emperor Domitian, and his
colleague
in the consul- The epistle seems to contain an important inter-
ship, a.
ship, a.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
e.
extracts from the writings of Theo This is the editio princeps.
Frid.
Sylburgii, Hei-
dotus and the doctrine called oriental, relating to delberg, 1592, fol. Gr. et Lat. Herveti, “ Pro-
the times of Valentinus. Whether these excerpts trepticus et Paedagogus," et Strozzae libri viii.
were really made by Clement admits of doubt, “Stromatum," Florent. 1551, fol. Lat. Herveti,
though Sylburg remarks that the style and phrase- • Protrepticus, Paedagogus, et Stromata,” Basil.
ology resemble those of the Alexandrine father. 1556, fol. and 1566, fol. , Paris, 1572 and 1590, fol.
The fragments of his lost works have been indus in the Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. iii. 1677, fol. Lugd.
triously collected by Potter, in the second volume Sylburgii et Heinsii, Lugd. Bat. 1616, fol. Gr. et
of his edition of Clement's works; but Fabricius, Lat. ; this edition was reprinted with the additional
at the end of his second volume of the works of notes of Ducaeus at Paris, 1629, fol. , Paris, 1641,
Hippolytus, published some of the fragments more fol. and Colon. 1688, fol. Potteri, Oxon. 1715,
fully, along with several not found in Potter's edi- fol. 2 vols. Gr. et Lat. ; this edition is incompara-
tion. There are also fragments in the Biblioth. bly the best. Oberthür, Wirceb. 1788–89, 8vo.
Patr. of Galland. In various parts of his writings 3 vols. Gr. et Lat. Klotz, Lips. 1830—34, 8vo.
Clement speaks of other works which he had 4 rols. Graecè. A. B. Cailleau, in the “ Collec-
written or intended to write. (See Potter, vol. ü. tio selecta SS. Ecclesiae Patrum,” Paris, 1827
p. 1045. )
&c. , vol. iv. 8vo. Lat. The treatise
His three principal works constitute parts of a Dives salvet:ir” was published in Greek and Latin,
whole. In the Hortatory Address his design was with a commentary by Segaar, Traj. 1816, 8vo. ;
to convince the Heathens and to convert them to and in Latin by Dr. H. Olshausen, Regiom. 1831,
Christianity. It exposes the impurities of poly- 12mo. The Hymn to Christ the Saviour at the
theism as contrasted with the spirituality of Chris- end of the Paedagogus, was published in Greek
tianity, and demonstrates the superiority of the and Latin by Piper, Goetting. 1835, 8vo.
gospel to the philosophy of the Gentile world by (See Le Nourry's Apparatus ad Bibl. maxim.
shewing, that it effectually purifies the motives Patrum, Paris, 1703, fol. lib. i. ; P. H. de Groot,
and elevates the character. The Paedagogue takes | De Clem. Alexandr. Disp. Groning. 1826, 8vo. ;
up the new convert at the point to which he is H. E. F. Guerike, Comment. Histor. et Theolog. de
supposed to have been brought by the hortatory Schola, quae Alexandriac fioruit, Catechetica, Halae,
address, and furnishes him with rules for the regu- 1824-25, 8vo. ; Matter, Essai listor. sur l'Ecole
lation of his conduct. In the first chapter he d'Alexandrie, Paris, 1820, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Redepen-
explains what he means by the term Paedagogue,-ning, Origines, Bonn, 1841, 8vo. ; Neander, De
one who instructs children, leading them up to Fidei Gnoscosque Ideae, qua ad se invicem atque ad
manhood through the paths of truth. This pre Philosophiam referatur ratione secundum mentem
ceptor is none other than Jesus Christ, and the Clementis Alex. , Heidelb. 1811, 8vo. ; Allgemeine
children whom he trains up are simple, sincere Gesch. der Christ
. Religion und Kircle, i. 3, Ham-
believers. The author goes into minutiae and burg, 1827, 8vo. ; Guerike, Handbuch der Kirchen-
trifling details, instead of dwelling upon great | geschichtc, fünfte Auflage, 2 vols. Halle, 1843, 8vo. ;
66
* Quis
3 2 2
## p. 788 (#808) ############################################
788
CLEMENS.
CLEMENS.
Baur, Die Christliche Gnosis, Tübing. 1835, 8vo. ; 1 tution of the emperor Antoninus: “Pactumejus
Dähne, De yvôort Clementis Alex. Hal. 1831, 8vo. ; Clemens aiebat imperatorem Antoninum constie
Bp. Kaye's Account of the Writings and Opinions of tuisse. ” (Dig. 40. tit. 7. 6. 21. $ 1. ) The name
Clement of Alexandria, London, 1835, 8vo. ; Da- Antoninus is exceedingly ambiguous, as it belongs
vidson's Sacred Hermencutics, Edinb. 1843, 8vo. ; to Pius, Marcus, L. Verus, Commodus, Caracalla,
Cave's Historia Literaria, Lond. 1688, fol. ; Giese- Geti, Diadumenus, and Elagabalus ; but in the
ler's Text-book of Ecclesiastical History, translated compilations of Justinian, the name Antoninus,
by Cunningham, Philadelph. 1836, 3 vols. 8vo. without addition, refers either to Caracalla, M. An-
vol. i. ; Euseb. Histor. Eccles. lib. v. et vi. , ed. relius, or Pius-usually to the first; to the second,
Heinichen, 1827-30, Lips. )
[S. D. ] if used by a jurist who lived earlier than Caracalla,
CLEMENS ARRETI'NUS, a man of Senato and not enrlier than Marcus; to the third, if used
rial rank, connected by marriage with the family by a jurist who was living under Pius. (Zimmern,
of Vespasian, and an intimate friend of Domitian, R. R. G. i. p. 184, n. 8. ) Here it probably denotes
was appointed by Mucianus praefect of the praeto- | Pius, of whom Pactumeius Clemens may be sup
rian guards in a. D. 70, a dignity which his father posed to have been a contemporary.
[J. T. G. )
had formerly held under Caligula. (Tac. Ann. iv. CLEMENS ROMANUS, was bishop of
68. ) Clemens probably did not hold this command Rome at the end of the first century. He is
long, and the appointment of Mucianus may have probably the same as the Clement whom St.
been regarded as altogether void, as Suetonius Paul mentions (Phil. iv. 3) as one of “liis fellow
says (Tib. 6), that Titus was the first senator who workers, whose names are in the Book of Life. "
was praefect of the praetorians, the office being up To Clement are ascribed two epistles addressed
to that time filled by a knight. Notwithstanding, to the Corinthian Church, and both probably
however, the friendship of Domitian with Clemens, genuine, the first certainly so. From the style of
he was one of the victims of the cruelty of this the second, Neander (Kirchengesch. iii. p. 1100)
emperor when he ascended the throne. (Suet. considers it as a fragment of a sermon rather than
Dom. 11. )
an epistle. The first was occasioned by the divi-
CLEMENS, ATRIUS, a friend of the younger sions which distracted the Church of Corinth,
Pliny, who has addressed two of his letters to him. where certain presbyters had been unjustly de-
(Ep. i. 10, iv. 2. )
posed. The exhortations to unity are enforced by
CLEMENS, CA'SSIUS, was brought to trial examples from Scripture, and in addition to these
about a. D. 195, for having espoused the side of are mentioned the martyrdoms of St. Peter and St.
Niger; but defended himself with such dignity and Paul. Of the latter it is said, that he went étrì TO
freedom, that Severus, in admiration, not only tépua tais dúoews—a passage which has been con-
granted him his life, but allowed him to retain half sidered to favour the supposition that the apostle
of his property. (Dion Cass. lxxiv. 9. )
executed the intention of visiting Spain, which he
CLEMENS, T. FLAVIUS, was cousin to the mentions, Rom. xv. 24.
emperor Domitian, and his colleague in the consul- The epistle seems to contain an important inter-
ship, a. d. 95, and married Domitilla, also a relation polation ($ 40, &c. ). In these chapters is sud-
of Domitian. His father was Flavius Sabinus, the denly introduced, in the midst of practical exhorta-
elder brother of the emperor Vespasian, and his tions, a laboured comparison between the Jewish
brother Flavius Sabinus, who was put to death by priesthood and Christian ministry, and the theory
Domitian. (Suet. Domit. 10. ) Domitian had des of the former is transferred to the latter. This
tined the sons of Clemens to succeed him in the em- style of speaking savours in itself of a later age,
pire, and, changing their original names, had called and is opposed to the rest of the epistle, which
one Vespasian and the other Domitian; but he sub uniformly speaks of the church and its offices in
sequently put Clemens to death during the consul- their simplest form and relations. The whole
ship of the latter. (Suet. Domit. 15. ) Dion Cassius tone of both epistles is meek, pions, and Christian,
says (lxvii. 14), that Clemens was put to death on a though they are not free from that tendency to
charge of atheism, for which, he adds, many others find types in greater number than the practice of
who went over to the Jewish opinions were exe- Scripture warrants, which the later fathers carried
cuted. This must imply that he had become a to so extravagant a length. Thus, when Rahab is
Christian; and for the same reusou his wife was quoted as an example of faith and hospitality, the
banished to Pandataria by Domitian. (Comp. Phi- fact of her hanging a scarlet thread from her win-
lostr, Apoll. viii. 15; Euseb. H. E. iii. 14; Hie dow is made to typify our redemption through
ronym. Ep. 27. ) To this Clemens in all probabi- Christ's blood. In the midst of much that is wise
lity is dedicated the church of St. Clement at and good we are surprised to find the fable of the
Rome, on the Caelian hill, which is believed to phoenix adduced in support of the resurrection of
have been built originally in the fifth century, the body.
although its site is now occupied by a more recent, As one of the very earliest apostolical fathers,
though very ancient, structure. In the year 1725 the authority of Clement is valuable in proving the
Cardinal Annibal Albani found under this church authenticity of certain books of the New Testa-
an inscription in honour of Flavius Clemens, mar- ment. The parts of it to which he refers are the
tyr, which is described in a work called T. Flavii gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke, the epistle
Clementis liri Consularis et Martyris Tumulus of St. James, the first of St. Peter, and several of
illustratus, Urbino, 17:27. Some connect him with St. Paul, while from the epistle to the Hebrews
the author of the Epistle to the Corinthians. he quotes so often, that by some its authorship
(CLEMENS ROMANUS. ]
[G. E. L. C. ] has been attributed to him. Two passages are
CLEMENS, PACTUMEIUS, a Roman jurist, quoted (i. $ 46, and ï. § 4) with the formula
who probably died in the lifetime of Pomponius, régparral, which do not occur in Scripture ; we
for Pomponius mentions him as if he were no also find reference to the apocryphal books of Wis-
longer living, and cites, on his authority; a consti. dom and Judith; a traditionary conversation is
## p. 789 (#809) ############################################
CLEMENS.
769
CLEOBULUS.
related between our Lord and St. Peter; and a by the expression Julianus noster. (Dig. 28. tit. 6.
story is given from the spurious gospel to the Egyp 1 s. 6. ) From this we infer, not that he was a pupil
tians. (Ep. ii. S 12; comp. Clem. Alex. Strom. lun. of Julianus, but that he belonged to the same legal
p. 465. ) The genuineness of the Homily or 2nd school. (Compare Dig. 7. tit. 7. s. 5. ) He pro-
Epistle is denied by Jerome (Catal. c. 15) and bably therefore flourished in the time of Hadrian.
Photius (Bill. Cod. 113), and it is not quoted by It has been suggested from the agreement of date,
any author earlier than Eusebius. Besides these that he was the same person as Pactumeius
works two other letters were preserved as Cle- Clemens, and that his name in full was Ter.
ment's in the Syrian church, and published by Pactumeius Clemens, but this is not likely. No
Wetstein in the appendix to his edition of the jurist is mentioned in the Digest by the name
New Testament. They are chiefly occupied by Clemens simply, but, as if expressly for the sake
the praises of celibacy, and it therefore seems a of distinction, we have always either Terentius
fair ground of suspicion against them that they Clemens or Pactumeius Clemens. Terentius is no-
are not quoted before the fourth century, though, where cited in any extant fragment of any other
from the ascetic disposition prevalent in the North jurist. He wrote a treatise on the famous lex
African and other Western churches, it seems Julia et Papia Poppaca, with the title “ Ad Leges
unlikely that no one should ever have appealed to Libri xx. ," and of this work 35 fragments (be-
such an authority. Other writings are also falsely longing, according to Blume's hypothesis, to the
attributed to Clement. Such are the Recognitiones i classis edictalis), are preserved in the Digest. They
(a name given to the work from the Latin transla- are explained by Heineccius in his excellent com-
tion of Ruffinus), which purport to contain a his- mentary on the lex Julia et Papia Poppaea. (Comp.
tory of Clement himself, who is represented as a CLEMENS PACTUM EIUS. ]
(J. T. G. )
convert of St. Peter, and in the course of it recog- CLEMENTIA, a personification of Clemency,
nizes his father, whom he had lost. Of this there was worshipped as a divinity at Rome, especially
is a convenient edition by Gersdorf in his Biblia in the time of the emperors. She had then tem-
theca Patrum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum selecta. ples and altars, and was represented, as we still
(Leipzig and Brussels, 1837. ) The collection of see on coins, holding a patera in her right, and a
Apostolical Constitutions is also attributed to Cle- lance in her left hand. (Claudian, De Laud. Stil.
ment, though certainly without foundation, as they ii. 6, &c. ; Stat. Theb. xii. 481, &c. ; comp. Hirt,
are plainly a collection of the ecclesiastical rules of Mythol. Bilderbuch, ii. p. 113. ) [L. S. ]
various times and places. (See Krabbe, Veber den CLEOBIS. (Biton. ]
Ursprung und Inhalt der Apostol. Constitutionen, CLEOBULI'NE (Kreobnvaíon), called also
1839. ) Lastly, we may just mention the Clernen- | CLEOBULE'NE and CLEOBU'LE (Krobou
tines, — homilies of a Judaizing tendency, and anun, Kleobotan), was daughter to Cleobulus of
supposed by Neander (Genetische Entwickelung, &c. Lindus, and is said by Plutarch to have been a
p. 367) to be written by a member of the Ebio Corinthian by birth. From the same author we
nitish sect.
learn that her father called her Eumetis, while
The true particulars of Clement's life are quite others gave her the name which marks her relation
unknown. Tillemont (Mémoires, ii. p. 147) sup- to Cleobulus. She is spoken of as highly distin-
poses that he was a Jew; but the second epistle is guished for her moral as well as her intellectual
plainly written by a Gentile. Hence some con- qualities. Her skill in riddles, of which she com-
nect him with Flavius Clemens who was martyred posed a number in hexameter verse, is particularly
under Domitian. It is supposed, that Trajan ba- recorded, and we find ascribed to her a well-known
nished Clement to the Chersonese, where he suf- one on the subject of the year (CLEOBULUS), as
fered martyrdom. Various dates are given for the well as that on the cupping-glass, which is quoted
first Epistle. Grabe (Spic. Patr. i. p. 254) has with praise by Aristotle. A play of Cratinus,
fixed on A. D. 68, immediately after the martyrdom called Kleobovaival, and apparently having re-
of St. Peter and St. Paul; while others prefer A. D. ference to her, is mentioned by Athenaeus. (Plut.
95, during Domitian's persecution.
de Pyth. Orac. 14, Conv. vii. Sap. 3; Diog. Laërt.
The Epistles were first published at Oxford by i. 89; Menag. ad loc. ; Clem. Alex. Strom. iv. 19;
Patric Young, the king's librarian, from the Codex Suid. s. r. KXeobovainn; Arist. Rhet, iii, 2. $ 12;
Alexandrinus, to the end of which they are ap- Athen. ir. p. 171, b. , x. p. 448, c. ; Casaub. ad loc. ;
pended (the second only as a fragment), and which Fabric. Bibl. Graec. in pp. 117, 121, 654; Mei-
had been sent by Cyrillus Lucaris, patriarch of neke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 277. ) Cleobuline
Constantinople, to Charles I. They were repub- was also the name of the mother of Thales. (Diog.
lished by F. Rous, provost of Eton, in 1650; by Laërt. i. 22. )
(E. E. )
Fell, bishop of Oxford, in 1669; Cotelerius, at CLEOBU'LUS (Kebboulos), one of the Seven
Paris, in 1672; Ittig, at Leipzig, 1699; Wotton, Sages, tras son of Evagoras and a citizen of Lin-
at Cambridge, 1718; Galland, at Venice, 1765; dus in Rhodes, for Duris seems to stand alone in
Jacobson, at Oxford, in 1838; and by Hefele, stating that he was a Carian.
dotus and the doctrine called oriental, relating to delberg, 1592, fol. Gr. et Lat. Herveti, “ Pro-
the times of Valentinus. Whether these excerpts trepticus et Paedagogus," et Strozzae libri viii.
were really made by Clement admits of doubt, “Stromatum," Florent. 1551, fol. Lat. Herveti,
though Sylburg remarks that the style and phrase- • Protrepticus, Paedagogus, et Stromata,” Basil.
ology resemble those of the Alexandrine father. 1556, fol. and 1566, fol. , Paris, 1572 and 1590, fol.
The fragments of his lost works have been indus in the Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. iii. 1677, fol. Lugd.
triously collected by Potter, in the second volume Sylburgii et Heinsii, Lugd. Bat. 1616, fol. Gr. et
of his edition of Clement's works; but Fabricius, Lat. ; this edition was reprinted with the additional
at the end of his second volume of the works of notes of Ducaeus at Paris, 1629, fol. , Paris, 1641,
Hippolytus, published some of the fragments more fol. and Colon. 1688, fol. Potteri, Oxon. 1715,
fully, along with several not found in Potter's edi- fol. 2 vols. Gr. et Lat. ; this edition is incompara-
tion. There are also fragments in the Biblioth. bly the best. Oberthür, Wirceb. 1788–89, 8vo.
Patr. of Galland. In various parts of his writings 3 vols. Gr. et Lat. Klotz, Lips. 1830—34, 8vo.
Clement speaks of other works which he had 4 rols. Graecè. A. B. Cailleau, in the “ Collec-
written or intended to write. (See Potter, vol. ü. tio selecta SS. Ecclesiae Patrum,” Paris, 1827
p. 1045. )
&c. , vol. iv. 8vo. Lat. The treatise
His three principal works constitute parts of a Dives salvet:ir” was published in Greek and Latin,
whole. In the Hortatory Address his design was with a commentary by Segaar, Traj. 1816, 8vo. ;
to convince the Heathens and to convert them to and in Latin by Dr. H. Olshausen, Regiom. 1831,
Christianity. It exposes the impurities of poly- 12mo. The Hymn to Christ the Saviour at the
theism as contrasted with the spirituality of Chris- end of the Paedagogus, was published in Greek
tianity, and demonstrates the superiority of the and Latin by Piper, Goetting. 1835, 8vo.
gospel to the philosophy of the Gentile world by (See Le Nourry's Apparatus ad Bibl. maxim.
shewing, that it effectually purifies the motives Patrum, Paris, 1703, fol. lib. i. ; P. H. de Groot,
and elevates the character. The Paedagogue takes | De Clem. Alexandr. Disp. Groning. 1826, 8vo. ;
up the new convert at the point to which he is H. E. F. Guerike, Comment. Histor. et Theolog. de
supposed to have been brought by the hortatory Schola, quae Alexandriac fioruit, Catechetica, Halae,
address, and furnishes him with rules for the regu- 1824-25, 8vo. ; Matter, Essai listor. sur l'Ecole
lation of his conduct. In the first chapter he d'Alexandrie, Paris, 1820, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Redepen-
explains what he means by the term Paedagogue,-ning, Origines, Bonn, 1841, 8vo. ; Neander, De
one who instructs children, leading them up to Fidei Gnoscosque Ideae, qua ad se invicem atque ad
manhood through the paths of truth. This pre Philosophiam referatur ratione secundum mentem
ceptor is none other than Jesus Christ, and the Clementis Alex. , Heidelb. 1811, 8vo. ; Allgemeine
children whom he trains up are simple, sincere Gesch. der Christ
. Religion und Kircle, i. 3, Ham-
believers. The author goes into minutiae and burg, 1827, 8vo. ; Guerike, Handbuch der Kirchen-
trifling details, instead of dwelling upon great | geschichtc, fünfte Auflage, 2 vols. Halle, 1843, 8vo. ;
66
* Quis
3 2 2
## p. 788 (#808) ############################################
788
CLEMENS.
CLEMENS.
Baur, Die Christliche Gnosis, Tübing. 1835, 8vo. ; 1 tution of the emperor Antoninus: “Pactumejus
Dähne, De yvôort Clementis Alex. Hal. 1831, 8vo. ; Clemens aiebat imperatorem Antoninum constie
Bp. Kaye's Account of the Writings and Opinions of tuisse. ” (Dig. 40. tit. 7. 6. 21. $ 1. ) The name
Clement of Alexandria, London, 1835, 8vo. ; Da- Antoninus is exceedingly ambiguous, as it belongs
vidson's Sacred Hermencutics, Edinb. 1843, 8vo. ; to Pius, Marcus, L. Verus, Commodus, Caracalla,
Cave's Historia Literaria, Lond. 1688, fol. ; Giese- Geti, Diadumenus, and Elagabalus ; but in the
ler's Text-book of Ecclesiastical History, translated compilations of Justinian, the name Antoninus,
by Cunningham, Philadelph. 1836, 3 vols. 8vo. without addition, refers either to Caracalla, M. An-
vol. i. ; Euseb. Histor. Eccles. lib. v. et vi. , ed. relius, or Pius-usually to the first; to the second,
Heinichen, 1827-30, Lips. )
[S. D. ] if used by a jurist who lived earlier than Caracalla,
CLEMENS ARRETI'NUS, a man of Senato and not enrlier than Marcus; to the third, if used
rial rank, connected by marriage with the family by a jurist who was living under Pius. (Zimmern,
of Vespasian, and an intimate friend of Domitian, R. R. G. i. p. 184, n. 8. ) Here it probably denotes
was appointed by Mucianus praefect of the praeto- | Pius, of whom Pactumeius Clemens may be sup
rian guards in a. D. 70, a dignity which his father posed to have been a contemporary.
[J. T. G. )
had formerly held under Caligula. (Tac. Ann. iv. CLEMENS ROMANUS, was bishop of
68. ) Clemens probably did not hold this command Rome at the end of the first century. He is
long, and the appointment of Mucianus may have probably the same as the Clement whom St.
been regarded as altogether void, as Suetonius Paul mentions (Phil. iv. 3) as one of “liis fellow
says (Tib. 6), that Titus was the first senator who workers, whose names are in the Book of Life. "
was praefect of the praetorians, the office being up To Clement are ascribed two epistles addressed
to that time filled by a knight. Notwithstanding, to the Corinthian Church, and both probably
however, the friendship of Domitian with Clemens, genuine, the first certainly so. From the style of
he was one of the victims of the cruelty of this the second, Neander (Kirchengesch. iii. p. 1100)
emperor when he ascended the throne. (Suet. considers it as a fragment of a sermon rather than
Dom. 11. )
an epistle. The first was occasioned by the divi-
CLEMENS, ATRIUS, a friend of the younger sions which distracted the Church of Corinth,
Pliny, who has addressed two of his letters to him. where certain presbyters had been unjustly de-
(Ep. i. 10, iv. 2. )
posed. The exhortations to unity are enforced by
CLEMENS, CA'SSIUS, was brought to trial examples from Scripture, and in addition to these
about a. D. 195, for having espoused the side of are mentioned the martyrdoms of St. Peter and St.
Niger; but defended himself with such dignity and Paul. Of the latter it is said, that he went étrì TO
freedom, that Severus, in admiration, not only tépua tais dúoews—a passage which has been con-
granted him his life, but allowed him to retain half sidered to favour the supposition that the apostle
of his property. (Dion Cass. lxxiv. 9. )
executed the intention of visiting Spain, which he
CLEMENS, T. FLAVIUS, was cousin to the mentions, Rom. xv. 24.
emperor Domitian, and his colleague in the consul- The epistle seems to contain an important inter-
ship, a. d. 95, and married Domitilla, also a relation polation ($ 40, &c. ). In these chapters is sud-
of Domitian. His father was Flavius Sabinus, the denly introduced, in the midst of practical exhorta-
elder brother of the emperor Vespasian, and his tions, a laboured comparison between the Jewish
brother Flavius Sabinus, who was put to death by priesthood and Christian ministry, and the theory
Domitian. (Suet. Domit. 10. ) Domitian had des of the former is transferred to the latter. This
tined the sons of Clemens to succeed him in the em- style of speaking savours in itself of a later age,
pire, and, changing their original names, had called and is opposed to the rest of the epistle, which
one Vespasian and the other Domitian; but he sub uniformly speaks of the church and its offices in
sequently put Clemens to death during the consul- their simplest form and relations. The whole
ship of the latter. (Suet. Domit. 15. ) Dion Cassius tone of both epistles is meek, pions, and Christian,
says (lxvii. 14), that Clemens was put to death on a though they are not free from that tendency to
charge of atheism, for which, he adds, many others find types in greater number than the practice of
who went over to the Jewish opinions were exe- Scripture warrants, which the later fathers carried
cuted. This must imply that he had become a to so extravagant a length. Thus, when Rahab is
Christian; and for the same reusou his wife was quoted as an example of faith and hospitality, the
banished to Pandataria by Domitian. (Comp. Phi- fact of her hanging a scarlet thread from her win-
lostr, Apoll. viii. 15; Euseb. H. E. iii. 14; Hie dow is made to typify our redemption through
ronym. Ep. 27. ) To this Clemens in all probabi- Christ's blood. In the midst of much that is wise
lity is dedicated the church of St. Clement at and good we are surprised to find the fable of the
Rome, on the Caelian hill, which is believed to phoenix adduced in support of the resurrection of
have been built originally in the fifth century, the body.
although its site is now occupied by a more recent, As one of the very earliest apostolical fathers,
though very ancient, structure. In the year 1725 the authority of Clement is valuable in proving the
Cardinal Annibal Albani found under this church authenticity of certain books of the New Testa-
an inscription in honour of Flavius Clemens, mar- ment. The parts of it to which he refers are the
tyr, which is described in a work called T. Flavii gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke, the epistle
Clementis liri Consularis et Martyris Tumulus of St. James, the first of St. Peter, and several of
illustratus, Urbino, 17:27. Some connect him with St. Paul, while from the epistle to the Hebrews
the author of the Epistle to the Corinthians. he quotes so often, that by some its authorship
(CLEMENS ROMANUS. ]
[G. E. L. C. ] has been attributed to him. Two passages are
CLEMENS, PACTUMEIUS, a Roman jurist, quoted (i. $ 46, and ï. § 4) with the formula
who probably died in the lifetime of Pomponius, régparral, which do not occur in Scripture ; we
for Pomponius mentions him as if he were no also find reference to the apocryphal books of Wis-
longer living, and cites, on his authority; a consti. dom and Judith; a traditionary conversation is
## p. 789 (#809) ############################################
CLEMENS.
769
CLEOBULUS.
related between our Lord and St. Peter; and a by the expression Julianus noster. (Dig. 28. tit. 6.
story is given from the spurious gospel to the Egyp 1 s. 6. ) From this we infer, not that he was a pupil
tians. (Ep. ii. S 12; comp. Clem. Alex. Strom. lun. of Julianus, but that he belonged to the same legal
p. 465. ) The genuineness of the Homily or 2nd school. (Compare Dig. 7. tit. 7. s. 5. ) He pro-
Epistle is denied by Jerome (Catal. c. 15) and bably therefore flourished in the time of Hadrian.
Photius (Bill. Cod. 113), and it is not quoted by It has been suggested from the agreement of date,
any author earlier than Eusebius. Besides these that he was the same person as Pactumeius
works two other letters were preserved as Cle- Clemens, and that his name in full was Ter.
ment's in the Syrian church, and published by Pactumeius Clemens, but this is not likely. No
Wetstein in the appendix to his edition of the jurist is mentioned in the Digest by the name
New Testament. They are chiefly occupied by Clemens simply, but, as if expressly for the sake
the praises of celibacy, and it therefore seems a of distinction, we have always either Terentius
fair ground of suspicion against them that they Clemens or Pactumeius Clemens. Terentius is no-
are not quoted before the fourth century, though, where cited in any extant fragment of any other
from the ascetic disposition prevalent in the North jurist. He wrote a treatise on the famous lex
African and other Western churches, it seems Julia et Papia Poppaca, with the title “ Ad Leges
unlikely that no one should ever have appealed to Libri xx. ," and of this work 35 fragments (be-
such an authority. Other writings are also falsely longing, according to Blume's hypothesis, to the
attributed to Clement. Such are the Recognitiones i classis edictalis), are preserved in the Digest. They
(a name given to the work from the Latin transla- are explained by Heineccius in his excellent com-
tion of Ruffinus), which purport to contain a his- mentary on the lex Julia et Papia Poppaea. (Comp.
tory of Clement himself, who is represented as a CLEMENS PACTUM EIUS. ]
(J. T. G. )
convert of St. Peter, and in the course of it recog- CLEMENTIA, a personification of Clemency,
nizes his father, whom he had lost. Of this there was worshipped as a divinity at Rome, especially
is a convenient edition by Gersdorf in his Biblia in the time of the emperors. She had then tem-
theca Patrum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum selecta. ples and altars, and was represented, as we still
(Leipzig and Brussels, 1837. ) The collection of see on coins, holding a patera in her right, and a
Apostolical Constitutions is also attributed to Cle- lance in her left hand. (Claudian, De Laud. Stil.
ment, though certainly without foundation, as they ii. 6, &c. ; Stat. Theb. xii. 481, &c. ; comp. Hirt,
are plainly a collection of the ecclesiastical rules of Mythol. Bilderbuch, ii. p. 113. ) [L. S. ]
various times and places. (See Krabbe, Veber den CLEOBIS. (Biton. ]
Ursprung und Inhalt der Apostol. Constitutionen, CLEOBULI'NE (Kreobnvaíon), called also
1839. ) Lastly, we may just mention the Clernen- | CLEOBULE'NE and CLEOBU'LE (Krobou
tines, — homilies of a Judaizing tendency, and anun, Kleobotan), was daughter to Cleobulus of
supposed by Neander (Genetische Entwickelung, &c. Lindus, and is said by Plutarch to have been a
p. 367) to be written by a member of the Ebio Corinthian by birth. From the same author we
nitish sect.
learn that her father called her Eumetis, while
The true particulars of Clement's life are quite others gave her the name which marks her relation
unknown. Tillemont (Mémoires, ii. p. 147) sup- to Cleobulus. She is spoken of as highly distin-
poses that he was a Jew; but the second epistle is guished for her moral as well as her intellectual
plainly written by a Gentile. Hence some con- qualities. Her skill in riddles, of which she com-
nect him with Flavius Clemens who was martyred posed a number in hexameter verse, is particularly
under Domitian. It is supposed, that Trajan ba- recorded, and we find ascribed to her a well-known
nished Clement to the Chersonese, where he suf- one on the subject of the year (CLEOBULUS), as
fered martyrdom. Various dates are given for the well as that on the cupping-glass, which is quoted
first Epistle. Grabe (Spic. Patr. i. p. 254) has with praise by Aristotle. A play of Cratinus,
fixed on A. D. 68, immediately after the martyrdom called Kleobovaival, and apparently having re-
of St. Peter and St. Paul; while others prefer A. D. ference to her, is mentioned by Athenaeus. (Plut.
95, during Domitian's persecution.
de Pyth. Orac. 14, Conv. vii. Sap. 3; Diog. Laërt.
The Epistles were first published at Oxford by i. 89; Menag. ad loc. ; Clem. Alex. Strom. iv. 19;
Patric Young, the king's librarian, from the Codex Suid. s. r. KXeobovainn; Arist. Rhet, iii, 2. $ 12;
Alexandrinus, to the end of which they are ap- Athen. ir. p. 171, b. , x. p. 448, c. ; Casaub. ad loc. ;
pended (the second only as a fragment), and which Fabric. Bibl. Graec. in pp. 117, 121, 654; Mei-
had been sent by Cyrillus Lucaris, patriarch of neke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 277. ) Cleobuline
Constantinople, to Charles I. They were repub- was also the name of the mother of Thales. (Diog.
lished by F. Rous, provost of Eton, in 1650; by Laërt. i. 22. )
(E. E. )
Fell, bishop of Oxford, in 1669; Cotelerius, at CLEOBU'LUS (Kebboulos), one of the Seven
Paris, in 1672; Ittig, at Leipzig, 1699; Wotton, Sages, tras son of Evagoras and a citizen of Lin-
at Cambridge, 1718; Galland, at Venice, 1765; dus in Rhodes, for Duris seems to stand alone in
Jacobson, at Oxford, in 1838; and by Hefele, stating that he was a Carian.
