Epistolam
Pauli ad Romanos.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
note 903) that the support of Fabricius
to the all-powerful minister. Rufinus was so must refer to his first consulship, or perhaps with
sure of bis nomination, that he had already money even more probability to his dictatorship, the year
coined with his effigy, destined to be distributed of which is not mentioned, but which Niebuhr
among the soldiers. Arcadius and Rufinus arrived refers to B. c. 280, after the defeat of the Romans
in the camp of Gainas on the 27th of November at the Siris. In B. c. 275, Rufinus was expelled
395, and the solemnity was on the point of taking from the senate by the censors C. Fabricius and Q,
place, when suddenly one of Gainas' men rushed Aemilius Papus, on account of his possessing ten
upon Rufinus, who stood close to the emperor, and pounds of silver plate. (Liv. Epit. 11; Eutrop. ii.
plunged his sword in his breast. Others soon fol-9; Cic. de Orat. ii. 66 ; Quintil. xii. 1. $ 43 ; Gell.
lowed his example, and in a moment Rufinus fell iv. 8; Dion Cass. Fragm. 37; Vell. Pat. ii. 17 ;
a victim to their fury. His head was cut off, Frontin. Strat, iii. 6. $ 4; Zonar. viii. 6 ; Liv. Epit.
stuck upon a spear, and paraded through the 14; Gell. xvii. 21; Val. Max. ii. 9. 84; Macrob. Sat.
camp. His right hand was likewise cut off, and i. 17; Plut. Sull. 1. ) Rufinus is said to have lost
a soldier carried it about among his comrades, cry- his sight in sleep, while dreaming of this misfor-
ing in mockery,“ Charity, charity to the hand that tune. (Plin. H. N. vii. 50, s. 51. ) His grandson
could never get enough! " Arcadius fled in con- was the first of the family who assumed the sur-
sternation from the scene of murder, but his fears name of Sulia (SULLA. ]
were soon removed, and he agreed to confiscate RUFI'NUS, C. CU'SPIUS, consul A. D. 142,
the immense property of Rufinus. Of this Eu- with L. Statius Quadratus. (Fasti. )
tropius, who was secretly privy to the murder, got RUFINUS, JU'NIUS. 1. A. JUNIUS Rv-
the lion's share. Others, who had been robbed by PINUs, consul A. D. 153 with C. Bruttius Praesens.
Rufinus, tried to obtain an indemnity by seizing (Fasti. )
whatever they could find belonging to him, till at 2. M. JUNIUS RUFINUS SABINIANUS, consal
Jast Arcadius issued an edict, at the instigation of A. D. 1. 55 with C. Julius Severus. (Fasti. )
Eutropius, by which the whole residue of the pro- RUFI'NUS, LICI'NIUS, a jurist, who lived
## p. 666 (#682) ############################################
606
RUFINUS.
RUFINUS.
ܪ
under Alexander Severus, which appears from his Jerome, eager to escape all suspicion of adherence
consulting Paulus (Dig. 40. tit. 13. 8. 4). There to such errors, vehemently supported Epiphanius,
are in the Digest seventeen excerpts from twelve bishop of Salamis, in his attack upon John of Je
bnoks of Regulae by Rufinus, according to the rusalem, by whom Rufinus had been ordained a
Florentine Index ; but one excerpt (Dig. 42. tit. 1. presbyter, and to whom he was warınly attached.
s. 34) is superscribed Lib. XIII. , which, however, The seeds of enmity planted by this controversy
proves nothing, as error easily occurs in such a were cherished into vigour by the characteristic
numeral. The name of Licinius Rufinus appears heat of Jerome, whose denunciations of his former
in the Geneva edition of the Collatio Legum Mo- companion became, by quick degrees, more and
saicarum et Romanarum, as the compiler ; but this more fierce and unsparing ; but before the quarrel
Rufinus cannot be the contemporary of Paulus, for had ripened into inextinguishable hatred, its pro-
the Collatio was compiled after the publication of gress was checked by the interposition and explana-
the Code of Theodosius ; not to mention other tions of honest friends, and a solemn reconciliation
arguments. (Zimmern, Geschichte des Röin. Privat- took place at Jerusalem, on Easter day, A. D. 397.
rechts, vol. i. )
[G. L. ) In the autumn of the same year Rufinus em-
RUFI'NUS, ME'NNIUS, one of the generals barked for Italy, along with Melania, and having
of Vitellius, A. D. 69. (Tac. Hist. iii. 12. ) been hospitably entertained by Paulinus (Pauli-
RUFINUS, TREBOʻNIUS, a friend of the NUS), ai Nola, betook himself from thence, with.
younger Pliny, had been decemvir, or one of out visiting the metropolis, to the monastery of Pi-
the chief magistrates, of the Roman colony of netum. Hither multitudes flocked for the purpose
Vienna in Gaul. (Plin. Ep. iv. 22. ) He is pro- of making inquiries with regard to the ceremonies
bably the same person as the Rufinus to whom one and liturgies of the sister Churches of the East,
of Pliny's letters is addressed. (Ep. vii. 18. ) the rules of the most celebrated coenobitical frater-
RUFI'NUS, TRIA’RIUS, consul in a. D. 210 nities, the Greek ecclesiastical writers, and various
with M'. Acilius Faustinus. (Fasti. )
other points upon which one who had been so
RUFINUS, C. VI'BIUS, consul suffectus in long resident in Asia and Egypt would be capable
A. D. 22. (Fasti. )
of imparting information. The intelligence thus
RUFINUS, literary. 1. TYRANNIUS or TUR- obtained proved so interesting, that the learned
Ranius, or TORANUS, as the name is variously traveller was earnestly solicited to gratify curiosity
written, must have been born about the middle of the still further, by translating into Latin some of
fourth century, but neither the precise date nor the those productions to which he had been in the
place of his nativity can be determined with cer- habit of referring most frequently. With this re-
tainty, although soine of his biographers have con quest, not foreseeing the storm he was about to
fidently fixed upon A. D. 345, for the former, and excite, he willingly complied, and accordingly pub-
Concordia, near the head of the Adriatic, as the lished translations of the Apology for Origen by
latter. After he had attained to manhood he became Pamphilus, and of the books of Origen Tepi apxwv,
an inmate of the monastery at Aquileia, where, upon together with an original tract De Adulteratione
acquiring a knowledge of the principles and rites of Librorum Origenis, while in the preface to the De
Christianity, he received the sacrament of baptism, Principiis, either from a wish to avoid any miscon-
in 371 or 372, from the hands of the presbyterception of his own views, or from some feeling of
Chromatius. At this epoch also he formed that lurking malice, he quoted the panegyric pronounced
close intimacy with Hieronymus which was long by Jerome upon Origen, of which we have made
maintained with great mutual warmth, but event- mention above. The appearance of these works pro-
ually most rudely dissolved. Having conceived an duced a violent ferment. Pammachius and Oceanus
eager desire to visit Palestine, Rufinus set out, represented the transaction in the most unfavourable
almost immediately after his admission into the light to Jerome, whose wrath blazed forth more
Church, for Syria, in the train of Melania, a noble, hotly than ever ; all attempts to bring about a
wealthy, and devout Roman matron, and remained better understanding served only, from the bad
in the East for about twenty-six years, passing a faith of the negotiators, to feed the flame ; a bitter
portion of his time at Alexandria, where he en correspondence followed, which was crowned by
joyed the instructions of Didymus and other learned the Apologia of the one adversus Hieronymum, and
fathers ; and the rest at Jerusalem, where he took the Apologia of the other alrersus Rufinum.
up his abode with the monks on the Mount of Soon after the commencement of the dispute
Olives, making frequent excursions, however, in Rufinus retired to Aquileia, and during the life of
different directions, in company with Melania, to Siricius, was steadily supported by the pontifical
whom he seems to have acted as spiritual adviser court. But, upon the elevation of Anastasius, he
and almoner. During the earlier part of the above was summoned by the new pope to repair to Rome,
period he maintained a most affectionate corre for the purpose of answering the charges preferred
spondence with Jerome, who had retired to the against his orthodoxy : this mandate, however, he
desert between Antioch and the Euphrates, and evaded, and, instead of appearing in person, trans-
although they met once only (in 385), their friend-mitted an Apologiu, in which he explains bis real
sbip continued uninterrupted up to 393, when bitter views, and altogether disavows any participation
strife arose. Both had been warm admirers of in the dangerous doctrines imputed to him by his
Origen, and this admiration had been expressed in enemies. Anastasius replied by an epistle, in
the most emphatic terms by Jerome, in the preface which he condemned, most unequivocally, the tenets
to his translation of the Homilies upon the Song of Origen, and censured indirectly the rashness of
of Solomon. But when the doubtful tendency of his translator, without, however, seeking further to
many of the theories involved in the imaginative disturb him in his retreat. After the death of
orientalisms of Origen began by degrees to be more Anastasius in 402, the flames which had raged fu-
clearly discerned, and when the cry of heresy, first riously for upwards of three years, gradually became
saised by Theophilus, became loud and strong, more faint, and at length expired altogether, Rufie
## p. 667 (#683) ############################################
RUFINUS.
667
RUFINUS.
713.
nus remaining at Ayuilein, under the protection of B. TRANSLATIONS PROM THE GREEK. -I. B2-
Chromatius, busily employed in literary labours, silii Magni Regula, inserted in the Codex Regular
until A. D. 400, when he returned to Pinetum. rum, &c. of Holstenius, 4to. Rom. 1661, reprinted
From thence, upon the invasion of Italy by Alaric, at Vienna, fol. 1759.
he fled to Sicily, where he died soon after, in 410. II. Basili Magni Homiliae VIII. These will
In allusion to the place of his decease, his great be found in the edition of St. Basil, published at
adversary, whose hostility endured beyond the Paris by Garnier, in 1722, vol. ii.
P.
grave, composed the following epitaph :- " Scor- III. Pamphili Apologia pro Oriyene, to be found
pius inter Enceladum et Porphyrium Trinacriue in all the best editions of Origen and Jerome.
humo ponitur. "
IV. Origenis de Principiis Libri IV. V. Ori-
The extant works of Rufinus must be separated genis llomiliae, XVII. in Genesim. , XIII. in Ex-
into two classes :- A. Original Compositions, and, odum, XVI. in Leviticuin, XXVIII. in Numeros,
B. Translations from the Greek, those belonging XXVI. in Josue, IX. in Julices, I. in I. Librum
to the latter division being the more voluminous. Heyum, Il'. in Cuntien Cunticorum, X. Libri in
A. ORIGINAL COMPOSITIONS. - I. De Adul.
Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos. The whole of the
teratione Librorum Origenis ; a sort of Epilogus or above translations will be found in all the editions
supplement to the translation of the Apology for of Origen.
Origen by Pamphilus. It is dedicnted to a monk vi. Gregorii Nazianzeni Opuscula X. , first pub-
Macarius, at whose urgent request that translation lished by Johannes Adelphus, at Strasburg, 410. ,
was undertaken, and is intended to prove that 1508, and included in the Latin translation of the
many of the false doctrines ascribed to Origen did whole works of Gregory, by Mosellanus and Pirck-
not in reality proceed from that father, but were heimerus, printed at Leipzig, 8vo. 15-22.
deductions from corruptions and interpolations of VII. Sixti Sententiae s. Enchiridium s. Annulus,
his genuine text. This tract will be found ap- a series of moral Apophthegms, the author of which
pended to the Apology in the fifth volume of the was altogether uncertain, even in the age of Rufi-
Benedictine edition of Jerome.
nus, since by some they were supposed to be the
II. De Benedictionibus XII. Patriarcharum production of Sextius the Stoic, named by Seneca,
Libri II. , an attempt to interpret the prophecy of by others of a Pythagorean, by others of Sixtus II. ,
Jacob regarding the destinies of his sons, contained who was bishop of Rome, and suffered martyrdom
in the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis. This piece in A. D. 258. A collection of this nature is pecu-
will be found under its best form in the edition liarly open to interpolation, and hence it is little
of Rufinus commenced by Vallarsi, but not con- surprising that the MSS. should present variations
tinued beyond the first volume, which appeared at quite irreconcileable. It is not improbable that the
Verona, fol. 1745.
reflections of some heathen philosopher may have
III. Apologia pro Fide sua ad Anastasium Pon- formed the groundwork, that these were modified
tificem. iv. Apologia s. Invectivarum in Hierony- and adapted to Christianity by Rufinus and others,
mum Libri II. In these two polemical pieces Ru- and that transcribers from time to time made such
finus seeks, in the first place, to establish his own alterations and additions as suited their own views
orthodoxy beyond suspicion, and in the second and tastes. The best edition is that of Urbanus
place, to rebut and retort the injurious statements Godofredus Siberus, 4to. Lips. 1725.
of his opponents, especially of Jerome, whom he VIII. Evagriä Sententiae ad Monachos, Evagri
imitates too closely in violence and want of charity. Sententiae de Apathia, Evagrii Liber ad Virgines.
Both will be found in the Benedictine edition of These three tracts, which will be found in the ap-
Hieronymus, and in that of Vallarsi.
pendix to the Codex Regularum, &c. , of Holstenius,
V. Historia Eremitica, 8. Vitae Patrum, the 4to. Rom. 1661, are generally believed to be the
biographies of thirty-three holy men, who passed a * Opuscula ” of Evagrius which Jerome, in his
life of sanctity and solitude in the desert of Nitria. letter to Ctesiphon, mentions as having been trans-
The collection was long ascribed to Jerome, and lated by Rufinus, and to which Gennadius also
when, from the words of Jerome himself, this was makes allusions (cc. xi. and xvii. ), although doubt-
proved to be impossible, it was assigned to various fully and indistinctly.
authors by different critics : but, from a passage in IX. Clementis Romani Recognitiones, of which
the Historia Ecclesiastica (xi. 4, see below), it is the original was attributed to Clemens Romanus.
evident that Rufinus must be regarded either as [CLEMENS ROMANUS. )
the compiler of the lives, or as the translator from X. Anatolii Alexandrini Canon Paschalis, first
some Greek original. The best edition is that by published, from a MS. , by Aegidius Bucherius, in
Rosweyd, fol. Antv. 1615, reprinted fol. Lugdun. his De Doctrina Temporum, fol. Antv. 1634.
1617, and fol. Antv. 1628.
The following translations from Origen frequently
VI. Expositio Symboli. An explanation of the ascribed to Rufinus, are of doubtful authenticity :
Apostles' Creed. It is contained in the first vo- Homiliae VII. in Matthaeum ; Ilomilia in Jou
lume of the edition of Rufinus commenced by Valo hannem ; De Maria Mugualena; De Epiphania
larsi, fol. Veron. 1745.
Domini.
VII. Historiae Ecclesiasticae Libri XI. This The following works have been erroneously
work belongs partly to the first and partly to the ascribed to Rufinus:- Versio Origenis Homiliarum
second of the two divisions laid down above, since in Lucam, which belongs to Jerome ; Versio Jo-
the first nine books are a loose translation of the sephi Operum, which belongs to Ambrose ; Com-
ten books of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, mentarii in LXXV. priores Duvidis Psalmos ; in
while the tenth and eleventh are a continuation by Oseann, Johelem, Amos ; Vita S. Eugeniue ; Libel-
Rufinus himself, embracing a history of the Church, lus de Fide brevior; Libellus de Fide fusior.
from the commencement of the Arian heresy down The following works by Rufinus have been lost :
to the death of Theodosius. The best edition is Epistola ad Hieronymui, in reply to the first
that by Caccuri, 2 vols. 4to. Rom. 1740.
part of Jerome's Apologia ; Epistolac ad Anicians
## p. 668 (#684) ############################################
668
RUFINUS.
RUFUS.
à
Fulconium Probam ; some translations from Latin mesticus, but is headed in the Palatine Ms.
into Greek.
'Povpivov domeOTIKOÙ. (Concerning the meaning
The style of Rufinus is remarkably perspicuous, of this title, see Du Cange, Gluss. Med. et Inf.
and, although tinged with the corruptions of his Gracc. ) There can be no doubt that the author
age, is far removed from barbarism. His original was a Byzantine, and his verses are of the samo
works do not indicate commanding genius, nor light amatory character as those of Agathias,
indeed are the subjects such as to admit of much | Paulus, Macedonius, and others; but beyond
display, while his merits as a translator rank very this there is no other indication of his age. Jacobs
low, since all his efforts in this department are cha- rejects the supposition of Reiske, that he should
racterised by extreme inaccuracy. Indeed his be identified with the author of the Pasiphaë.
object seems to have been rather to convey a gene- (Brunck, Anal, vol. ii. pp. 390, 490 ; Jacobs, Anth.
ral idea of the meaning of an author than faithfully Graec. vol. iii. pp. 98, 193, vol. xiii. pp. 947,948;
to represent his words, and he does not hesitate to Fabric. Bibl. Griec. vol. iv. p. 494. )
expand, condense, correct, or omit such passages There were also two or three sophists and rhe.
ns seemed to him obscure, diffuse, inaccurate or toricians of this name, for whom a bare mention
unnecessary, although we cannot with justice will suffice, namely, Rufinus of Cyprus, a peripa-
accuse him of wilful distortion or suppression. tetic philosopher, mentioned as a contemporary by
Into the merits of the controversy with Jerome, Lucian (Demonact. 54. vol. ii. p. 393) ; Rufinus,
to which perhaps he owes his chief celebrity, it of Naucratis, an illegitimate son of A pollonius of
is unnecessary to enter. It redounded to the Naucratis (Philost. Vit
. Sophist. ii. 19, p. 599);
praise of neither party, but the latter was un. Rufinus, praetor of Smyma under Severus and
doubtedly the aggressor, the motives of the attack Caracalla, and perhaps some others. (See Olearius,
were probably unworthy, and the coarse invective ad Philost. ii. 25, p. 608 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol.
in which it was couched excites no feeling except vi. p. 137. )
[P. S. ]
disgust, especially when contrasted with the hyper- RU'FIO. 1. A friend of Cicero, of whom
bolical praises lavished by him not long before upon nothing is known. (Cic. ad All. v. 2. & 2. ) Er-
the same individual.
nesti supposes that Sempronius Rufus is intended
No complete impression of the works of Rufinus (comp. wl Att. vi. 2. $ 10, ar Fum. viii. 7), Rufio
having ever been published, we have noticed the being the diminutive of Rufus ; but it is quite
best edition of each piece separately.
uncertain.
(The events connected with the life of Rufinus 2. A friend of Trebatius. (Ad Fam. vii. 20. ) It
have been investigated, with great industry and appears from an inscription in Gruter (p. 195, 13),
learning, by Giusto Fontanini, arch biship of An- that his gentile name was also Trebatius, since we
cyra, in his Historia Literaria Aquileiensis, 4to. there read of a C. Trebatius Rufio.
Rom. 1742, and by J. F. B. Maria de Rubeis, in 3. The son of a freedman of Julius Caesar, was
his Dissertationes Duae, 4to. , Venet. 1745; to left by him in command of three legions at Alex-
which we may add the notices prefixed to the edi- andria. (Suet. Caes. 76. )
tion by Cacciari of the Historia Ecclesiastica, and 4. Rupio VESTORIANUS, whom Cicero expected
the recent dissertation by J. H. Marzuttini, en- that M. Antonius would restore to his rights as a
titled De Turanii Rufini Presbyteri Aquileiensis citizen, B. C. 44. (Cic. ad Att. xiv. 14. § 2. )
Fide et Religione, 8vo. Patav. 1835 ; see also RU'FIUS, a modeller of small terra-cotta figures
Schröck, Kirchengeschichte, vol. x. p. 121 ; Schöne- (sigilla), whose name is found inscribed on the
mann, Bibl. Patrum Latt. vol. i. § 27 ; Bähr, base of one of these figures, found at Perugia
Geschichte der Röm.
to the all-powerful minister. Rufinus was so must refer to his first consulship, or perhaps with
sure of bis nomination, that he had already money even more probability to his dictatorship, the year
coined with his effigy, destined to be distributed of which is not mentioned, but which Niebuhr
among the soldiers. Arcadius and Rufinus arrived refers to B. c. 280, after the defeat of the Romans
in the camp of Gainas on the 27th of November at the Siris. In B. c. 275, Rufinus was expelled
395, and the solemnity was on the point of taking from the senate by the censors C. Fabricius and Q,
place, when suddenly one of Gainas' men rushed Aemilius Papus, on account of his possessing ten
upon Rufinus, who stood close to the emperor, and pounds of silver plate. (Liv. Epit. 11; Eutrop. ii.
plunged his sword in his breast. Others soon fol-9; Cic. de Orat. ii. 66 ; Quintil. xii. 1. $ 43 ; Gell.
lowed his example, and in a moment Rufinus fell iv. 8; Dion Cass. Fragm. 37; Vell. Pat. ii. 17 ;
a victim to their fury. His head was cut off, Frontin. Strat, iii. 6. $ 4; Zonar. viii. 6 ; Liv. Epit.
stuck upon a spear, and paraded through the 14; Gell. xvii. 21; Val. Max. ii. 9. 84; Macrob. Sat.
camp. His right hand was likewise cut off, and i. 17; Plut. Sull. 1. ) Rufinus is said to have lost
a soldier carried it about among his comrades, cry- his sight in sleep, while dreaming of this misfor-
ing in mockery,“ Charity, charity to the hand that tune. (Plin. H. N. vii. 50, s. 51. ) His grandson
could never get enough! " Arcadius fled in con- was the first of the family who assumed the sur-
sternation from the scene of murder, but his fears name of Sulia (SULLA. ]
were soon removed, and he agreed to confiscate RUFI'NUS, C. CU'SPIUS, consul A. D. 142,
the immense property of Rufinus. Of this Eu- with L. Statius Quadratus. (Fasti. )
tropius, who was secretly privy to the murder, got RUFINUS, JU'NIUS. 1. A. JUNIUS Rv-
the lion's share. Others, who had been robbed by PINUs, consul A. D. 153 with C. Bruttius Praesens.
Rufinus, tried to obtain an indemnity by seizing (Fasti. )
whatever they could find belonging to him, till at 2. M. JUNIUS RUFINUS SABINIANUS, consal
Jast Arcadius issued an edict, at the instigation of A. D. 1. 55 with C. Julius Severus. (Fasti. )
Eutropius, by which the whole residue of the pro- RUFI'NUS, LICI'NIUS, a jurist, who lived
## p. 666 (#682) ############################################
606
RUFINUS.
RUFINUS.
ܪ
under Alexander Severus, which appears from his Jerome, eager to escape all suspicion of adherence
consulting Paulus (Dig. 40. tit. 13. 8. 4). There to such errors, vehemently supported Epiphanius,
are in the Digest seventeen excerpts from twelve bishop of Salamis, in his attack upon John of Je
bnoks of Regulae by Rufinus, according to the rusalem, by whom Rufinus had been ordained a
Florentine Index ; but one excerpt (Dig. 42. tit. 1. presbyter, and to whom he was warınly attached.
s. 34) is superscribed Lib. XIII. , which, however, The seeds of enmity planted by this controversy
proves nothing, as error easily occurs in such a were cherished into vigour by the characteristic
numeral. The name of Licinius Rufinus appears heat of Jerome, whose denunciations of his former
in the Geneva edition of the Collatio Legum Mo- companion became, by quick degrees, more and
saicarum et Romanarum, as the compiler ; but this more fierce and unsparing ; but before the quarrel
Rufinus cannot be the contemporary of Paulus, for had ripened into inextinguishable hatred, its pro-
the Collatio was compiled after the publication of gress was checked by the interposition and explana-
the Code of Theodosius ; not to mention other tions of honest friends, and a solemn reconciliation
arguments. (Zimmern, Geschichte des Röin. Privat- took place at Jerusalem, on Easter day, A. D. 397.
rechts, vol. i. )
[G. L. ) In the autumn of the same year Rufinus em-
RUFI'NUS, ME'NNIUS, one of the generals barked for Italy, along with Melania, and having
of Vitellius, A. D. 69. (Tac. Hist. iii. 12. ) been hospitably entertained by Paulinus (Pauli-
RUFINUS, TREBOʻNIUS, a friend of the NUS), ai Nola, betook himself from thence, with.
younger Pliny, had been decemvir, or one of out visiting the metropolis, to the monastery of Pi-
the chief magistrates, of the Roman colony of netum. Hither multitudes flocked for the purpose
Vienna in Gaul. (Plin. Ep. iv. 22. ) He is pro- of making inquiries with regard to the ceremonies
bably the same person as the Rufinus to whom one and liturgies of the sister Churches of the East,
of Pliny's letters is addressed. (Ep. vii. 18. ) the rules of the most celebrated coenobitical frater-
RUFI'NUS, TRIA’RIUS, consul in a. D. 210 nities, the Greek ecclesiastical writers, and various
with M'. Acilius Faustinus. (Fasti. )
other points upon which one who had been so
RUFINUS, C. VI'BIUS, consul suffectus in long resident in Asia and Egypt would be capable
A. D. 22. (Fasti. )
of imparting information. The intelligence thus
RUFINUS, literary. 1. TYRANNIUS or TUR- obtained proved so interesting, that the learned
Ranius, or TORANUS, as the name is variously traveller was earnestly solicited to gratify curiosity
written, must have been born about the middle of the still further, by translating into Latin some of
fourth century, but neither the precise date nor the those productions to which he had been in the
place of his nativity can be determined with cer- habit of referring most frequently. With this re-
tainty, although soine of his biographers have con quest, not foreseeing the storm he was about to
fidently fixed upon A. D. 345, for the former, and excite, he willingly complied, and accordingly pub-
Concordia, near the head of the Adriatic, as the lished translations of the Apology for Origen by
latter. After he had attained to manhood he became Pamphilus, and of the books of Origen Tepi apxwv,
an inmate of the monastery at Aquileia, where, upon together with an original tract De Adulteratione
acquiring a knowledge of the principles and rites of Librorum Origenis, while in the preface to the De
Christianity, he received the sacrament of baptism, Principiis, either from a wish to avoid any miscon-
in 371 or 372, from the hands of the presbyterception of his own views, or from some feeling of
Chromatius. At this epoch also he formed that lurking malice, he quoted the panegyric pronounced
close intimacy with Hieronymus which was long by Jerome upon Origen, of which we have made
maintained with great mutual warmth, but event- mention above. The appearance of these works pro-
ually most rudely dissolved. Having conceived an duced a violent ferment. Pammachius and Oceanus
eager desire to visit Palestine, Rufinus set out, represented the transaction in the most unfavourable
almost immediately after his admission into the light to Jerome, whose wrath blazed forth more
Church, for Syria, in the train of Melania, a noble, hotly than ever ; all attempts to bring about a
wealthy, and devout Roman matron, and remained better understanding served only, from the bad
in the East for about twenty-six years, passing a faith of the negotiators, to feed the flame ; a bitter
portion of his time at Alexandria, where he en correspondence followed, which was crowned by
joyed the instructions of Didymus and other learned the Apologia of the one adversus Hieronymum, and
fathers ; and the rest at Jerusalem, where he took the Apologia of the other alrersus Rufinum.
up his abode with the monks on the Mount of Soon after the commencement of the dispute
Olives, making frequent excursions, however, in Rufinus retired to Aquileia, and during the life of
different directions, in company with Melania, to Siricius, was steadily supported by the pontifical
whom he seems to have acted as spiritual adviser court. But, upon the elevation of Anastasius, he
and almoner. During the earlier part of the above was summoned by the new pope to repair to Rome,
period he maintained a most affectionate corre for the purpose of answering the charges preferred
spondence with Jerome, who had retired to the against his orthodoxy : this mandate, however, he
desert between Antioch and the Euphrates, and evaded, and, instead of appearing in person, trans-
although they met once only (in 385), their friend-mitted an Apologiu, in which he explains bis real
sbip continued uninterrupted up to 393, when bitter views, and altogether disavows any participation
strife arose. Both had been warm admirers of in the dangerous doctrines imputed to him by his
Origen, and this admiration had been expressed in enemies. Anastasius replied by an epistle, in
the most emphatic terms by Jerome, in the preface which he condemned, most unequivocally, the tenets
to his translation of the Homilies upon the Song of Origen, and censured indirectly the rashness of
of Solomon. But when the doubtful tendency of his translator, without, however, seeking further to
many of the theories involved in the imaginative disturb him in his retreat. After the death of
orientalisms of Origen began by degrees to be more Anastasius in 402, the flames which had raged fu-
clearly discerned, and when the cry of heresy, first riously for upwards of three years, gradually became
saised by Theophilus, became loud and strong, more faint, and at length expired altogether, Rufie
## p. 667 (#683) ############################################
RUFINUS.
667
RUFINUS.
713.
nus remaining at Ayuilein, under the protection of B. TRANSLATIONS PROM THE GREEK. -I. B2-
Chromatius, busily employed in literary labours, silii Magni Regula, inserted in the Codex Regular
until A. D. 400, when he returned to Pinetum. rum, &c. of Holstenius, 4to. Rom. 1661, reprinted
From thence, upon the invasion of Italy by Alaric, at Vienna, fol. 1759.
he fled to Sicily, where he died soon after, in 410. II. Basili Magni Homiliae VIII. These will
In allusion to the place of his decease, his great be found in the edition of St. Basil, published at
adversary, whose hostility endured beyond the Paris by Garnier, in 1722, vol. ii.
P.
grave, composed the following epitaph :- " Scor- III. Pamphili Apologia pro Oriyene, to be found
pius inter Enceladum et Porphyrium Trinacriue in all the best editions of Origen and Jerome.
humo ponitur. "
IV. Origenis de Principiis Libri IV. V. Ori-
The extant works of Rufinus must be separated genis llomiliae, XVII. in Genesim. , XIII. in Ex-
into two classes :- A. Original Compositions, and, odum, XVI. in Leviticuin, XXVIII. in Numeros,
B. Translations from the Greek, those belonging XXVI. in Josue, IX. in Julices, I. in I. Librum
to the latter division being the more voluminous. Heyum, Il'. in Cuntien Cunticorum, X. Libri in
A. ORIGINAL COMPOSITIONS. - I. De Adul.
Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos. The whole of the
teratione Librorum Origenis ; a sort of Epilogus or above translations will be found in all the editions
supplement to the translation of the Apology for of Origen.
Origen by Pamphilus. It is dedicnted to a monk vi. Gregorii Nazianzeni Opuscula X. , first pub-
Macarius, at whose urgent request that translation lished by Johannes Adelphus, at Strasburg, 410. ,
was undertaken, and is intended to prove that 1508, and included in the Latin translation of the
many of the false doctrines ascribed to Origen did whole works of Gregory, by Mosellanus and Pirck-
not in reality proceed from that father, but were heimerus, printed at Leipzig, 8vo. 15-22.
deductions from corruptions and interpolations of VII. Sixti Sententiae s. Enchiridium s. Annulus,
his genuine text. This tract will be found ap- a series of moral Apophthegms, the author of which
pended to the Apology in the fifth volume of the was altogether uncertain, even in the age of Rufi-
Benedictine edition of Jerome.
nus, since by some they were supposed to be the
II. De Benedictionibus XII. Patriarcharum production of Sextius the Stoic, named by Seneca,
Libri II. , an attempt to interpret the prophecy of by others of a Pythagorean, by others of Sixtus II. ,
Jacob regarding the destinies of his sons, contained who was bishop of Rome, and suffered martyrdom
in the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis. This piece in A. D. 258. A collection of this nature is pecu-
will be found under its best form in the edition liarly open to interpolation, and hence it is little
of Rufinus commenced by Vallarsi, but not con- surprising that the MSS. should present variations
tinued beyond the first volume, which appeared at quite irreconcileable. It is not improbable that the
Verona, fol. 1745.
reflections of some heathen philosopher may have
III. Apologia pro Fide sua ad Anastasium Pon- formed the groundwork, that these were modified
tificem. iv. Apologia s. Invectivarum in Hierony- and adapted to Christianity by Rufinus and others,
mum Libri II. In these two polemical pieces Ru- and that transcribers from time to time made such
finus seeks, in the first place, to establish his own alterations and additions as suited their own views
orthodoxy beyond suspicion, and in the second and tastes. The best edition is that of Urbanus
place, to rebut and retort the injurious statements Godofredus Siberus, 4to. Lips. 1725.
of his opponents, especially of Jerome, whom he VIII. Evagriä Sententiae ad Monachos, Evagri
imitates too closely in violence and want of charity. Sententiae de Apathia, Evagrii Liber ad Virgines.
Both will be found in the Benedictine edition of These three tracts, which will be found in the ap-
Hieronymus, and in that of Vallarsi.
pendix to the Codex Regularum, &c. , of Holstenius,
V. Historia Eremitica, 8. Vitae Patrum, the 4to. Rom. 1661, are generally believed to be the
biographies of thirty-three holy men, who passed a * Opuscula ” of Evagrius which Jerome, in his
life of sanctity and solitude in the desert of Nitria. letter to Ctesiphon, mentions as having been trans-
The collection was long ascribed to Jerome, and lated by Rufinus, and to which Gennadius also
when, from the words of Jerome himself, this was makes allusions (cc. xi. and xvii. ), although doubt-
proved to be impossible, it was assigned to various fully and indistinctly.
authors by different critics : but, from a passage in IX. Clementis Romani Recognitiones, of which
the Historia Ecclesiastica (xi. 4, see below), it is the original was attributed to Clemens Romanus.
evident that Rufinus must be regarded either as [CLEMENS ROMANUS. )
the compiler of the lives, or as the translator from X. Anatolii Alexandrini Canon Paschalis, first
some Greek original. The best edition is that by published, from a MS. , by Aegidius Bucherius, in
Rosweyd, fol. Antv. 1615, reprinted fol. Lugdun. his De Doctrina Temporum, fol. Antv. 1634.
1617, and fol. Antv. 1628.
The following translations from Origen frequently
VI. Expositio Symboli. An explanation of the ascribed to Rufinus, are of doubtful authenticity :
Apostles' Creed. It is contained in the first vo- Homiliae VII. in Matthaeum ; Ilomilia in Jou
lume of the edition of Rufinus commenced by Valo hannem ; De Maria Mugualena; De Epiphania
larsi, fol. Veron. 1745.
Domini.
VII. Historiae Ecclesiasticae Libri XI. This The following works have been erroneously
work belongs partly to the first and partly to the ascribed to Rufinus:- Versio Origenis Homiliarum
second of the two divisions laid down above, since in Lucam, which belongs to Jerome ; Versio Jo-
the first nine books are a loose translation of the sephi Operum, which belongs to Ambrose ; Com-
ten books of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, mentarii in LXXV. priores Duvidis Psalmos ; in
while the tenth and eleventh are a continuation by Oseann, Johelem, Amos ; Vita S. Eugeniue ; Libel-
Rufinus himself, embracing a history of the Church, lus de Fide brevior; Libellus de Fide fusior.
from the commencement of the Arian heresy down The following works by Rufinus have been lost :
to the death of Theodosius. The best edition is Epistola ad Hieronymui, in reply to the first
that by Caccuri, 2 vols. 4to. Rom. 1740.
part of Jerome's Apologia ; Epistolac ad Anicians
## p. 668 (#684) ############################################
668
RUFINUS.
RUFUS.
à
Fulconium Probam ; some translations from Latin mesticus, but is headed in the Palatine Ms.
into Greek.
'Povpivov domeOTIKOÙ. (Concerning the meaning
The style of Rufinus is remarkably perspicuous, of this title, see Du Cange, Gluss. Med. et Inf.
and, although tinged with the corruptions of his Gracc. ) There can be no doubt that the author
age, is far removed from barbarism. His original was a Byzantine, and his verses are of the samo
works do not indicate commanding genius, nor light amatory character as those of Agathias,
indeed are the subjects such as to admit of much | Paulus, Macedonius, and others; but beyond
display, while his merits as a translator rank very this there is no other indication of his age. Jacobs
low, since all his efforts in this department are cha- rejects the supposition of Reiske, that he should
racterised by extreme inaccuracy. Indeed his be identified with the author of the Pasiphaë.
object seems to have been rather to convey a gene- (Brunck, Anal, vol. ii. pp. 390, 490 ; Jacobs, Anth.
ral idea of the meaning of an author than faithfully Graec. vol. iii. pp. 98, 193, vol. xiii. pp. 947,948;
to represent his words, and he does not hesitate to Fabric. Bibl. Griec. vol. iv. p. 494. )
expand, condense, correct, or omit such passages There were also two or three sophists and rhe.
ns seemed to him obscure, diffuse, inaccurate or toricians of this name, for whom a bare mention
unnecessary, although we cannot with justice will suffice, namely, Rufinus of Cyprus, a peripa-
accuse him of wilful distortion or suppression. tetic philosopher, mentioned as a contemporary by
Into the merits of the controversy with Jerome, Lucian (Demonact. 54. vol. ii. p. 393) ; Rufinus,
to which perhaps he owes his chief celebrity, it of Naucratis, an illegitimate son of A pollonius of
is unnecessary to enter. It redounded to the Naucratis (Philost. Vit
. Sophist. ii. 19, p. 599);
praise of neither party, but the latter was un. Rufinus, praetor of Smyma under Severus and
doubtedly the aggressor, the motives of the attack Caracalla, and perhaps some others. (See Olearius,
were probably unworthy, and the coarse invective ad Philost. ii. 25, p. 608 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol.
in which it was couched excites no feeling except vi. p. 137. )
[P. S. ]
disgust, especially when contrasted with the hyper- RU'FIO. 1. A friend of Cicero, of whom
bolical praises lavished by him not long before upon nothing is known. (Cic. ad All. v. 2. & 2. ) Er-
the same individual.
nesti supposes that Sempronius Rufus is intended
No complete impression of the works of Rufinus (comp. wl Att. vi. 2. $ 10, ar Fum. viii. 7), Rufio
having ever been published, we have noticed the being the diminutive of Rufus ; but it is quite
best edition of each piece separately.
uncertain.
(The events connected with the life of Rufinus 2. A friend of Trebatius. (Ad Fam. vii. 20. ) It
have been investigated, with great industry and appears from an inscription in Gruter (p. 195, 13),
learning, by Giusto Fontanini, arch biship of An- that his gentile name was also Trebatius, since we
cyra, in his Historia Literaria Aquileiensis, 4to. there read of a C. Trebatius Rufio.
Rom. 1742, and by J. F. B. Maria de Rubeis, in 3. The son of a freedman of Julius Caesar, was
his Dissertationes Duae, 4to. , Venet. 1745; to left by him in command of three legions at Alex-
which we may add the notices prefixed to the edi- andria. (Suet. Caes. 76. )
tion by Cacciari of the Historia Ecclesiastica, and 4. Rupio VESTORIANUS, whom Cicero expected
the recent dissertation by J. H. Marzuttini, en- that M. Antonius would restore to his rights as a
titled De Turanii Rufini Presbyteri Aquileiensis citizen, B. C. 44. (Cic. ad Att. xiv. 14. § 2. )
Fide et Religione, 8vo. Patav. 1835 ; see also RU'FIUS, a modeller of small terra-cotta figures
Schröck, Kirchengeschichte, vol. x. p. 121 ; Schöne- (sigilla), whose name is found inscribed on the
mann, Bibl. Patrum Latt. vol. i. § 27 ; Bähr, base of one of these figures, found at Perugia
Geschichte der Röm.
