Generated for (University of
Chicago)
on 2014-12-19 10:48 GMT / http://hdl.
Thomas Carlyle
18).
Et sunt
multse particulares Ecclesia}. . . . Ex
omnibus una consistit, . . . et una
praeminet omnibus. . . . " If the
universalis ecclesia is the body in the
firmament of which are set the two
great lights (i. e. , powers), it would
seem logically to follow that Peter
and his successors are supreme over
both, but Innocent does not draw this
conclusion (see also p. 158).
? Reg. II. 209, col. 759 C, D, 12th
November 1199. " Huio (i. e. , Peter)
Dominus oves suas pascendas voca-
bulo tertio repetito commisit; ut
alienus a grege Dominico censeatur
qui eum etiam in successoribus suis
noluerit habere pastorem. Non enim
inter has et illas oves distinxit, sed
simpliciter inquit; Pasce oves meat
(Joan. xxi. 17), ut onirics omnino in-
tolligantur ei esse commissi. Jacobus
enim frater Domini, qui videbatur esse
columna, Jerosolymitana sola con-
? ? tentus, ut ibi semen fratris prsemortui
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? 158
[pabt n.
TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS.
as Pope in temporal matters. In a previous volume 1 we
have seen that in one of his letters he compared the pontifical
and the royal authority to the sun and moon. In another
letter he developed this. As the moon receives its light
from the sun, so the splendour of the royal power and authority
is derived from the pontifical authority. 2 The logical con-
clusion would appear to be that the royal authority is derived
from the pontifical. Innocent, however, did not draw the
conclusion, though here as in other cases he appears, con-
sciously or unconsciously, to be laying a foundation for future
explicit claims. 3 It is clear from other letters that Innocent
did not as Pope claim supreme temporal power. Thus,
in a letter to the consul and people of Jesi, he speaks of his
unlimited spiritual jurisdiction over peoples and kingdoms,
while by the grace of God he has also much power in
temporal matters. * Again, in a letter to the Archbishop of
Eavenna, he writes, that ecclesiastical liberty is nowhere
better secured than where the Eoman Church has authority
both in temporal and in spiritual matters. 5 In the Govern-
ment of the Ecclesia two swords are required, the spiritual
laris, per quod universum orbem sus-
ceperat gubernandum; cseteris apos-
tolis ut vehiculo navis contentis, cum
nulli eorum universus fuerit orbis
commissus, sed singulis singulse pro-
vincise vel Ecclesise potius depu-
iatse. "
From this it would appear that
" BR'Culum " and " mundum " are
equivalent.
1 Vide vol. ii. p. 147, note 4; p. 215,
note 1 ; and p. 226.
! Reg. I. 401, col. 377, 30th October
1198. To the prior and to the "rec-
tors " of Tuscany and of the duchy.
" Porro sicut luna lumen suum a sole
sortitur, quse re vera minor est illo
quantitatc simul et qualitate, situ
pariter et effectu ; sic regalis potestas
ab auctoritate pontificali suse sortitur
dignitatis splendorem ; cujus con-
gpectui quanto magis inhseret, tanto
majori lumine decoratur ; et quo plus
ab ejus elongatur aspectu, eo plus
proficit in splendore. Utraque vero
potestas sive primatus sedem in Italia
meruit obtinere, quse dispositione di-
vina super universas provincial obti-
nuit principatum. "
3 The logical conclusion was drawn
by later writers. See p. 318 seq. of
this volume.
* Reg. II. 4, 17th March 1199. To
the consul and people of Josi. " Cum
apostolicse sedis jurisdictio spiritualis
nullis terminis coarctetur, imo super
gentes et regna sortita sit potestatem,
in multis etiain per Dei gratiam ejus
extenditur jurisdictio temporalis. "
5 Reg. L 27. To the Archbishop
of Ravenna and his suffragans. Un-
dated ; written early in 1198. "Nus-
quam melius ecclesiastics e consulitur
libertati quam ubi Ecclesia Rom. tam
in temporalibus quam spiritualibus
? ? plenam obtinet potestatem. "
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? CHAP. I. ]
159
INNOCENT m.
and the material. Both are given by God direct; the one
to spiritual and the other to temporal rulers. 1 We shall deal
later on with Innocent's reference to Constantine's donation ;
we need only mention here that he treats the donation by
the emperor as of grace, and there is no suggestion, as in
Innocent IV. 's letters, that the Pope only received from
Constantino that to which he was already entitled. 2
We have still, however, to explain Innocent's explicit
assertion of Peter's supremacy, not only over the whole
Church, but also over the whole " sseculum " or " mundum. " 3
It was in virtue of his office as Christ's vicar, in succession
to Peter, that he appointed and deposed kings, that he gave
them protection, that he ordered contending parties to make
peace, that he took the orphans and widows of crusaders
under his protection, and that he confirmed treaties of peace,
agreements, grants, and statutes. We shall give some examples
of the action taken by him in various cases, and the grounds
given by him for taking it.
Towards the end of 1199 or the beginning of 1200 Innocent
had written Kaloyan of Bulgaria (whom he addressed simply
as " nobilis ") asking him to receive his legate. * Kaloyan
1 Reg. ITI. 3, llth October 1200.
To the king of the Hungarians. " Cum
ad vindictam malefactorum et laudem
bonorum, material is usum gladii et
tarrenum a Domino acceperis poten-
tatum. "
Reg. VII. 212, col. 627 B and C,
7th February 1205. To the king
of the French. " gladium, quem
Petrus per seipsum exeroet, non
metuunt, qui aunt extra ovile Domini
constituti . . . expedit, ut ssecularis
gladius potestatis, qui ad malefactorum
vindictam a regibue et principibus
bajulatur, ad vindicandam evaginotur
injuriam Salvatoria . . . Ut igitur
gladium, quem Dominus tibi tradidit,
. . . non videaris sine causa portare ;
. . . oportet ut, . . . causam Dei alleges
gladiis apud eos. "
Reg. IX. 217, col. 1060 B, 4th
January 1206. To Duke Ladislaus.
" Nunquid ideo tibi gladius est ab
ipso (i. e. , God) collatus. . . . "
Reg. XI. 28, col. 1358 D. "Qua-
propter, dilectissime fili, gladium quem
ad vindictam malefactorum, laudem
vero bonorum a Domino accepisti,
gladio nostro junge. "
In Reg. XV. 189, col. 711 D, 20th
October 1212. To the consuls and
people of Milan the Pope speaks of
himself as one " quibus Petri gladius
est commissus "--i. e. , he claims only
one sword.
s See p. 306.
* See p. 167.
4 Reg. DT. 266. Undated, probably
end of December 1199, or early in
January 1200.
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? 160
[pake n.
TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS.
did not reply till 1202. In his letter Kaloyan, who styled
himself emperor, asked the Church of Eome to grant him a
crown and the honours given to his ancestors. 1 Innocent
replied on the 27th November 1202, addressing Kaloyan
this time as " dominmus " of the Bulgarians and Wallachians,
informing him that he found in the papal registers that
many kings, of the lands now subject to him, had been crowned,
and that his chaplain whom he was sending to Bulgaria
would, among other matters, inquire into the facts regarding
the crown conferred by the Church of Eome on his ancestors. 2
As Bulgaria had only regained its independence from the
Greek Empire a few years before,3 and the fourth crusade
had just commenced,* caution was obviously necessary in
formally recognising the Bulgarian kingdom. In the following
year, after the capture of Constantinople in July and the
restoration of the emperor Isaac Angelus to the throne, the
situation had altered. Some time before September 1203,
Kaloyan wrote Innocent telling him that the Greeks had sent
him their patriarch, promising to crown him as emperor,
and to make his archbishop a patriarch (Innocent had not
done so), but he refused their advances and again asked the
Pope to have him crowned as emperor and to promote his
archbishop. 5 Innocent replied holding out to the " dominus
Bulgarorum " hopes that his requests would be granted. 6
A few months later the Pope wrote Kaloyan, " the King of
the Bulgarians and Wallachians," that he was sending him
by a cardinal, a sceptre and a diadem. In virtue of his power
as vicar of Christ, and bound to feed his sheep, he appointed
him king over his flock, trusting in the authority of him by
1 Reg. V. 115, sometime in 1202.
! Reg. V. 116, col. 1114 C, 27th
December 1202. " Nos igitur ut super
hoc majorem certitudinem haberemus,
regesta nostra perlegi fecimus dili-
genter; ex quibus evidenter com-
perimus quod in terra tibi subjecta
multi re gee fuerint coronati. . . . (col.
1115 B) Mandamus quoque ipsi (the
papal legate), ut de corona progeni-
toribus tuis ab Eccleeia Romana
collata, tam per libros veto res quam
ala documenta, inquirat diligentius
veritatom. "
3 The Bulgarian revolt commenced
in 1186.
? The siege of Zara commenced on
the 10th November 1202.
? Reg. VI. 142. Not dated. Some-
time in 1203.
? Reg. VI. 144, 10th September
1203.
? ?
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? CHAP. L]
161
INNOCENT HI.
whom Samuel anointed David as king, and seeking to provide
for the welfare of the people both spiritually and temporally.
Before his legate crowned him, Kaloyan was to swear that he
and his successors, and all the lands and peoples subject to
him, would remain devoted and obedient to the Eoman
Church. As requested by Kaloyan's envoy, he gave the king
authority to mint money with his image on it (tuo charactere
insignitum). 1 There is no reference in this letter to the
previous history of Bulgaria, nor to the inquiries previously
ordered by Innocent, the action is based solely on Innocent's
authority as vicar of Christ. In a separate letter, probably
written at the same time, he sent the king a standard (vexillum)
to " use against those who honour the crucified one with their
lips, but whose heart is far from him. " 2
Sverre, the King of Norway, had for some time been
engaged in a serious conflict with the Church in Norway,
and Innocent directed that his followers should be excom-
municated and their lands placed under interdict. 3 He
also ordered the King of Denmark (per apostolica scripta
1 Reg. VII. 1, 24th February 1204,
col. 279 C. " Cum igiter, licet immeriti
ejus vices geramus in terris qui domi-
natur in regno hominum, et cui voluerit
dabit illud, utpote per quem reges
regnant et principes dominantur, cum
Petro et successoribus suis, et nobis
in eo, noverimus esse dictum "; Ego
pro te rogavi, Petre, ui rum deficiat
fides tua, et tu aUquando conversus
confirma fratres tuos (Luc. XXII. )
" cum ex praeoepto Domini oves ejus
pascere teneamur; populis Bulgaro-
rum et Blacorum, qui multo jam tem-
pore ab uberibus matris suse alienati
fuerunt, in spiritualibus et tempo-
ral bus paterna sollicitudine providere
volentes, ejus auctoritate confisi per
quem Samuel David in re gem inunxit,
regem te statuimus super eos, et per
dilectum filium, Leonem . . . apostobcse
sedis legatum, . . . sceptrum regni ac
regium tibi mittimus diadema, ejus
quasi nostris tibi manibus imponen-
VOL. V.
dum, recipiendo a te juratoriam cau-
tionem quod nobis et succesoribus
nostris et Ecclesise Romanse devotus
et obediens permanebis, et cunctas
terras et gentes tuo subjectas imperio
in obedientia et devotione sedis apos-
tolicse conservabis. Ad petitionem
insuper venerabilis fratris nostri, . . .
quem ad sedem apostolicam destinasti,
publicam in regno tuo cudendi mone-
tam tuo charactere insignitam liberam
tibi concedimus facultatem. "
? Reg. \TI. 12, 25th February 1204.
>> Reg. I. 382, 6th October 1198,
col 362 C, D. " Ne autem ejus per-
versitas desseviat diutius in insontes
. . . mandamus quatenus Norwagise
populum diligentius moneatis ne ipsum
ulterius sequi prsesumant, aut ei prses-
tare auxilium vel favorem. " Those
who disobey to be excommunicated,
and the land of Sverre's supporters in
? ? Norway to be placed under an inter-
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? 162 TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS. [PABT n.
mandamus) to take up arms against him. 1 He also
directed the Archbishop of Norway to excommunicate a
bishop supporting him. 2 This was in 1198. In 1211, long
after Sverre's death, the disputed succession again came
before Innocent, the supporters of his descendants still
refusing to accept the Pope as arbiter. 3
Besides appointing and deposing kings, we find Innocent
actively supporting them. Thus in March 1202, before
John's final breach with Philip, Innocent wrote the Arch-
bishop of Eouen, directing him to take action against John's
rebellious barons in Normandy, or in his other lands in France.
He was, on the Pope's authority, to warn them, and if this
failed he was to inflict ecclesiastical punishments. *
We may take other instances of Innocent's action in pro-
tecting kings from his dealings with Hungary. It is notice-
able that, though the Eoman Church had long-standing
claims on Hungary as a feudal State, the Pope does not issue
any of his orders as feudal lord of the kingdom. Bela, King
of Hungary, was succeeded by his son Emerich, who had been
crowned during his father's lifetime. Coelestine III. forbade
the Hungarians to assist Andrew, Emerich's brother, on pain
of excommunication, and in support of this policy one of
the first letters written by Innocent after his accession was
to the Abbot of St Martin's, summoning him to Eome to
1 Reg. I. 383, 6th October 1198.
" Serenitatem regiam rogamus, mone-
mus et exhortamur in Domino, ac per
apostolica scripta mandamus qua ten us
ad defendendas Ecclesias, clericos in
aua libertate tuendos, liborandos pau-
peres et potentes de manu persecutoria
illius, imo etiam ad dejiciendum mon-
strum illud (i. e. , Sverre) . . . taliter
accingaris, ut et a Deo retributionem
seternam et nostram consequi gratiam
speci alius merearis. "
2 Reg. I. 384, 6th October 1198.
3 Reg. XIV. 73, 7th June 1211. See
also Hurter's * Geschichte Papst In-
nocenze des Dritten,' vol. iii. chap,
xvi.
4 Reg. V. 31, 7th May 1202. " Ideo
fraternitati tuse per apostolica scripta
mandamus atque prsecipimus, quate-
nus, si qui in Normannia vel aliis
part i bus oismarinis eidem regi sub-
jectis contra eurn prsesumpserint re*
bellare et ipsi debitam subtraxerint
reverentiam et honorem, prsesump-
tionem eorum auotoritate nostra suf-
fultus, monitiono prsemissa, per cen-
suram ecclesiasticam, appellatione re-
mote, compescas, mandatum aposto-
licum taliter impleturus, quod et
nostram et regiam gratiam valeas
uberius promereri. "
We shall refer later on to the
action taken by Innocent to support
John after he had become a vassal of
the Church (p. 184).
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? CHAP. I. ] INNOCENT UI. 163
answer for the support he had given to Andrew. 1 Before
his consecration he also wrote Andrew, directing him to carry
out the promise he had given his father to go on crusade.
In case of failure he would be anathematised, and should
his brother die childless he would be passed over in the succes-
sion by his younger brother. 2 In June the same year, at
Emerich's request, Innocent allowed the king, so long as
Hungary was in a disturbed state, to retain in the kingdom
any twenty crusaders he chose. 3 He wrote at the same time
to Andrew, ordering him (per apostolica scripta tibi mandamus)
to be faithful to his brother, and forbidding him to make an
armed attack on the king or to stir up sedition against him.
Disobedience was to be punished by excommunication, and
his lands and those of his supporters were to be placed under
interdict. * In February 1203 he directed the archbishops
and bishops in Hungary to give an oath of fidelity to Ladislaus
before his father, Emerich, started on crusade. He gave
1 Reg. I. 7, early in 1198.
2 Reg. I. 10, 29th January 1198.
" Verum eodem patro tuo sublato de
medio, cum Hierosolymitanum iter
te- accipere simulasses, assumptse pere-
grinationis oblitus quam contra inimi-
cos crucis dirigere debueras, in fratrem
tuum et rognum Hungarian convertisti
aciem bellatorum, . . . Nos autem, quos
diebus istis ad pontificatus officium,
licet immeritoe, Dominus evocavit,
tam paci regni Hungarise quam tunc
volentes saluti consulere, nobilitatem
tuam rogamus, . . . ao per apostolica
tibi scripta prsecipiendo mandamus
quatenus, . . . proposition iter arripias
et humiliter prosequaris ; ne si onus
tibi a patre injunctum et a to sponte
susceptum occasione qualibet detrec-
taris, paterna te reddas successione
indignum et hsereditatis emolumento
priveris cujus recusaveris onera sup-
portare. Sciturus ex tunc anatha-
matis te vinculo subjacere, et jure
quod tibi, si dictus rex sine prole
decederet, in regno ungarise compe-
tebat ordine geniturse, privandum, et
regnum ipsum ad minorem fratrem
tuum appellatione postposita devol-
vendum.
8 Reg. I. 270, 16th June 1198.
* Reg. I. 271, 15th June 1198. " Ea
semper Ecclesise Romanse regnum
Ungarise devotio counivit, ilia sem-
per dilectionis sinceritas Ecclesiam
eidem regno conjunxit, ut apostolica
sedes regno ipsi tam in spiritualibus
quam temporalibus paternse sollici-
tudinis affectum curaverit impertiri et
regnum ipsum a fide ac imitate sedis
apostolicse nulla recesserit tempestate,
. . . nobilitatem tuam rogamus, mone-
mus et exhortamur in Domino, ac per
apostolica tibi scripta mandamus qua-
tenus taliter de csetero in fidelitate
ipsius (i. e. , King of Hungary) ac devo-
tione persistas. . . . Ad luce, tibi dis-
trictius inhibemus ne in re gem vel
regnum arm a movere prsesumas vel
seditionem aliquam suscitare. . . . "
Should he disobey, the archbishops
? ? and bishops had orders to excommuni-
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? 164
[PAKT n.
TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS.
this order that the pontifical authority should so guard and
defend the kingdom that it could not be transferred to another. 1
A year later, at the king's request, he ordered the Archbishop
of Gram to crown his son, though a minor; the father giving,
on behalf of his son, the customary oath of obedience to the
Eoman Church, and an undertaking to maintain the liberty
of the Hungarian Church. 2 In April 1205, after the death of
Emerich, the Pope wrote, as vicar of Christ and bound by his
apostolic office to protect minors, directing Andrew not to
allow the regalia to be dispersed during the minority of his
nephew, Ladislaus. 3 At the same time he directed the Hun-
garian clergy to defend the king against attack. * In June
1206 he again addressed the Hungarian prelates and nobles
on behalf of Ladislaus, directing them on pain of ecclesiastical
penalties to take the oath of fidelity. 5
I Reg. VI. 4. 25th February 1203.
" Ut igitur in absentia tanti principie,
. . . ad regni tutelam et defensionem
taliter pontificalis accingatur aucto-
rital, quod regnum ejus transferri non
possit ad hostes . . . fraternitati vestra
per apostolica scripta mandamus et
districte prsecipimus, quatenus, ante-
quam rex ipse (i. e. , of Hungary) iter
peregrinationis arripiat, cum, juxta
doctrinam Apostoli, sit regi tanquam
pra>cellenti ab omnibus deferendum,
Ladislao, filio ejus, quem Dominus per
gratiam suam illi concessit hserodem,
debitum juramentum fidelitatis exhi-
bere curetis," the penalty for breaking
the oath to be excommunication, also
" illis etiam, quos idem rex, tam ad
filii sui curam, quem annuente Domino
exspectamus . . . hseredem et patri
successorem in regno, quam administra-
tionem regni commiserit, juxta ord-
inationem regis ipsius reverontiam
debitam exhibere curetis. "
II Reg. VH. 57, 25th April 1204.
Before crowning the archbishop " re-
cepturus ab ipso patre, filii sui vice,
corporaliter juramentum super aposto-
licse sedis obedientiam, quam super
Ecclesirc Ungaricse libertate, sicut pro-
genitores sui cum humilitate ac devo-
tione debita impenderunt. "
3 Reg. VIII. 39, 25th April 1205.
" Ut igitur eidem regi (i. e. , Ladislaus)
regni jura integra conserventur, nos,
qui apostolatus officio tenemur tueri
pupillum, cum illius, quamvis indigni,
vices geramus in terris cui dicitur per
Prophetam; Pupillo tu eris adjutor,
. . . auctoritate prasentium sub obtes-
tatione divini judicii districtius inhj-
bemus, ne, dum idem rex fuerit in
setate minori, alenentur regalia in
detrimentum ipsius. . . . "
4 Reg. VIII. 40, 25th April 1205.
" Ut igitur erga regem ipsum, qui post
patris decessum vobis dominus re-
mansit et hseres, fidelitatis constantiam
observeris, auctoritate vobis prsesen-
tium districtius inhibemus, ne cui
contra coronam ipsius consilium vel
? ? auxilium impendatis, sed resistatis
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?
multse particulares Ecclesia}. . . . Ex
omnibus una consistit, . . . et una
praeminet omnibus. . . . " If the
universalis ecclesia is the body in the
firmament of which are set the two
great lights (i. e. , powers), it would
seem logically to follow that Peter
and his successors are supreme over
both, but Innocent does not draw this
conclusion (see also p. 158).
? Reg. II. 209, col. 759 C, D, 12th
November 1199. " Huio (i. e. , Peter)
Dominus oves suas pascendas voca-
bulo tertio repetito commisit; ut
alienus a grege Dominico censeatur
qui eum etiam in successoribus suis
noluerit habere pastorem. Non enim
inter has et illas oves distinxit, sed
simpliciter inquit; Pasce oves meat
(Joan. xxi. 17), ut onirics omnino in-
tolligantur ei esse commissi. Jacobus
enim frater Domini, qui videbatur esse
columna, Jerosolymitana sola con-
? ? tentus, ut ibi semen fratris prsemortui
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? 158
[pabt n.
TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS.
as Pope in temporal matters. In a previous volume 1 we
have seen that in one of his letters he compared the pontifical
and the royal authority to the sun and moon. In another
letter he developed this. As the moon receives its light
from the sun, so the splendour of the royal power and authority
is derived from the pontifical authority. 2 The logical con-
clusion would appear to be that the royal authority is derived
from the pontifical. Innocent, however, did not draw the
conclusion, though here as in other cases he appears, con-
sciously or unconsciously, to be laying a foundation for future
explicit claims. 3 It is clear from other letters that Innocent
did not as Pope claim supreme temporal power. Thus,
in a letter to the consul and people of Jesi, he speaks of his
unlimited spiritual jurisdiction over peoples and kingdoms,
while by the grace of God he has also much power in
temporal matters. * Again, in a letter to the Archbishop of
Eavenna, he writes, that ecclesiastical liberty is nowhere
better secured than where the Eoman Church has authority
both in temporal and in spiritual matters. 5 In the Govern-
ment of the Ecclesia two swords are required, the spiritual
laris, per quod universum orbem sus-
ceperat gubernandum; cseteris apos-
tolis ut vehiculo navis contentis, cum
nulli eorum universus fuerit orbis
commissus, sed singulis singulse pro-
vincise vel Ecclesise potius depu-
iatse. "
From this it would appear that
" BR'Culum " and " mundum " are
equivalent.
1 Vide vol. ii. p. 147, note 4; p. 215,
note 1 ; and p. 226.
! Reg. I. 401, col. 377, 30th October
1198. To the prior and to the "rec-
tors " of Tuscany and of the duchy.
" Porro sicut luna lumen suum a sole
sortitur, quse re vera minor est illo
quantitatc simul et qualitate, situ
pariter et effectu ; sic regalis potestas
ab auctoritate pontificali suse sortitur
dignitatis splendorem ; cujus con-
gpectui quanto magis inhseret, tanto
majori lumine decoratur ; et quo plus
ab ejus elongatur aspectu, eo plus
proficit in splendore. Utraque vero
potestas sive primatus sedem in Italia
meruit obtinere, quse dispositione di-
vina super universas provincial obti-
nuit principatum. "
3 The logical conclusion was drawn
by later writers. See p. 318 seq. of
this volume.
* Reg. II. 4, 17th March 1199. To
the consul and people of Josi. " Cum
apostolicse sedis jurisdictio spiritualis
nullis terminis coarctetur, imo super
gentes et regna sortita sit potestatem,
in multis etiain per Dei gratiam ejus
extenditur jurisdictio temporalis. "
5 Reg. L 27. To the Archbishop
of Ravenna and his suffragans. Un-
dated ; written early in 1198. "Nus-
quam melius ecclesiastics e consulitur
libertati quam ubi Ecclesia Rom. tam
in temporalibus quam spiritualibus
? ? plenam obtinet potestatem. "
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? CHAP. I. ]
159
INNOCENT m.
and the material. Both are given by God direct; the one
to spiritual and the other to temporal rulers. 1 We shall deal
later on with Innocent's reference to Constantine's donation ;
we need only mention here that he treats the donation by
the emperor as of grace, and there is no suggestion, as in
Innocent IV. 's letters, that the Pope only received from
Constantino that to which he was already entitled. 2
We have still, however, to explain Innocent's explicit
assertion of Peter's supremacy, not only over the whole
Church, but also over the whole " sseculum " or " mundum. " 3
It was in virtue of his office as Christ's vicar, in succession
to Peter, that he appointed and deposed kings, that he gave
them protection, that he ordered contending parties to make
peace, that he took the orphans and widows of crusaders
under his protection, and that he confirmed treaties of peace,
agreements, grants, and statutes. We shall give some examples
of the action taken by him in various cases, and the grounds
given by him for taking it.
Towards the end of 1199 or the beginning of 1200 Innocent
had written Kaloyan of Bulgaria (whom he addressed simply
as " nobilis ") asking him to receive his legate. * Kaloyan
1 Reg. ITI. 3, llth October 1200.
To the king of the Hungarians. " Cum
ad vindictam malefactorum et laudem
bonorum, material is usum gladii et
tarrenum a Domino acceperis poten-
tatum. "
Reg. VII. 212, col. 627 B and C,
7th February 1205. To the king
of the French. " gladium, quem
Petrus per seipsum exeroet, non
metuunt, qui aunt extra ovile Domini
constituti . . . expedit, ut ssecularis
gladius potestatis, qui ad malefactorum
vindictam a regibue et principibus
bajulatur, ad vindicandam evaginotur
injuriam Salvatoria . . . Ut igitur
gladium, quem Dominus tibi tradidit,
. . . non videaris sine causa portare ;
. . . oportet ut, . . . causam Dei alleges
gladiis apud eos. "
Reg. IX. 217, col. 1060 B, 4th
January 1206. To Duke Ladislaus.
" Nunquid ideo tibi gladius est ab
ipso (i. e. , God) collatus. . . . "
Reg. XI. 28, col. 1358 D. "Qua-
propter, dilectissime fili, gladium quem
ad vindictam malefactorum, laudem
vero bonorum a Domino accepisti,
gladio nostro junge. "
In Reg. XV. 189, col. 711 D, 20th
October 1212. To the consuls and
people of Milan the Pope speaks of
himself as one " quibus Petri gladius
est commissus "--i. e. , he claims only
one sword.
s See p. 306.
* See p. 167.
4 Reg. DT. 266. Undated, probably
end of December 1199, or early in
January 1200.
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? 160
[pake n.
TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS.
did not reply till 1202. In his letter Kaloyan, who styled
himself emperor, asked the Church of Eome to grant him a
crown and the honours given to his ancestors. 1 Innocent
replied on the 27th November 1202, addressing Kaloyan
this time as " dominmus " of the Bulgarians and Wallachians,
informing him that he found in the papal registers that
many kings, of the lands now subject to him, had been crowned,
and that his chaplain whom he was sending to Bulgaria
would, among other matters, inquire into the facts regarding
the crown conferred by the Church of Eome on his ancestors. 2
As Bulgaria had only regained its independence from the
Greek Empire a few years before,3 and the fourth crusade
had just commenced,* caution was obviously necessary in
formally recognising the Bulgarian kingdom. In the following
year, after the capture of Constantinople in July and the
restoration of the emperor Isaac Angelus to the throne, the
situation had altered. Some time before September 1203,
Kaloyan wrote Innocent telling him that the Greeks had sent
him their patriarch, promising to crown him as emperor,
and to make his archbishop a patriarch (Innocent had not
done so), but he refused their advances and again asked the
Pope to have him crowned as emperor and to promote his
archbishop. 5 Innocent replied holding out to the " dominus
Bulgarorum " hopes that his requests would be granted. 6
A few months later the Pope wrote Kaloyan, " the King of
the Bulgarians and Wallachians," that he was sending him
by a cardinal, a sceptre and a diadem. In virtue of his power
as vicar of Christ, and bound to feed his sheep, he appointed
him king over his flock, trusting in the authority of him by
1 Reg. V. 115, sometime in 1202.
! Reg. V. 116, col. 1114 C, 27th
December 1202. " Nos igitur ut super
hoc majorem certitudinem haberemus,
regesta nostra perlegi fecimus dili-
genter; ex quibus evidenter com-
perimus quod in terra tibi subjecta
multi re gee fuerint coronati. . . . (col.
1115 B) Mandamus quoque ipsi (the
papal legate), ut de corona progeni-
toribus tuis ab Eccleeia Romana
collata, tam per libros veto res quam
ala documenta, inquirat diligentius
veritatom. "
3 The Bulgarian revolt commenced
in 1186.
? The siege of Zara commenced on
the 10th November 1202.
? Reg. VI. 142. Not dated. Some-
time in 1203.
? Reg. VI. 144, 10th September
1203.
? ?
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? CHAP. L]
161
INNOCENT HI.
whom Samuel anointed David as king, and seeking to provide
for the welfare of the people both spiritually and temporally.
Before his legate crowned him, Kaloyan was to swear that he
and his successors, and all the lands and peoples subject to
him, would remain devoted and obedient to the Eoman
Church. As requested by Kaloyan's envoy, he gave the king
authority to mint money with his image on it (tuo charactere
insignitum). 1 There is no reference in this letter to the
previous history of Bulgaria, nor to the inquiries previously
ordered by Innocent, the action is based solely on Innocent's
authority as vicar of Christ. In a separate letter, probably
written at the same time, he sent the king a standard (vexillum)
to " use against those who honour the crucified one with their
lips, but whose heart is far from him. " 2
Sverre, the King of Norway, had for some time been
engaged in a serious conflict with the Church in Norway,
and Innocent directed that his followers should be excom-
municated and their lands placed under interdict. 3 He
also ordered the King of Denmark (per apostolica scripta
1 Reg. VII. 1, 24th February 1204,
col. 279 C. " Cum igiter, licet immeriti
ejus vices geramus in terris qui domi-
natur in regno hominum, et cui voluerit
dabit illud, utpote per quem reges
regnant et principes dominantur, cum
Petro et successoribus suis, et nobis
in eo, noverimus esse dictum "; Ego
pro te rogavi, Petre, ui rum deficiat
fides tua, et tu aUquando conversus
confirma fratres tuos (Luc. XXII. )
" cum ex praeoepto Domini oves ejus
pascere teneamur; populis Bulgaro-
rum et Blacorum, qui multo jam tem-
pore ab uberibus matris suse alienati
fuerunt, in spiritualibus et tempo-
ral bus paterna sollicitudine providere
volentes, ejus auctoritate confisi per
quem Samuel David in re gem inunxit,
regem te statuimus super eos, et per
dilectum filium, Leonem . . . apostobcse
sedis legatum, . . . sceptrum regni ac
regium tibi mittimus diadema, ejus
quasi nostris tibi manibus imponen-
VOL. V.
dum, recipiendo a te juratoriam cau-
tionem quod nobis et succesoribus
nostris et Ecclesise Romanse devotus
et obediens permanebis, et cunctas
terras et gentes tuo subjectas imperio
in obedientia et devotione sedis apos-
tolicse conservabis. Ad petitionem
insuper venerabilis fratris nostri, . . .
quem ad sedem apostolicam destinasti,
publicam in regno tuo cudendi mone-
tam tuo charactere insignitam liberam
tibi concedimus facultatem. "
? Reg. \TI. 12, 25th February 1204.
>> Reg. I. 382, 6th October 1198,
col 362 C, D. " Ne autem ejus per-
versitas desseviat diutius in insontes
. . . mandamus quatenus Norwagise
populum diligentius moneatis ne ipsum
ulterius sequi prsesumant, aut ei prses-
tare auxilium vel favorem. " Those
who disobey to be excommunicated,
and the land of Sverre's supporters in
? ? Norway to be placed under an inter-
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? 162 TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS. [PABT n.
mandamus) to take up arms against him. 1 He also
directed the Archbishop of Norway to excommunicate a
bishop supporting him. 2 This was in 1198. In 1211, long
after Sverre's death, the disputed succession again came
before Innocent, the supporters of his descendants still
refusing to accept the Pope as arbiter. 3
Besides appointing and deposing kings, we find Innocent
actively supporting them. Thus in March 1202, before
John's final breach with Philip, Innocent wrote the Arch-
bishop of Eouen, directing him to take action against John's
rebellious barons in Normandy, or in his other lands in France.
He was, on the Pope's authority, to warn them, and if this
failed he was to inflict ecclesiastical punishments. *
We may take other instances of Innocent's action in pro-
tecting kings from his dealings with Hungary. It is notice-
able that, though the Eoman Church had long-standing
claims on Hungary as a feudal State, the Pope does not issue
any of his orders as feudal lord of the kingdom. Bela, King
of Hungary, was succeeded by his son Emerich, who had been
crowned during his father's lifetime. Coelestine III. forbade
the Hungarians to assist Andrew, Emerich's brother, on pain
of excommunication, and in support of this policy one of
the first letters written by Innocent after his accession was
to the Abbot of St Martin's, summoning him to Eome to
1 Reg. I. 383, 6th October 1198.
" Serenitatem regiam rogamus, mone-
mus et exhortamur in Domino, ac per
apostolica scripta mandamus qua ten us
ad defendendas Ecclesias, clericos in
aua libertate tuendos, liborandos pau-
peres et potentes de manu persecutoria
illius, imo etiam ad dejiciendum mon-
strum illud (i. e. , Sverre) . . . taliter
accingaris, ut et a Deo retributionem
seternam et nostram consequi gratiam
speci alius merearis. "
2 Reg. I. 384, 6th October 1198.
3 Reg. XIV. 73, 7th June 1211. See
also Hurter's * Geschichte Papst In-
nocenze des Dritten,' vol. iii. chap,
xvi.
4 Reg. V. 31, 7th May 1202. " Ideo
fraternitati tuse per apostolica scripta
mandamus atque prsecipimus, quate-
nus, si qui in Normannia vel aliis
part i bus oismarinis eidem regi sub-
jectis contra eurn prsesumpserint re*
bellare et ipsi debitam subtraxerint
reverentiam et honorem, prsesump-
tionem eorum auotoritate nostra suf-
fultus, monitiono prsemissa, per cen-
suram ecclesiasticam, appellatione re-
mote, compescas, mandatum aposto-
licum taliter impleturus, quod et
nostram et regiam gratiam valeas
uberius promereri. "
We shall refer later on to the
action taken by Innocent to support
John after he had become a vassal of
the Church (p. 184).
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? CHAP. I. ] INNOCENT UI. 163
answer for the support he had given to Andrew. 1 Before
his consecration he also wrote Andrew, directing him to carry
out the promise he had given his father to go on crusade.
In case of failure he would be anathematised, and should
his brother die childless he would be passed over in the succes-
sion by his younger brother. 2 In June the same year, at
Emerich's request, Innocent allowed the king, so long as
Hungary was in a disturbed state, to retain in the kingdom
any twenty crusaders he chose. 3 He wrote at the same time
to Andrew, ordering him (per apostolica scripta tibi mandamus)
to be faithful to his brother, and forbidding him to make an
armed attack on the king or to stir up sedition against him.
Disobedience was to be punished by excommunication, and
his lands and those of his supporters were to be placed under
interdict. * In February 1203 he directed the archbishops
and bishops in Hungary to give an oath of fidelity to Ladislaus
before his father, Emerich, started on crusade. He gave
1 Reg. I. 7, early in 1198.
2 Reg. I. 10, 29th January 1198.
" Verum eodem patro tuo sublato de
medio, cum Hierosolymitanum iter
te- accipere simulasses, assumptse pere-
grinationis oblitus quam contra inimi-
cos crucis dirigere debueras, in fratrem
tuum et rognum Hungarian convertisti
aciem bellatorum, . . . Nos autem, quos
diebus istis ad pontificatus officium,
licet immeritoe, Dominus evocavit,
tam paci regni Hungarise quam tunc
volentes saluti consulere, nobilitatem
tuam rogamus, . . . ao per apostolica
tibi scripta prsecipiendo mandamus
quatenus, . . . proposition iter arripias
et humiliter prosequaris ; ne si onus
tibi a patre injunctum et a to sponte
susceptum occasione qualibet detrec-
taris, paterna te reddas successione
indignum et hsereditatis emolumento
priveris cujus recusaveris onera sup-
portare. Sciturus ex tunc anatha-
matis te vinculo subjacere, et jure
quod tibi, si dictus rex sine prole
decederet, in regno ungarise compe-
tebat ordine geniturse, privandum, et
regnum ipsum ad minorem fratrem
tuum appellatione postposita devol-
vendum.
8 Reg. I. 270, 16th June 1198.
* Reg. I. 271, 15th June 1198. " Ea
semper Ecclesise Romanse regnum
Ungarise devotio counivit, ilia sem-
per dilectionis sinceritas Ecclesiam
eidem regno conjunxit, ut apostolica
sedes regno ipsi tam in spiritualibus
quam temporalibus paternse sollici-
tudinis affectum curaverit impertiri et
regnum ipsum a fide ac imitate sedis
apostolicse nulla recesserit tempestate,
. . . nobilitatem tuam rogamus, mone-
mus et exhortamur in Domino, ac per
apostolica tibi scripta mandamus qua-
tenus taliter de csetero in fidelitate
ipsius (i. e. , King of Hungary) ac devo-
tione persistas. . . . Ad luce, tibi dis-
trictius inhibemus ne in re gem vel
regnum arm a movere prsesumas vel
seditionem aliquam suscitare. . . . "
Should he disobey, the archbishops
? ? and bishops had orders to excommuni-
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? 164
[PAKT n.
TEMPORAL AND SPIRITUAL POWERS.
this order that the pontifical authority should so guard and
defend the kingdom that it could not be transferred to another. 1
A year later, at the king's request, he ordered the Archbishop
of Gram to crown his son, though a minor; the father giving,
on behalf of his son, the customary oath of obedience to the
Eoman Church, and an undertaking to maintain the liberty
of the Hungarian Church. 2 In April 1205, after the death of
Emerich, the Pope wrote, as vicar of Christ and bound by his
apostolic office to protect minors, directing Andrew not to
allow the regalia to be dispersed during the minority of his
nephew, Ladislaus. 3 At the same time he directed the Hun-
garian clergy to defend the king against attack. * In June
1206 he again addressed the Hungarian prelates and nobles
on behalf of Ladislaus, directing them on pain of ecclesiastical
penalties to take the oath of fidelity. 5
I Reg. VI. 4. 25th February 1203.
" Ut igitur in absentia tanti principie,
. . . ad regni tutelam et defensionem
taliter pontificalis accingatur aucto-
rital, quod regnum ejus transferri non
possit ad hostes . . . fraternitati vestra
per apostolica scripta mandamus et
districte prsecipimus, quatenus, ante-
quam rex ipse (i. e. , of Hungary) iter
peregrinationis arripiat, cum, juxta
doctrinam Apostoli, sit regi tanquam
pra>cellenti ab omnibus deferendum,
Ladislao, filio ejus, quem Dominus per
gratiam suam illi concessit hserodem,
debitum juramentum fidelitatis exhi-
bere curetis," the penalty for breaking
the oath to be excommunication, also
" illis etiam, quos idem rex, tam ad
filii sui curam, quem annuente Domino
exspectamus . . . hseredem et patri
successorem in regno, quam administra-
tionem regni commiserit, juxta ord-
inationem regis ipsius reverontiam
debitam exhibere curetis. "
II Reg. VH. 57, 25th April 1204.
Before crowning the archbishop " re-
cepturus ab ipso patre, filii sui vice,
corporaliter juramentum super aposto-
licse sedis obedientiam, quam super
Ecclesirc Ungaricse libertate, sicut pro-
genitores sui cum humilitate ac devo-
tione debita impenderunt. "
3 Reg. VIII. 39, 25th April 1205.
" Ut igitur eidem regi (i. e. , Ladislaus)
regni jura integra conserventur, nos,
qui apostolatus officio tenemur tueri
pupillum, cum illius, quamvis indigni,
vices geramus in terris cui dicitur per
Prophetam; Pupillo tu eris adjutor,
. . . auctoritate prasentium sub obtes-
tatione divini judicii districtius inhj-
bemus, ne, dum idem rex fuerit in
setate minori, alenentur regalia in
detrimentum ipsius. . . . "
4 Reg. VIII. 40, 25th April 1205.
" Ut igitur erga regem ipsum, qui post
patris decessum vobis dominus re-
mansit et hseres, fidelitatis constantiam
observeris, auctoritate vobis prsesen-
tium districtius inhibemus, ne cui
contra coronam ipsius consilium vel
? ? auxilium impendatis, sed resistatis
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?
