The
circumstance
that a monk of twenty-of Barralis, and subsequently in the Bibl.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
Gothofredus thinks, praefectus urbi, sc.
Romae,
5 vols, fol. 1693–1706, carried as far as the end of under the sons of Constantine, A. D. 339 (6. tit. 4.
the first volume by Pouget, and continued after his s. 3, 4, 7). An Hilarian appears,
but without any
death by Martianay, which is, however, superseded note of his office, in a law of A. D. 341. This is
by the last and best of all, that of Vallarsi, Veron. probably Mecilius Hilarian ; but the Hilarianus or
li vols. fol. 1734–1742 ; reprinted, with some im- Hilarius (if indeed he be one person) who appears
provements, Venet. 11 vols. 4to. 1766. (W. R. ] in the laws of the time of Gratian and Valentinian
HIERO'PHILUS (ʻlepópidos), a name which 11. , and of Honorius, as praefectus urbi, A. D. 383,
has been supposed by Marx (De Herophili Vita, and as praefectus praetorio, A. D. 396, must have
&c. pp. 7, 13) and others to be a corruption of been a different person. Perhaps the last is the
Herophilus, but probably without sufficient reason. Hilarius mentioned by Symmachus. (Symmachus,
1. A physician at Athens, whose lectures were Epist. lib. ii. 80, iii. 38, 42, ed. Paris, 1604; Go
attended by Agnodice disguised in male attire. If thofred. Prosop. Cod. Theodos. ) [J. C. M. ]
the story is not wholly apocryphal (for it rests only HILARIO, or HILARIANUS, Q. JU’LIUS,
on the authority of Hyginus, Fab. 274), Hierophi- an ecclesiastical writer belonging to the close of
lus may be conjectured to have lived in the fifth or the fourth century, of whose history we know no-
sixth century B. C.
Some of the reasons which thing since his works convey no information upon
render it unlikely that Herophilus is the true re the subject, and he is not mentioned by any an-
ing in this passage of Hyginus, are given in the cient authority whatever. Two works bear his
article AGNODICE.
2. The author of a short Greek medical treatise, 1. Expositum de Dic Paschae et Mensis, on the
entitled 'Iepooinov Doplotou Tepi Tpoow Kúknos determination of Easter, finished, as we are told in
ποία δεί χράσθαι εκάστω μηνί, και οποίους απέχεσ- the concluding paragraph, on the fifth of March,
Oai, Hierophili Sophistae de Alimentis Circulus ; A. D. 397. It was first published from a MS. in
quibusnam uti, et a quibusnam abstinere oporteat. the Royal Library at Turin, by C. M. Pfaff, and
This was for some time, while still in MS. , sup- attached to the edition of the Divine Institutions of
posed to be the work of Herophilus, but as soon Lactantius, printed at Paris in 1712. It will be
as it was examined and published, it plainly ap- found under its most correct form in the Bibliotheca
peared to belong to some late writer of the eleventh Patrum of Galland, vol. viji. Append. ii.
P.
745.
or twelfth century after Christ. It contains diet. Venet. fol. 1772.
etical directions for every month in the year, and 2. De Mundi Duratione, or, according to a
is full of words unknown to the older Greek Vienna MS. , De Cursu Temporum, composed, as
writers. It was first published by Boissonade in we learn from the commencement, after the piece
the eleventh volume of the Notices et Extraits des noticed above.
It was first published by Pithou
Manuscrits de la Biblioth. du Roi (Paris, 1827), in the appendix to the Bibliotheca Patrum, printed
p. 178, &c. ; and is inserted in the first volume of at Paris in 1579. It was inserted also in the sub-
jdeler's Physici et Medici Graeci Minores, Berol. sequent edition of the same collection, in many
1841. 8vo.
[W. A. G. ] similar compilations, and appears under its best
rentred of Pax
adre the bigbang
present to rich the a:
De Porgiestnahme Son
terantia. The first
Baza is eztied De
Spause in a. D. 4. 3
dru in the wested este
hansdera ringer,
Tes desperated iron
pritet te bi Prosper
$. and is an
inted as Ccapse in i
of Estonia Auristi
disceded in a
veks di Prostata
test rund, at
Saare Gention.
EILARICS.
ben at the comme
iavi in testa
which he can
Detail dance
code of Her
name.
ed to devote Ed
be aracted bir
bisheçte of Ares
the death of his y
Buty induced
ciergy and people
can. The circum
te shuaid hare be
Each an important
of the reputation which
man vi learning, eloguer
beverer
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Leurs chiefs from the cu
become issored with Puppe
tin Chelidonius, bishop
Ben çorang Ead been deposeda
## p. 469 (#485) ############################################
HILARIUS.
469
HILARIUS.
p. 235.
form in the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galland, vol. viii. certain irregularities, by a council at which Hila-
rius presided, assisted by Eucherius of Lyons and
With regard to the title of another work sup-Germanus of Auxerre. Chelidonius repaired to
posed to have been written by the same author, Rome for the purpose of lodging an appeal against
see Mansius, ud Fabr. Bill. M. et Inf. Lut. vol. this sentence, and thither he was followed by
iii. p. 251.
(W. R. ) Hilarius, who expressed a wish to confer with the
HILA'RIUS, a native of Bithynia, who in the pontiff, but refused to acknowledge his jurisdiction
reign of Valens (A. D. 304–379) migrated to in the case. Leo, incensed by what he considered
Athens, and distinguished himself as a painter, as as a direct attack upon his supremacy, forthwith
well as by his general proficiency in art and phi- reinstated Chelidonius, while Hilarius, entertaining
losophy. While residing near Corinth in a. D. apprehensions for his own personal freedoni, was
379, Ililarius, with his whole family, perished in fain to quit the city by stealth, and make his way
an invasion of the Goths. (Eunap. l'it. Soph. p. back to his diocese, on foot, crossing the Alps at
67, ed. Boissonade ; comp. id. Excerpt. Legut. p. the most inclement season of the year. Ile sub-
20. )
(W. B. D. ] sequently endeavoured, but in vain, to negotiate a
HILA'RIUS (ʻIXápios), a Phrygian, an inter- reconciliation with Leo, who refused to listen to
preter of oracles, implicated in the proceedings of any terms short of absolute submission, and even-
Theodorus, who attempted to discover by magic tually succeeded in depriving him of all the privi-
who should succeed ihe emperor Valens. He was leges which he enjoyed as metropolitan of Gaul.
executed in the course of the judicial proceedings This proceeding was confirmed by the celebrated
which followed. (Amm. Marc
. xxix. 1; Zosim. iv
. rescript of Valentinian 111. , issued in 445, in
15; Tillemont, llist. des Emp. vol. v. ) [J. C. M. ] which, among other matters, it was ordained, “ Ut
HILA'RIUS. Among the correspondence of Episcopis Gallicanis omnibusque pro lege esset,
Augustin we find two letters addressed to that quidquid apostolicae sedis auctoritas sanxisset : ita
prelate by a certain Hilarius, of whom we know ut quisquis Episcoporum ad judicium Romani
nothing certain except that he was a layman, an antistitis evocatus venire neglexisset per modera-
intimate friend of Prosper Aquitanus, an ardent torem ejusdem provincine adesse cogeretur," a de-
admirer of the bishop of Hippo, and probably the cree which, while it unequivocally established the
person to whom the latter addressed his treatise, authority of the bishop of Rome over the church
De Pracdestinatione Sanctorum et de Dono Perse- beyond the Alps, at the same time, when taken in
verantiae. The first of these letters, which is connection with the circumstances by which it was
short, is entitled De Pelagianis, was written at called forth, seems to prove that up to this period
Syracuse in A. D. 413 or 414, and is numbered such authority had never been fully and formally
clvi, in the collected epistles of Augustin, according recognised. The merits of this dispute have, as
to the Benedictine arrangement. The second letter might be expected, become a party question among
is corsiderably longer, is entitled De Semipelagianis, ecclesiastical historians, who characterise the con-
was despatched from the south of France, along duct of the chief personages concerned in the most
with one by Prosper upon the same subject, in opposite terms, according to the views which they
428 or 429, and is numbered ccxxvi. It was pub- entertain with regard to the rights of the papal
lished at Cologne in 1503, along with the treatise chair. Hilarius died in 449, about five years afier
of Honorius Augustodunensis, De libero Arbitrio, the deposition of Chelidonius.
and is included in the Paris edition (1711) of the The only works of this Hilarius now extant
works of Prosper, p. 7. A third letter was written whose authenticity is unquestionable are-
by this same personage upon the same topics, which 1. Vita Sancti Honorati Arelatensis Episcopi, a
is now lost ; and some critics have, upon no suffi- sort of funeral panegyric upon his predecessor,
cient grounds, ascribed to him a work, De Voca- which has been much admired, on account of the
tione Gentium.
(W. R. ] graceful and winning character of the style. It
HILA'RIUS, surnamed ARELATENSIS, was was first published at Paris by Genebrardus, in
born at the commencement of the fifth century, in 1578, and a few years afterwards, from MSS. pre-
Gallia Belgica, of a noble family, and distinguished served at Lerins, by Vincentius Barralis, in his
himself in boyhood by the real and success with Chronologia sunct. insul. Lerin. Lugd. 4to. 1613;
which he followed out the various branches of a the text of the former edition was followed by
liberal education. At an early age he became the Surius ad xvi. Jan. , and of the latter by the
disciple of Honoratus, first abbot of Lerins, by Bollandists, vol. ii. p. 11. It is also given in the
whom he was persuaded to abandon the world, Bill. Patr. Mur. Lugd. 1677, vol. viii. p. 1228, in
and to devote himself to a monastic life. To this the Opera Leonis 1. , edited by Quesnell, Paris,
he attached himself so warmly, that when the 4to. 1675, and in the Opera l'incenti Lirinensis
bishopric of Arles became vacant in a. D. 429, by et Hilarii Arelatensis, by J. Salinas, Rom. 8vo.
the death of his preceptor, he was with the utmost 1731.
difficulty induced to yield to the wishes of the 2. Epistola ad Eucherium Episcopum Lugdu-
clergy and people, and to accept the episcopal nensem, first published in the Chronologia Lirinensis
chair.
The circumstance that a monk of twenty-of Barralis, and subsequently in the Bibl. Max.
nine should have been chosen unanimously to fill Patr. Lugd. vol. viii. , in Quesnell and in Salinas,
such an important station is in itself a strong proof | See above.
of the reputation which he must have enjoyed as a The author of his life, which we notice below,
man of learning, eloquence, and piety. His name, mentions also Homiliae in totius anni Festiritates ;
however, has acquired importance in ecclesiastical Symboli Expositio ; a great number of Epistolae,
history chiefly from the controversy in which he and likewise l'ersus, but all of these are lost, unless
became involved with Pope Leo the Great. A we agree with those who upon very slender
certain Chelidonius, bishop either of Vesoul or evidence assign to this Hilarius three poems in
Besançon, had been deposed, in consequence of dactylic hexameters, of which two are ascribed in
нь 3
## p. 470 (#486) ############################################
470
HILARIUS.
HILAKIUS.
different MSS. to different authors, and the third ling and piety must have been held in high esteem,
uniformly to Hilarius Pictaviensis. These are, 1. for about the year a. d. 350, although still married,
Poema de septem fratribus Maccabaeis ab Antiocho he was elected bishop of his native city. From
Epiphane interfectis, published under the name of that time forward the great object of his existence
Victorinus Afer, by Sicard, in his Antidot. cont. was to check the progress of Arianism, which had
omn. lucres. 1528, inserted in most of the large spread all over the East, and was making rapid
collections of fathers, and in the Sylloge Poetarum strides in Gaul. At his instigation the Catholic
Christianorum, Lugd. 1605. 2. Carmen de lei prelates excommunicated Saturninus, bishop of
Providentia, frequently printed along with the Arles, a zealous partizan of the heretics, together
works of Prosper Aquitanus. 3. Curmen in Ge- with his two chief supporters, Ursacius and Valens.
nesim ad Leonem Popam, first printed by Miraeus But at the council of Beziers, convoked in 356 by
in his edition of Ililarius Pictaviensis, Paris, fol. Const:itius, ostensibly for the purpose of calming
1544 ; published separately by Morellus, Paris, these dissensions, a triumph was achieved by the
4to. 1559 ; with a commentnry by Weitzius, adversaries of Hilarius, who by a rescript from the
Franc. 8vo. 1625 ; and included in all the larger cmperor was banished, along with Rhodanus, bishop
collections of the fathers.
of Toulouse, to Phrygia, which, as well as the rest
There is also a Nurrutio de Miraculo, performed of Asia Minor, was strongly opposed to Trinitarian
by a certain martyr named Genesius, which is given doctrines. From this remote region he continued
to Hilarius in some MSS. , but generally rejected to govern his diocese, to which no successor had
as spurious. It will be found in Surius and the been appointed, and drew up his work De Synodis,
Bollandists under 25th August. We have already that he might make known throughout Gaul, Ger-
alluded to an ancient Vitu Hilarii, which is com- many, and Britnin, the precise nature of the opinions
monly believed to be the production of Honoratus, prevalent in the East. In 359 a general meeting
bishop of Marseilles (about A. D. 460), but which of bishops was summoned to be held at Seleuceia,
in the Arles MS. is assigned to Reverentius, or in Isauria ; and Hilarius, having repaired thither
Ravennius, the successor of Hilarius. It is con- uninvited, boldly undertook, although almost un-
tained in the Chronologia Lirinensis, and in Surius supported, to maintain the consubstantiality of the
under V. Mai.
[W. R. ] Word, against the Anomeans and other kindred
HILA'RIUS, surnamed Diaconus, a native of sectaries, who formed a large majority of the as-
Sardinia, a deacon of the church at Rome in the sembly. From thence he betook liimself to Con-
middle of the fourth century, and hence designated stantinople, at that time the very focus of Arianism,
Hilarius Diaconus, to distinguish him from others where his indefatigable importunity proved so
of the same name, was deputed by Pope Liberius, troublesome to the court, and his influence with the
along with Lucifer of Cagliari, Eusebius of Ver- more moderate among the Oriental ecclesiastics so
celli, and Pancratius, to plead the cause of the or- alarming to the dominant faction, that he was or-
thodox faith before Constantius at the council of dered forth with to return to his bishopric, where
Milan. Upon this occasion he defended the prin- he was received in triumph, about the period of
ciples of Athanasinis with so much offensive bold- Julian's accession (361), and at this time probably
ness, that he was scourged by order of the emperor, published his famous invective against the late
and condemned to banishment, along with his com- prince. For some years he found full occupation
panions. Of his subsequent history we know in reclaiming such of the clergy as had subscribed
little, except that he adopted the violent opinions the confession of faith sanctioned by the council of
of Lucifer to their full extent, naintaining that not | Ariminum, and in ejecting from the church his old
only Arians, but all who had held any intercourse enemy Saturninus, along with those who refused
with them, as well as heretics of every description, to acknowledge their errors. In the reign of Va-
must, even after an acknowledgment of error, be lentinian (361), however, not satisfied with regu-
re-baptized before they could be admitted into the lating the spiritual concerns of his own country, he
communion of the Catholic church, and from this determined to purify Italy also, and formally im-
doctrine he was sarcastically styled by Jerome a peached Auxentius, bishop of Milan, who stood
second Deucalion.
high in imperial favour, although suspected of being
Two treatises are sometimes ascribed to this in his heart hostile to the cause of orthodoxy. The
Hilarius, both of very doubtful authenticity. One emperor forthwith cited the accuser and the ac-
of these, Commentarius in Epistolas Pauli, has fre- cused to appear before him, and to hold a conference
quently been published along with the writings of upon the disputed points of faith in the presence of
Ambrosius ; the other, Quaestiones Veteris et Nori the high officers of state. Auxentius unexpectedly,
Testamenti, among the works of Augustin. [W. R. ] and perhaps unwillingly, gave unexceptionable an-
HILA'RIUS, surnamed PICTAVIENSIS, the swers to all the questions proposed ; upon which
most strenuous champion of the pure faith among Hilarius, having indignantly denounced him as a
the Latin fathers of the fourth century, the Malleus hypocrite, was expelled from Milan as a disturber
Arianorum, as he has been designated by his ad- of the tranquillity of the church, and, retiring to
mirers, was born at Poitiers, of a good family, his episcopal see, died in peace four years after-
although the name of his parents is unknown, and wards, on the 13th of January, A. D. 368.
carefully instructed in all the branches of a liberal The extant works of this prelate, arranged in
education. Having been induced, after he had chronological order, are the following: -
attained to manhood, to study the Scriptures, he 1. Ad Constantium Augustum Liber primus,
became convinced of the truth of Christianity, made written it is believed in A. D. 355. It is a petition
an open profession of his belief, was baptized along in which he implores the emperor to put an end to
with his wife and his daughter Abra, and resolved the persecutions by which the Arians sought to
to devote himself to the service of religion. Of the crush their opponents, produces several examples of
early portion of his career in this new vocation we their cruelty, and urges with great force, in respectful
know nothing, but his character as a man of learn- | language, the right of the Catholics to enjoy toleration.
## p. 471 (#487) ############################################
HILARIUS.
#
471
HILARIUS.
2. Commentarius (s. Tractatus) in Erangelium over by the temptations of wealth and honours, and
Matthaei, written before his exile, in A. D. 356, because he wished to confine the creed strictly to
and divided into twenty-three canones or sections. the words of Scripture, excluding apostolical tra-
The preface, which is quoted by Cassianus (De dition and the authority of the hierarchy. The
Incarn. vii. 24), is wanting. This is the most extravagant violence of the first requires no com-
ancient of the extant expositions of the first evan- ment; the second is remarkable, since it proves
gelist by any of the Latin fathers, and is repeat- that some of the fundamental doctrines of the
edly quoted by Jerome and Augustin. From the Romish Church, as opposed to the Protestant, had
resemblance which it bears in tone and spirit to already been called in question. (See Milman's
the exegetical writings of Origen, it may very pro- History of Christianity, book iii. c. 5. )
bably have been derived from some of his works. 7. Contra Arianos rel Aurutium Mcdivluncn-
3. De Symodis 6. De Fide Orientalium 6. De sem Liber unus; otherwise, Epistola ad Catholicos
Simodis Gracciue, or more fully, Dc Symodis Fidci a Aurentiun, written in A. D. 365, to which is
Catholicac contru Arianos et pruevaricatorcs Ariunis subjoined a letter addressed by Auxentius to the
acquiescentes, or simply, Epistola, being in reality emperors Valentinianus and Valens. The subject
a letter, written in A. D. 358, while in exile, ad of these will be sufficiently understood from the
dressed to his episcopal brethren in Gaul, Germany, circumstances recorded in the life of Hilarius.
Holland, and Britain, explaining the real views of 8. Commentarii (s. Tractatus, s. Expositiones) in
the Oriental prelates on the Trinitarian controversy, Psalmos, composed towards the very close of his
and pointing out that many of them, although life. Not so much verbal annotations as general
differing in words, agreed in substance with the reflections upon the force and spirit of the different
orthodox churches of the West. In the Benedictine psalms, and upon the lessons which we ought to
editi we find added for the first time defence draw from them, mingled with many mystical and
of this piece, in reply to objections which had allegorical speculations, after the fashion of Origen.
been urged against it by a certain Lucifer, probably It is not improbable that these were originally
him of Cagliari.
short discourses or homilies, delivered from the
4. De Trinitate Libri XII. s. Contra Arianos s. pulpit, and afterwards digested and arranged. They
De Fide, besides a number of other titles, differ- may have extended to the whole book of Psalms,
ing slightly from each other. This, the most im- but the collection, as it now exists, embraces
portant and elaborate of the productions of Hilarius, seventy-nine only.
was composed, or at least finished, in A. D. 360. 9. Fragmenta Ililari, first published in 1598
It contains a complete exposition of the doctrine of by Nicolaus Faber from the library of P. Pithou,
Trinity, a comprehensive examination of the evi- containing passages from a lost work upon the
dences upon which it rests, and a full refutation of synods of Seleuceia and Ariminum, and from other
all the grand arguments of the heretics, being the pieces connected with the history of the divisions
first great controversial work produced upon this by which the church was at that time distracted.
subject in the Latin church. Jerome informs us The following are of doubtful authenticity:-
that it was divided into twelve books, in order that 1. Epistola ad Abram Filiam suam, dissuading
the number might correspond with the twelve her from becoming the bride of any one save
books of Quintilian, whose style the author pro- Christ. 2. Hymnus Matutinus, addressed also to
posed as his model. When Cassiodorus (Institt. his daughter Abra.
Div. 16) speaks of thirteen books, he includes the Works now lost, but mentioned by Jerome,
tract De Synodis, mentioned above.
Augustin, or other ancient authorities:-1. Libellus
5. Ad Constantium Augustum Liber secundus, ad Sallustium Galliarum Praefectum contra Dios-
presented in person to the emperor about A. D. curum medicum. Probably an apology for Chris-
360, in which the petitioner sets forth that he had tianity. 2. Commentarius (s. Tractatus) in Jobum,
been driven into banishment by the calumnies of freely translated from the Greek of Origen. 3.
his enemies, implores the sovereign to lend a Liber adversus Valentem et Ursatium, portions of
favourable ear to his cause, and takes occasion to which are to be found in the Fragmenta noticed
vindicate the truth of the prirciples which he above. 4. Hymnorum Liber. 5. Mysteriorum
maintained.
Liber. 6. Many Epistolae. 7. He was said to
6. Contra Constantium Augustum Liber. Pro- have been the author of a Commentarius in Cantica
bably composed, and perhaps privately circulated, Canticorum, but Jerome was unable to discover it,
while the prince was still alive, but certainly not and equally dubious is the Expositio Epistolae ad
published until after his death,-a supposition by Timotheum, quoted in the Acts of the Council of
which we shall be able to reconcile the words of Seville.
the piece itself (c. 2) with the positive assertion of The Carmen in Genesim ; Libri de Patris et
Jerome (de Viris ni. 100). Indeed, it is scarcely Filii Unitate ; Liber de Essentia Patris et Fili;
credible that any zealot, however bold, would have Confessio de Trinitate ; Epistola, s. Libellus et
ventured openly to assail any absolute monarch, Sermo de Dedicatione Ecclesiae, are all erroneously
however mild, with such a mass of coarse abuse, ascribed to this father.
differing, moreover, so remarkably from the subdued Hilarius was gifted with a powerful intellect,
tone of his former addresses to the same personage, and displayed undaunted courage and perseverance
who is here pronounced to be Antichrist, a rebel in upholding the faith ; but his zeal bordered so
against God, a tyrant whose sole object was to closely upon fanaticism, that he must frequently
make a gift to the Devil of that world for which have injured the cause which he advocated with
Christ had suffered. We are particularly struck unseemly violence. He can scarcely be esteemed
with two points in this attack. Unmeasured abuse a man of learning, for he was ignorant of Hebrew,
is poured forth against Constantius because he and but imperfectly acquainted with Greek: his
refrained from inflicting tortures and martyrdom expositions of Scripture, when original, are by no
upon his adversaries, seeking rather to win them means profound, when borrowed are not selected
нн 4
## p. 472 (#488) ############################################
472
HIMERAEUS.
HIMERIUS.
In this po-
with judgment; while his doctrines in dogmatic | temple of Acacus ; but they were forced from this
theology must be received with much caution, for sanctuary by Archins, and sent prisoners to Anti-
Erasmus has clearly proved from several passages, pater, who immediately put them all to death,
which the Benedictine editors have in vain sought B. C. 3:22. (Plut. Dem. 28 ; Arrian, ap. Phot. p.
to explain away, that his expressions with regard 69, b. ; Athen. xii. p. 542. ) Lucian speaks very
to the nature of Christ are such as no orthodox dispargingly of Himeraeus, as a mere demagogue,
divine could adopt. Among his contemporaries, indebted to the circumstances of the moment for a
however, and immediate successors his influence temporary influence. (Encom. Demosth. 31. ) Of
was powerful and his reputation high. Rufinus, the justice of this character we have no means of
Augustin, and Jerome speak of him with respect, judging.
[E. H. B. ]
and even admiration.
HIME'RIUS ('Iuépios). 1. A celebrated Greek
A few of the opuscula of Ililarius, together with sophist of Prusa in Bithynia, where his father Amei-
his work De Trinitate, and the treatise of Augustin nias distinguished himself as a rhetorician. (Suid.
upon the same subject, were printed at Milan, fol. s. v. 'Iuépios. ) According to the most correct calcu-
1489, by Leon. Pachel under the cditorial inspec-lation, the life of Ilimerius belongs to the period
tion of G. Cribellus, a presbyter of that city ; and from A. n. 315 to 386. He appears to have re-
this collection was reprinted it Venice in the course ceived his first education and instruction in rhe-
of the same century.
More complete was the toric in his father's house, and he then went to
edition printed at Paris, fol. 1510, by Badius Athens, which was still the principal seat of intel-
Ascensius, which, however, was greatly inferior to lectual culture, to complete his studies. It is not
that of Erasmus, printed at Basle by Frobenius, improbable that he there was a pupil of Proaere-
fol. , 1523, and reprinted in 1526 and 1528.
5 vols, fol. 1693–1706, carried as far as the end of under the sons of Constantine, A. D. 339 (6. tit. 4.
the first volume by Pouget, and continued after his s. 3, 4, 7). An Hilarian appears,
but without any
death by Martianay, which is, however, superseded note of his office, in a law of A. D. 341. This is
by the last and best of all, that of Vallarsi, Veron. probably Mecilius Hilarian ; but the Hilarianus or
li vols. fol. 1734–1742 ; reprinted, with some im- Hilarius (if indeed he be one person) who appears
provements, Venet. 11 vols. 4to. 1766. (W. R. ] in the laws of the time of Gratian and Valentinian
HIERO'PHILUS (ʻlepópidos), a name which 11. , and of Honorius, as praefectus urbi, A. D. 383,
has been supposed by Marx (De Herophili Vita, and as praefectus praetorio, A. D. 396, must have
&c. pp. 7, 13) and others to be a corruption of been a different person. Perhaps the last is the
Herophilus, but probably without sufficient reason. Hilarius mentioned by Symmachus. (Symmachus,
1. A physician at Athens, whose lectures were Epist. lib. ii. 80, iii. 38, 42, ed. Paris, 1604; Go
attended by Agnodice disguised in male attire. If thofred. Prosop. Cod. Theodos. ) [J. C. M. ]
the story is not wholly apocryphal (for it rests only HILARIO, or HILARIANUS, Q. JU’LIUS,
on the authority of Hyginus, Fab. 274), Hierophi- an ecclesiastical writer belonging to the close of
lus may be conjectured to have lived in the fifth or the fourth century, of whose history we know no-
sixth century B. C.
Some of the reasons which thing since his works convey no information upon
render it unlikely that Herophilus is the true re the subject, and he is not mentioned by any an-
ing in this passage of Hyginus, are given in the cient authority whatever. Two works bear his
article AGNODICE.
2. The author of a short Greek medical treatise, 1. Expositum de Dic Paschae et Mensis, on the
entitled 'Iepooinov Doplotou Tepi Tpoow Kúknos determination of Easter, finished, as we are told in
ποία δεί χράσθαι εκάστω μηνί, και οποίους απέχεσ- the concluding paragraph, on the fifth of March,
Oai, Hierophili Sophistae de Alimentis Circulus ; A. D. 397. It was first published from a MS. in
quibusnam uti, et a quibusnam abstinere oporteat. the Royal Library at Turin, by C. M. Pfaff, and
This was for some time, while still in MS. , sup- attached to the edition of the Divine Institutions of
posed to be the work of Herophilus, but as soon Lactantius, printed at Paris in 1712. It will be
as it was examined and published, it plainly ap- found under its most correct form in the Bibliotheca
peared to belong to some late writer of the eleventh Patrum of Galland, vol. viji. Append. ii.
P.
745.
or twelfth century after Christ. It contains diet. Venet. fol. 1772.
etical directions for every month in the year, and 2. De Mundi Duratione, or, according to a
is full of words unknown to the older Greek Vienna MS. , De Cursu Temporum, composed, as
writers. It was first published by Boissonade in we learn from the commencement, after the piece
the eleventh volume of the Notices et Extraits des noticed above.
It was first published by Pithou
Manuscrits de la Biblioth. du Roi (Paris, 1827), in the appendix to the Bibliotheca Patrum, printed
p. 178, &c. ; and is inserted in the first volume of at Paris in 1579. It was inserted also in the sub-
jdeler's Physici et Medici Graeci Minores, Berol. sequent edition of the same collection, in many
1841. 8vo.
[W. A. G. ] similar compilations, and appears under its best
rentred of Pax
adre the bigbang
present to rich the a:
De Porgiestnahme Son
terantia. The first
Baza is eztied De
Spause in a. D. 4. 3
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$. and is an
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test rund, at
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EILARICS.
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which he can
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name.
ed to devote Ed
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Leurs chiefs from the cu
become issored with Puppe
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Ben çorang Ead been deposeda
## p. 469 (#485) ############################################
HILARIUS.
469
HILARIUS.
p. 235.
form in the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galland, vol. viii. certain irregularities, by a council at which Hila-
rius presided, assisted by Eucherius of Lyons and
With regard to the title of another work sup-Germanus of Auxerre. Chelidonius repaired to
posed to have been written by the same author, Rome for the purpose of lodging an appeal against
see Mansius, ud Fabr. Bill. M. et Inf. Lut. vol. this sentence, and thither he was followed by
iii. p. 251.
(W. R. ) Hilarius, who expressed a wish to confer with the
HILA'RIUS, a native of Bithynia, who in the pontiff, but refused to acknowledge his jurisdiction
reign of Valens (A. D. 304–379) migrated to in the case. Leo, incensed by what he considered
Athens, and distinguished himself as a painter, as as a direct attack upon his supremacy, forthwith
well as by his general proficiency in art and phi- reinstated Chelidonius, while Hilarius, entertaining
losophy. While residing near Corinth in a. D. apprehensions for his own personal freedoni, was
379, Ililarius, with his whole family, perished in fain to quit the city by stealth, and make his way
an invasion of the Goths. (Eunap. l'it. Soph. p. back to his diocese, on foot, crossing the Alps at
67, ed. Boissonade ; comp. id. Excerpt. Legut. p. the most inclement season of the year. Ile sub-
20. )
(W. B. D. ] sequently endeavoured, but in vain, to negotiate a
HILA'RIUS (ʻIXápios), a Phrygian, an inter- reconciliation with Leo, who refused to listen to
preter of oracles, implicated in the proceedings of any terms short of absolute submission, and even-
Theodorus, who attempted to discover by magic tually succeeded in depriving him of all the privi-
who should succeed ihe emperor Valens. He was leges which he enjoyed as metropolitan of Gaul.
executed in the course of the judicial proceedings This proceeding was confirmed by the celebrated
which followed. (Amm. Marc
. xxix. 1; Zosim. iv
. rescript of Valentinian 111. , issued in 445, in
15; Tillemont, llist. des Emp. vol. v. ) [J. C. M. ] which, among other matters, it was ordained, “ Ut
HILA'RIUS. Among the correspondence of Episcopis Gallicanis omnibusque pro lege esset,
Augustin we find two letters addressed to that quidquid apostolicae sedis auctoritas sanxisset : ita
prelate by a certain Hilarius, of whom we know ut quisquis Episcoporum ad judicium Romani
nothing certain except that he was a layman, an antistitis evocatus venire neglexisset per modera-
intimate friend of Prosper Aquitanus, an ardent torem ejusdem provincine adesse cogeretur," a de-
admirer of the bishop of Hippo, and probably the cree which, while it unequivocally established the
person to whom the latter addressed his treatise, authority of the bishop of Rome over the church
De Pracdestinatione Sanctorum et de Dono Perse- beyond the Alps, at the same time, when taken in
verantiae. The first of these letters, which is connection with the circumstances by which it was
short, is entitled De Pelagianis, was written at called forth, seems to prove that up to this period
Syracuse in A. D. 413 or 414, and is numbered such authority had never been fully and formally
clvi, in the collected epistles of Augustin, according recognised. The merits of this dispute have, as
to the Benedictine arrangement. The second letter might be expected, become a party question among
is corsiderably longer, is entitled De Semipelagianis, ecclesiastical historians, who characterise the con-
was despatched from the south of France, along duct of the chief personages concerned in the most
with one by Prosper upon the same subject, in opposite terms, according to the views which they
428 or 429, and is numbered ccxxvi. It was pub- entertain with regard to the rights of the papal
lished at Cologne in 1503, along with the treatise chair. Hilarius died in 449, about five years afier
of Honorius Augustodunensis, De libero Arbitrio, the deposition of Chelidonius.
and is included in the Paris edition (1711) of the The only works of this Hilarius now extant
works of Prosper, p. 7. A third letter was written whose authenticity is unquestionable are-
by this same personage upon the same topics, which 1. Vita Sancti Honorati Arelatensis Episcopi, a
is now lost ; and some critics have, upon no suffi- sort of funeral panegyric upon his predecessor,
cient grounds, ascribed to him a work, De Voca- which has been much admired, on account of the
tione Gentium.
(W. R. ] graceful and winning character of the style. It
HILA'RIUS, surnamed ARELATENSIS, was was first published at Paris by Genebrardus, in
born at the commencement of the fifth century, in 1578, and a few years afterwards, from MSS. pre-
Gallia Belgica, of a noble family, and distinguished served at Lerins, by Vincentius Barralis, in his
himself in boyhood by the real and success with Chronologia sunct. insul. Lerin. Lugd. 4to. 1613;
which he followed out the various branches of a the text of the former edition was followed by
liberal education. At an early age he became the Surius ad xvi. Jan. , and of the latter by the
disciple of Honoratus, first abbot of Lerins, by Bollandists, vol. ii. p. 11. It is also given in the
whom he was persuaded to abandon the world, Bill. Patr. Mur. Lugd. 1677, vol. viii. p. 1228, in
and to devote himself to a monastic life. To this the Opera Leonis 1. , edited by Quesnell, Paris,
he attached himself so warmly, that when the 4to. 1675, and in the Opera l'incenti Lirinensis
bishopric of Arles became vacant in a. D. 429, by et Hilarii Arelatensis, by J. Salinas, Rom. 8vo.
the death of his preceptor, he was with the utmost 1731.
difficulty induced to yield to the wishes of the 2. Epistola ad Eucherium Episcopum Lugdu-
clergy and people, and to accept the episcopal nensem, first published in the Chronologia Lirinensis
chair.
The circumstance that a monk of twenty-of Barralis, and subsequently in the Bibl. Max.
nine should have been chosen unanimously to fill Patr. Lugd. vol. viii. , in Quesnell and in Salinas,
such an important station is in itself a strong proof | See above.
of the reputation which he must have enjoyed as a The author of his life, which we notice below,
man of learning, eloquence, and piety. His name, mentions also Homiliae in totius anni Festiritates ;
however, has acquired importance in ecclesiastical Symboli Expositio ; a great number of Epistolae,
history chiefly from the controversy in which he and likewise l'ersus, but all of these are lost, unless
became involved with Pope Leo the Great. A we agree with those who upon very slender
certain Chelidonius, bishop either of Vesoul or evidence assign to this Hilarius three poems in
Besançon, had been deposed, in consequence of dactylic hexameters, of which two are ascribed in
нь 3
## p. 470 (#486) ############################################
470
HILARIUS.
HILAKIUS.
different MSS. to different authors, and the third ling and piety must have been held in high esteem,
uniformly to Hilarius Pictaviensis. These are, 1. for about the year a. d. 350, although still married,
Poema de septem fratribus Maccabaeis ab Antiocho he was elected bishop of his native city. From
Epiphane interfectis, published under the name of that time forward the great object of his existence
Victorinus Afer, by Sicard, in his Antidot. cont. was to check the progress of Arianism, which had
omn. lucres. 1528, inserted in most of the large spread all over the East, and was making rapid
collections of fathers, and in the Sylloge Poetarum strides in Gaul. At his instigation the Catholic
Christianorum, Lugd. 1605. 2. Carmen de lei prelates excommunicated Saturninus, bishop of
Providentia, frequently printed along with the Arles, a zealous partizan of the heretics, together
works of Prosper Aquitanus. 3. Curmen in Ge- with his two chief supporters, Ursacius and Valens.
nesim ad Leonem Popam, first printed by Miraeus But at the council of Beziers, convoked in 356 by
in his edition of Ililarius Pictaviensis, Paris, fol. Const:itius, ostensibly for the purpose of calming
1544 ; published separately by Morellus, Paris, these dissensions, a triumph was achieved by the
4to. 1559 ; with a commentnry by Weitzius, adversaries of Hilarius, who by a rescript from the
Franc. 8vo. 1625 ; and included in all the larger cmperor was banished, along with Rhodanus, bishop
collections of the fathers.
of Toulouse, to Phrygia, which, as well as the rest
There is also a Nurrutio de Miraculo, performed of Asia Minor, was strongly opposed to Trinitarian
by a certain martyr named Genesius, which is given doctrines. From this remote region he continued
to Hilarius in some MSS. , but generally rejected to govern his diocese, to which no successor had
as spurious. It will be found in Surius and the been appointed, and drew up his work De Synodis,
Bollandists under 25th August. We have already that he might make known throughout Gaul, Ger-
alluded to an ancient Vitu Hilarii, which is com- many, and Britnin, the precise nature of the opinions
monly believed to be the production of Honoratus, prevalent in the East. In 359 a general meeting
bishop of Marseilles (about A. D. 460), but which of bishops was summoned to be held at Seleuceia,
in the Arles MS. is assigned to Reverentius, or in Isauria ; and Hilarius, having repaired thither
Ravennius, the successor of Hilarius. It is con- uninvited, boldly undertook, although almost un-
tained in the Chronologia Lirinensis, and in Surius supported, to maintain the consubstantiality of the
under V. Mai.
[W. R. ] Word, against the Anomeans and other kindred
HILA'RIUS, surnamed Diaconus, a native of sectaries, who formed a large majority of the as-
Sardinia, a deacon of the church at Rome in the sembly. From thence he betook liimself to Con-
middle of the fourth century, and hence designated stantinople, at that time the very focus of Arianism,
Hilarius Diaconus, to distinguish him from others where his indefatigable importunity proved so
of the same name, was deputed by Pope Liberius, troublesome to the court, and his influence with the
along with Lucifer of Cagliari, Eusebius of Ver- more moderate among the Oriental ecclesiastics so
celli, and Pancratius, to plead the cause of the or- alarming to the dominant faction, that he was or-
thodox faith before Constantius at the council of dered forth with to return to his bishopric, where
Milan. Upon this occasion he defended the prin- he was received in triumph, about the period of
ciples of Athanasinis with so much offensive bold- Julian's accession (361), and at this time probably
ness, that he was scourged by order of the emperor, published his famous invective against the late
and condemned to banishment, along with his com- prince. For some years he found full occupation
panions. Of his subsequent history we know in reclaiming such of the clergy as had subscribed
little, except that he adopted the violent opinions the confession of faith sanctioned by the council of
of Lucifer to their full extent, naintaining that not | Ariminum, and in ejecting from the church his old
only Arians, but all who had held any intercourse enemy Saturninus, along with those who refused
with them, as well as heretics of every description, to acknowledge their errors. In the reign of Va-
must, even after an acknowledgment of error, be lentinian (361), however, not satisfied with regu-
re-baptized before they could be admitted into the lating the spiritual concerns of his own country, he
communion of the Catholic church, and from this determined to purify Italy also, and formally im-
doctrine he was sarcastically styled by Jerome a peached Auxentius, bishop of Milan, who stood
second Deucalion.
high in imperial favour, although suspected of being
Two treatises are sometimes ascribed to this in his heart hostile to the cause of orthodoxy. The
Hilarius, both of very doubtful authenticity. One emperor forthwith cited the accuser and the ac-
of these, Commentarius in Epistolas Pauli, has fre- cused to appear before him, and to hold a conference
quently been published along with the writings of upon the disputed points of faith in the presence of
Ambrosius ; the other, Quaestiones Veteris et Nori the high officers of state. Auxentius unexpectedly,
Testamenti, among the works of Augustin. [W. R. ] and perhaps unwillingly, gave unexceptionable an-
HILA'RIUS, surnamed PICTAVIENSIS, the swers to all the questions proposed ; upon which
most strenuous champion of the pure faith among Hilarius, having indignantly denounced him as a
the Latin fathers of the fourth century, the Malleus hypocrite, was expelled from Milan as a disturber
Arianorum, as he has been designated by his ad- of the tranquillity of the church, and, retiring to
mirers, was born at Poitiers, of a good family, his episcopal see, died in peace four years after-
although the name of his parents is unknown, and wards, on the 13th of January, A. D. 368.
carefully instructed in all the branches of a liberal The extant works of this prelate, arranged in
education. Having been induced, after he had chronological order, are the following: -
attained to manhood, to study the Scriptures, he 1. Ad Constantium Augustum Liber primus,
became convinced of the truth of Christianity, made written it is believed in A. D. 355. It is a petition
an open profession of his belief, was baptized along in which he implores the emperor to put an end to
with his wife and his daughter Abra, and resolved the persecutions by which the Arians sought to
to devote himself to the service of religion. Of the crush their opponents, produces several examples of
early portion of his career in this new vocation we their cruelty, and urges with great force, in respectful
know nothing, but his character as a man of learn- | language, the right of the Catholics to enjoy toleration.
## p. 471 (#487) ############################################
HILARIUS.
#
471
HILARIUS.
2. Commentarius (s. Tractatus) in Erangelium over by the temptations of wealth and honours, and
Matthaei, written before his exile, in A. D. 356, because he wished to confine the creed strictly to
and divided into twenty-three canones or sections. the words of Scripture, excluding apostolical tra-
The preface, which is quoted by Cassianus (De dition and the authority of the hierarchy. The
Incarn. vii. 24), is wanting. This is the most extravagant violence of the first requires no com-
ancient of the extant expositions of the first evan- ment; the second is remarkable, since it proves
gelist by any of the Latin fathers, and is repeat- that some of the fundamental doctrines of the
edly quoted by Jerome and Augustin. From the Romish Church, as opposed to the Protestant, had
resemblance which it bears in tone and spirit to already been called in question. (See Milman's
the exegetical writings of Origen, it may very pro- History of Christianity, book iii. c. 5. )
bably have been derived from some of his works. 7. Contra Arianos rel Aurutium Mcdivluncn-
3. De Symodis 6. De Fide Orientalium 6. De sem Liber unus; otherwise, Epistola ad Catholicos
Simodis Gracciue, or more fully, Dc Symodis Fidci a Aurentiun, written in A. D. 365, to which is
Catholicac contru Arianos et pruevaricatorcs Ariunis subjoined a letter addressed by Auxentius to the
acquiescentes, or simply, Epistola, being in reality emperors Valentinianus and Valens. The subject
a letter, written in A. D. 358, while in exile, ad of these will be sufficiently understood from the
dressed to his episcopal brethren in Gaul, Germany, circumstances recorded in the life of Hilarius.
Holland, and Britain, explaining the real views of 8. Commentarii (s. Tractatus, s. Expositiones) in
the Oriental prelates on the Trinitarian controversy, Psalmos, composed towards the very close of his
and pointing out that many of them, although life. Not so much verbal annotations as general
differing in words, agreed in substance with the reflections upon the force and spirit of the different
orthodox churches of the West. In the Benedictine psalms, and upon the lessons which we ought to
editi we find added for the first time defence draw from them, mingled with many mystical and
of this piece, in reply to objections which had allegorical speculations, after the fashion of Origen.
been urged against it by a certain Lucifer, probably It is not improbable that these were originally
him of Cagliari.
short discourses or homilies, delivered from the
4. De Trinitate Libri XII. s. Contra Arianos s. pulpit, and afterwards digested and arranged. They
De Fide, besides a number of other titles, differ- may have extended to the whole book of Psalms,
ing slightly from each other. This, the most im- but the collection, as it now exists, embraces
portant and elaborate of the productions of Hilarius, seventy-nine only.
was composed, or at least finished, in A. D. 360. 9. Fragmenta Ililari, first published in 1598
It contains a complete exposition of the doctrine of by Nicolaus Faber from the library of P. Pithou,
Trinity, a comprehensive examination of the evi- containing passages from a lost work upon the
dences upon which it rests, and a full refutation of synods of Seleuceia and Ariminum, and from other
all the grand arguments of the heretics, being the pieces connected with the history of the divisions
first great controversial work produced upon this by which the church was at that time distracted.
subject in the Latin church. Jerome informs us The following are of doubtful authenticity:-
that it was divided into twelve books, in order that 1. Epistola ad Abram Filiam suam, dissuading
the number might correspond with the twelve her from becoming the bride of any one save
books of Quintilian, whose style the author pro- Christ. 2. Hymnus Matutinus, addressed also to
posed as his model. When Cassiodorus (Institt. his daughter Abra.
Div. 16) speaks of thirteen books, he includes the Works now lost, but mentioned by Jerome,
tract De Synodis, mentioned above.
Augustin, or other ancient authorities:-1. Libellus
5. Ad Constantium Augustum Liber secundus, ad Sallustium Galliarum Praefectum contra Dios-
presented in person to the emperor about A. D. curum medicum. Probably an apology for Chris-
360, in which the petitioner sets forth that he had tianity. 2. Commentarius (s. Tractatus) in Jobum,
been driven into banishment by the calumnies of freely translated from the Greek of Origen. 3.
his enemies, implores the sovereign to lend a Liber adversus Valentem et Ursatium, portions of
favourable ear to his cause, and takes occasion to which are to be found in the Fragmenta noticed
vindicate the truth of the prirciples which he above. 4. Hymnorum Liber. 5. Mysteriorum
maintained.
Liber. 6. Many Epistolae. 7. He was said to
6. Contra Constantium Augustum Liber. Pro- have been the author of a Commentarius in Cantica
bably composed, and perhaps privately circulated, Canticorum, but Jerome was unable to discover it,
while the prince was still alive, but certainly not and equally dubious is the Expositio Epistolae ad
published until after his death,-a supposition by Timotheum, quoted in the Acts of the Council of
which we shall be able to reconcile the words of Seville.
the piece itself (c. 2) with the positive assertion of The Carmen in Genesim ; Libri de Patris et
Jerome (de Viris ni. 100). Indeed, it is scarcely Filii Unitate ; Liber de Essentia Patris et Fili;
credible that any zealot, however bold, would have Confessio de Trinitate ; Epistola, s. Libellus et
ventured openly to assail any absolute monarch, Sermo de Dedicatione Ecclesiae, are all erroneously
however mild, with such a mass of coarse abuse, ascribed to this father.
differing, moreover, so remarkably from the subdued Hilarius was gifted with a powerful intellect,
tone of his former addresses to the same personage, and displayed undaunted courage and perseverance
who is here pronounced to be Antichrist, a rebel in upholding the faith ; but his zeal bordered so
against God, a tyrant whose sole object was to closely upon fanaticism, that he must frequently
make a gift to the Devil of that world for which have injured the cause which he advocated with
Christ had suffered. We are particularly struck unseemly violence. He can scarcely be esteemed
with two points in this attack. Unmeasured abuse a man of learning, for he was ignorant of Hebrew,
is poured forth against Constantius because he and but imperfectly acquainted with Greek: his
refrained from inflicting tortures and martyrdom expositions of Scripture, when original, are by no
upon his adversaries, seeking rather to win them means profound, when borrowed are not selected
нн 4
## p. 472 (#488) ############################################
472
HIMERAEUS.
HIMERIUS.
In this po-
with judgment; while his doctrines in dogmatic | temple of Acacus ; but they were forced from this
theology must be received with much caution, for sanctuary by Archins, and sent prisoners to Anti-
Erasmus has clearly proved from several passages, pater, who immediately put them all to death,
which the Benedictine editors have in vain sought B. C. 3:22. (Plut. Dem. 28 ; Arrian, ap. Phot. p.
to explain away, that his expressions with regard 69, b. ; Athen. xii. p. 542. ) Lucian speaks very
to the nature of Christ are such as no orthodox dispargingly of Himeraeus, as a mere demagogue,
divine could adopt. Among his contemporaries, indebted to the circumstances of the moment for a
however, and immediate successors his influence temporary influence. (Encom. Demosth. 31. ) Of
was powerful and his reputation high. Rufinus, the justice of this character we have no means of
Augustin, and Jerome speak of him with respect, judging.
[E. H. B. ]
and even admiration.
HIME'RIUS ('Iuépios). 1. A celebrated Greek
A few of the opuscula of Ililarius, together with sophist of Prusa in Bithynia, where his father Amei-
his work De Trinitate, and the treatise of Augustin nias distinguished himself as a rhetorician. (Suid.
upon the same subject, were printed at Milan, fol. s. v. 'Iuépios. ) According to the most correct calcu-
1489, by Leon. Pachel under the cditorial inspec-lation, the life of Ilimerius belongs to the period
tion of G. Cribellus, a presbyter of that city ; and from A. n. 315 to 386. He appears to have re-
this collection was reprinted it Venice in the course ceived his first education and instruction in rhe-
of the same century.
More complete was the toric in his father's house, and he then went to
edition printed at Paris, fol. 1510, by Badius Athens, which was still the principal seat of intel-
Ascensius, which, however, was greatly inferior to lectual culture, to complete his studies. It is not
that of Erasmus, printed at Basle by Frobenius, improbable that he there was a pupil of Proaere-
fol. , 1523, and reprinted in 1526 and 1528.
