here in Jambu- dvlpa, and turned the inconceivable wheel of the doctrine . . .
While some works concerning the way of secret mantra are in general agreement with this description, they maintain, in particular, that when Siddhartha dwelt on the bank of the Nairafijana River absorbed in fixed contemplation, he was roused and summoned by the tathagatas. Leaving his conventional body behind, the body of his pristine cognition jour- neyed to the heaven,386 where he received empowerment from all the tathagatas.
