No More Learning

Ja Bouthière, 8vo. Lyons, 1555, and by Victor (Ad Att, a. 10, 13, 17. )
Verger, 12mo. Paris, 1825, and into Italian by OCELLATAE, sisters and restal virgins, to
Damiano Maraffi, 8vo. Lione, 1554. The first and whom the emperor, Domitian, gave the choice of
last of the above contain also translations of the the mode of their death, when they were proved
three books by Polydore Virgil on the same to have been unfaithful to their vow of chastity.
topic.
[W. R. ] (Suet. Dom. 8. )
OBSIDIUS. 1. The commander of a Frentanian OCELLINA, LI'VIA. [GALBA, p. 206, b. )
troop of horse, serving under the consul Laevinus OCELLUS or oCYLLUS ('Ωκελλος, "Ωκυλ.
in the campaign against Pyrrhus B. c. 280, dis- Aos), a Lacedaemonian, was one the three am-
tinguished himself in the battle fought at the bassadors who happened to be at Athens when
river Siris in that year, by the daring attempt Sphodrias invaded Attica in B. C. 378. They
which he made upon the king's life. He un horsed were apprehended as having been privy to his de
Pyrrhus, but was killed by the personal atten-sign, but were released on their pointing out the
dants of the king. He is called Oplacus ("Onla- groundlessness of the suspicion, and on their assur-
KOs) in Plutarch, Oblacus Vulsinius (*oeakos Oủa- ances that the Spartan government would be found
oivios) in Dionysius, but Obsidius in Florus. to look with disapproval on the attempt of Spho-
(Flor. i. 18. § 7 ; Plut. Pyrrh. 16; Dionys. xviii. drias. In B. C. 369, we find Ocellus again at
2-4. )
Athens, as one of the ambassadors who were nego-
2. Discovered in Aethiopia the stone which tiating an alliance between the Athenians and
was named after him Obsidianus (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. Spartans against Thebes. (Xen. Hell. v. 4. SS 22,
26. $ 67). The name Obsidius Rufus occurs in &c. , vi. 5. $$ 33, &c. ; comp. Diod. xv. 29, 63 ;
inscriptions, but is not mentioned elsewhere. Plut. Pelop. 14. )
(E. E. )
OBULTRO'NIUS SABI'NUS, was quaestor OCELLUS LUCANUS (Okellos Aeukavós),
aerarii in A. D. 57, when Nero transferred the charge as his name implies, was a Lucanian, and a Pytha-
of the public documents from the quaestors to the gorean in some sense. There were attributed to
praefecti. He was slain by Galba, in Spain, on him a work, Mep. Nóuov, or on Law; Tepi Ba-
his accession to the imperial throne, A. D. 68. (Tac. Oldelas kal do 1ÓTITOS, on Kingly Rule and Piety ;
Ann, xiii. 28, Hist. i. 37. )
and περί της του παντος φύσιος, on the Nature of
OCALEIA ('Dudela), a daughter of Man- the Whole, which last is extant, though whether
tineus, and wife of Abas, by whom she became the it is a genuine work is doubtful, or, at least, much
mother of Acrisius and Proetus. (Apollod. ii. 2. disputed.
§ 1. ) The Scholiast of Euripides (Orest. 953) Ocellus is mentioned in a letter from Archytas
calls her Aglaia.
(L. S. )
to Plato, which is preserved by Diogenes Laërtius
O'CCIA, a vestal virgin, who died in the reign (viii. 80), and in this letter the works above men-
of Tiberius, A. D. 19, after discharging the duties tioned are enumerated. If the letter of Archytas
of her priesthood for the long period of fifty-seven is genuine, it proves that Ocellus lived some time
years. (Tac. Ann. ii. 58. )
before Archytas, for it speaks of the descendants
OCEA'NIDES. (NymphAE. )
of Ocellus. Nothing is said in the letter about
OCE'ANUS ('keavós), the god of the river Ocellus being a Pythagorean. Lucian (Pro Lapsu,
Oceanus, by which, according to the most ancient &c. vol. i. p. 729, ed. Hemst. ) speaks of Ocellus and
notions of the Greeks, the whole earth was sur-Archytas as acquainted with Pythagoras, but we
rounded. An account of this river belongs to know that Archytas lived at least a hundred years
mythical geography, and we shall here confine after Pythagoras, and Lucian's historical facts are
ourselves to describing the place which Oceanus seldom to be relied on. Ocellus is mentioned by
holds in the ancient cosmogony. In the Homeric still later writers, but their evidence determines
poems
he
appears as a mighty god, who yields to nothing as to his period.
none save Zeus. (N. xiv. 245, xx. 7, xxi. 195. ) As he was a Lucanian, Ocellus would write in
Homer does not mention his parentage, but calls the Doric dialect, and as the work attributed to
Tethys his wife, by whom he had three daughters, him is in the Ionic, this has been made a ground
Thetis, Eurynome and Perse. (N. xiv. 302, xviii. for impugning its genuineness ; but so far from
398, Od. x. 139. ) His palace is placed somewhere being an argument against the genuineness of the
in the west (I. xiv. 303, &c. ), and there he and work, this is in its favour, and only shows that some
Tethys brought up Hera, who was conveyed to them copyist had altered the dialect. Besides this, the
at the time when Zeus was engaged in the struggle fragmets from this work, which Stobaeus cites, are
with the Titans. Hesiod (Theog. 133, 337, &c. , in the Doric dialect. It is, however, always a
349, &c. ) calls Oceanus a son of Uranus and Gaea, doubtful matter as to early works, which are first
the eldest of the Titans, and the husband of mentioned by writers of a much later period,
Tethys, by whom he begot 3000 rivers, and as whether they are really genuine. If the existing
many Oceanides, of whom Hesiod mentions only work is not genuine we must suppose that when
the eldest. (Comp. Apollod. iii. 8. § 1, 10. § 1. ) it was fabricated the original was lost. It is also
This poet (Thcog. 282) also speaks of sources of possible that it is a kind of new modelled edition
Oceanus. Representations of the god are seen on of the original ; and it is also possible that the


## p. 3 (#19) ###############################################


Iria (Hirt,
3
OCRISIA.
OCTAVIA.
[L. S. )
emperor, P.
hom Caelius
altery twice
17, ii. 15. )
in as Cicero
civil wars.
virgins, to
e choice of
rere proved
of chastity.
206. b. ]
los, OKUA.
three am-
lens when
18. They
to his de
8 out the
heir assur-
i be found
of Spho-
again at
'ere nego
bians and
4. SS 22,
29, 63 ;
E. E. )
ευκανός),
a Pytha-
ibuted to
περί βα-
Piety ;
ature of
whether
35, much
Archytas
Laërtius
ve men-
rchytas
me time
endants
about
Lapsu,
lus and
but we
d years
ets are
bed by
Itines
site in
ted to
ground
from
of the
extant work is the original itself
, which the brevity | (Dionys. iv. 1,2 ; 0v. Fast. vi. 625, &c. ; Plin.
and simple close reasoning render a probable con- H. N. xxxvi. 27. B. 70; Festus, s. o. Nothum ;
clusion.
Plut. de Fort. Rom. 10; Niebuhr, Hist of Rome,
This small treatise is divided into four chapters. vol. i. p. 364. )
The first chapter shows that the whole (To tår, OCTACI’LIUS. [OTACILIUS. )
or d kdomos) had no beginning, and will have no OCTAVENUS, a Roman jurist, who is cited
end. He maintains that it is consistent with his by Valens (Dig. 36. tit. 1. & 67), by Pomponius,
views of the Cosmos that men have always existed, who couples him with Aristo (Dig. 40. tit. 5. 8. 20),
but he admits that the earth is subject to great and by Paulus, who joins him with Proculus (Dig.
revolutions, that Greece (Hellas) has often been 18. tit. 6. s. 8), from which we may conclude that
and will be barbarous, and that it has sustained he lived after the time of Tiberius.
It has been
great physical changes. The object of the sexual conjectured that he wrote on the Lex Julia et
intercourse, he says, is not pleasure, but the pro- Papia, but the passages alleged in proof of this
creation of children and the permanence of the (Dig. 23. tit. 2. s. 44, 40. tit. 9. s. 32) are not
human race. Accordingly, the commerce of the decisive. He is also quoted by Ulpian and
sexes should be regulated by decency, moderation, others.
(G. L. )
and congruity in the male and female, in order that OCTAVIA, 1. The elder danghter of C. Octa-
healthy beings may be produced, and that families vius, praetor, B. c. 61, by his first wife, Ancharia,
may be happy ; for families compose states, and and half-sister of the emperor, Augustus. (Suet.
if the parts are unsound, so will the whole be. The Aug. 4. ) Plutarch erroneously makes this Octavia
book appears to be a fragment. The physical the wife of Marcellus and of M. Antonius.
philosophy is crude and worthless, but the funda- 2. The younger daughter of C. Octavius, by his
mental ideas are clearly conceived and happily second wife, Atia, and own sister of the emperor,
expressed
Augistus, was married first to C. Marcellus,
The best editions are by A. F. W. Rudolphi, consul, B. C. 50, and subsequently to the triumvir,
Leipzig, 1801—8, with copious notes and com- M. Antonius. (Suet. 1. c. ) Plutarch (Anton. 31),
mentaries, and by Mullach ; the latter edition as bas been remarked above, makes the elder
bears the title, “ Aristotelis de Melisso, Xenophane Octavia the wife of the triumvir ; and he has
et Gorgia Disputationes cum Eleaticorum philoso- lately found a supporter of his opinion in Weichert
phorum fragmentis, et Ocelli Lucani, qui fertur, | (De Cassio Parmensi, p. 348, &c. ), though some
de universa natura libello. " Berlin, 1846. There modern scholars, adopting the views of Perizonius,
is another good edition by Batteux, Paris, 1768, have decided in favour of the authority of Sue-
three vols. 12mo. An edition was published at tonius. The question is fully discussed by Dru-
Berlin, 1762, 8vo. , by the Marquis d'Argens, with mann (Geschichte Roms, vol
. iv. p. 235), who
a French translation, and a good commentary. adheres, on good reasons as it appears to us, to the
Ocellus was translated into English by Thomas opinion of Perizonius ; but for the arguments
Taylor, 1831, 8vo.
(G. L. ) adduced on each side of the question we must
O'CHIMUS ("Oxupos), a Rhodian king, a son refer the reader to Drumann.
of Helios and Rhodos. He was married to the Octavia had been married to Marcellus before
nymph Hegetoria, and the father of Cydippe, who the year B. c. 54, for Julius Caesar, who was her
married Ochimus' brother Cercaphus. (Diod. v. great uncle, was anxious to divorce her from Mar-
56, 57 ; Plut. Quaest. Graec. 27. ) [L. S. ] cellus that she might marry Pompey, who had
OCHUS. (ARTAXERXES III. )
then just lost his wife, Julia, the only daughter of
OCNUS, a son of Tiberis and Manto, and the Caesar. (Suet. Caes. 27. ) Pompey, however,
reputed founder of the town of Mantua, though declined the proposal, and Octavia's husband con-
according to others he was a brother or a son of tinued to be one of the warmest opponents of
Auletes, and the founder of Cesena in Gaul. (Serv. Caesar. [MARCELLUS, No. 14. ) But after the
ad Aen. X. 198. )
[L. S. ] battle of Pharsalia he sued for and easily obtained
O'CREA, C. LU'SCIUS, a senator mentioned the forgiveness of the conqueror ; and Octavia
by Cicero in his speech for Roscius, the actor appears to have lived quietly with her husband at
(c 14).
Rome till the assassination of the dictator in B. C.
OCRI'SIA or OCLI'SIA, the mother of Servius 44. She lost her husband towards the latter end
Tullus, according to the old Roman legends. She of B. c. 41 ; and as Fulvia, the wife of Antony,
was one of the captives taken at the conquest of died about the same time, Octavianus and Antony,
Corniculum by the Romans, and in consequence of who had lately been at variance, cemented their
her beauty and modesty was given by Tarquinius reconciliation by the marriage of Octavia to Antony.
as a handmaid to his queen, Tanaquil. One day, Octavia was at the time pregnant by her former
in the royal palace, when she was presenting some husband, but the senate passed a decree by which
cakes as an offering to the household genius, she saw she was permitted to marry at once. This mar-
in the fire the genitale of a man. Tanaquil com- riage caused the greatest joy among all classes, and
manded her to dress herself as a bride, and to shut especially in the army, and was regarded as a bar-
herself up alone in the chapel, in which the miracle binger of a lasting peace. Octavianus was warmly
had occurred. Thereupon she became pregnant attached to his sister, and she possessed all the
by a god, whom some regarded as the Lar of the charms, accomplishments and virtues likely to fas-
house, others as Vulcan. The offspring of this cinate the affections and secure a lasting influence
connexion was Servius Tullius. The more prosaic over the mind of a husband. Her beauty was
account represents her as having been first the universally allowed to be superior to that of Cleo-
wife of Spurius Tullias in Corniculum or at Tibur, patra, and her virtue was such as to excite even
and relates that after she was carried to Rome she admiration in an age of growing licentiousness and
married one of the clients of Tarquinius Priscus, corruption. Plutarch only expresses the feelings
and became by him the mother of Servius Tullius. of her contemporaries when he calls her xpñua San
some
%, the
es, are
ays a
first
eriod,
isting
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also
lition
the
B 2


## p. 4 (#20) ###############################################

OCTAVIA.
OCTAVIA.
uartdv guvalkós. (Plut. Ant. 31. ) Nor at first, but died in B. C. 23. [MARCELLUS, No. 15. ] Of
did this union disappoint public expectation. By her two daughters by ber former husband, one was
the side of Octavia, Antony for a time forgot Cleo married to M. Agrippa, and subsequently to Julus
patra, and the misunderstandings and jealousies Antonius [MARCELLA), but of the fate of the other
which had again arisen between her brother and daughter we have no information. The descend-
husband, and which threatened an open rupture in ante of her two daughters by Antonius succes-
the year 36, were removed by her influence and sively ruled the Roman world. The elder of them
intervention. But Antony had by this time married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, and became
become tired of his wife ; a virtuous woman soon the grandmother of the emperor Nero ; the younger
palled the sated appetite of such a profligate of them married Drusus, the brother of the
debauchee, and he now longed to enjoy again the emperor Tiberius, and became the mother of the
wanton charms of his former mistress, Cleopatra. emperor Claudius, and the grandmother of the
The war with the Parthians summoned him to the emperor Caligula. (ANTONIA, Nos. 5 and 6. ) A
East, to which he went with all the greater complete view of the descendants of Octavia is
pleasure, as in the East he would again meet with given in the stemma on p. 7.
the Egyptian queen. Octavia accompanied him (The authorities for the life of Octavia are
froin Italy as far as Corcyra, but upon arriving at collected by Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. v. pp.
that island he sent her back to her brother, under 235—244. The most important passages are :
the pretext of not exposing her to the perils and Appian, B. C. v. 64, 67, 93, 95, 138 ; Dion Cass.
hardships of the war (Dion Cass. xlviii
. 54); xlvii
. 7, xlviii. 31, 54, xlix. 33, 1. 3, 26, li. 15, liv.
though, according to other authorities, he parted 35; Plut. Ant. 31, 33, 35, 57, 59, 87 ; Suet. Caes.
with her in Italy. (Plut. Ant. 35 ; Appian. B. C. 27, Aug. 4, 61. )
v. 95. ) On arriving in Asia, Antony soon forgot, One of the most important public buildings erected
in the arms of Cleopatra, both his wife and the in Rome in the reign of Augustus was called after
Parthians, and thus sullied both his own honour Octavia, and bore the name of Porticus Octariae.
and that of the Roman arms. Octavia, however, It must be carefully distinguished from the Porticus
resolved to make an effort to regain the lost affec-Octavia, which was built by Cn. Octavius, who
tions of her husband. In the following year, B. C. commanded the fleet in the war against Perseus,
35, she set out from Italy with reinforcements of king of Macedonia. (OCTAVIUS, No. 3. ) The
men and money to assist Antony in his war against former was built by Augustus, in the name of his
Artavasdes, king of Armenia ; but Antony resister, whence some writers speak of it as the work
solved not to meet the woman whom he had so of the emperor, and others as the work of Octavia
deeply injured, and accordingly sent her a message, It lay between the Circus Flaminius and the
when she had arrived as far as Athens, requesting theatre of Marcellus, occupying the same site as
her to return home. Octavia obeyed ; she was the porticus which was built by Q. Caecilius Me
great-minded enough to send him the money and tellus, after his triumph over Macedonia, in B. C.
troops, and he mean enough to accept them. It is 146 [METELLUS, No. 5), and enclosing, as the
stated that Octavianus had supplied her with the porticus of Metellus had done, the two temples of
troops because he foresaw the way in which Jupiter Stator and of Juno. The Porticus Octaviae
Antony would act, and was anxious to obtain contained a public library, which frequently served
additional grounds to justify him in the impending as a place of meeting for the senate, and is hence
On her return to Rome, Octavianus ordered called Curia Octaria. The whole suite of buildings
her to leave her husband's house and come and is sometimes termed Octaviae Opera. It contained
reside with him, but she refused to do so, and a vast number of statues, paintings, and other
would not appear as one of the causes of the war ; | valuable works of art, but they were all destroyed,
she remained in her husband's abode, where she together with the library, by the fire which con
educated Antony's younger son, by Fulvia, with sumed the building in the reign of Titus (Dion
her own children. (Plut. Ant. 53, 54. ) But this Cass. lxvi. 24). "There is some doubt as to
uoble conduct bad no effect upon the hardened the time at which Augustus built the Porticus
heart of Antony, who had become the complete Octaviae. It is usually stated, on the authority of
slave of Cleopatra ; and when the war broke out Dion Cassius (xlix. 13), that the building was
im B. C. 32, he sent his faithful wife a bill of erected by Octavianus, after the victory over the
divorce. After the death of Antony she still Dalmatians, in B. c. 33 ; but this appears to be a
remained true to the interests of his children, not mistake ; for Vitruvius, who certainly did not
withstanding the wrongs she had received from write his work so early as this year, still speaks
their father. For Julus, the younger son of (ii. 2. & 5, ed. Schneider) of the Porticus Metelli,
Antony, by Fulvia, she obtained the special favour and we learn from Plutarch (Marc. 30) that the
of Augustus, and she even brought up with ma- dedication at all events of the Porticus did not take
ternal care his children by Cleopatra. She died in place till after the death of M. Marcellus in B. C. 23.