)
Linos, said to have been a native of Chalcis, a son of
Apollo and Terpsichore; according to others, the off-
spring of Amphimarus and Urania; and according to
others, again, of Mercury and Urania.
Linos, said to have been a native of Chalcis, a son of
Apollo and Terpsichore; according to others, the off-
spring of Amphimarus and Urania; and according to
others, again, of Mercury and Urania.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
3, 1.
2, c.
18) in making Gebisse 24 Eng-
lish miles from Pontichium or Pantik, we ought rather
? ? to decide in favour of the Diacibe or Diacibiza of tho
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? LIG
LIG
? W jvuera should be made to give up the surplus,
which was to be distributed among those who had no
property, and that in future every citizen was to be
entitled to a share of newly-conquered land, with the
same restriction, and subject to the same duties. This
might be considered as a bill for the better distribution
of plunder among those engaged in a plundering expe-
dition, for the land thus acquired and distributed can-
not be compared to real property as held throughout
Europe in our own day; and this reflection may perhaps
serve to moderate somewhat the warmth of our sympa-
thy in reading of the complaints of the Roman plebe-
ians concerning the unequal distribution of land, which
bad been, in fact, taken by violence from a third party,
the other nations of Italy, who were the real sufferers.
--The patricians, who had, till then, the best share of
the common plunder, opposed to the utmost the pas-
sage of these three laws. The contest lasted during ten
whole years, during which the republic at one time fell
into a kind of anarchy. Camillus also, at one period,
was appointed dictator, as a last expedient on the part
of the nobility, and in that capacity stopped the voting
at the Comma Tributa, by threatening to summon the
people to the Campus Martius, and to enlist and march
them into the field. At last, however, the three roga-
tion* passed into law. Sextius Lateranus, the col-
league of Licinius, the first plebeian consul, was cho-
sen for the next year, 365 B. C. , together with a pa-
trician, L /Emilius Mamercinus. The senate, how-
ever, refused to confirm the election of Sextius, and
the plebeians were preparing for a new secession and
other fearful threatenings of a civil war, when Camil-
las interposed, and an arrangement was made, that,
while the patricians conceded the consulship to the
plebeians, the latter should leave to the patricians the
pnetorship, which was then for the first timo separated
froe the consulship. Thus was peace restored. Li-
cinius, the great mover of this change in the Roman
constitution, was raised to the consulship 363 B. C. ,
but Dothing remarkable is recorded of him while in
that office. In the year 356 B. C. , under the consul-
ship of C. Marcius Rutilus and C. Manlius Imperiosus,
we find Licinius charged and convicted before the
pretor of a breach of his own agrarian law, and fined
10,000 asses. It seems that he possessed 1000 jvgera,
tne half of which he held in the name of his son, whom
he had emancipated for the purpose. After this we
hear no more of C. Licinius Stolo. (Encycl. Us.
Knout. , vol. 13, p. 464, seq. --Liv. , lib. 6 et l. --Nie-
bmkr, Rom. Gesch. , vol. 3, p. 1, ttqq. --Val. Max. , 8. 6.
--Savigny, Das Rccht des Besitzes, p. 175. )--II Mu-
ra>>na. (Vid. Muraena. )--HI. Varro Murama, a broth-
er of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with
Fannius Cepio, and suffered for his crime. Horace
addressed to him his 10th ode, book 2. --IV. C. Fla-
vins Valerius a Roman emperor. A sketch or his
history will be found incorporated with that of Con-
stantine. (Vid. Constantinus. )
Liei. vus, a Roman barber, mado a senator by Julius
Cesar merely because ho bitterly hated Pompey.
Compare the language of the scholiast (ad Horat. , Ep.
ad fit. , 301): " Quod odisset Pompetum, a Ctrsare
senator foetus dicitur. "
Liquids, Q. , was at first a lieutenant of C. Con-
? idius, proconsul of Africa, and afterward succeeded
him in that province. He sided with the republican
party against Ctesar, and was condemned to exile.
? ? His brothers at Rome solicited his recall, but their ap-
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? LI L
I. IK
'? J long after the second Punic war. The Ligurians
had joined Hannibal with a considerable force soon
after his arrival (Polyb. , 3, 60), a circumstance of it-
self sufficient to provoke hostilities on the part of the
conquerors; but there was another reason which ren-
dered the subjugation of Liguria extremely desirable.
It afforded the easiest communication with Gaul and
Spain over the Maritime Alps, an object in itself of
the greatest importance. The Ligurians long and ob-
stinately resisted their invaders, when the rest of Italy
had been subjugated for many years. The Romans
could only obtain a free passage along their shore of
twelve stadia from the coast (Strabo, ISO); nor was
it till the Ligurians, after >> war of eighty years' dura-
tion, had been driven from every hold in their mount-
ains, and wlnle tribes had even been carried out of the
country, that they could be said to be finally conquered
(Liv. , 40, 38. -/(1. , 41, 12. )--The Ligunan character
docs not appear to have been held in much esteem by
antiquity; while it allows them all the hardihood and
courage usual with mountaineers (Ctc. , Agr. , 2,35. --
Virg. , Georg. , 2, 168), qualities which were even
shared in an uncommon degree by the weaker sex
(Diod. Sic, 5, 39), it taxes them too plainly with
craft and deceit to be misunderstood. [Virg. , Mn. ,
11, 700-- Servius, adloc--Claudian, Idyl. , 12. ) Ac-
cording to the statement of Polybius (2, 16), the bound-
aries of the Ligurians in Italy seem to have been the
Maritime Alps to the northwest, to the south the river
Amus; but in the time of Augustus this latter bound-
ary was removed northward to the river Macra. (Plin. ,
3, 6. ) To the north and northeast, the Ligurians ran-
ged along the Alps as far as the river Orgus (Orca),
which separated the Taurini, the last of their nation on
that side, from the Cisalpine Gauls: south of the Po
they bordered on the Anamanni and Boii, also belong-
ing to this last-mentioned people. (Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 1, p. 19, seqq. )
LiotstIcus Sinus, a gulf forming the upper part of
the Mare Tyrrhenum. It is now the Gulf of Genoa.
[Flor. , 3, 6. ) It is also called Ligusticum Mare.
(Colum. , 8, 2. --Plin. , 3, 6, 20. )
Lisrca, a people of Asia, mentioned by Herodotus
(7, 72). The historian informs us, that the Ligyes,
the Matieni, the Mnriandyni, and the Cappadocians
had the same kind of arms, and that the Ligyes, Ma-
riandyni, and Cappadocians, as forming part of the
army of Xerxes, were under the same commander.
Larcher infers from all this, that the nations here
mentioned were contiguous to each other, and that the
Ligyes were to the east of the Mariandyni and Cappa-
docians, and to the northeast of the Matieni. The
Ligyes were reduced in point of numbers in the time
of Herodotus, but had been at an earlier period a pow-
erful tribe; and-we are even informed by Eustathius
(ad Dionys. Perieg. , 76), that, according to Lyco-
phron, a portion of the Ligyes had once inhabited a
part of Colchis, and that Cytaja was a Ligyan city.
(Larcher, Hist. d'Herod. , vol. 8, p. 301, scqq. . Table
Geogr. ) On the subject of the Ligyes generally, as a
very early people, consult the remarks of Bernhardy
(at Dion. Perieg. , I. c--Geogr. Gr. Mm. , vol. 1, p.
543. )
LiLvrjeuM, I. a city of Sicily on the western coast,
south of Drepanum, and near a famous cape called
also Lilybasum, now Cipc Boeo. (Diod. Sic. , 13, 64 )
It was the principal fortress of the Carthaginians in
? ? Sicily, and was founded by them about the 106th
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? Lltt
LINUS
Pindar's Seventh Olympic Ode, in honour of Diagoras
(he Khodian, was consecrated in thin temple, being in-
scribed in letters of gold. (Sckol. ad Pind. , 01. , 7,
mil) Here also was a temple of Hercules, the wor-
ship connected with which consisted, according to
Lactanlius (1, Zi), in revilings and execration ("mal-
edtchs et czsccratione ecltbrantur, toque pro violalis
kabent, si quaniia inter solemnes rttus vcl impriulcnti
aiian czcidenl lonum vcrbum"). This temple con-
fined a painting of the god by Parrhasius. (Athena-
us, 12, p. 543. ) There were several other pictures by
the same celebrated master at Lindus, inscribed with
his name. (Athcn. , 15, p. 687. ) This place was also
famous for having produced Cleobulus, one of the Sev-
en Sag23 of Greece; and also Chares (or Cares) and
Laches, the artists who designed and completed the
Colossus. A mistake, highly characteristic of his ig-
norance in classical matters, was committed by Vol-
taire, respecting this famous statue: it is mentioned
by Mentelle, in a note to the article Lindus, Encyelo-
pedie Mcthodique. Voltaire, having read Indian for
landian, relates that the Colossus was cast by an In-
dian ! --Lindus was the port resorted to by the fleets
of Egypt and Tyre before the founding of Rhodes. --
A small town, with a citadel, retaining the name of
Undo, still occupies the site of the ancient city. Sa-
vary says (Letters on Greece, p. 96, Eng. tranil. ) that
the ruins of the temple of Minerva are still visible on
an eminence near the sea. The ruins at Lindo are
said to be very numerous. (Clarke's Travels, vol. 3,
p. 281, Lend. ed. --Tavernier, Voyage, vol. 1, c. 74. )
Linconks, I. a people of Gaul, whose territories
included Vogesus, Vosges, and, consequently, the
sources of the rivers Mosa or Meuse and Matrona or
Marne. Their chief city wa3 Andomadunum, after-
ward Lingones, now Langres, and their territory cor-
responded to the modern department de la Haute-
Marne. (Cos. , B. G. , 1, 26. )--II. A Gallic tribe in
Gallia Cisalpina, occupying the extreme northeastern
portion of Gallia Cispadana. They were a branch of
the Transalpine Lingones. Polybius is the only au-
thor who has pointed out the district occupied by this
people ia Italy (2, 17). Appian characterizes the
Lingones generally as the fiercest and wildest of the
Gaols. (Bell. Gall. , fragm.
)
Linos, said to have been a native of Chalcis, a son of
Apollo and Terpsichore; according to others, the off-
spring of Amphimarus and Urania; and according to
others, again, of Mercury and Urania. (Suid. , s. v. At-
mc. --Hes. , fragm. ap. Eustalli , p. 1163. --Conon. , c.
19. --Heyne, ad Apollod. , 1, 3, 1. ) Apollodorus makes
him a brother of Orpheus (1, 3, 2; 2, 4, 9). He was
fabled to have been the instructer of Hercules in music,
and to have been killed by the latter in a fit of passion,
being struck on the head with a lyre. His tragical
death was the subject of a solemn festival at Thebes.
(Consult Hauptmann, Prolus. de Lino, Gera, 1760,
and the notes of Burette on I'lularcli's Dialogue on
Music, Mem. de I'Acad, des Inscriptions, die. , vol.
10, p. 195. ) Stobaeus has preserved tweWs pretend-
ed verses of this poet: they have reference to the fa-
mous proposition of the Eleatic school, adopted subse-
quently by the New-Platonists and New-Pythagore-
ans: 'E* Travroc de rii mivra, koj ck vuvtuv nuv Ion
--" The whole has been engendered by the whole. "
These verses, however, were fabricated in a later age.
In the Discourses of Stobseus (Eclog. , 1, 11) there
? ? are two other verses on the divine power. According
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? LTS
LI V
ihc largest and most important island in
the group of the jEolite Insula, or Lipari Islands.
Jts original name was Meligunis (McXij-ouvif. -- Tal-
lin. , H. in i)in>> , 49), and it was uninhabited i ntil
Liparus, son of King Auson, having been driven out
by his brethren, came hither with a body of followers,
colonized the island, and founded a city. Both the
island and city then took the name of Lipara. He
colonized also some other islands of the group. (Stra-
tc, 275. -- Diod. Sic. , 5, 7. ) The original inhabitants,
therefore, according to this tradition, were natives of
Italy. The Greeks, however, contributed their part
also to the ancient legend, and made . -Eolus come to
this same quarter with a body of companions, and re-
ceive in marriage Cyane, the daughter of Liparus.
. -Eolus now assumed the government, and established
his aged father-in-law once more on the soil of Italy,
in the territory of Surrentum, where the latter contin-
ued to reign until his death. -- Leaving mythic, we
now come to real, history. In the 50th Olympiad
(B. C. 677-574), a colony of Cnidians, along with
many Khodians and Carians, settled in Lipara. They
had previously established themselves on the western
coast of Sicily, but had been driven out by the Elynwi
and Phoenicians. From this period Lipara was re-
garded as a Doric colony (Scymn . , Ck. , 261. ) The
inhabitants began to be powerful at sea, having been
compelled to defend their commerce against the Tyr-
rhenian pirates, whom they worsted in several encoun-
ters. Eventually, however, they followed the bad ex-
ample set them by their maritime neighbours, and be-
came pirates themselves. (Lit. , 5, 28. ) When the
Carthaginians were striving for the possession of Si-
cily, they perceived the importance of Lipara as a
v. rj1 station, and accordingly made it their own.
During the first Punic war it fell into the hands of
the Romans. -- The Lipari isles obtain their modern
name from the ancient Lipara. They were anciently
called JEoliae Insulte, from having been fabled to be
ruled over by ,-Kolus, god of the winds; and they
were also styled Vulcanic Insula, from their volcanic
titurp, on which was based the fable of Vulcan's hav-
ing forges in Strongyle, one of the group, besides his
smithy in . VJna. The ancients knew them to be vol-
canic, but did not narrowly examine them: this has
rr-cn reserved for modern philosophers. The Lipari
isles are commonly reckoned seven in number, and
Lipiri is the largest of these, being 19i Italian miles
in circuit. This island is peculiarly valuable to the
naturalist, from the number and beauty of its volcanic
products. According to Diodorus, all the . lioliein isles
were subject to great irruptions of hire, and their craters
were visible in his time. ( Vid. Strongyle. -- Plin. , 3,
9 -- Mela, 2, 7. -- Jornand. , de Regn. Slice. , p. 29. --
tfannert, Geogr. , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 459, seqij. )
1 . in s. now Garigliano, a river of Campinia, which
it . separated from Latium, after the southern boundary
of the latter had been removed from the Circajan prom-
ontory. (Vul. Latium. ) It falls into the ssa neai
Miniums. According to Strabo, its more ancient
name was KWvif: according to Pliny, Glanis. (Slra-
lio, 233. -- Pliny, 3, 5. ) Its source is in the country
of the Marsi, west of the Lacus Fucinus. This river
is particularly noticed by the poets for the sluggishness
of its stream. (Moral. , Od. , 1, 31. -- Sil. Ital. , 4,
? 4H. ) In the vicinity of Minturnte the Pontine marsh-
ondcd, in which Marius hid himself, and whence
? ? was dragged with a rope round his neck to the
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? LIVIA.
ny
Lacedx'inonia is, whom she subsequently rotompensed
for the asylum they had afforded her. To rare per-
sonal attractions Livia added the charms of a cultiva-
ted intellect; and when it was again safe for her hus-
band and herself to return to Rome, she soon drew
upon her the notice of Augustus, who demanded her
from her husband. Tiberius dared not refuse; and
Augustus, having repudiated his own wife Scribonia,
made Livia his spouse. She had already borne two
sons to her first husband, namely, Tiberius, who was
afterward emperor, and Drusus Germanicus; but what
rendered the affair most disreputable, was the circum-
stance of her being six months gone in pregnancy at
the time of her union with Augustus. This child, the
only one she had after her marriage with the emper-
or, died almost at the moment of its birth. Livia was
twenty years of age when she was thus called to share
the empire of the world; and, availing herself skilfully
of the influence which she soon acquired over the mind
of Augustus, she began to concert her plans for secu-
ring the succession to her own son Tiberius. With
this view, she was suspected of having caused the
death of the young Marcellus, who might have proved
an obstacle to her ambitious views, though it must
be confessed that there is no positive testimony which
would seem to justify the suspicion. She soon lost
her own son Drusus Germanicus; but she did not
imitate Octavia, who had actually wearied out Au-
gustus by the excess of her sorrow: on the contrary,
she lent an ear to the consolations of the philosopher
Areus, and testified her gratitude to Augustus for the
Honours he had decreed to the memory of her son.
In all this, no doubt, there was much of dissimulation,
even if we make the fullest allowance for the feelings
of a parent. After the premature death of the two sons
of Julia, Livia hastened to call her own son Tiberius
from his retirement in the island of Rhodes, and pre-
vailed upon Augustus to adopt him, along with Agrip-
? a Posthumus, the last of the family of the Ctesars.
ler next care was to exclude this same Agrippa from
the succession, an object which she easily effected by
means of secret calumnies; and when now the path
to the throne stood open for Tiberius, she is said by
some to have hastened the end of Augustus himself,
by means of poisoned figs which she had given him
to eat, and which brought on an attack of dysentery.
Be this, however, as it may, it is at least certain that
she had the entire control of his last moments. Ev-
erything that passed within the walls of the dwelling
where he lay was concealed by her with the utmost
care. Hasty messengers were sent after Tiberius to
recall him instantly to the death-bed of the emperor;
and with so much secrecy was the whole affair shroud-
ed, that, although it was given out that Tiberius
found his adopted father still alive {Sueton. , Vit. Aug. ,
97, reqq), and had a long and affectionate interview
with mm, yet Tacitus informs us, that it was never
clearly ascertained whether these stories were not
mere fabrications; and whether Augustus was not, in
reality, already dead when Tiberius arrived at Nola.
By a singular clause in his will, Augustus adopted
Livia herself, directing her to take the name of Julia
Augusta, and made her joint sharer in the inheritance
with her son. The latter, however, showed but little
grV. itude to his parent, to whom he was in every
sense indebted for his elevation. When the senate
wished to decree new honours to her, he opposed the
? ? step; he never consulted her about public affairs, a
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? Livins
L1VIITS
II t youth (c. 14). Now Cato was bom B. C. 835,
nd since ihe period of youth among the Romans was
-. onsidered as commencing at fifteen, it may be pre-
sumed that the existence of Livius was at least pro-
tracted till B. C. 220. It has been frequently said
that he lived till the year E. G. 208, A. U. C. 46, be-
cause Livy (27, 37) mentions, that a hymn ci iposed
by this ancient poet was publicly sung in that ;ar, to
avert the disasters threatened by an alarming prodi-
gy; but the historian does not declare that it was
written for the occasion, or even recently before. Fes-
tus, however, informs us (s. v. Scribas), that i he Ro-
mans paid distinguished honour to Livius, in conse-
quence of the success which attended their arms in
tb? second Punic war, after be public recitation of a
hymn which he had composed. --Livius wrote both
tragedies and comedies. The earliest play of his was
represented B. C. 240, A. U. C. 514, about a year after
the termination of the first Punic war. Like Thes-
pis, and most other dramatists in the commencement
of the theatrical art, Livius was an actor, and for a con-
siderable time the sole performer of his own pieces.
Afterward, however, his voice failing, in consequence
of the audience insisting on a repetition of favourite
passages, he introduced a boy, who relieved him by
declaiming the recitative part in concert with the flute,
while he himself executed the corresponding gesticu-
lations in the monologues, and, in parts where high
exertion was required, only employing his own voice
in the conversational and less elevated scenes. --
"Hence," observes Livy (7, 2), "the practice arose
of dividing the representation between two actors, and
of reciting, as it were, to the gesture and action of the
eomedian. Thenceforth the custom so far prevailed,
that the comedians never uttered anything except the
verses of the dialogue. " And this system, apparent-
ly so well calculated to destroy all theatrical illusion,
continued, under certain modifications, to subsist on
the Hcman stage during the most refined periods of
'aste and literature. The popularity of Livius in-
treating from these performances, as well as from a
propitiatory hymn he had composed, and which had
been followed by great publi<- success, a building was
assigned to him on the Aventine Hill. This edifice
was partly converted into a theatre, and was also in-
habited by a troop of players, for whom Livius wrote
bis pieces, and frequently acted along with them.
(Pestus, s. v. Scribas. ) It has been disputed whether
the first drama represented by Livius Andronicus at
Rome was a tragedy or comedy. (Osann. , Analect.
Crit. , c. 13. ) However this may be, it appears from
the names which have been preserved of his plays,
that he wrote, as we have already said, both tragedies
and comedies. These titles, which have been col-
lected by Fabricius and other writers, are Achilles,
Adonis, Mgisthus, Ajax, Andromeda, Anliova, Cen-
lauri, Equus Trojanus, Helena, Hcrmione, /no, Lyd-
ius, Prolesilaodamia, Serenas, Tereus, Teucer, Vir-
go. (Bibl. Lai, vol. 3,1. 4, c. 1. ) Such names also
evince, that most of his dramas were translated or
imitated from the works of his countrymen of Magna
Grace ia, or from the great tragedians of Greece Thus,
iEschylus wrote a tragedy on the aubject of ^Egis-
thus: there is still a play of Sophocles extant by the
name of Ajax, and he is known to have written an
Andromeda: Stobaeus mentions the Antiopa of Eu-
ripides: four Greek dramatists, Sophocles, Euripides,
? ? Anaxandrides, and Philstus, composed tragedies on
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lish miles from Pontichium or Pantik, we ought rather
? ? to decide in favour of the Diacibe or Diacibiza of tho
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? LIG
LIG
? W jvuera should be made to give up the surplus,
which was to be distributed among those who had no
property, and that in future every citizen was to be
entitled to a share of newly-conquered land, with the
same restriction, and subject to the same duties. This
might be considered as a bill for the better distribution
of plunder among those engaged in a plundering expe-
dition, for the land thus acquired and distributed can-
not be compared to real property as held throughout
Europe in our own day; and this reflection may perhaps
serve to moderate somewhat the warmth of our sympa-
thy in reading of the complaints of the Roman plebe-
ians concerning the unequal distribution of land, which
bad been, in fact, taken by violence from a third party,
the other nations of Italy, who were the real sufferers.
--The patricians, who had, till then, the best share of
the common plunder, opposed to the utmost the pas-
sage of these three laws. The contest lasted during ten
whole years, during which the republic at one time fell
into a kind of anarchy. Camillus also, at one period,
was appointed dictator, as a last expedient on the part
of the nobility, and in that capacity stopped the voting
at the Comma Tributa, by threatening to summon the
people to the Campus Martius, and to enlist and march
them into the field. At last, however, the three roga-
tion* passed into law. Sextius Lateranus, the col-
league of Licinius, the first plebeian consul, was cho-
sen for the next year, 365 B. C. , together with a pa-
trician, L /Emilius Mamercinus. The senate, how-
ever, refused to confirm the election of Sextius, and
the plebeians were preparing for a new secession and
other fearful threatenings of a civil war, when Camil-
las interposed, and an arrangement was made, that,
while the patricians conceded the consulship to the
plebeians, the latter should leave to the patricians the
pnetorship, which was then for the first timo separated
froe the consulship. Thus was peace restored. Li-
cinius, the great mover of this change in the Roman
constitution, was raised to the consulship 363 B. C. ,
but Dothing remarkable is recorded of him while in
that office. In the year 356 B. C. , under the consul-
ship of C. Marcius Rutilus and C. Manlius Imperiosus,
we find Licinius charged and convicted before the
pretor of a breach of his own agrarian law, and fined
10,000 asses. It seems that he possessed 1000 jvgera,
tne half of which he held in the name of his son, whom
he had emancipated for the purpose. After this we
hear no more of C. Licinius Stolo. (Encycl. Us.
Knout. , vol. 13, p. 464, seq. --Liv. , lib. 6 et l. --Nie-
bmkr, Rom. Gesch. , vol. 3, p. 1, ttqq. --Val. Max. , 8. 6.
--Savigny, Das Rccht des Besitzes, p. 175. )--II Mu-
ra>>na. (Vid. Muraena. )--HI. Varro Murama, a broth-
er of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with
Fannius Cepio, and suffered for his crime. Horace
addressed to him his 10th ode, book 2. --IV. C. Fla-
vins Valerius a Roman emperor. A sketch or his
history will be found incorporated with that of Con-
stantine. (Vid. Constantinus. )
Liei. vus, a Roman barber, mado a senator by Julius
Cesar merely because ho bitterly hated Pompey.
Compare the language of the scholiast (ad Horat. , Ep.
ad fit. , 301): " Quod odisset Pompetum, a Ctrsare
senator foetus dicitur. "
Liquids, Q. , was at first a lieutenant of C. Con-
? idius, proconsul of Africa, and afterward succeeded
him in that province. He sided with the republican
party against Ctesar, and was condemned to exile.
? ? His brothers at Rome solicited his recall, but their ap-
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? LI L
I. IK
'? J long after the second Punic war. The Ligurians
had joined Hannibal with a considerable force soon
after his arrival (Polyb. , 3, 60), a circumstance of it-
self sufficient to provoke hostilities on the part of the
conquerors; but there was another reason which ren-
dered the subjugation of Liguria extremely desirable.
It afforded the easiest communication with Gaul and
Spain over the Maritime Alps, an object in itself of
the greatest importance. The Ligurians long and ob-
stinately resisted their invaders, when the rest of Italy
had been subjugated for many years. The Romans
could only obtain a free passage along their shore of
twelve stadia from the coast (Strabo, ISO); nor was
it till the Ligurians, after >> war of eighty years' dura-
tion, had been driven from every hold in their mount-
ains, and wlnle tribes had even been carried out of the
country, that they could be said to be finally conquered
(Liv. , 40, 38. -/(1. , 41, 12. )--The Ligunan character
docs not appear to have been held in much esteem by
antiquity; while it allows them all the hardihood and
courage usual with mountaineers (Ctc. , Agr. , 2,35. --
Virg. , Georg. , 2, 168), qualities which were even
shared in an uncommon degree by the weaker sex
(Diod. Sic, 5, 39), it taxes them too plainly with
craft and deceit to be misunderstood. [Virg. , Mn. ,
11, 700-- Servius, adloc--Claudian, Idyl. , 12. ) Ac-
cording to the statement of Polybius (2, 16), the bound-
aries of the Ligurians in Italy seem to have been the
Maritime Alps to the northwest, to the south the river
Amus; but in the time of Augustus this latter bound-
ary was removed northward to the river Macra. (Plin. ,
3, 6. ) To the north and northeast, the Ligurians ran-
ged along the Alps as far as the river Orgus (Orca),
which separated the Taurini, the last of their nation on
that side, from the Cisalpine Gauls: south of the Po
they bordered on the Anamanni and Boii, also belong-
ing to this last-mentioned people. (Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 1, p. 19, seqq. )
LiotstIcus Sinus, a gulf forming the upper part of
the Mare Tyrrhenum. It is now the Gulf of Genoa.
[Flor. , 3, 6. ) It is also called Ligusticum Mare.
(Colum. , 8, 2. --Plin. , 3, 6, 20. )
Lisrca, a people of Asia, mentioned by Herodotus
(7, 72). The historian informs us, that the Ligyes,
the Matieni, the Mnriandyni, and the Cappadocians
had the same kind of arms, and that the Ligyes, Ma-
riandyni, and Cappadocians, as forming part of the
army of Xerxes, were under the same commander.
Larcher infers from all this, that the nations here
mentioned were contiguous to each other, and that the
Ligyes were to the east of the Mariandyni and Cappa-
docians, and to the northeast of the Matieni. The
Ligyes were reduced in point of numbers in the time
of Herodotus, but had been at an earlier period a pow-
erful tribe; and-we are even informed by Eustathius
(ad Dionys. Perieg. , 76), that, according to Lyco-
phron, a portion of the Ligyes had once inhabited a
part of Colchis, and that Cytaja was a Ligyan city.
(Larcher, Hist. d'Herod. , vol. 8, p. 301, scqq. . Table
Geogr. ) On the subject of the Ligyes generally, as a
very early people, consult the remarks of Bernhardy
(at Dion. Perieg. , I. c--Geogr. Gr. Mm. , vol. 1, p.
543. )
LiLvrjeuM, I. a city of Sicily on the western coast,
south of Drepanum, and near a famous cape called
also Lilybasum, now Cipc Boeo. (Diod. Sic. , 13, 64 )
It was the principal fortress of the Carthaginians in
? ? Sicily, and was founded by them about the 106th
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? Lltt
LINUS
Pindar's Seventh Olympic Ode, in honour of Diagoras
(he Khodian, was consecrated in thin temple, being in-
scribed in letters of gold. (Sckol. ad Pind. , 01. , 7,
mil) Here also was a temple of Hercules, the wor-
ship connected with which consisted, according to
Lactanlius (1, Zi), in revilings and execration ("mal-
edtchs et czsccratione ecltbrantur, toque pro violalis
kabent, si quaniia inter solemnes rttus vcl impriulcnti
aiian czcidenl lonum vcrbum"). This temple con-
fined a painting of the god by Parrhasius. (Athena-
us, 12, p. 543. ) There were several other pictures by
the same celebrated master at Lindus, inscribed with
his name. (Athcn. , 15, p. 687. ) This place was also
famous for having produced Cleobulus, one of the Sev-
en Sag23 of Greece; and also Chares (or Cares) and
Laches, the artists who designed and completed the
Colossus. A mistake, highly characteristic of his ig-
norance in classical matters, was committed by Vol-
taire, respecting this famous statue: it is mentioned
by Mentelle, in a note to the article Lindus, Encyelo-
pedie Mcthodique. Voltaire, having read Indian for
landian, relates that the Colossus was cast by an In-
dian ! --Lindus was the port resorted to by the fleets
of Egypt and Tyre before the founding of Rhodes. --
A small town, with a citadel, retaining the name of
Undo, still occupies the site of the ancient city. Sa-
vary says (Letters on Greece, p. 96, Eng. tranil. ) that
the ruins of the temple of Minerva are still visible on
an eminence near the sea. The ruins at Lindo are
said to be very numerous. (Clarke's Travels, vol. 3,
p. 281, Lend. ed. --Tavernier, Voyage, vol. 1, c. 74. )
Linconks, I. a people of Gaul, whose territories
included Vogesus, Vosges, and, consequently, the
sources of the rivers Mosa or Meuse and Matrona or
Marne. Their chief city wa3 Andomadunum, after-
ward Lingones, now Langres, and their territory cor-
responded to the modern department de la Haute-
Marne. (Cos. , B. G. , 1, 26. )--II. A Gallic tribe in
Gallia Cisalpina, occupying the extreme northeastern
portion of Gallia Cispadana. They were a branch of
the Transalpine Lingones. Polybius is the only au-
thor who has pointed out the district occupied by this
people ia Italy (2, 17). Appian characterizes the
Lingones generally as the fiercest and wildest of the
Gaols. (Bell. Gall. , fragm.
)
Linos, said to have been a native of Chalcis, a son of
Apollo and Terpsichore; according to others, the off-
spring of Amphimarus and Urania; and according to
others, again, of Mercury and Urania. (Suid. , s. v. At-
mc. --Hes. , fragm. ap. Eustalli , p. 1163. --Conon. , c.
19. --Heyne, ad Apollod. , 1, 3, 1. ) Apollodorus makes
him a brother of Orpheus (1, 3, 2; 2, 4, 9). He was
fabled to have been the instructer of Hercules in music,
and to have been killed by the latter in a fit of passion,
being struck on the head with a lyre. His tragical
death was the subject of a solemn festival at Thebes.
(Consult Hauptmann, Prolus. de Lino, Gera, 1760,
and the notes of Burette on I'lularcli's Dialogue on
Music, Mem. de I'Acad, des Inscriptions, die. , vol.
10, p. 195. ) Stobaeus has preserved tweWs pretend-
ed verses of this poet: they have reference to the fa-
mous proposition of the Eleatic school, adopted subse-
quently by the New-Platonists and New-Pythagore-
ans: 'E* Travroc de rii mivra, koj ck vuvtuv nuv Ion
--" The whole has been engendered by the whole. "
These verses, however, were fabricated in a later age.
In the Discourses of Stobseus (Eclog. , 1, 11) there
? ? are two other verses on the divine power. According
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? LTS
LI V
ihc largest and most important island in
the group of the jEolite Insula, or Lipari Islands.
Jts original name was Meligunis (McXij-ouvif. -- Tal-
lin. , H. in i)in>> , 49), and it was uninhabited i ntil
Liparus, son of King Auson, having been driven out
by his brethren, came hither with a body of followers,
colonized the island, and founded a city. Both the
island and city then took the name of Lipara. He
colonized also some other islands of the group. (Stra-
tc, 275. -- Diod. Sic. , 5, 7. ) The original inhabitants,
therefore, according to this tradition, were natives of
Italy. The Greeks, however, contributed their part
also to the ancient legend, and made . -Eolus come to
this same quarter with a body of companions, and re-
ceive in marriage Cyane, the daughter of Liparus.
. -Eolus now assumed the government, and established
his aged father-in-law once more on the soil of Italy,
in the territory of Surrentum, where the latter contin-
ued to reign until his death. -- Leaving mythic, we
now come to real, history. In the 50th Olympiad
(B. C. 677-574), a colony of Cnidians, along with
many Khodians and Carians, settled in Lipara. They
had previously established themselves on the western
coast of Sicily, but had been driven out by the Elynwi
and Phoenicians. From this period Lipara was re-
garded as a Doric colony (Scymn . , Ck. , 261. ) The
inhabitants began to be powerful at sea, having been
compelled to defend their commerce against the Tyr-
rhenian pirates, whom they worsted in several encoun-
ters. Eventually, however, they followed the bad ex-
ample set them by their maritime neighbours, and be-
came pirates themselves. (Lit. , 5, 28. ) When the
Carthaginians were striving for the possession of Si-
cily, they perceived the importance of Lipara as a
v. rj1 station, and accordingly made it their own.
During the first Punic war it fell into the hands of
the Romans. -- The Lipari isles obtain their modern
name from the ancient Lipara. They were anciently
called JEoliae Insulte, from having been fabled to be
ruled over by ,-Kolus, god of the winds; and they
were also styled Vulcanic Insula, from their volcanic
titurp, on which was based the fable of Vulcan's hav-
ing forges in Strongyle, one of the group, besides his
smithy in . VJna. The ancients knew them to be vol-
canic, but did not narrowly examine them: this has
rr-cn reserved for modern philosophers. The Lipari
isles are commonly reckoned seven in number, and
Lipiri is the largest of these, being 19i Italian miles
in circuit. This island is peculiarly valuable to the
naturalist, from the number and beauty of its volcanic
products. According to Diodorus, all the . lioliein isles
were subject to great irruptions of hire, and their craters
were visible in his time. ( Vid. Strongyle. -- Plin. , 3,
9 -- Mela, 2, 7. -- Jornand. , de Regn. Slice. , p. 29. --
tfannert, Geogr. , vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 459, seqij. )
1 . in s. now Garigliano, a river of Campinia, which
it . separated from Latium, after the southern boundary
of the latter had been removed from the Circajan prom-
ontory. (Vul. Latium. ) It falls into the ssa neai
Miniums. According to Strabo, its more ancient
name was KWvif: according to Pliny, Glanis. (Slra-
lio, 233. -- Pliny, 3, 5. ) Its source is in the country
of the Marsi, west of the Lacus Fucinus. This river
is particularly noticed by the poets for the sluggishness
of its stream. (Moral. , Od. , 1, 31. -- Sil. Ital. , 4,
? 4H. ) In the vicinity of Minturnte the Pontine marsh-
ondcd, in which Marius hid himself, and whence
? ? was dragged with a rope round his neck to the
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? LIVIA.
ny
Lacedx'inonia is, whom she subsequently rotompensed
for the asylum they had afforded her. To rare per-
sonal attractions Livia added the charms of a cultiva-
ted intellect; and when it was again safe for her hus-
band and herself to return to Rome, she soon drew
upon her the notice of Augustus, who demanded her
from her husband. Tiberius dared not refuse; and
Augustus, having repudiated his own wife Scribonia,
made Livia his spouse. She had already borne two
sons to her first husband, namely, Tiberius, who was
afterward emperor, and Drusus Germanicus; but what
rendered the affair most disreputable, was the circum-
stance of her being six months gone in pregnancy at
the time of her union with Augustus. This child, the
only one she had after her marriage with the emper-
or, died almost at the moment of its birth. Livia was
twenty years of age when she was thus called to share
the empire of the world; and, availing herself skilfully
of the influence which she soon acquired over the mind
of Augustus, she began to concert her plans for secu-
ring the succession to her own son Tiberius. With
this view, she was suspected of having caused the
death of the young Marcellus, who might have proved
an obstacle to her ambitious views, though it must
be confessed that there is no positive testimony which
would seem to justify the suspicion. She soon lost
her own son Drusus Germanicus; but she did not
imitate Octavia, who had actually wearied out Au-
gustus by the excess of her sorrow: on the contrary,
she lent an ear to the consolations of the philosopher
Areus, and testified her gratitude to Augustus for the
Honours he had decreed to the memory of her son.
In all this, no doubt, there was much of dissimulation,
even if we make the fullest allowance for the feelings
of a parent. After the premature death of the two sons
of Julia, Livia hastened to call her own son Tiberius
from his retirement in the island of Rhodes, and pre-
vailed upon Augustus to adopt him, along with Agrip-
? a Posthumus, the last of the family of the Ctesars.
ler next care was to exclude this same Agrippa from
the succession, an object which she easily effected by
means of secret calumnies; and when now the path
to the throne stood open for Tiberius, she is said by
some to have hastened the end of Augustus himself,
by means of poisoned figs which she had given him
to eat, and which brought on an attack of dysentery.
Be this, however, as it may, it is at least certain that
she had the entire control of his last moments. Ev-
erything that passed within the walls of the dwelling
where he lay was concealed by her with the utmost
care. Hasty messengers were sent after Tiberius to
recall him instantly to the death-bed of the emperor;
and with so much secrecy was the whole affair shroud-
ed, that, although it was given out that Tiberius
found his adopted father still alive {Sueton. , Vit. Aug. ,
97, reqq), and had a long and affectionate interview
with mm, yet Tacitus informs us, that it was never
clearly ascertained whether these stories were not
mere fabrications; and whether Augustus was not, in
reality, already dead when Tiberius arrived at Nola.
By a singular clause in his will, Augustus adopted
Livia herself, directing her to take the name of Julia
Augusta, and made her joint sharer in the inheritance
with her son. The latter, however, showed but little
grV. itude to his parent, to whom he was in every
sense indebted for his elevation. When the senate
wished to decree new honours to her, he opposed the
? ? step; he never consulted her about public affairs, a
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? Livins
L1VIITS
II t youth (c. 14). Now Cato was bom B. C. 835,
nd since ihe period of youth among the Romans was
-. onsidered as commencing at fifteen, it may be pre-
sumed that the existence of Livius was at least pro-
tracted till B. C. 220. It has been frequently said
that he lived till the year E. G. 208, A. U. C. 46, be-
cause Livy (27, 37) mentions, that a hymn ci iposed
by this ancient poet was publicly sung in that ;ar, to
avert the disasters threatened by an alarming prodi-
gy; but the historian does not declare that it was
written for the occasion, or even recently before. Fes-
tus, however, informs us (s. v. Scribas), that i he Ro-
mans paid distinguished honour to Livius, in conse-
quence of the success which attended their arms in
tb? second Punic war, after be public recitation of a
hymn which he had composed. --Livius wrote both
tragedies and comedies. The earliest play of his was
represented B. C. 240, A. U. C. 514, about a year after
the termination of the first Punic war. Like Thes-
pis, and most other dramatists in the commencement
of the theatrical art, Livius was an actor, and for a con-
siderable time the sole performer of his own pieces.
Afterward, however, his voice failing, in consequence
of the audience insisting on a repetition of favourite
passages, he introduced a boy, who relieved him by
declaiming the recitative part in concert with the flute,
while he himself executed the corresponding gesticu-
lations in the monologues, and, in parts where high
exertion was required, only employing his own voice
in the conversational and less elevated scenes. --
"Hence," observes Livy (7, 2), "the practice arose
of dividing the representation between two actors, and
of reciting, as it were, to the gesture and action of the
eomedian. Thenceforth the custom so far prevailed,
that the comedians never uttered anything except the
verses of the dialogue. " And this system, apparent-
ly so well calculated to destroy all theatrical illusion,
continued, under certain modifications, to subsist on
the Hcman stage during the most refined periods of
'aste and literature. The popularity of Livius in-
treating from these performances, as well as from a
propitiatory hymn he had composed, and which had
been followed by great publi<- success, a building was
assigned to him on the Aventine Hill. This edifice
was partly converted into a theatre, and was also in-
habited by a troop of players, for whom Livius wrote
bis pieces, and frequently acted along with them.
(Pestus, s. v. Scribas. ) It has been disputed whether
the first drama represented by Livius Andronicus at
Rome was a tragedy or comedy. (Osann. , Analect.
Crit. , c. 13. ) However this may be, it appears from
the names which have been preserved of his plays,
that he wrote, as we have already said, both tragedies
and comedies. These titles, which have been col-
lected by Fabricius and other writers, are Achilles,
Adonis, Mgisthus, Ajax, Andromeda, Anliova, Cen-
lauri, Equus Trojanus, Helena, Hcrmione, /no, Lyd-
ius, Prolesilaodamia, Serenas, Tereus, Teucer, Vir-
go. (Bibl. Lai, vol. 3,1. 4, c. 1. ) Such names also
evince, that most of his dramas were translated or
imitated from the works of his countrymen of Magna
Grace ia, or from the great tragedians of Greece Thus,
iEschylus wrote a tragedy on the aubject of ^Egis-
thus: there is still a play of Sophocles extant by the
name of Ajax, and he is known to have written an
Andromeda: Stobaeus mentions the Antiopa of Eu-
ripides: four Greek dramatists, Sophocles, Euripides,
? ? Anaxandrides, and Philstus, composed tragedies on
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