) released from this tax on suc- Trajan made an
artificial
harbour at Centum Cellae
cessions those heredes who were not extranei, and (Cività Vecchia), the form of which is recorded on
also those who succeeded to a small hereditas.
cessions those heredes who were not extranei, and (Cività Vecchia), the form of which is recorded on
also those who succeeded to a small hereditas.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
(Plin.
H.
N.
xiv.
22.
n.
28.
)
Sulla. Torquatus, like his father, belonged to the TORQUATUS SILA'NUS. [Silanus, Nom
aristocratical party, and accordingly opposed Caesar | 14, 15. ]
w lines
Ziemens
. )
The spe-
os Learn
Der finca
pernah serta
modelyka
Le pet
Ce site Po
DACA
pa ih je
i I, ti le ih
olares the first
ther-in-la en la
lucIR DAGS
Pianka II
, Brasil
## p. 1166 (#1182) ##########################################
1166
TRAJANUS.
TRAJANUS.
,
was extended to o
Tikon was made ic
poer. This was
pelicy attempted
in all large towns
of subsistence
Veleia). Trajan
Tisning Rome,
had been longe
wars of feeding
feed themselves
don of trade and
other is by takis
sta:em which is
than to him who
class of informe
popular.
TOXEUS (Toteus), a son of Oeneus and Althaea, Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus. He was the
was killed by Meleager. (Apollod. i. 8. $ 1; Anton. first emperor who was born out of Italy.
Lib. 2 ; comp. OENEUS. )
[L. S. ] Trajan was a man adapted to command. He
TOXOʻTIUS, a senator, married Junia Fadilla, was strong and healthy, of a majestic appearance,
the proneptis of Antoninus, who had been previously laborious, and inured to fatigue. Though not a
betrothed to the younger Maximinus. Toxotius man of letters, he had good sense, a knowledge of
died after his praetorship, leaving some poems be the world, and a sound judgment. His mode of
hind him. (Capitol. Marimin. Jun. 1. )
living was very simple, and in his campaigns he
Q. TRA'BEA, a Roman comic dramatist who shared all the sufferings and privations of the sol.
occupies the eighth place in the canon of Volcatius diers, by whom he was both loved and feared. He
Sedigitus (Sedigitus). Varro, while he assigns was a friend to justice, and he had a sincere desire
the palm to Titinius and Terence in the delineation for the happiness of the people. Yet it is said
of character (son), classes together Trabea, Atti- that he sometimes indulged in wine to excess, and
lius, and Caecilius as masters in the art of touching during intoxication was subject to fits of passion.
the feelings (Tán). The period when he flourished A strong nature, like that of Trajan, may some-
is uncertain, but he has been placed by Gronovius times have required excitement, notwithstanding
about B. c. 130. No portion of his works has been his habitual temperance. It is difficult to decide
preserved with the exception of half a dozen lines between the testimony of his panegyrist Plinius,
quoted by Cicero. (Cic. Tuscul. Quaest. iv. 31, de who commends the chastity of Trajan, and the
Fin. ii. 4, comp. ad Fam. ix. 21, where, however, testimony of Dion Cassius, the universal calum-
the interpretation is doubtful ; Varr. L. L. lib. v. niator, who says that he was addicted to shameful
ap. Charis. p. 215, ed. Putsch. ; Bothe, Poctarum vices. Julian, a severe judge, has not spared him
Latii Scenicorum Fragmenta, vol. ii. p. 58, 8vo. on this points
Lips. 1834. )
(W. R. ] Nerva died in January A. D. 98, and was suc-
TRA'CHALUS, GALE'RIUS, was consul ceeded by Trajan, who was then at Cologne. He
A. D. 68 with Silius Italicus, and a relation of Ga- did not come to Rome for some months, being
leria Fundana, the wife of Vitellius, who protected employed in settling the frontiers on the Rhine
him on the accession of her husband to the throne. and the Danube. It was apparently about this
Trachalus is frequently mentioned by his contem- time that the Chamavi and Angrivarii drove the
porary Quintilian, as one of the most distinguished Bructeri from their lands on the Rhine, and de.
orators of his age. Tacitus takes notice of a report stroyed the greater part of them, the Romans
that Trachalus wrote the orations which the em- being witnesses of the bloody combat, and seeing
peror Otho delivered, but the speeches of Otho in with indifference, or even pleasure, the mutual
the Histories of Tacitus (i. 37, 83) were composed slaughter of their enemies.
by the historian and not by Trachalus. (Tac. Hist. In a. D. 99 Trajan did not take the consulship,
i. 90, ii. 60 ; Quintil. vi. 3. $78, viii. 5. § 19, x. though it was usual for an emperor to hold this
1. $ 119, xii. 5. & 5, xii. 10. § 11; Spalding, ad office in the year which followed his elevation.
Quintil. vi. 3. & 78 ; Bernardi, Recherches sur Gale- One of the consuls of this year was C. Sosius
rius Trachalus, in the Mémoires de l'Institut Royal Senecio, whom Plutarch addresses in the beginning
de France, vol. vii. p. 119, foll. , Paris, 1824 ; of his life of Romulus, and in several of his moral
Meyer, Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta, p. 592, essays. Trajan entered Rome on foot, amidst the
foll. , 2d ed. )
rejoicings of the Romans, accompanied by his wife
TRAGISCUS (Tpayiokos), a Tarentine, as- Pompeia Plotina. This lady is highly commended
sisted Philemenus and Nicon in betraying his na- by Plinius the younger for her modest virtues, and
tive city to Hannibal in B. C. 212. (Polyb. viii. 29, her affection to Marciana, the sister of Trajan.
foll. ) For details, see Nicon, No. 2.
The title of Pater Patriae was accepted by the em-
TRAJA'NUS, M. U'LPIUS, Roman em- peror after his arrival at Rome, and the new desig-
peror a. D. 98—117, was born at Italica (Al- nation of Optimus. It seems probable that his wife
calà del Rio), near Seville, the 18th of September, and sister also had the title of Augustae.
A. D. 52, according to some authorities. His It was usual for a new emperor to bestow a gift
father, also named Trajanus, had attained, it is of money on each of his soldiers, and it appears
said, the dignity of consul, and been elevated to from the medals that Trajan made his congiarium
the rank of patrician ; but his name does not occur in this year. He also showed the same liberality
in the Fasti.
to the Roman citizens, and extended it to children
The son was trained to arms, and served as under eleven years of age, who had not been
tribunus militum. It appears that he was em- allowed to share in former donations of this kind.
ployed near the Euphrates, probably about A. D. The emperor made allowances for the bringing up of
80, when he checked the progress of the Par- the children of poor free persons at Rome, the direct
thians; and it is not unlikely that he was at this object being to encourage the procreation, or rather
time serving under his father. He was raised to the preservation of children, who otherwise would
the praetorship some time before A. D. 86, and was have been allowed to perish. “It is,” says Plinius
consul in A. D. 91 with M’ Acilius Glabrio. He (Panegyr. c. 27), “ a great inducement to bring up
afterwards returned to Spain, whence he was sum- children, to raise them with the hope of receiving
moned by Domitian to command the troops in sustenance (alimenta), of receiving donations (con-
Lower Germany, and he had his head-quarters at giaria). ” Plinius commends the emperor for being
Cologne. At the close of A. D. 97, he was adopted liberal out of his own means, that is, out of the
by the emperor Nerva, who gave him the rank of imperial revenue ; but this money came either from
Caesar, and the names of Nerva and Germanicus, taxes, or from the produce of lands which be-
and shortly after the title of imperator, and the longed to the fiscus. So long as a bounty is paid
tribunitia potestas. His style and title after his for the procreation of children, the state may rest
elevation to the imperial dignity were Imperator secure that it will not want citizens. This system
There was
(ricesima) on se
Dime to 2 ma.
mode of mising
the state assum
teases with his
carried high en
It is not like a
produce or calc
Ligh of a por
Perzg. c 37,
torsions those
so those
Many of the
paired by the
reign, and he
for five thouse
In the sea
for a timet
Julias Front
aqueducts of
Carcilios Plis
Priscos proc
Berate for pe
Cornelius Tac
the senate to
and submitte
bat be still
viii. 120), C
Fas accused
people whore
or killed hin
Ep. ii. 9);
the property
governor sa
was distribu
Some of the
panished.
our authority
time, was P
Fear in wh
Some addit
after it was
was perhaps
1
wards empe
Trajan; and
time e ma
in *hich he
of electing
tellot (tabe
ln bis for
Rome for be
lus, king of
purchase pea
## p. 1167 (#1183) ##########################################
1
3
а
TRAJANUS.
TRAJANUS.
1167
was extended to other towns of Italy, where pro- | Trajan, either being tired of paying this shameful
vision was made for supporting the children of the tribute, or having other grounds of complaint, de-
poor. This was the mode in which the Roman termined on hostilities. Decebalus was defented, and
policy attempted to meet an evil, which grows up one of his sisters was taken prisoner, and many of
in all large towns, a population without the means his strong posts were captured. Trajan advanced
of subsistence (see the Tabula Alimentaria of as far as Zermizegethusa, probably the chief town
Velleia). Trajan also occupied himself with pro of the Dacian king, and Decebalus at last sued for
visioning Rome, a part of Roman policy which peace at the feet of the Roman emperor ; but
had been long established. There are only two Trajan required him to send ambassadors to Rome
ways of feeding a people ; one way is to let them to pray for the ratification of the treaty. The
feed themselves by removing all obstacles to free conqueror assumed the name of Dacicus, and en-
dom of trade and freedom of communication ; the tered Rome in triumph.
other is by taking from one to give to another, a Plinius (Ep. iv. 22) records a curious decision
system which is more agreeable to him who gains at Rome in the emperor's consilium. Trebonius
than to him who loses. Trajan punished the odions Rufinus, duumvir of Vienna, had put an end to
class of informers, a measure that will always be certain games in that town, which had been esta-
popular.
blished by a testamentary bequest ; the ground of
There was at Rome a tax of five per cent not allowing their celebration was, that the games
(vicesima) on successions, that is, on property which were injurious to the morals of the people of Vienna.
came to a man by the death of another. This The case was carried by appeal to Rome, and the
mode of raising a revenue contains the principle of judgment of Rufinus was confirmed. When the
the state assuming that a man's title to property members of the consilium were asked their opinion
ceases with his life, for if the amount of the tax is Junius Mauricus said that he wished such exhi.
carried high enough, the whole will go to the state. bitions could be stopped at Rome also. This was
It is not like a tax annually paid upon the annual the same man who gave Nerva a rebuke (Nerva,
produce or value of land, which is only a contribu- p. 1167]. (Plin. Ep. iv. 22. )
tion of a portion of the fruits. Trajan (Plin. It was probably some time in A. D. 103, that
Paneg. c. 37, &c.
) released from this tax on suc- Trajan made an artificial harbour at Centum Cellae
cessions those heredes who were not extranei, and (Cività Vecchia), the form of which is recorded on
also those who succeeded to a small hereditas. a medal: the operations of constructing the port
Many of the public buildings at Rome were re- are described by Plinius (Ep. vi. 31). The port
paired by the emperor in the early part of his was called Trajanus Portus, but the old name of
reign, and he added accommodation to the Circus Centum Cellae afterwards prevailed. In this year
for five thousand persons.
or the following Plinius was sent by Trajan as
In the year a. D. 100, various persons enjoyed governor of Pontus and Bithynia, with the title of
for a time the honour of the consulship; Sex. Legatus and Propraetor, and with Consularis Po-
Julius Frontinus, the author of a work on the
It was during his residence of about
aqueducts of Rome, Tertullus Cornutus, and C. eighteen months in this province that part of his
Caecilius Plinius Secundus. In this year Marius correspondence with Trajan took place, which is
Priscus, proconsul of Africa, was tried by the preserved in the tenth book of the letters of Pli-
senate for peculation in his province. Plinius and nius. He was particularly commissioned by the em-
Cornelius Tacitus, the historian, were appointed by peror to examine the state of the revenue and ex-
the senate to prosecute. Priscus made no defence, penditure of the towns, and to cut off all useless
and submitted to be convicted. He was banished, cost. The correspondence of Trajan with his go-
but he still enjoyed himself in his exile (Juv. Sat. vernor shows the good sense and moderation of the
viii. 120). Caecilius Classicus, proconsul of Baetica, Roman emperor, his attention to business, his
was accused about the same time of pillaging the honest straightforward purpose. As to the treat-
people whom he had been sent to
ment of the Christians in Bithynia, see PLINIUS,
or killed himself before judgment was given (Plin. C. CAECILIUS SECUNDUS.
Ep. iii. 9); but the matter was still prosecuted: An embassy from a Sarmatian king (A. D. 104)
the property which Classicus had before he was passed through Nicaea in Bithynia on their way to
governor was given to his daughter, and the rest | Trajan (Plin. Ep. x. 14). In this year the remains
was distributed among those whom he had robbed. of Nero's golden palace were burnt, and Orosius
Some of the accomplices of Classicus were also adds (vii. 12) that it was a visitation upon Trajan
punished. The Panegyricus on Trajan, which is for his persecution of the Christians ; but as it is
our authority for many of Trajan's acts up to this not proved to the satisfaction of all persons that
time, was pronounced by Plinius in A. D. 100, the Trajan was a persecutor, perhaps the historian may
year in which he received the consular honour. be mistaken in his opinion. Besides, the burning
Some additions were made to the Panegyricus of Nero's palace, who set the first example of per-
after it was pronounced (Plin. Ep. iii. 13, 18). It secution, does not seem to have been an appro-
was perhaps about this time that Hadrian, after- priate punishment for Trajan, even if he deserved
wards emperor, married Sabina, the grand-niece of punishment.
Trajan ; and to this date or somewhere about this
;
In this year Trajan commenced his second Da-
time we may refer a letter of Plinius (Ep. iii. 20), cian war against Decebalus, who, it is said, had
in which he says that all the senators on the day broken the treaty ; and when Trajan required him
of electing the magistrates demanded the vote by to surrender himself, he refused, and prepared for
ballot (tabellas postulaverunt).
resistance, The senate declared Decebalus an
In his fourth cousulship, A. D. 101, Trajan left enemy, and Trajan conducted the campaign in
Rome for his campaign against the Daci. Deceba- person. The Dacian attempted to rid himself of
lus, king of the Daci, had compelled Domitian to his formidable enemy by sending two pretended
purchase peace by an annual payment of money; and I deserters to assassinate him when he was in
testas,
172
Pern. He died
MARTA
Tiago
:
1
## p. 1168 (#1184) ##########################################
1168
TRAJANUS.
TRAJANUS.
T
bene was intended to
also sent boats dow
Cassius has not me
ratite, which exists
Izd, is very confus
existing, which joit
and we must there
clearing out, and
Lbe transit of boat
Trajan did not cat
the Euphrates mig
Accordingls, the b
the Tigris was bri
entered the Part
ereat was commen
of Parthicus, thou
Maesia. Longinus, one of the generals of Trajan is stated elsewhere [IGNATIUS). The circumstances
was surprised by Decebalus in an ambuscade, and as told, are exceedingly improbable, and sound cri-
the Dacian king offered to restore him, if Trajan ticism would lead us to reject the genuineness of
would grant peace, restore the country as far as the the narrative contained in the Martyrdom of Ig-
Danube, and pay the expenses of the war. Trajan, natius on the internal evidence alone.
who could not accept such terms as these, gave an From Antioch Trajan marched to Armenia, by
evasive answer, and in the mean time Longinus way of Samosata, on the Euphrates, which he took.
relieved the emperor from his difficulty by poison- | He thence advanced to Satala, and Elegia, a town
ing himself. In order to effect a communication in Armenia, where he granted Parthamasiris an
with the country north of the Danube, Apollo interview. Parthamasiris had already written to
dorus the architect constructed, by Tmjan's com: Trajan, and in his letter he assumed the title of
mand, a bridge over the river, which is described king. . Trajan sent no answer, and he wrote again,
by Dion Cassius (lxviii. 13, and the valuable note dropping the title of king, and prayed that M.
of Reimarus), though his description is inaccurate, Junius, governor of Cappadocia, might be sent to
and his measurements exaggerated. “ When the him: Trajan sent to him the son of Junius. The
water is very low, some of the piles stand two or Armenian king took the diadem from his head.
three feet above it. " (Wilkinson's Wallachia and and placed it at the feet of Trajan, who sat on his
Moldavia, p. 5. ) The bridge was built at a place tribunal within the Roman camp. He expected
called Szernecz. The piers were of enormous size, that Trajan would give it back to him, but he was
but she arches were constructed of wood. Trajan told that Armenia was now a Roman province, and
crossed the Danube on his new bridge, and entered he was sent away escorted by some horsemen.
Dacia. He found great obstacles in this country, The kings of tne countries bordering on Armenia
where there were no roads, and every thing was made a form of submission to the Roman emperor ;
almost in a state of nature. Hadrian commanded the king of the Iberi, of the Sauromatae, of Colchis,
a legion under the emperor, and greatly distin- and others.
guished himself in this Dacian campaign. De- Trajan returned by way of Edessa, where he
cebalus being defeated on every side, killed himself, was well received by the cautious Abgarus, king
and his head was carried to Rome. Dacia was re- of Osrhoene, who now made his apology for not
duced to the form of a Roman province ; strong having paid the emperor a visit at Antioch, and
forts were built in various places, and Roman co- through the interest of his son Arbandes, whom
lonies were planted. It is generally supposed that Trajan had seen and liked, the king of Osthoene
the column at Rome called the Column of Trajan was excused for his former want of respect. The
was erected to commemorate his Dacian victories. transactions with some of the petty chieftains of
On his return Trajan had a triumph, and he ex- Mesopotamia hardly merit a notice, but military
hibited games to the people for one hundred and operations in this country are dangerous enough
twenty-thre days, time long enough to satisfy even without a formidable enemy, and the emperor
the avidity of the Romans for these spectacles. set his soldiers an example of endurance, which
Eleven thousand animals were slaughtered during may have been an act of prudence as of hardihood.
these amusements ; and an army of gladiators, The town of Singar (Sinjar) is one of those which
ten thousand men, gratified the Romans by killing are mentioned as having been taken by the Romans.
one another. We must assume that there was at The history of this campaign of Trajan is lost, and
least another army as large to prevent the outbreak the few scattered notices that remain of it do not
of so many desperate men. Probably many of enable us to construct even a probable narrative.
these gladiators were prisoners. (d. D. 105. ) In fact the period from A. D. 108 to A. D. 115 is
About this time Arabia Petraea was subjected nearly a blank ; it is even doubful whether Trajan
to the empire by A. Cornelius Palma, the governor ever returned to Rome. The year a. D. 112 was
of Syria ; and an Indian embassy came to Rome. the sixth and last consulship of Trajan, and there
Trajan constructed a road across the Pomptine is some slight evidence which renders it probable
marshes, and built magnificent bridges across the that he was at Rome in this year.
streams. Buildings, probably mansiones, were con- In the spring of A. D. 115 he left Syria on his
structed by the side of this road. He also called Parthian expedition. He had constructed boats of
in all the old money, and issued a new coinage. the timber which the forests near Nisibis supplied,
In the autumn of B. c. 106 Trajan left Rome to and they were conveyed on waggons to the Tigris,
make war on the Armenians and the Parthians. for the formation of a bridge of boats. He crossed
The pretext for the war was that Exedares, the the river and advanced into the country of Adiabene,
king of Armenia, had received the diadem from the an event which is recorded by an extant medal.
Parthian king, and he onght to have received it The whole of this country, in which were situated
from the Roman emperor, as Tiridates had received Gaugamela and Arbela, places memorable the
it from Nero. When Chosroes, the Parthian king, history of Alexander, was subdued. From Adin-
knew that Trajan was seriously bent on war, he bene he marched to Babylon, according to Dion
sent ambassadors, who found Trajan at Athens, Cassius (lxviii. 26), and he must therefore have re-
and, in the name of Chosroes, offered him presents, crossed the Tigris. His course was through the
and informed him that Chosroes had deposed Exe-desert to the Euphrates, and past the site of Hit
dares, and begged him to confer the crown on Par. (Is), where he saw the springs of bitumen, which
thamasiris. Trajan refused his presents, and said was used for cement at Babylon, and which He-
that when he arrived in Syria he would do what rodotus bas described. Trajan meditated (Dion
was proper,
He reached Seleucia in Syria in the Cass. ) the formation of a canal from the Euphrates
month of December, and entered Antioch early in to the Tigris, in order that he might convey his
the following January. The evidence for the in- boats along it, and construct a bridge over the
terview at Antioch between the emperor and Igna- lower course of the Tigris. We must suppose that
tius, which ended in the condemnation of Ignatius, l the bridge of boats over the upper Tigris in Adiu.
it before. (See
arice. )
Tilemont puis
Antioch in the w
happened the gi
stroyed Antioch
Cassius places th
Csiphon. Thi
auful in its circa
of Lisbon in th
bumber of bail
casal perished
window, with a
man of superna
In the follo
Tigris and entei
Gulf). The k
between the k
Euphrates, subu
adds that Tra
seeing a vessel
have gone thi
mean time he
quick as he ha
were slaughte
his generals L
dience. Max
Faccessfal, fo
1
Edessa by ste
Tigris, near
Erscias Claru
that the who
Dorth to son
Returning to
the Parthians
and Parthians
ascending a
own exploits,
taspates kin
diadem on hi
recorded by
Trajan, but
several parts
Tus conquere
this he went
bo bad rer
not rich. "
Mesopotamia,
Journal, FoL
raise the siege
that Trajane
trated eren
bat it is impo
the evidence
Trajan fell
VOL. LIL
## p. 1169 (#1185) ##########################################
TRAJANUS.
1 169
TRAJANUS.
kado
besed
1
亮彩
His great
Не егиа
5. bes de ma
protse, ai
sat
, there the
quest for me
barda,
7 of (icde
bene was intended to remain ; and that Trajan had compiaint grew worse, he set out for Italy, leaving
;
also sent boats down the Euphrates, which Dion Hadrian in Syria, and Parthia again hostile, for
Cassius has not mentioned. Dion Cassius's nar- the Parthians had ejected the king whom Trajan
rative, which exists only in the epitome of Xiphi- gave them. The emperor seems to have had a
linus, is very confused. There were already canals variety of complaints, both dropsy and paralysis.
existing, which joined the Euphrates and Tigris, He lived to reach Selinus in Cilicia, afterwards
and we must therefore suppose that they required called Trajanopolis, where he died in the early
clearing out, and were not in a fit condition for part of August, A. D. 117, after a reign of nineteen
the transit of boats. According to Dion Cassius, years six months and fifteen days. His ashes were
Trajan did not cut the intended canal, for fear that taken to Rome in a golden urn, carried in triumphal
the Euphrates might be drained by it of its waters. procession, and deposited under the column which
Accordingly, the boats were taken across by land, bears his name. He left no children, and he was
the Tigris was bridged, and the Roman emperor succeeded by Hadrian.
entered the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon. This Trajan constructed several great roads in the
event was commemorated by his assuming the name empire ; he built libraries at Rome, one of which,
of Parthicus, though it seems that he had assumed called the Ulpia Bibliotheca, is often mentioned ;
it before. (See the medal at the close of this and a theatre in the Campus Martius,
article. )
work was the Forum Trajanum, the site of which
Tillemont supposed that Trajan returned to was an elevation which was removed, and the
Antioch in the winter of A. D. 115, during which ground was levelled to a plain, in the centre of
happened the great earthquake, which nearly de- which was placed the column of Trajan, the height
stroyed Antioch and many other cities ; but Dion of which marked the height of the earth which had
Cassius places the earthquake before the capture of been removed. The inscription on the column
Ctesiphon. This terrible calamity, which was as fixes the date at the year A. D. 112, the sixth con-
awful in its circumstances as the great earthquake sulship of Trajan. Apollodorus was Trajan's
of Lisbon in the last century, destroyed a great architect. Trajan constructed the port of Ancona,
number of buildings and many people : Pedo the on the ancient mole of which there still stands á
consul perished, and Trajan escaped through a triumphal arch, dedicated to Trajan, his wife, and
window, with a slight injury, being led forth by a his sister. The inscription on the bridge of Alcan-
man of supernatural size.
tara over the Tagus belonged to the year A. n. 106,
In the following year Trajan descended the but though the inscription was in honour of Trajan,
Tigris and entered the Erythraean Sea (the Persian it states that the bridge was made at the common
Gulf). The king of the district called Mesene, expense of the several towns which are there
between the lower course of the Tigris and the mentioned.
Euphrates, submitted to the emperor. Dion Cassius Under the reign of Trajan lived Sextus Julius
adds that Trajan sailed as far as the Ocean, and Frontinus, C. Cornelius Tacitus, the Younger
seeing a vessel bound for India, said that he would Plinius, and various others of less note. Plutarch, .
have gone thither, if he were younger. In the Suetonius, Epictetus, survived Trajan. The jurists
mean time he was losing his Eastern conquests as Juventius Celsus, and Neratius Priscus, were living
quick as he had gained them ; some of his governors under Trajan.
were slaughtered, and others expelled. He sent The authorities for part of the reign of Trajan
his generals Lusius and Maximus to restore obe- are very defective. Tillemont, with all his in-
dience. Maximus lost his life ; but Lusius was dustry, has not been able to construct a narrative
successful, for he recovered Nisibis, and took of the latter years of his reign, which we can fully
Edessa by storm and burnt it. Seleucia on the accept, and his chronology is open to several ob-
Tigris, near Ctesiphon, was taken and burnt by jections. Still the life of Trajan in the Histoire
Erycius Clarus and Julius Alexander. It appears des Empereurs (vol. ii. ) contains all the materials
that the whole country east of the Tigris from that exist for the reign of this distinguished man,
north to south, bad risen against the Romans. and, with the notes of Reimarus on the sixty-
Returning to Ctesiphon, Trajan determined to give eighth book of Dion Cassius, must be the founda-
the Parthians a king. He assembled the Romans tion of any future attempts to give a satisfactory
and Parthians in a great plain near the city, and history of this period. There is an essay by H.
ascending a lofty tribunal, he commemorated his Francke, Zur Geschichte Trajans und seiner Zeit-
own exploits, and concluded by declaring Partha- genossen, &c. , 1837, which is well spoken of. [G. L. ]
maspates king of the Parthians, and placing the
diadem on his head. The conquest of Arabia is
recorded by several medals among the exploits of
Trajan, but it is impossible to say which of the
Beveral parts of Asia included under that name,
was conquered by him. Dion Cassius says: “after
this he went into Arabia and attacked the Atreni,
who had revolted ; and their city is neither large
nor rich. " By Arabia he here means northern
Mesopotamia, for Atra is Al Hadhr. (London Geog.
Journal, vol. xi. p. 17. ) Trajan was obliged to
raise the siege of this town. Tillemont supposes
that Trajan entered the Indian Ocean, and pene- TRAJA'NUS, comes, a general of the emperor
trated - even to the extremities of Arabia Felix," Valens. In A. D.
Sulla. Torquatus, like his father, belonged to the TORQUATUS SILA'NUS. [Silanus, Nom
aristocratical party, and accordingly opposed Caesar | 14, 15. ]
w lines
Ziemens
. )
The spe-
os Learn
Der finca
pernah serta
modelyka
Le pet
Ce site Po
DACA
pa ih je
i I, ti le ih
olares the first
ther-in-la en la
lucIR DAGS
Pianka II
, Brasil
## p. 1166 (#1182) ##########################################
1166
TRAJANUS.
TRAJANUS.
,
was extended to o
Tikon was made ic
poer. This was
pelicy attempted
in all large towns
of subsistence
Veleia). Trajan
Tisning Rome,
had been longe
wars of feeding
feed themselves
don of trade and
other is by takis
sta:em which is
than to him who
class of informe
popular.
TOXEUS (Toteus), a son of Oeneus and Althaea, Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus. He was the
was killed by Meleager. (Apollod. i. 8. $ 1; Anton. first emperor who was born out of Italy.
Lib. 2 ; comp. OENEUS. )
[L. S. ] Trajan was a man adapted to command. He
TOXOʻTIUS, a senator, married Junia Fadilla, was strong and healthy, of a majestic appearance,
the proneptis of Antoninus, who had been previously laborious, and inured to fatigue. Though not a
betrothed to the younger Maximinus. Toxotius man of letters, he had good sense, a knowledge of
died after his praetorship, leaving some poems be the world, and a sound judgment. His mode of
hind him. (Capitol. Marimin. Jun. 1. )
living was very simple, and in his campaigns he
Q. TRA'BEA, a Roman comic dramatist who shared all the sufferings and privations of the sol.
occupies the eighth place in the canon of Volcatius diers, by whom he was both loved and feared. He
Sedigitus (Sedigitus). Varro, while he assigns was a friend to justice, and he had a sincere desire
the palm to Titinius and Terence in the delineation for the happiness of the people. Yet it is said
of character (son), classes together Trabea, Atti- that he sometimes indulged in wine to excess, and
lius, and Caecilius as masters in the art of touching during intoxication was subject to fits of passion.
the feelings (Tán). The period when he flourished A strong nature, like that of Trajan, may some-
is uncertain, but he has been placed by Gronovius times have required excitement, notwithstanding
about B. c. 130. No portion of his works has been his habitual temperance. It is difficult to decide
preserved with the exception of half a dozen lines between the testimony of his panegyrist Plinius,
quoted by Cicero. (Cic. Tuscul. Quaest. iv. 31, de who commends the chastity of Trajan, and the
Fin. ii. 4, comp. ad Fam. ix. 21, where, however, testimony of Dion Cassius, the universal calum-
the interpretation is doubtful ; Varr. L. L. lib. v. niator, who says that he was addicted to shameful
ap. Charis. p. 215, ed. Putsch. ; Bothe, Poctarum vices. Julian, a severe judge, has not spared him
Latii Scenicorum Fragmenta, vol. ii. p. 58, 8vo. on this points
Lips. 1834. )
(W. R. ] Nerva died in January A. D. 98, and was suc-
TRA'CHALUS, GALE'RIUS, was consul ceeded by Trajan, who was then at Cologne. He
A. D. 68 with Silius Italicus, and a relation of Ga- did not come to Rome for some months, being
leria Fundana, the wife of Vitellius, who protected employed in settling the frontiers on the Rhine
him on the accession of her husband to the throne. and the Danube. It was apparently about this
Trachalus is frequently mentioned by his contem- time that the Chamavi and Angrivarii drove the
porary Quintilian, as one of the most distinguished Bructeri from their lands on the Rhine, and de.
orators of his age. Tacitus takes notice of a report stroyed the greater part of them, the Romans
that Trachalus wrote the orations which the em- being witnesses of the bloody combat, and seeing
peror Otho delivered, but the speeches of Otho in with indifference, or even pleasure, the mutual
the Histories of Tacitus (i. 37, 83) were composed slaughter of their enemies.
by the historian and not by Trachalus. (Tac. Hist. In a. D. 99 Trajan did not take the consulship,
i. 90, ii. 60 ; Quintil. vi. 3. $78, viii. 5. § 19, x. though it was usual for an emperor to hold this
1. $ 119, xii. 5. & 5, xii. 10. § 11; Spalding, ad office in the year which followed his elevation.
Quintil. vi. 3. & 78 ; Bernardi, Recherches sur Gale- One of the consuls of this year was C. Sosius
rius Trachalus, in the Mémoires de l'Institut Royal Senecio, whom Plutarch addresses in the beginning
de France, vol. vii. p. 119, foll. , Paris, 1824 ; of his life of Romulus, and in several of his moral
Meyer, Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta, p. 592, essays. Trajan entered Rome on foot, amidst the
foll. , 2d ed. )
rejoicings of the Romans, accompanied by his wife
TRAGISCUS (Tpayiokos), a Tarentine, as- Pompeia Plotina. This lady is highly commended
sisted Philemenus and Nicon in betraying his na- by Plinius the younger for her modest virtues, and
tive city to Hannibal in B. C. 212. (Polyb. viii. 29, her affection to Marciana, the sister of Trajan.
foll. ) For details, see Nicon, No. 2.
The title of Pater Patriae was accepted by the em-
TRAJA'NUS, M. U'LPIUS, Roman em- peror after his arrival at Rome, and the new desig-
peror a. D. 98—117, was born at Italica (Al- nation of Optimus. It seems probable that his wife
calà del Rio), near Seville, the 18th of September, and sister also had the title of Augustae.
A. D. 52, according to some authorities. His It was usual for a new emperor to bestow a gift
father, also named Trajanus, had attained, it is of money on each of his soldiers, and it appears
said, the dignity of consul, and been elevated to from the medals that Trajan made his congiarium
the rank of patrician ; but his name does not occur in this year. He also showed the same liberality
in the Fasti.
to the Roman citizens, and extended it to children
The son was trained to arms, and served as under eleven years of age, who had not been
tribunus militum. It appears that he was em- allowed to share in former donations of this kind.
ployed near the Euphrates, probably about A. D. The emperor made allowances for the bringing up of
80, when he checked the progress of the Par- the children of poor free persons at Rome, the direct
thians; and it is not unlikely that he was at this object being to encourage the procreation, or rather
time serving under his father. He was raised to the preservation of children, who otherwise would
the praetorship some time before A. D. 86, and was have been allowed to perish. “It is,” says Plinius
consul in A. D. 91 with M’ Acilius Glabrio. He (Panegyr. c. 27), “ a great inducement to bring up
afterwards returned to Spain, whence he was sum- children, to raise them with the hope of receiving
moned by Domitian to command the troops in sustenance (alimenta), of receiving donations (con-
Lower Germany, and he had his head-quarters at giaria). ” Plinius commends the emperor for being
Cologne. At the close of A. D. 97, he was adopted liberal out of his own means, that is, out of the
by the emperor Nerva, who gave him the rank of imperial revenue ; but this money came either from
Caesar, and the names of Nerva and Germanicus, taxes, or from the produce of lands which be-
and shortly after the title of imperator, and the longed to the fiscus. So long as a bounty is paid
tribunitia potestas. His style and title after his for the procreation of children, the state may rest
elevation to the imperial dignity were Imperator secure that it will not want citizens. This system
There was
(ricesima) on se
Dime to 2 ma.
mode of mising
the state assum
teases with his
carried high en
It is not like a
produce or calc
Ligh of a por
Perzg. c 37,
torsions those
so those
Many of the
paired by the
reign, and he
for five thouse
In the sea
for a timet
Julias Front
aqueducts of
Carcilios Plis
Priscos proc
Berate for pe
Cornelius Tac
the senate to
and submitte
bat be still
viii. 120), C
Fas accused
people whore
or killed hin
Ep. ii. 9);
the property
governor sa
was distribu
Some of the
panished.
our authority
time, was P
Fear in wh
Some addit
after it was
was perhaps
1
wards empe
Trajan; and
time e ma
in *hich he
of electing
tellot (tabe
ln bis for
Rome for be
lus, king of
purchase pea
## p. 1167 (#1183) ##########################################
1
3
а
TRAJANUS.
TRAJANUS.
1167
was extended to other towns of Italy, where pro- | Trajan, either being tired of paying this shameful
vision was made for supporting the children of the tribute, or having other grounds of complaint, de-
poor. This was the mode in which the Roman termined on hostilities. Decebalus was defented, and
policy attempted to meet an evil, which grows up one of his sisters was taken prisoner, and many of
in all large towns, a population without the means his strong posts were captured. Trajan advanced
of subsistence (see the Tabula Alimentaria of as far as Zermizegethusa, probably the chief town
Velleia). Trajan also occupied himself with pro of the Dacian king, and Decebalus at last sued for
visioning Rome, a part of Roman policy which peace at the feet of the Roman emperor ; but
had been long established. There are only two Trajan required him to send ambassadors to Rome
ways of feeding a people ; one way is to let them to pray for the ratification of the treaty. The
feed themselves by removing all obstacles to free conqueror assumed the name of Dacicus, and en-
dom of trade and freedom of communication ; the tered Rome in triumph.
other is by taking from one to give to another, a Plinius (Ep. iv. 22) records a curious decision
system which is more agreeable to him who gains at Rome in the emperor's consilium. Trebonius
than to him who loses. Trajan punished the odions Rufinus, duumvir of Vienna, had put an end to
class of informers, a measure that will always be certain games in that town, which had been esta-
popular.
blished by a testamentary bequest ; the ground of
There was at Rome a tax of five per cent not allowing their celebration was, that the games
(vicesima) on successions, that is, on property which were injurious to the morals of the people of Vienna.
came to a man by the death of another. This The case was carried by appeal to Rome, and the
mode of raising a revenue contains the principle of judgment of Rufinus was confirmed. When the
the state assuming that a man's title to property members of the consilium were asked their opinion
ceases with his life, for if the amount of the tax is Junius Mauricus said that he wished such exhi.
carried high enough, the whole will go to the state. bitions could be stopped at Rome also. This was
It is not like a tax annually paid upon the annual the same man who gave Nerva a rebuke (Nerva,
produce or value of land, which is only a contribu- p. 1167]. (Plin. Ep. iv. 22. )
tion of a portion of the fruits. Trajan (Plin. It was probably some time in A. D. 103, that
Paneg. c. 37, &c.
) released from this tax on suc- Trajan made an artificial harbour at Centum Cellae
cessions those heredes who were not extranei, and (Cività Vecchia), the form of which is recorded on
also those who succeeded to a small hereditas. a medal: the operations of constructing the port
Many of the public buildings at Rome were re- are described by Plinius (Ep. vi. 31). The port
paired by the emperor in the early part of his was called Trajanus Portus, but the old name of
reign, and he added accommodation to the Circus Centum Cellae afterwards prevailed. In this year
for five thousand persons.
or the following Plinius was sent by Trajan as
In the year a. D. 100, various persons enjoyed governor of Pontus and Bithynia, with the title of
for a time the honour of the consulship; Sex. Legatus and Propraetor, and with Consularis Po-
Julius Frontinus, the author of a work on the
It was during his residence of about
aqueducts of Rome, Tertullus Cornutus, and C. eighteen months in this province that part of his
Caecilius Plinius Secundus. In this year Marius correspondence with Trajan took place, which is
Priscus, proconsul of Africa, was tried by the preserved in the tenth book of the letters of Pli-
senate for peculation in his province. Plinius and nius. He was particularly commissioned by the em-
Cornelius Tacitus, the historian, were appointed by peror to examine the state of the revenue and ex-
the senate to prosecute. Priscus made no defence, penditure of the towns, and to cut off all useless
and submitted to be convicted. He was banished, cost. The correspondence of Trajan with his go-
but he still enjoyed himself in his exile (Juv. Sat. vernor shows the good sense and moderation of the
viii. 120). Caecilius Classicus, proconsul of Baetica, Roman emperor, his attention to business, his
was accused about the same time of pillaging the honest straightforward purpose. As to the treat-
people whom he had been sent to
ment of the Christians in Bithynia, see PLINIUS,
or killed himself before judgment was given (Plin. C. CAECILIUS SECUNDUS.
Ep. iii. 9); but the matter was still prosecuted: An embassy from a Sarmatian king (A. D. 104)
the property which Classicus had before he was passed through Nicaea in Bithynia on their way to
governor was given to his daughter, and the rest | Trajan (Plin. Ep. x. 14). In this year the remains
was distributed among those whom he had robbed. of Nero's golden palace were burnt, and Orosius
Some of the accomplices of Classicus were also adds (vii. 12) that it was a visitation upon Trajan
punished. The Panegyricus on Trajan, which is for his persecution of the Christians ; but as it is
our authority for many of Trajan's acts up to this not proved to the satisfaction of all persons that
time, was pronounced by Plinius in A. D. 100, the Trajan was a persecutor, perhaps the historian may
year in which he received the consular honour. be mistaken in his opinion. Besides, the burning
Some additions were made to the Panegyricus of Nero's palace, who set the first example of per-
after it was pronounced (Plin. Ep. iii. 13, 18). It secution, does not seem to have been an appro-
was perhaps about this time that Hadrian, after- priate punishment for Trajan, even if he deserved
wards emperor, married Sabina, the grand-niece of punishment.
Trajan ; and to this date or somewhere about this
;
In this year Trajan commenced his second Da-
time we may refer a letter of Plinius (Ep. iii. 20), cian war against Decebalus, who, it is said, had
in which he says that all the senators on the day broken the treaty ; and when Trajan required him
of electing the magistrates demanded the vote by to surrender himself, he refused, and prepared for
ballot (tabellas postulaverunt).
resistance, The senate declared Decebalus an
In his fourth cousulship, A. D. 101, Trajan left enemy, and Trajan conducted the campaign in
Rome for his campaign against the Daci. Deceba- person. The Dacian attempted to rid himself of
lus, king of the Daci, had compelled Domitian to his formidable enemy by sending two pretended
purchase peace by an annual payment of money; and I deserters to assassinate him when he was in
testas,
172
Pern. He died
MARTA
Tiago
:
1
## p. 1168 (#1184) ##########################################
1168
TRAJANUS.
TRAJANUS.
T
bene was intended to
also sent boats dow
Cassius has not me
ratite, which exists
Izd, is very confus
existing, which joit
and we must there
clearing out, and
Lbe transit of boat
Trajan did not cat
the Euphrates mig
Accordingls, the b
the Tigris was bri
entered the Part
ereat was commen
of Parthicus, thou
Maesia. Longinus, one of the generals of Trajan is stated elsewhere [IGNATIUS). The circumstances
was surprised by Decebalus in an ambuscade, and as told, are exceedingly improbable, and sound cri-
the Dacian king offered to restore him, if Trajan ticism would lead us to reject the genuineness of
would grant peace, restore the country as far as the the narrative contained in the Martyrdom of Ig-
Danube, and pay the expenses of the war. Trajan, natius on the internal evidence alone.
who could not accept such terms as these, gave an From Antioch Trajan marched to Armenia, by
evasive answer, and in the mean time Longinus way of Samosata, on the Euphrates, which he took.
relieved the emperor from his difficulty by poison- | He thence advanced to Satala, and Elegia, a town
ing himself. In order to effect a communication in Armenia, where he granted Parthamasiris an
with the country north of the Danube, Apollo interview. Parthamasiris had already written to
dorus the architect constructed, by Tmjan's com: Trajan, and in his letter he assumed the title of
mand, a bridge over the river, which is described king. . Trajan sent no answer, and he wrote again,
by Dion Cassius (lxviii. 13, and the valuable note dropping the title of king, and prayed that M.
of Reimarus), though his description is inaccurate, Junius, governor of Cappadocia, might be sent to
and his measurements exaggerated. “ When the him: Trajan sent to him the son of Junius. The
water is very low, some of the piles stand two or Armenian king took the diadem from his head.
three feet above it. " (Wilkinson's Wallachia and and placed it at the feet of Trajan, who sat on his
Moldavia, p. 5. ) The bridge was built at a place tribunal within the Roman camp. He expected
called Szernecz. The piers were of enormous size, that Trajan would give it back to him, but he was
but she arches were constructed of wood. Trajan told that Armenia was now a Roman province, and
crossed the Danube on his new bridge, and entered he was sent away escorted by some horsemen.
Dacia. He found great obstacles in this country, The kings of tne countries bordering on Armenia
where there were no roads, and every thing was made a form of submission to the Roman emperor ;
almost in a state of nature. Hadrian commanded the king of the Iberi, of the Sauromatae, of Colchis,
a legion under the emperor, and greatly distin- and others.
guished himself in this Dacian campaign. De- Trajan returned by way of Edessa, where he
cebalus being defeated on every side, killed himself, was well received by the cautious Abgarus, king
and his head was carried to Rome. Dacia was re- of Osrhoene, who now made his apology for not
duced to the form of a Roman province ; strong having paid the emperor a visit at Antioch, and
forts were built in various places, and Roman co- through the interest of his son Arbandes, whom
lonies were planted. It is generally supposed that Trajan had seen and liked, the king of Osthoene
the column at Rome called the Column of Trajan was excused for his former want of respect. The
was erected to commemorate his Dacian victories. transactions with some of the petty chieftains of
On his return Trajan had a triumph, and he ex- Mesopotamia hardly merit a notice, but military
hibited games to the people for one hundred and operations in this country are dangerous enough
twenty-thre days, time long enough to satisfy even without a formidable enemy, and the emperor
the avidity of the Romans for these spectacles. set his soldiers an example of endurance, which
Eleven thousand animals were slaughtered during may have been an act of prudence as of hardihood.
these amusements ; and an army of gladiators, The town of Singar (Sinjar) is one of those which
ten thousand men, gratified the Romans by killing are mentioned as having been taken by the Romans.
one another. We must assume that there was at The history of this campaign of Trajan is lost, and
least another army as large to prevent the outbreak the few scattered notices that remain of it do not
of so many desperate men. Probably many of enable us to construct even a probable narrative.
these gladiators were prisoners. (d. D. 105. ) In fact the period from A. D. 108 to A. D. 115 is
About this time Arabia Petraea was subjected nearly a blank ; it is even doubful whether Trajan
to the empire by A. Cornelius Palma, the governor ever returned to Rome. The year a. D. 112 was
of Syria ; and an Indian embassy came to Rome. the sixth and last consulship of Trajan, and there
Trajan constructed a road across the Pomptine is some slight evidence which renders it probable
marshes, and built magnificent bridges across the that he was at Rome in this year.
streams. Buildings, probably mansiones, were con- In the spring of A. D. 115 he left Syria on his
structed by the side of this road. He also called Parthian expedition. He had constructed boats of
in all the old money, and issued a new coinage. the timber which the forests near Nisibis supplied,
In the autumn of B. c. 106 Trajan left Rome to and they were conveyed on waggons to the Tigris,
make war on the Armenians and the Parthians. for the formation of a bridge of boats. He crossed
The pretext for the war was that Exedares, the the river and advanced into the country of Adiabene,
king of Armenia, had received the diadem from the an event which is recorded by an extant medal.
Parthian king, and he onght to have received it The whole of this country, in which were situated
from the Roman emperor, as Tiridates had received Gaugamela and Arbela, places memorable the
it from Nero. When Chosroes, the Parthian king, history of Alexander, was subdued. From Adin-
knew that Trajan was seriously bent on war, he bene he marched to Babylon, according to Dion
sent ambassadors, who found Trajan at Athens, Cassius (lxviii. 26), and he must therefore have re-
and, in the name of Chosroes, offered him presents, crossed the Tigris. His course was through the
and informed him that Chosroes had deposed Exe-desert to the Euphrates, and past the site of Hit
dares, and begged him to confer the crown on Par. (Is), where he saw the springs of bitumen, which
thamasiris. Trajan refused his presents, and said was used for cement at Babylon, and which He-
that when he arrived in Syria he would do what rodotus bas described. Trajan meditated (Dion
was proper,
He reached Seleucia in Syria in the Cass. ) the formation of a canal from the Euphrates
month of December, and entered Antioch early in to the Tigris, in order that he might convey his
the following January. The evidence for the in- boats along it, and construct a bridge over the
terview at Antioch between the emperor and Igna- lower course of the Tigris. We must suppose that
tius, which ended in the condemnation of Ignatius, l the bridge of boats over the upper Tigris in Adiu.
it before. (See
arice. )
Tilemont puis
Antioch in the w
happened the gi
stroyed Antioch
Cassius places th
Csiphon. Thi
auful in its circa
of Lisbon in th
bumber of bail
casal perished
window, with a
man of superna
In the follo
Tigris and entei
Gulf). The k
between the k
Euphrates, subu
adds that Tra
seeing a vessel
have gone thi
mean time he
quick as he ha
were slaughte
his generals L
dience. Max
Faccessfal, fo
1
Edessa by ste
Tigris, near
Erscias Claru
that the who
Dorth to son
Returning to
the Parthians
and Parthians
ascending a
own exploits,
taspates kin
diadem on hi
recorded by
Trajan, but
several parts
Tus conquere
this he went
bo bad rer
not rich. "
Mesopotamia,
Journal, FoL
raise the siege
that Trajane
trated eren
bat it is impo
the evidence
Trajan fell
VOL. LIL
## p. 1169 (#1185) ##########################################
TRAJANUS.
1 169
TRAJANUS.
kado
besed
1
亮彩
His great
Не егиа
5. bes de ma
protse, ai
sat
, there the
quest for me
barda,
7 of (icde
bene was intended to remain ; and that Trajan had compiaint grew worse, he set out for Italy, leaving
;
also sent boats down the Euphrates, which Dion Hadrian in Syria, and Parthia again hostile, for
Cassius has not mentioned. Dion Cassius's nar- the Parthians had ejected the king whom Trajan
rative, which exists only in the epitome of Xiphi- gave them. The emperor seems to have had a
linus, is very confused. There were already canals variety of complaints, both dropsy and paralysis.
existing, which joined the Euphrates and Tigris, He lived to reach Selinus in Cilicia, afterwards
and we must therefore suppose that they required called Trajanopolis, where he died in the early
clearing out, and were not in a fit condition for part of August, A. D. 117, after a reign of nineteen
the transit of boats. According to Dion Cassius, years six months and fifteen days. His ashes were
Trajan did not cut the intended canal, for fear that taken to Rome in a golden urn, carried in triumphal
the Euphrates might be drained by it of its waters. procession, and deposited under the column which
Accordingly, the boats were taken across by land, bears his name. He left no children, and he was
the Tigris was bridged, and the Roman emperor succeeded by Hadrian.
entered the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon. This Trajan constructed several great roads in the
event was commemorated by his assuming the name empire ; he built libraries at Rome, one of which,
of Parthicus, though it seems that he had assumed called the Ulpia Bibliotheca, is often mentioned ;
it before. (See the medal at the close of this and a theatre in the Campus Martius,
article. )
work was the Forum Trajanum, the site of which
Tillemont supposed that Trajan returned to was an elevation which was removed, and the
Antioch in the winter of A. D. 115, during which ground was levelled to a plain, in the centre of
happened the great earthquake, which nearly de- which was placed the column of Trajan, the height
stroyed Antioch and many other cities ; but Dion of which marked the height of the earth which had
Cassius places the earthquake before the capture of been removed. The inscription on the column
Ctesiphon. This terrible calamity, which was as fixes the date at the year A. D. 112, the sixth con-
awful in its circumstances as the great earthquake sulship of Trajan. Apollodorus was Trajan's
of Lisbon in the last century, destroyed a great architect. Trajan constructed the port of Ancona,
number of buildings and many people : Pedo the on the ancient mole of which there still stands á
consul perished, and Trajan escaped through a triumphal arch, dedicated to Trajan, his wife, and
window, with a slight injury, being led forth by a his sister. The inscription on the bridge of Alcan-
man of supernatural size.
tara over the Tagus belonged to the year A. n. 106,
In the following year Trajan descended the but though the inscription was in honour of Trajan,
Tigris and entered the Erythraean Sea (the Persian it states that the bridge was made at the common
Gulf). The king of the district called Mesene, expense of the several towns which are there
between the lower course of the Tigris and the mentioned.
Euphrates, submitted to the emperor. Dion Cassius Under the reign of Trajan lived Sextus Julius
adds that Trajan sailed as far as the Ocean, and Frontinus, C. Cornelius Tacitus, the Younger
seeing a vessel bound for India, said that he would Plinius, and various others of less note. Plutarch, .
have gone thither, if he were younger. In the Suetonius, Epictetus, survived Trajan. The jurists
mean time he was losing his Eastern conquests as Juventius Celsus, and Neratius Priscus, were living
quick as he had gained them ; some of his governors under Trajan.
were slaughtered, and others expelled. He sent The authorities for part of the reign of Trajan
his generals Lusius and Maximus to restore obe- are very defective. Tillemont, with all his in-
dience. Maximus lost his life ; but Lusius was dustry, has not been able to construct a narrative
successful, for he recovered Nisibis, and took of the latter years of his reign, which we can fully
Edessa by storm and burnt it. Seleucia on the accept, and his chronology is open to several ob-
Tigris, near Ctesiphon, was taken and burnt by jections. Still the life of Trajan in the Histoire
Erycius Clarus and Julius Alexander. It appears des Empereurs (vol. ii. ) contains all the materials
that the whole country east of the Tigris from that exist for the reign of this distinguished man,
north to south, bad risen against the Romans. and, with the notes of Reimarus on the sixty-
Returning to Ctesiphon, Trajan determined to give eighth book of Dion Cassius, must be the founda-
the Parthians a king. He assembled the Romans tion of any future attempts to give a satisfactory
and Parthians in a great plain near the city, and history of this period. There is an essay by H.
ascending a lofty tribunal, he commemorated his Francke, Zur Geschichte Trajans und seiner Zeit-
own exploits, and concluded by declaring Partha- genossen, &c. , 1837, which is well spoken of. [G. L. ]
maspates king of the Parthians, and placing the
diadem on his head. The conquest of Arabia is
recorded by several medals among the exploits of
Trajan, but it is impossible to say which of the
Beveral parts of Asia included under that name,
was conquered by him. Dion Cassius says: “after
this he went into Arabia and attacked the Atreni,
who had revolted ; and their city is neither large
nor rich. " By Arabia he here means northern
Mesopotamia, for Atra is Al Hadhr. (London Geog.
Journal, vol. xi. p. 17. ) Trajan was obliged to
raise the siege of this town. Tillemont supposes
that Trajan entered the Indian Ocean, and pene- TRAJA'NUS, comes, a general of the emperor
trated - even to the extremities of Arabia Felix," Valens. In A. D.
