It is wor-
thy of remark, that Strabo ranks the Dryopes among
those chiefly of Thracian origin, who had, from the
earliest period, established themselves in the latter
country, towards the southern shores of the Euxine.
thy of remark, that Strabo ranks the Dryopes among
those chiefly of Thracian origin, who had, from the
earliest period, established themselves in the latter
country, towards the southern shores of the Euxine.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
'cs; but, in consequence of the applause which these
,-licited from the lower orders, he would seem, from
"he censure of Horace, to have been tempted to go still
farther, and push matters to extremes. The same poet
also pleasantly alludes to his carelessness and negli-
gence as a writer, by saying that he traversed the stage
with his sock, or comic slipper, loose and untied.
Seneca makes mention of the inscription on his tomb;
from which epitaph some have inferred that he was
distinguished as a moral writer. Jt ran as follows:
"Hosptgrerute, et sevhiam Dossenni Uge. " (Senec. ,
Eput. , 89, $. --Fabric, Bibl. Lit. , vol. 3, p. 238, seqq. )
Dokso, C. Fabius, a Roman, who, according to the
old legend, when Rome was in the possession of the
Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then be-
sieged, to go and offer on Mons Quirinalis a stated
sacrifice enjoined on the Fabian house. In the Ga-
bine cincture, and bearing the sacred things in his
hands, he descended from the Capitol and passed
through the enemy without betraying the least signs
of fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he re-
turned to the Capitol unmolested by the foe, who were
astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his
passage or molest his sacrifice. (Liv. , 5, 46. )
Dotus, a son of HelUsn. (Vid. Doris. )
DoaYLJEUM and Dorvl<bus, a city of Phrygia, now
Eth-tkehr, at the junction of the Bathys and Thym-
? ? bris, two branches of the Sangarius, and on the con-
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? DRH
DRUID. E.
Cunslanlme the Great, Hellenopolis --III. A prom-
ontory on lh<< Sinus Arabicus, below Arsinoo: it is
now Rat- ZuJra. nL.
Dl i. o, a river of Illyricum, which falls into the
Adriatic at Lissus. This is the largest of the Illyrian
streams. Strabo (316) informs us, that it was naviga-
ble aa far as the country of the Dardanii, which is a
considerable distance from the sea, as they inhabited
:he southern part of what is now Servia. This river
s formed principally by the junction of two others, the
one distinguished in modern geography by the name
of the white Drino, which rises in the chain of Mount
Bertiscus (Strabon. , Chrettom. ap. Geogr. Min. , vol.
2, p. 99); the other flows from the south, out of the
great lake of Ochrida, the ancient Lychnitis Palus,
and unites with the former after a course of nearly
sixty miles: this ia commonly termed the Black Drino.
(Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 41. )
DiioMns Achillis, a promontory near the mouth
of the Borysthenes. (Strabo, 307. --Arrian, Peripl. ,
p. 21. --Peripl. Anonym. , p. 8. --Mela, 3, I. --Plin. ,
4, 26. ) According to the old geographers, Achilles,
having entered the Euiine with a hostile fleet, after
ravaging the coast, landed on this promontory, and
exercised himself and his followers in running and
other gymnastics sports. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 4,
fi. 234. ) It is a low, sandy, and uninhabited neck of
and, resembling somewhat a sword in its shape. Stra-
bo evidently exceeds the true measurement, when he
states it to be one thousand stadia. Pliny only makes
it eighty miles. Its modern name is said to be Kossa-
Otcliarigatsh. (Vid. Leuce. )
Drukntius and Druentia (6 Apovivnor, Ptol. --
li Aoovfiriac, Strabo), a river of Gaul, rising among
the Alpea Cottie, north of Brigantio or Briancon.
It falls into the Hhodanus or Rhone, about three miles
below Avanio ar Avignon, after a course of one hun-
dred and eighty miles, and is now called the Durance.
Is is an extremely rapid river, and below the modern
town of Sislcron it has been found impracticable to
throw a bridge over it. Its inundations are frequent
and very destructive. (Strab. , 185. --Manner! , Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 78. )
l)ut'ir>,F. the ministers of religion among the ancient
Gauls and Britons. Britain, according to Cssar, was
the great school of the Druids, and their chief settle-
ment was in the island called Mona by Tacitua, now
Anglesey. The natives of Gaul and Germany, who
wished to be thoroughly versed in the mysteries of
Druidism, resorted to this island to complete their
studies. --Many opinions have been formed respecting
the origin of the name. The common derivation is
from Apif. an oak, either from their inhabiting and
teaching in forests, or, as Pliny states, because they
never sacrificed but under an oak. But it is hard to
imagine how the Druids should come to speak Greek.
Some deduce the name from the old British word dru
or drew, an oak, whence they take iSpi'f to be derived.
This laat derivation receives considerable support from
a passage in Diodorus Siculus (5, 31), who, speaking of
the philosopher* and priests of Gaul, the same with the
Druids, Bays that they were called SapuviAai, a term
which some of the commentators trace to the old Greek
form oupavis (idoc), a hollow oak. Wesseling, how-
ever, it must be acknowledged, condemns this reading,
and is in favour of receiving into the text the form
bpoviiai, where others read iapovtdat. Among the
? ? many Oriental derivations which have been given, a
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? DRU
DR i
bonka which were closed against the profane crowd.
Such were, among the Etrurians, the Acherontic and
ntual books of 'Pages, containing the precepts of agri-
culture, legislation, medicine, the rules of divination,
of meteorology, of astrology, and also a system of
metaphysics: such were, among the Egyptians, the
books of Hermes Trismegistus; such are, among the
Hindus, the Vedas, the P)urana9, the Angas, with
their innumerable commer. Uries; and such was the
sacred wisdom of the Gallic Druids. --The ablest work
an the ancient Druids is the splendid and elaborate
production of Mr. Higgins. (The Celtic Druids, by
Godfrey Higgins, Esq. , F. S. A. , 4/0, London. ) In
this will be found a vast body of most interesting in-
formation respecting this ancient priesthood. "The
Druids," observes Mr. Higgins, "held the same doc-
:nnc. ic effect, with Pythagoras, the worship of one
Supreme Being, a state of future rewards and punish-
ments, the immortality of the soul, and a metempsy-
chosis. These doctrines, their hatred of images, their,
ojrcular temples open at the top, their worship of fire
as the emblem of the Sun, their observation of the
most ancient Tauric festival (when the Sun entered
Taurus), their seventeen-lctter alphabet, and their sys-
tem of oral instruction, mark and characterize the
Druid in every age and every country of the world, by
whatever name the priests of the country may have
been known. " (Celtic Druids, p. 305. ) The Druids
exercised, as may well be imagined, great influence
over the minds of their more ignorant countrymen.
Tacitus {Ann. , 14, 30) speaks of the summary pun-
iahment inflicted upon them by Suetonius Paulinus,
in the reign of Nero. The island of Mona was taken
by the Roman troops with great slaughter of the foe,
the sacred groves were cut down, and the Druids driven
out. On the introduction of Christianity, the Druidi-
cal order gradually ceased, and the Druids themselves
were regarded as enchanters by the early Christians.
Drcmlla, I. Livia, a daughter of Gcrmanicus and
Agrippina, born at Augusta Treverorum (Treves)
AD. IS. She was far from inheriting the excellent
qualities nl her mother. Her own brother Caligula
seduced her, and then gave her in marriage, at the age
of seventeen, to Lucius Cassius Longinus, a man of
consular rank. Subsequently, however, he took her
away frum her husband, and lived with her as his own
spouse. This unhallowed connexion lasted until the
death of Drusilla, A. D. 38, and at her decease Calig-
ula abandoned himself to the most extravagant sor-
row. Divine honours were rendered to her memory,
and medals were struck in honour of her, with the title
of Augusta. She was 23 years of age at the time of
her death. (Suetcm. , Vit. Calig. , 34. ) Dio Cassius
calls the name of her husband Marcus Lcpidus, dif-
fering in this from Suetonius. He may possibly refer
to a second husband, who may have been given her,
for form's sake, a short time before her death. (Dio
Cass. , 59, 3. )--II. A daughter of Agrippa, king of
J-jdra, remarkable for her beauty. She was at first
affianced to Epiphanes, son of Antiochus, king of
Comagene. But, on his declining to submit to the
nle of circumcision and to Judaize, the marriage was
broken off. She wa* then given to Azizus, king of
Emcsa. Not long after, however, Drusilla renounced
the religion of her fathers, abandoned her husband, and
espoused Antonins Felix, a freedman of the Emperor
Claudius, and brother to Pallas the freedman of Nero.
? ? This is the Felix who was governor of Judaea, and is
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? DD 1
DUR
taese latter were attached tosome partiiru. ai tree, with
which they were born, and with which they died;
whereas the Dryades were the goddesses of the trees
and woods in general, and lived at large in the midst
of them. For though ipic properly signifies an oak,
it was a 3} u>>d for a tree in general. Oblations of
milk, oil, and honey were offered to them, and some-
limes the votaries sacrificed a goat. The derivation
ui' the name Hamadryades is from u/ia, "at the same
lime," and ipvc, "a tree," for the reason given above.
. is plain that dpic and the Germanic tree are the
? aim word. Aov; has apparently this signification in
II. , 22,120-- Od. , 19, 163. --Herod. , 7,218. --Soph. ,
Traeh. , 768. In Nonnus, ipic is constantly tree, and
tavoeic, wooden. 'Keightlcy's Mythology, p. 237, nor. )
Dryhaa, a town of Phocis, on the banks of the
Ccphissus, northeast of Elatea. (Pavsan, 10, 34. )
It was burned and sacked by the Persians under Xerx-
es, as wo are informed by Herodotus (8, 33). Its
position is uncertain. Some antiquaries place it at
Dadi, others at Ogulnitza. (Compare Dodwell's Tour,
vol. 2, p. 135. --Gell's Jtin. , p. 210. )
Dryopes, a people of Greece, in the vicinity of
Mounts (Eta and Parnassus. (Herodot. , 1,56 --Stra-
bo, 434. ) Dicxarchus, however (v. 30), extends their
territory as far as the Ambracian gulf. They were so
called, it is supposed, from Dryope, the daughter of
Eurypylus, or, according to the poets, from a nymph
violated by Apollo. Others derive the name, how-
ever, from ipvc, an oak, and <""/? , a voice, on account of
the number of oaks which grew about the mountains,
and the rustling of their leaves. The inhabitants
themselves, however, advocated their fabulous origin,
and claimed to be the descendants of Apollo; and
therefore Hercules, having overcome this people, car-
ried them prisoners to Delphi, where he presented them
to their divine progenitor, who commanded the hero
to take them with him to the Peloponnesus. Hercules
obeyed, and gave them a settlement there, near the
Asinean and Hermionian territories: hence the Asin-
eans came to be blended with, and to call themselves,
Dryopes. According to Herodotus, however, they
passed into Eubcea, and from thence into the Pelo-
ponnesus and Asia Minor (8, 73; 1,146).
It is wor-
thy of remark, that Strabo ranks the Dryopes among
those chiefly of Thracian origin, who had, from the
earliest period, established themselves in the latter
country, towards the southern shores of the Euxine.
(Slrab. , 586. )
Dubis, a river of Gallia, rising at the foot of Mount
Jura, and, after a course of 50 miles, falling into the
Arar or Same, near Cabillonum, the modern Chalons.
It is now the Doubt or Doux. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol.
3, pt. I, p. 77. ) The text of Cassar (B. G. , 1, 38),
where he makes mention of this river, is very corrupt.
Borne MSS. reading Adduabis, others Alduadubis, and
others again Alduadusius, Adduadubis, and Alduasdu-
bis. Cellarius, following Valoia (Valesius) and Vos-
sius, gives Dubis as the true lection (Geogr. Ant. , vol.
1, p. 36), and this has been followed in the best edi-
tions. (Compare the remarks of Oberlinus, ail Cccs. ,
I. e , aa to the origin of the corruption. )
Dubrib Portus, a port of Britain, supposed to be
Dover. It was in the Imitory of the Cantii, and 14
miles from Durovernum. At Dubris, according to the
Notina Imperii, waa a fortress, erected against the
Saion pirates. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2, pt. 2, p.
? ? 101. -- Cellaritu, Geogr. Ant. , vol. 1, p. 331. )
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? EBO
ECB
>>. tins river stood Calle, commonly styled Portus
Ualles, from a corruption of which last comes the
modern name of Portugal. (Mannerl, Geogr. , vol. 1,
p. 340. -- Vkerl, Geogr. , vol. 3, p. 290. )
Dcp. ocasses (called also Drocse and Fanum Druid-
am), a city of the Eburovices, in Gallia Lugdunensis,
southwest of Lutetia. In its vicinity was the princi-
pal residence of the Druids in Gaul. The modern
name is Dreux. {Cat. , B. G. , 6, 13. --Thuan. ,
Hist. , 34, seq. )
1>:>>ocortukum, the capital of the Remi, on the
Vesle, one of the branches of the Axona or Aisne.
It is now Rheims. (Cat. , B. G. , 6, 44. )
DymjK, the last of the Achaean towns to the west,
situate about forty stadia beyond the mouth of the
Peyrus or Pirus. Pausanias slates (7, 18), that its
mere ancient name was Palea. Strabo is of opinion,
that the appellation of Dyme had reference to its
western situation, with regard to the other cities of the
Soviuce (rraauv tvapiKururq, a<j>' oi xai Towoua).
e adds, that it was originally called Stratos. (Stra-
ta, 387. ) The epithet of Cauconis, applied to this
city by the poet Antimachus, would lead to the sup-
position that it was once occupied by the ancient Cau-
cones. (Ap. Schol. Lycophron, v. 589. ) Dymas is
mentioned as one of the twelve towns of Achaia by
Herodotus (2, 146). Its territory, from being contig-
uous to Elis and . 'Etolia, was frequently laid waste
daring the Social war by the armies of those countries
then united. (Cramer't Arte. Greece, vol. 3, p. 71. )
Dtbas, a river of Thessaly, twenty stadia beyond
the Sperchius, said to have sprung from the ground in
order to assist Hercules when burning on Oeta. (He-
rodot. , 7, 199. --Strabo, 438. )
Dybis, the name given to Mount Atlas by the neigh-
bouring inhabitants. ('Opoc tarlv, birep oi uev 'EX-
Aavrr 'ArAavra xaXovotv, ol ftupf-afmi ii Avotv. --
Strain, 825. ) Mr. Hodgson, in a pamphlet on the af-
finities of the Berber languages, after observing that
the Atlas ch^in of mountains was called by the ancient
geographers, besides their cornmo appellation, Dyrit
or Dyrim, and Adderit or Aderim indulges in the fol-
lowing etymological remarks (p. 6, seqq). "These
names appear to me to be nothing else than the Berber
words Athraer, Edhrarin, which mean a mountain or
mountains, differently corrupted from what they had
been before they were changed to Atlas. Adrar, Ath-
raer, Edhrarin, Adderit, or Adderim, are evidently
the same word, with such variations as may naturally
be expected when proper names pass from one lan-
guage to another. There is surely not more, nor per-
haps so much, difference between them as between
Aniicerpen and Amberet (the Spanish name for An-
twerp), Mechlin and Malines, Lugdunum and Lyons,
'Odvescric and Vlytttt, Miapxniuv and Carthage. And
if the Romans or the Greeks changed Adhrar and Ed-
hrarin into Adderit, or in the accusative Adderim,
why from Adderit might they not have made Adras,
Atret, or Atlas 1 The weight of probability, at least,
wems to be in favour of this supposition. " (Trans-
tttums of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 4,
<<w series. )
Dtrbjchiom, noW Durazzo, a city of Illyricum,
previously called Epidamnus. (Vid. Epidamnus. )
E. ivrs, a name of Janus among tl e ancient Latins.
Cornificius, quoted by Macrobius 'Sat. , 1, 9), main-
tained that Cicero (iV. D. , 2,27) infant this appellation,
? ? and not Janus, when he derived the name ab eundo.
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? ECBATANA.
Ecn
Isidorus Characcuns has 'AiroCarava, a manifest er-
ror. Reland (Diss. Miscell. , pt. 3, p. 107) deduces
tho name from the Persian Ac, "a lord" or " master,"
and Abadan, "acultivated and inhabited place. "--Ec-
batana, being in a high and mountainous country, was
a favourite residence of the Persian kings during sum-
mer, when the heat of Susa was almost insupportable.
The Parthian kings also, at a later period, retired to it
in the summer to avoid the excessive heal of Clesi-
phor. According to Herodotus (1, 98), Ecbatana was
built near the close of the eighteenth century B. C. by
Dejoces, the founder of the Median monarchy. The
book of Judith (1, 2) assigns the building of this city,
or, rather, the erection of Us citadel, to Arphaxad, in the
twelfth year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, king of
Assyria. Some writers make Arphaxad the same with
Dejoces, while others identify him with Phraortes, the
son of the latter, who might have repaired the city, or
else made some additions to it. --Herodotus furnishes
us with no hint whence we may infer the relative po-
sition of Ecbatana on the map of Media. His de-
scription of the fortress or citadel, however, is par-
ticular. "The Modes," he remarks, " in obedience
to their king's command, built those spacious and
massy fortifications now called Ecbatana, circle within
circle, according to the following plan. Each inner
circle overtops its tttcr neighbour by the height of the
battlements alone. This was effected partly by the
nature of the ground, a conical hill, and partly by the
building itself. The number of the circles was seven;
within the innermost were built the palace and the
treasury. The circumference of the outermost wall
and of the city of Athens may be regarded as nearly
equal. The battlements of the first circle are white;
of the second, black; of the third, scarlet; of the fourth,
azure; of the filth, orange. All these are brilliantly
coloured with different paints. But the battlements
of the sixth circle are ailvered over, while those of the
aoventh are gilt. Dejoces constructed these walls
around his palace for his own personal safety. But
he ordered the people to erect their houses in a circle
around the outward wall. " (Herod. , 1, 98, teg. )--
The Orientals, however, according to Diodorus Sicu-
! us, claimed a far more ancient origin for Ecbatana.
They not only described it as the capital of the first
Median monarchy, founded by Arbaces, but as exist-
ing prior to the era of the famed and fabulous Semira-
mis, who is said to have visited Eobatana in the course
of her royal journeys, and to have built there a magnifi-
cent palace. She also, with immense labour and ex-
pense, introduced abundance of excellent water into
the city, which before had been badly supplied with it,
and she effected this object by perforating the adjacent
Mount Orontcs, and forming a tunnel, fifteen feet broad,
and forty feet high, through which sho conveyed a lake-
stream. (Diod. Sic. , 2, 13. ) Ecbatana continued a
splendid city under the Persian sway, the great king
spending at this place the two hottest months of the
year. (Ailian, I. c. --Xen. , I. c. ) The Macedonian
conquest did not prove destructive to Ecbatana, as it
had to the royal palace at Perscpolis. Alexander de-
posited in Ecbatana the treasures taken from Persepo-
lis and Pasargada, and one of the last acts of his life
was a royal visit to the Median capital. Although not
equally favoured by the Seleucids, it still retained the
traces of its former grandeur; and Polybius has left on
record a description of its state under Antiochus the
? ? Great, which shows that Ecbatana was still a splendid
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? EDE
to h o, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly
resided in the vicinity of the Cephissus. She was once
? ne of Juno's attendants; but, having offended that
goddess by her deception, she was deprived, in a great
measure, by her, of the power of speech. Juno de-
clared, that in future she should have but'little uso of
her tongue; and immediately she lost all power A do-
ing any more than repeat the sounds which she heard.
Eci. : happening to see the beautiful youth Narcissus,
became deeply enamoured of him. But, her love be-
ing slighted, she pined away till nothing remained of
hei but her voice and bones. The former still exists,
the latter mere converted into stone. (Ovid, Met. , 3,
341, seqq. )
Bctbnes, a people who, according to Pausanias,
first inhabited the territory of Thebes, in Bceotia.
Ogyges is said to have been their first king. They
were exterminated by a plague, and succeeded by the
Hyantes. (Compare Strabo, 401. --Pausan. , 9, 5. --
Lycophr. , v. 433. )
Edessa, I. a city of Mesopotamia, in the district of
Osroene, on the banks of a small river called Scirtus.
It lay northeast of Zeugma, and southeast of Samosa-
ta, and, according to the Itin. Ant. , nine geographical
miles from the Euphrates and Zeugma (ed. Wessrfiwr,
p. 185). Procopius (Pert. , 2, 12) places it a day's
journey from Batnae; and an Arabian writer cited by
Wesseling (ad Itin. Ant.
,-licited from the lower orders, he would seem, from
"he censure of Horace, to have been tempted to go still
farther, and push matters to extremes. The same poet
also pleasantly alludes to his carelessness and negli-
gence as a writer, by saying that he traversed the stage
with his sock, or comic slipper, loose and untied.
Seneca makes mention of the inscription on his tomb;
from which epitaph some have inferred that he was
distinguished as a moral writer. Jt ran as follows:
"Hosptgrerute, et sevhiam Dossenni Uge. " (Senec. ,
Eput. , 89, $. --Fabric, Bibl. Lit. , vol. 3, p. 238, seqq. )
Dokso, C. Fabius, a Roman, who, according to the
old legend, when Rome was in the possession of the
Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then be-
sieged, to go and offer on Mons Quirinalis a stated
sacrifice enjoined on the Fabian house. In the Ga-
bine cincture, and bearing the sacred things in his
hands, he descended from the Capitol and passed
through the enemy without betraying the least signs
of fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he re-
turned to the Capitol unmolested by the foe, who were
astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his
passage or molest his sacrifice. (Liv. , 5, 46. )
Dotus, a son of HelUsn. (Vid. Doris. )
DoaYLJEUM and Dorvl<bus, a city of Phrygia, now
Eth-tkehr, at the junction of the Bathys and Thym-
? ? bris, two branches of the Sangarius, and on the con-
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? DRH
DRUID. E.
Cunslanlme the Great, Hellenopolis --III. A prom-
ontory on lh<< Sinus Arabicus, below Arsinoo: it is
now Rat- ZuJra. nL.
Dl i. o, a river of Illyricum, which falls into the
Adriatic at Lissus. This is the largest of the Illyrian
streams. Strabo (316) informs us, that it was naviga-
ble aa far as the country of the Dardanii, which is a
considerable distance from the sea, as they inhabited
:he southern part of what is now Servia. This river
s formed principally by the junction of two others, the
one distinguished in modern geography by the name
of the white Drino, which rises in the chain of Mount
Bertiscus (Strabon. , Chrettom. ap. Geogr. Min. , vol.
2, p. 99); the other flows from the south, out of the
great lake of Ochrida, the ancient Lychnitis Palus,
and unites with the former after a course of nearly
sixty miles: this ia commonly termed the Black Drino.
(Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 41. )
DiioMns Achillis, a promontory near the mouth
of the Borysthenes. (Strabo, 307. --Arrian, Peripl. ,
p. 21. --Peripl. Anonym. , p. 8. --Mela, 3, I. --Plin. ,
4, 26. ) According to the old geographers, Achilles,
having entered the Euiine with a hostile fleet, after
ravaging the coast, landed on this promontory, and
exercised himself and his followers in running and
other gymnastics sports. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 4,
fi. 234. ) It is a low, sandy, and uninhabited neck of
and, resembling somewhat a sword in its shape. Stra-
bo evidently exceeds the true measurement, when he
states it to be one thousand stadia. Pliny only makes
it eighty miles. Its modern name is said to be Kossa-
Otcliarigatsh. (Vid. Leuce. )
Drukntius and Druentia (6 Apovivnor, Ptol. --
li Aoovfiriac, Strabo), a river of Gaul, rising among
the Alpea Cottie, north of Brigantio or Briancon.
It falls into the Hhodanus or Rhone, about three miles
below Avanio ar Avignon, after a course of one hun-
dred and eighty miles, and is now called the Durance.
Is is an extremely rapid river, and below the modern
town of Sislcron it has been found impracticable to
throw a bridge over it. Its inundations are frequent
and very destructive. (Strab. , 185. --Manner! , Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 78. )
l)ut'ir>,F. the ministers of religion among the ancient
Gauls and Britons. Britain, according to Cssar, was
the great school of the Druids, and their chief settle-
ment was in the island called Mona by Tacitua, now
Anglesey. The natives of Gaul and Germany, who
wished to be thoroughly versed in the mysteries of
Druidism, resorted to this island to complete their
studies. --Many opinions have been formed respecting
the origin of the name. The common derivation is
from Apif. an oak, either from their inhabiting and
teaching in forests, or, as Pliny states, because they
never sacrificed but under an oak. But it is hard to
imagine how the Druids should come to speak Greek.
Some deduce the name from the old British word dru
or drew, an oak, whence they take iSpi'f to be derived.
This laat derivation receives considerable support from
a passage in Diodorus Siculus (5, 31), who, speaking of
the philosopher* and priests of Gaul, the same with the
Druids, Bays that they were called SapuviAai, a term
which some of the commentators trace to the old Greek
form oupavis (idoc), a hollow oak. Wesseling, how-
ever, it must be acknowledged, condemns this reading,
and is in favour of receiving into the text the form
bpoviiai, where others read iapovtdat. Among the
? ? many Oriental derivations which have been given, a
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? DRU
DR i
bonka which were closed against the profane crowd.
Such were, among the Etrurians, the Acherontic and
ntual books of 'Pages, containing the precepts of agri-
culture, legislation, medicine, the rules of divination,
of meteorology, of astrology, and also a system of
metaphysics: such were, among the Egyptians, the
books of Hermes Trismegistus; such are, among the
Hindus, the Vedas, the P)urana9, the Angas, with
their innumerable commer. Uries; and such was the
sacred wisdom of the Gallic Druids. --The ablest work
an the ancient Druids is the splendid and elaborate
production of Mr. Higgins. (The Celtic Druids, by
Godfrey Higgins, Esq. , F. S. A. , 4/0, London. ) In
this will be found a vast body of most interesting in-
formation respecting this ancient priesthood. "The
Druids," observes Mr. Higgins, "held the same doc-
:nnc. ic effect, with Pythagoras, the worship of one
Supreme Being, a state of future rewards and punish-
ments, the immortality of the soul, and a metempsy-
chosis. These doctrines, their hatred of images, their,
ojrcular temples open at the top, their worship of fire
as the emblem of the Sun, their observation of the
most ancient Tauric festival (when the Sun entered
Taurus), their seventeen-lctter alphabet, and their sys-
tem of oral instruction, mark and characterize the
Druid in every age and every country of the world, by
whatever name the priests of the country may have
been known. " (Celtic Druids, p. 305. ) The Druids
exercised, as may well be imagined, great influence
over the minds of their more ignorant countrymen.
Tacitus {Ann. , 14, 30) speaks of the summary pun-
iahment inflicted upon them by Suetonius Paulinus,
in the reign of Nero. The island of Mona was taken
by the Roman troops with great slaughter of the foe,
the sacred groves were cut down, and the Druids driven
out. On the introduction of Christianity, the Druidi-
cal order gradually ceased, and the Druids themselves
were regarded as enchanters by the early Christians.
Drcmlla, I. Livia, a daughter of Gcrmanicus and
Agrippina, born at Augusta Treverorum (Treves)
AD. IS. She was far from inheriting the excellent
qualities nl her mother. Her own brother Caligula
seduced her, and then gave her in marriage, at the age
of seventeen, to Lucius Cassius Longinus, a man of
consular rank. Subsequently, however, he took her
away frum her husband, and lived with her as his own
spouse. This unhallowed connexion lasted until the
death of Drusilla, A. D. 38, and at her decease Calig-
ula abandoned himself to the most extravagant sor-
row. Divine honours were rendered to her memory,
and medals were struck in honour of her, with the title
of Augusta. She was 23 years of age at the time of
her death. (Suetcm. , Vit. Calig. , 34. ) Dio Cassius
calls the name of her husband Marcus Lcpidus, dif-
fering in this from Suetonius. He may possibly refer
to a second husband, who may have been given her,
for form's sake, a short time before her death. (Dio
Cass. , 59, 3. )--II. A daughter of Agrippa, king of
J-jdra, remarkable for her beauty. She was at first
affianced to Epiphanes, son of Antiochus, king of
Comagene. But, on his declining to submit to the
nle of circumcision and to Judaize, the marriage was
broken off. She wa* then given to Azizus, king of
Emcsa. Not long after, however, Drusilla renounced
the religion of her fathers, abandoned her husband, and
espoused Antonins Felix, a freedman of the Emperor
Claudius, and brother to Pallas the freedman of Nero.
? ? This is the Felix who was governor of Judaea, and is
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? DD 1
DUR
taese latter were attached tosome partiiru. ai tree, with
which they were born, and with which they died;
whereas the Dryades were the goddesses of the trees
and woods in general, and lived at large in the midst
of them. For though ipic properly signifies an oak,
it was a 3} u>>d for a tree in general. Oblations of
milk, oil, and honey were offered to them, and some-
limes the votaries sacrificed a goat. The derivation
ui' the name Hamadryades is from u/ia, "at the same
lime," and ipvc, "a tree," for the reason given above.
. is plain that dpic and the Germanic tree are the
? aim word. Aov; has apparently this signification in
II. , 22,120-- Od. , 19, 163. --Herod. , 7,218. --Soph. ,
Traeh. , 768. In Nonnus, ipic is constantly tree, and
tavoeic, wooden. 'Keightlcy's Mythology, p. 237, nor. )
Dryhaa, a town of Phocis, on the banks of the
Ccphissus, northeast of Elatea. (Pavsan, 10, 34. )
It was burned and sacked by the Persians under Xerx-
es, as wo are informed by Herodotus (8, 33). Its
position is uncertain. Some antiquaries place it at
Dadi, others at Ogulnitza. (Compare Dodwell's Tour,
vol. 2, p. 135. --Gell's Jtin. , p. 210. )
Dryopes, a people of Greece, in the vicinity of
Mounts (Eta and Parnassus. (Herodot. , 1,56 --Stra-
bo, 434. ) Dicxarchus, however (v. 30), extends their
territory as far as the Ambracian gulf. They were so
called, it is supposed, from Dryope, the daughter of
Eurypylus, or, according to the poets, from a nymph
violated by Apollo. Others derive the name, how-
ever, from ipvc, an oak, and <""/? , a voice, on account of
the number of oaks which grew about the mountains,
and the rustling of their leaves. The inhabitants
themselves, however, advocated their fabulous origin,
and claimed to be the descendants of Apollo; and
therefore Hercules, having overcome this people, car-
ried them prisoners to Delphi, where he presented them
to their divine progenitor, who commanded the hero
to take them with him to the Peloponnesus. Hercules
obeyed, and gave them a settlement there, near the
Asinean and Hermionian territories: hence the Asin-
eans came to be blended with, and to call themselves,
Dryopes. According to Herodotus, however, they
passed into Eubcea, and from thence into the Pelo-
ponnesus and Asia Minor (8, 73; 1,146).
It is wor-
thy of remark, that Strabo ranks the Dryopes among
those chiefly of Thracian origin, who had, from the
earliest period, established themselves in the latter
country, towards the southern shores of the Euxine.
(Slrab. , 586. )
Dubis, a river of Gallia, rising at the foot of Mount
Jura, and, after a course of 50 miles, falling into the
Arar or Same, near Cabillonum, the modern Chalons.
It is now the Doubt or Doux. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol.
3, pt. I, p. 77. ) The text of Cassar (B. G. , 1, 38),
where he makes mention of this river, is very corrupt.
Borne MSS. reading Adduabis, others Alduadubis, and
others again Alduadusius, Adduadubis, and Alduasdu-
bis. Cellarius, following Valoia (Valesius) and Vos-
sius, gives Dubis as the true lection (Geogr. Ant. , vol.
1, p. 36), and this has been followed in the best edi-
tions. (Compare the remarks of Oberlinus, ail Cccs. ,
I. e , aa to the origin of the corruption. )
Dubrib Portus, a port of Britain, supposed to be
Dover. It was in the Imitory of the Cantii, and 14
miles from Durovernum. At Dubris, according to the
Notina Imperii, waa a fortress, erected against the
Saion pirates. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2, pt. 2, p.
? ? 101. -- Cellaritu, Geogr. Ant. , vol. 1, p. 331. )
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? EBO
ECB
>>. tins river stood Calle, commonly styled Portus
Ualles, from a corruption of which last comes the
modern name of Portugal. (Mannerl, Geogr. , vol. 1,
p. 340. -- Vkerl, Geogr. , vol. 3, p. 290. )
Dcp. ocasses (called also Drocse and Fanum Druid-
am), a city of the Eburovices, in Gallia Lugdunensis,
southwest of Lutetia. In its vicinity was the princi-
pal residence of the Druids in Gaul. The modern
name is Dreux. {Cat. , B. G. , 6, 13. --Thuan. ,
Hist. , 34, seq. )
1>:>>ocortukum, the capital of the Remi, on the
Vesle, one of the branches of the Axona or Aisne.
It is now Rheims. (Cat. , B. G. , 6, 44. )
DymjK, the last of the Achaean towns to the west,
situate about forty stadia beyond the mouth of the
Peyrus or Pirus. Pausanias slates (7, 18), that its
mere ancient name was Palea. Strabo is of opinion,
that the appellation of Dyme had reference to its
western situation, with regard to the other cities of the
Soviuce (rraauv tvapiKururq, a<j>' oi xai Towoua).
e adds, that it was originally called Stratos. (Stra-
ta, 387. ) The epithet of Cauconis, applied to this
city by the poet Antimachus, would lead to the sup-
position that it was once occupied by the ancient Cau-
cones. (Ap. Schol. Lycophron, v. 589. ) Dymas is
mentioned as one of the twelve towns of Achaia by
Herodotus (2, 146). Its territory, from being contig-
uous to Elis and . 'Etolia, was frequently laid waste
daring the Social war by the armies of those countries
then united. (Cramer't Arte. Greece, vol. 3, p. 71. )
Dtbas, a river of Thessaly, twenty stadia beyond
the Sperchius, said to have sprung from the ground in
order to assist Hercules when burning on Oeta. (He-
rodot. , 7, 199. --Strabo, 438. )
Dybis, the name given to Mount Atlas by the neigh-
bouring inhabitants. ('Opoc tarlv, birep oi uev 'EX-
Aavrr 'ArAavra xaXovotv, ol ftupf-afmi ii Avotv. --
Strain, 825. ) Mr. Hodgson, in a pamphlet on the af-
finities of the Berber languages, after observing that
the Atlas ch^in of mountains was called by the ancient
geographers, besides their cornmo appellation, Dyrit
or Dyrim, and Adderit or Aderim indulges in the fol-
lowing etymological remarks (p. 6, seqq). "These
names appear to me to be nothing else than the Berber
words Athraer, Edhrarin, which mean a mountain or
mountains, differently corrupted from what they had
been before they were changed to Atlas. Adrar, Ath-
raer, Edhrarin, Adderit, or Adderim, are evidently
the same word, with such variations as may naturally
be expected when proper names pass from one lan-
guage to another. There is surely not more, nor per-
haps so much, difference between them as between
Aniicerpen and Amberet (the Spanish name for An-
twerp), Mechlin and Malines, Lugdunum and Lyons,
'Odvescric and Vlytttt, Miapxniuv and Carthage. And
if the Romans or the Greeks changed Adhrar and Ed-
hrarin into Adderit, or in the accusative Adderim,
why from Adderit might they not have made Adras,
Atret, or Atlas 1 The weight of probability, at least,
wems to be in favour of this supposition. " (Trans-
tttums of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 4,
<<w series. )
Dtrbjchiom, noW Durazzo, a city of Illyricum,
previously called Epidamnus. (Vid. Epidamnus. )
E. ivrs, a name of Janus among tl e ancient Latins.
Cornificius, quoted by Macrobius 'Sat. , 1, 9), main-
tained that Cicero (iV. D. , 2,27) infant this appellation,
? ? and not Janus, when he derived the name ab eundo.
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? ECBATANA.
Ecn
Isidorus Characcuns has 'AiroCarava, a manifest er-
ror. Reland (Diss. Miscell. , pt. 3, p. 107) deduces
tho name from the Persian Ac, "a lord" or " master,"
and Abadan, "acultivated and inhabited place. "--Ec-
batana, being in a high and mountainous country, was
a favourite residence of the Persian kings during sum-
mer, when the heat of Susa was almost insupportable.
The Parthian kings also, at a later period, retired to it
in the summer to avoid the excessive heal of Clesi-
phor. According to Herodotus (1, 98), Ecbatana was
built near the close of the eighteenth century B. C. by
Dejoces, the founder of the Median monarchy. The
book of Judith (1, 2) assigns the building of this city,
or, rather, the erection of Us citadel, to Arphaxad, in the
twelfth year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, king of
Assyria. Some writers make Arphaxad the same with
Dejoces, while others identify him with Phraortes, the
son of the latter, who might have repaired the city, or
else made some additions to it. --Herodotus furnishes
us with no hint whence we may infer the relative po-
sition of Ecbatana on the map of Media. His de-
scription of the fortress or citadel, however, is par-
ticular. "The Modes," he remarks, " in obedience
to their king's command, built those spacious and
massy fortifications now called Ecbatana, circle within
circle, according to the following plan. Each inner
circle overtops its tttcr neighbour by the height of the
battlements alone. This was effected partly by the
nature of the ground, a conical hill, and partly by the
building itself. The number of the circles was seven;
within the innermost were built the palace and the
treasury. The circumference of the outermost wall
and of the city of Athens may be regarded as nearly
equal. The battlements of the first circle are white;
of the second, black; of the third, scarlet; of the fourth,
azure; of the filth, orange. All these are brilliantly
coloured with different paints. But the battlements
of the sixth circle are ailvered over, while those of the
aoventh are gilt. Dejoces constructed these walls
around his palace for his own personal safety. But
he ordered the people to erect their houses in a circle
around the outward wall. " (Herod. , 1, 98, teg. )--
The Orientals, however, according to Diodorus Sicu-
! us, claimed a far more ancient origin for Ecbatana.
They not only described it as the capital of the first
Median monarchy, founded by Arbaces, but as exist-
ing prior to the era of the famed and fabulous Semira-
mis, who is said to have visited Eobatana in the course
of her royal journeys, and to have built there a magnifi-
cent palace. She also, with immense labour and ex-
pense, introduced abundance of excellent water into
the city, which before had been badly supplied with it,
and she effected this object by perforating the adjacent
Mount Orontcs, and forming a tunnel, fifteen feet broad,
and forty feet high, through which sho conveyed a lake-
stream. (Diod. Sic. , 2, 13. ) Ecbatana continued a
splendid city under the Persian sway, the great king
spending at this place the two hottest months of the
year. (Ailian, I. c. --Xen. , I. c. ) The Macedonian
conquest did not prove destructive to Ecbatana, as it
had to the royal palace at Perscpolis. Alexander de-
posited in Ecbatana the treasures taken from Persepo-
lis and Pasargada, and one of the last acts of his life
was a royal visit to the Median capital. Although not
equally favoured by the Seleucids, it still retained the
traces of its former grandeur; and Polybius has left on
record a description of its state under Antiochus the
? ? Great, which shows that Ecbatana was still a splendid
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? EDE
to h o, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly
resided in the vicinity of the Cephissus. She was once
? ne of Juno's attendants; but, having offended that
goddess by her deception, she was deprived, in a great
measure, by her, of the power of speech. Juno de-
clared, that in future she should have but'little uso of
her tongue; and immediately she lost all power A do-
ing any more than repeat the sounds which she heard.
Eci. : happening to see the beautiful youth Narcissus,
became deeply enamoured of him. But, her love be-
ing slighted, she pined away till nothing remained of
hei but her voice and bones. The former still exists,
the latter mere converted into stone. (Ovid, Met. , 3,
341, seqq. )
Bctbnes, a people who, according to Pausanias,
first inhabited the territory of Thebes, in Bceotia.
Ogyges is said to have been their first king. They
were exterminated by a plague, and succeeded by the
Hyantes. (Compare Strabo, 401. --Pausan. , 9, 5. --
Lycophr. , v. 433. )
Edessa, I. a city of Mesopotamia, in the district of
Osroene, on the banks of a small river called Scirtus.
It lay northeast of Zeugma, and southeast of Samosa-
ta, and, according to the Itin. Ant. , nine geographical
miles from the Euphrates and Zeugma (ed. Wessrfiwr,
p. 185). Procopius (Pert. , 2, 12) places it a day's
journey from Batnae; and an Arabian writer cited by
Wesseling (ad Itin. Ant.
