) Arcesilaus is also said to have restored
viewsHe was not without reputation as a poet, the Socratic method of teaching in dialogues ; al-
and Diogenes Laërtius (iv.
viewsHe was not without reputation as a poet, the Socratic method of teaching in dialogues ; al-
and Diogenes Laërtius (iv.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
, the Titans sided with the latter.
Zeus afterwards
are ascribed to him. (Fabric. Bil. Graec. xi. pp. punished her for this by throwing her into Tartarus
578, 579, xii. p. 179. ) Cave (Diss. de Script. and depriving her of ber wings, which were given
Incert. Aet. p. 4) places him before the eighth to Thetis at her marriage with Peleus. Thetis
century.
[P. S. ] afterwards fixed these wings to the feet of her son
ARCA'DIUS ('Apkádios) of Antioch, a Greek Achilles, who was therefore called toápans. (P10-
grammarian of uncertain date, but who did not lem. Hephaest. 6. )
(L. S. )
live before 200 A. D. , was the author of several ARCEISI'ADES ('Apkeloidons), a patronymic
grammatical works, of which Suidas mentions from Arceisius, the father of Laertes, who as well
Περί ορθογραφίας, Περί συντάξεως των του λόγου | as his sOn Odysseus are designated by the name of
mepwv, and 'Ovomastikóv. A work of his on the Arceisiades. (Hom. Od. xxiv. 270, iv. 755. ) (L. S. )
accents (ſlepi Tóvwv) has come down to us, and ARCEISIUS ('Apreioios), a son of Zeus and
was first published by Barker from a manuscript Euryodia, husband of Chalcomedusa and father of
at Paris. (Leipzig, 1820. ) It is also included in Laertes. (Hom. Od. xiv. 182, xvi. 118; Apollod.
the first volume of Dindorf's Gramat. Graec. Lips. i. 9. $ 16; Ov. Met. xiii. 145; Eustath, ad Hom.
1823.
p. 1796. ) According to Hyginus (Fub. 189), he
ARCAS ("Apkas). 1. The ancestor and epony- was a son of Cephalus and Procris, and according
mic hero of the Arcadians, from whom the country to others, of Cephalus and a she-bear. (Eustath.
and its inhabitants derived their name. He was a ad Hom. p. 1961, comp. p. 1756. ) [L. S. )
son of Zeus by Callisto, a companion of Artemis. ARCEOPHON ('Apkeodwr), a son of Minny-
After the death or the metamorphosis of mother rides of Salamis in Cyprus. Antoninus Liberalis
[CALLISTO), Zeus gave the child to Maia, and (39) relates of him and Arsinoë precisely the same
called him Arcas. (Apollod. iii. 8. & 2. ) Arcas story which Ovid (Me. xiv. 698, &c. ) relates of
became afterwards by Leaneira or Meganeira the Anaxarete and Iphis. [ANAXARETE. ) (L. S. )
father of Elatus and Apheidas. (Apollod. ii. 9. & 1. ) ARCESILAUS ('Apresinaos), a son of Lycus
According to Hyginus (Fab. 176, Poet. Astr. ii. 4) and Theobule, was the leader of the Boeotians in
Arcas was the son of Lycaon, whose flesh the fa- the Trojan war. He led his people to Troy in ten
ther set before Zeus, to try his divine character. ships, and was slain by Hector. (Hom. Il. ii. 495,
Zeus upset the table (Tpáteča) which bore the xv. 329; Hygin. Fab. 97. ) According to Pausa-
dish, and destroyed the house of Lycaon by light- nias (ix. 39. § 2) his remains were brought back
ning, but restored Arcas to life. When Arcas had to Boeotia, where a monument was erected to his
grown up, he built on the site of his father's house memory in the neighbourhood of Lebadeia. A son
the town of Trapezus. When Arcas once during of Odysseus and Penelope of the name of Arcesi-
the chase pursued his mother, who was metamor- laus is mentioned by Eustathius. (Ad
phosed into a she-bear, as far as the sanctuary of 1796. )
(L. S. ]
the Lycaean Zeus, which no mortal was allowed to ARCESILA'US ('Apkeolaos). 1. The name
enter, Zeus placed both of them among the stars. of four kings of Cyrene. [Battus and BAT-
(Ov. Met. ii. 410, &c. ) According to Pausanias TIADAE. ]
(viij. 4. § 1, &c. ), Arcas succeeded Nyctimus in 2. The murderer of Archagathus, the son of
the government of Arcadia, and gave to the coun- Agathocles, when the latter left Africa, B. C. 307.
try which until then had been called Pelasgia the Arcesilaus had formerly been a friend of Agathocles.
name of Arcadia. He taught his subjects the arts (Justin, xxii. 8; AGATHOCLES, p. 64. )
of making bread and of wearing. He was married 3. One of the ambassadors sent to Rome by the
to the nymph Erato, by whom he had three sons, Lacedaemonian exiles about B. c. 183, who was
Elatus, Apheidas, and Azan, among whom he di- intercepted by pirates and killed. (Polyb. xxiv. 11. )
vided his kingdom. He had one illegitimate son, 4. Of Megalopolis, was one of those who dis-
Autolaus, whose mother is not mentioned. The suaded the Achaean league from assisting Perseus
tomb of Arcas was shewn at Mantineia, whither in the war against the Romans in B. c. 170. In
his remains had been carried from mount Maenalus the following years he was one of the ambassadors
at the command of the Delphic oracle. (Paus. viii. sent by the league to attempt the reconciliation of
9. & 2. ) Statues of Arcas and his family were de Antiochus Epiphanes and Piolemy. (Polyb. xxviii.
dicated at Delphi by the inhabitants of Tegea. (x. 6, xxix. 10. )
9. $ 3. )
ARCESILA'US('Apkeollaos) or ARCESILAS,
2. Á sumame of Hermes. (Lucan, Phars. ix. the founder of the new Academy, flourished towards
661; Martial, ix. 34. 6; HERMES. ) (L. S. ] the close of the third century before Christ. (Comp.
ARCA'THIAS ('Apkabias), a son of Mithri- Strab. i. p. 15. ) He was the son of Seuthes or Scythes
dates, joined Neoptolemus and Archelaus, the (Diog. Laërt. iv. 18), and born at Pitane in Aeolis.
generals of his father, with 10,000 horse, which he His early education was entrusted to Autolycus, a
brought from the lesser Armenia, at the com- mathematician, with whom he migrated to Sardis.
mencement of the war with the Romans, B. C. 88. Afterwards, at the wish of his elder brother and
He took an active part in the great battle fought guardian, Moireas, he came to Athens to study
near the river Amneius or Amnias (see Strab. xii
. rhetoric; but becoming the disciple first of Theo-
p. 562) in Paphlagonia, in which Nicomedes, the phrastus and afterwards of Cranior, he found his
king of Bithynia, was defeated. Two years after inclination led to philosophical pursuits
. Not con-
wards, B. C. 86, he invaded Macedonia with a tent, however, with any single school, he left his
separate army, and completely conquered the coun- early masters and studied under sceptical and dialec-
try. He then proceeded to march against Sulla, tic philosophers; and the line of Ariston upon him,
but died on the way at Tidaeum (Potidaea ? ) Πρόσθε Πλάτων, όπιθεν Πύργων, μέσσος Διόδωρος,
(Appian, Mithr. 17, 18, 35, 41. )
described the course of his early education, as well
lom. P-
a
## p. 259 (#279) ############################################
ARCESILAUS.
259
ARCESILAUS.
as the discordant chamcter of some of his later xiv. 5, 6.
) Arcesilaus is also said to have restored
viewsHe was not without reputation as a poet, the Socratic method of teaching in dialogues ; al-
and Diogenes Laërtius (iv. 30) has preserved two though it is probable that he did not confine him-
epigrams of his, one of which is addressed to Atta- self strictly to the erotetic method, perhaps the
lus, king of Pergamus, and records his admir- supposed identity of his doctrines with those of
ation of Homer and Pindar, of whose works he Plato may have originated in the outward form in
was an enthusiastic reader. Several of his puns and which they were conveyed.
witticisms have been preserved in his life by the The Stoics were the chief opponents of Arcesi-
same writer, which give the idea of an accomplished | laus ; he attacked their doctrine of a convincing
man of the world rather than a grave philosopher. conception (katalitikri partadia) as understood
Many traits of character are also recorded of him, to be a mean between science and opinion—a mean
some of them of a pleasing nature. The greatness which he asserted could not exist, and was merely
of his personal character is shewn by the imitation the interpolation of a name. (Cic. Acad. ii. 24. )
of his peculiarities, into which his admirers are It involved in fact a contradiction in terms, as the
said insensibly to have fallen. His oratory is de- very idea of partaola implied the possibility of
scribed as of an attractive and persuasive kind, the false as well as true conceptions of the same object.
effect of it being enhanced by the frankness of his It is a question of some importance, in what the
demeanour. Although his means were not large, scepticism of the New Academy was distinguished
his resources being chiefly derived from king Eu- from that of the followers of Pyrrhon. Admitting
menes, many tales were told of his unassuming the formula of Arcesilans, “that he knew nothing,
generosity. But it must be admitted, that there not even his own ignorance," to be an exposition
was another side to the picture, and his enemies of his real sentiments, it was impossible in one
accused him of the grossest profligacy-a charge sense that scepticism could proceed further : but
which he only answered by citing the example of the New Academy does not seem to have doubted
Aristippus-and it must be confessed, that the the existence of truth in itself, only our capacities
accusation is slightly confirmed by the circumstance for obtaining it. It differed also from the princi-
that he died in the 76th year of his age from a fit ples of the pure sceptic in the practical tendency of
of excessive drunkenness; on which event an epi- its doctrines : while the object of the one was the
gram has been preserved by Diogenes.
attainment of perfect equanimity (énoxń), the other
It was on the death of Crantor that Arcesilaus seems rather to have retired from the barren field
succeeded to the chair of the Academy, in the his- of speculation to practical life, and to have acknow-
tory of which he makes so important an era. As, ledged some vestiges of a moral law within, at best
however, he committed nothing to writing, his but a probable guide, the possession of which, how-
opinions were imperfectly known to his contempo ever, formed the real distinction between the sage
raries, and can now only be gathered from the con- and the fool. Slight as the difference may appear
fused statements of his opponents. There seems between the speculative statements of the two
to have been a gradual decline of philosophy since schools, a comparison of the lives of their founders
the time of Plato and Aristotle : the same subjects and their respective successors leads us to the con-
had been again and again discussed, until no room clusion, that a practical moderation was the charac-
was left for original thought-a deficiency which teristic of the New Academy, to which the Scep-
was but poorly compensated by the extravagant tics were wholly strangers. (Sex. Empiricus, adv.
paradox or overdrawn subtlety of the later schools. Math. ii. 158, Pyrrh. Hypotyp. i. 3, 226. ) (B. J. )
Whether we attribute the scepticism of the Aca- ARCESILA'US ('Apxeolaos), an Athenian
demy to a reaction from the dogmatism of the comic poet of the old comedy, none of whose works
Stoics, or whether it was the natural result of ex- are extant. (Diog. Laërt. iv. 45. ) [P. S. ]
tending to intellectual truth the distrust with which ARCESILA'US, artists. 1. A sculptor who
Plato viewed the information of sense, it would made a statue of Diana, celebrated by an ode of
seem that in the time of Arcesilaus the whole of Simonides. (Diog. Laërt. iv. 45. ) He may, there-
philosophy was absorbed in the single question of fore, have flourished about 500 B. C.
the grounds of human knowledge. What were the 2. Of Paros, was, according to Pliny (xxxv. 39),
peculiar views of Arcesilaus on this question, it is one of the first encaustic painters, and a contem-
not easy to collect. On the one hand, he is said to porary of Polygnotus (about 460 R. C. ).
have restored the doctrines of Plato in an uncor- 3. A painter, the son of the sculptor Tisicrates,
rupted form; while, on the other hand, according flourished about 280 or 270 B. C. (Plin. xxxv. 40.
to Cicero Acad. i. 12), he summed up his opinions $ 42. ) Pausanias (i. 1. $ 3) mentions a painter
in the formula, "that he knew nothing, not even of the same name, whose picture of Leosthenes
his own ignorance. " There are two ways of re and his sons was to be seen in the Peireeus.
conciling the difficulty: either we may suppose Though Leosthenes was killed in the war of Athens
him to have thrown out such dropía, as an exercise against Lamia, B. C. 323, Sillig argues, that the
for the ingenuity of his pupils, as Sextus Empiricus fact of bis sons being included in the picture fa-
(Pyrrh. #ypotyp. i. 234), who disclaims him as a vours the supposition that it was painted after his
Sceptic, would have us believe; or he may have death, and that we may therefore safely refer the
really doubted the esoteric meaning of Plaio, and passages of Pausanias and of Pliny to the same
have supposed hiniself to have been stripping his person. (Catal. Artif. s. r. )
works of the figments of the Dogmatists, while he 4. A sculptor in the first century B. C. , who, ac-
was in fact taking from them all certain principles cording to Pliny, was held in high esteem at Rome,
whatever. (Cic. de Orat. iii. 18. ) A curious result was especially celebrated by M. Varro, and was
of the confusion which pervaded the New Academy intimale with L. Lentulus. Among his works
was the return to some of the doctrines of the elder were a statue of Venus Genetrix in the forum of
Ionic school, which they attempted to harmonize Caesar, and a marble lioness surrounded by winged
with Plato and their own views. (Euseb. Pr. Ev. Cupids, who were sporting with her. Of the latter
:
$2
## p. 260 (#280) ############################################
260
ARCHIEDEMUS.
ARCHEGET ES.
work the mosaics in the Mus. Borl, vii. 61, and | Archedemus of whom Xenophon speaks in the
the Mus. Capit. iv. 19, are supposed to be copies. Memorabilia (ii. 9), as originally poor, but of con-
There were some statues by him of centaurs carry- siderable talents both for speaking and public
ing nymphs, in the collection of Asinius Pollio. business, and who was emploved by Criton to pro-
He received a talent from Octavius, a Roman tect him and his friends from the attacks of
knight, for the model of a bowl (crater), and was sycophants. It appears that Archedemus was a
engaged by Lucullus to make a statue of Felicitas foreigner, and obtained the franchise by fraud, for
for 60 sestertia ; but the deaths both of the artist which he was attacked by Aristophanes (Ran.
and of his patron prevented the completion of the 419) and by Eupolis in the Baptae. (Schol. ad
work. (Plin. xxxv. 45, xxxvi. $s 10, 13: the Aristoph. l. c. ) Both Aristophanes (Ran. 588)
reading Archesitae, in $ 10, ought, almost undoubt- and Lysias (c. Alcib. p. 536, ed. Reiske) call hiin
ediy, to be Arcesilae or Arcesilui. ) [P. S. ) Elear-eved (γλάμων).
ARCHAEANACTIDAE ('Αρχαιανακτίδαι),
(
2. O nyant, mentioned by Aeschines (c. Ctes.
the name of a race of kings who reigned in the p. 531, ed. Reiske), shouid be distinguished from
Cimmerian Bosporus forty-two years, B. C. 480- the preceding.
438. (Diod. xii. 31, with Wesseling's note. ) 3. An Aetolian (called Archidamus by Liry),
ARCHA'GATHUS ('Apxayatus). 1. The son who commanded the Aetolian troops which assist-
of Agathocles, accompanied Lis father in his ex ed the Romans in their war with Philip. In B. C.
pedition into Africa, B. C. 310. While there he 199 he compelled Philip to raise the siege of
narrowly escaped being put to death in a tumult Thaumaci (Liv. xxxii. 4), and took an active part
of the soldiers, occasioned by his having murdered in the battle of Cynoscephalae, B. c. 197, in which
Lyciscus, who reproached him with comınitting Philip was defeated. (Polyb. xviii. 4. ) When the
incest with his step-mother Alcia. When Aga- war broke out between the Romans and the
thocles was summoned from Africa by the state of Aetolians, he was sent as ambassador to the
affairs in Sicily, he left Archagathus behind in Achaeans to solicit their assistance, B. c. 192 (Liv.
command of the army. He met at first with some xxxv. 48); and on the defeat of Antiochus the
success, but was afterwards defeated three times, Great in the following year, he went as ambassador
and obliged to take refuge in Tunis. Agathocles to the consul M'. Acilius Glabrio to sue for peace.
returned to his assistance; but a mutiny of the (Polyb. xx. 9. ) In B. c. 169 he was denounced to
soldiers soon compelled him to leave Africa again, the Romans by Lyciscus as one of their enemies.
and Archagathus and his brother were put to death (Polyb. xxviii. 4. ) He joined Perseus the same
by the troops in revenge, B. C. 307. (Diod. xx. 33, year, and accompanied the Macedonian king in his
57-61; Justin. xxii. 8. )
tight after his defeat in 168. (Lir, xlii. 23, 24,
2. The son of the preceding, described as a xliv. 43. )
youth of great bravery and daring, murdered Aga- 4. Of Tarsus, a Stoic philosopher (Strab. xiv.
thocles, the son of Agathocles, that he might suc- p. 674 ; Diog. Laërt. vii. 40, 68, 84, 88), two of
ceed his grandfather. He was himself kiled by whose works, Περί Φωνής and Περί Στοιχείων,
Maenon. (Diod. xxi. Ecl. 12. )
are mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius. (vii. 55,
ARCHA'GATHUS ('Apxayados), a Pelopon- 134.
are ascribed to him. (Fabric. Bil. Graec. xi. pp. punished her for this by throwing her into Tartarus
578, 579, xii. p. 179. ) Cave (Diss. de Script. and depriving her of ber wings, which were given
Incert. Aet. p. 4) places him before the eighth to Thetis at her marriage with Peleus. Thetis
century.
[P. S. ] afterwards fixed these wings to the feet of her son
ARCA'DIUS ('Apkádios) of Antioch, a Greek Achilles, who was therefore called toápans. (P10-
grammarian of uncertain date, but who did not lem. Hephaest. 6. )
(L. S. )
live before 200 A. D. , was the author of several ARCEISI'ADES ('Apkeloidons), a patronymic
grammatical works, of which Suidas mentions from Arceisius, the father of Laertes, who as well
Περί ορθογραφίας, Περί συντάξεως των του λόγου | as his sOn Odysseus are designated by the name of
mepwv, and 'Ovomastikóv. A work of his on the Arceisiades. (Hom. Od. xxiv. 270, iv. 755. ) (L. S. )
accents (ſlepi Tóvwv) has come down to us, and ARCEISIUS ('Apreioios), a son of Zeus and
was first published by Barker from a manuscript Euryodia, husband of Chalcomedusa and father of
at Paris. (Leipzig, 1820. ) It is also included in Laertes. (Hom. Od. xiv. 182, xvi. 118; Apollod.
the first volume of Dindorf's Gramat. Graec. Lips. i. 9. $ 16; Ov. Met. xiii. 145; Eustath, ad Hom.
1823.
p. 1796. ) According to Hyginus (Fub. 189), he
ARCAS ("Apkas). 1. The ancestor and epony- was a son of Cephalus and Procris, and according
mic hero of the Arcadians, from whom the country to others, of Cephalus and a she-bear. (Eustath.
and its inhabitants derived their name. He was a ad Hom. p. 1961, comp. p. 1756. ) [L. S. )
son of Zeus by Callisto, a companion of Artemis. ARCEOPHON ('Apkeodwr), a son of Minny-
After the death or the metamorphosis of mother rides of Salamis in Cyprus. Antoninus Liberalis
[CALLISTO), Zeus gave the child to Maia, and (39) relates of him and Arsinoë precisely the same
called him Arcas. (Apollod. iii. 8. & 2. ) Arcas story which Ovid (Me. xiv. 698, &c. ) relates of
became afterwards by Leaneira or Meganeira the Anaxarete and Iphis. [ANAXARETE. ) (L. S. )
father of Elatus and Apheidas. (Apollod. ii. 9. & 1. ) ARCESILAUS ('Apresinaos), a son of Lycus
According to Hyginus (Fab. 176, Poet. Astr. ii. 4) and Theobule, was the leader of the Boeotians in
Arcas was the son of Lycaon, whose flesh the fa- the Trojan war. He led his people to Troy in ten
ther set before Zeus, to try his divine character. ships, and was slain by Hector. (Hom. Il. ii. 495,
Zeus upset the table (Tpáteča) which bore the xv. 329; Hygin. Fab. 97. ) According to Pausa-
dish, and destroyed the house of Lycaon by light- nias (ix. 39. § 2) his remains were brought back
ning, but restored Arcas to life. When Arcas had to Boeotia, where a monument was erected to his
grown up, he built on the site of his father's house memory in the neighbourhood of Lebadeia. A son
the town of Trapezus. When Arcas once during of Odysseus and Penelope of the name of Arcesi-
the chase pursued his mother, who was metamor- laus is mentioned by Eustathius. (Ad
phosed into a she-bear, as far as the sanctuary of 1796. )
(L. S. ]
the Lycaean Zeus, which no mortal was allowed to ARCESILA'US ('Apkeolaos). 1. The name
enter, Zeus placed both of them among the stars. of four kings of Cyrene. [Battus and BAT-
(Ov. Met. ii. 410, &c. ) According to Pausanias TIADAE. ]
(viij. 4. § 1, &c. ), Arcas succeeded Nyctimus in 2. The murderer of Archagathus, the son of
the government of Arcadia, and gave to the coun- Agathocles, when the latter left Africa, B. C. 307.
try which until then had been called Pelasgia the Arcesilaus had formerly been a friend of Agathocles.
name of Arcadia. He taught his subjects the arts (Justin, xxii. 8; AGATHOCLES, p. 64. )
of making bread and of wearing. He was married 3. One of the ambassadors sent to Rome by the
to the nymph Erato, by whom he had three sons, Lacedaemonian exiles about B. c. 183, who was
Elatus, Apheidas, and Azan, among whom he di- intercepted by pirates and killed. (Polyb. xxiv. 11. )
vided his kingdom. He had one illegitimate son, 4. Of Megalopolis, was one of those who dis-
Autolaus, whose mother is not mentioned. The suaded the Achaean league from assisting Perseus
tomb of Arcas was shewn at Mantineia, whither in the war against the Romans in B. c. 170. In
his remains had been carried from mount Maenalus the following years he was one of the ambassadors
at the command of the Delphic oracle. (Paus. viii. sent by the league to attempt the reconciliation of
9. & 2. ) Statues of Arcas and his family were de Antiochus Epiphanes and Piolemy. (Polyb. xxviii.
dicated at Delphi by the inhabitants of Tegea. (x. 6, xxix. 10. )
9. $ 3. )
ARCESILA'US('Apkeollaos) or ARCESILAS,
2. Á sumame of Hermes. (Lucan, Phars. ix. the founder of the new Academy, flourished towards
661; Martial, ix. 34. 6; HERMES. ) (L. S. ] the close of the third century before Christ. (Comp.
ARCA'THIAS ('Apkabias), a son of Mithri- Strab. i. p. 15. ) He was the son of Seuthes or Scythes
dates, joined Neoptolemus and Archelaus, the (Diog. Laërt. iv. 18), and born at Pitane in Aeolis.
generals of his father, with 10,000 horse, which he His early education was entrusted to Autolycus, a
brought from the lesser Armenia, at the com- mathematician, with whom he migrated to Sardis.
mencement of the war with the Romans, B. C. 88. Afterwards, at the wish of his elder brother and
He took an active part in the great battle fought guardian, Moireas, he came to Athens to study
near the river Amneius or Amnias (see Strab. xii
. rhetoric; but becoming the disciple first of Theo-
p. 562) in Paphlagonia, in which Nicomedes, the phrastus and afterwards of Cranior, he found his
king of Bithynia, was defeated. Two years after inclination led to philosophical pursuits
. Not con-
wards, B. C. 86, he invaded Macedonia with a tent, however, with any single school, he left his
separate army, and completely conquered the coun- early masters and studied under sceptical and dialec-
try. He then proceeded to march against Sulla, tic philosophers; and the line of Ariston upon him,
but died on the way at Tidaeum (Potidaea ? ) Πρόσθε Πλάτων, όπιθεν Πύργων, μέσσος Διόδωρος,
(Appian, Mithr. 17, 18, 35, 41. )
described the course of his early education, as well
lom. P-
a
## p. 259 (#279) ############################################
ARCESILAUS.
259
ARCESILAUS.
as the discordant chamcter of some of his later xiv. 5, 6.
) Arcesilaus is also said to have restored
viewsHe was not without reputation as a poet, the Socratic method of teaching in dialogues ; al-
and Diogenes Laërtius (iv. 30) has preserved two though it is probable that he did not confine him-
epigrams of his, one of which is addressed to Atta- self strictly to the erotetic method, perhaps the
lus, king of Pergamus, and records his admir- supposed identity of his doctrines with those of
ation of Homer and Pindar, of whose works he Plato may have originated in the outward form in
was an enthusiastic reader. Several of his puns and which they were conveyed.
witticisms have been preserved in his life by the The Stoics were the chief opponents of Arcesi-
same writer, which give the idea of an accomplished | laus ; he attacked their doctrine of a convincing
man of the world rather than a grave philosopher. conception (katalitikri partadia) as understood
Many traits of character are also recorded of him, to be a mean between science and opinion—a mean
some of them of a pleasing nature. The greatness which he asserted could not exist, and was merely
of his personal character is shewn by the imitation the interpolation of a name. (Cic. Acad. ii. 24. )
of his peculiarities, into which his admirers are It involved in fact a contradiction in terms, as the
said insensibly to have fallen. His oratory is de- very idea of partaola implied the possibility of
scribed as of an attractive and persuasive kind, the false as well as true conceptions of the same object.
effect of it being enhanced by the frankness of his It is a question of some importance, in what the
demeanour. Although his means were not large, scepticism of the New Academy was distinguished
his resources being chiefly derived from king Eu- from that of the followers of Pyrrhon. Admitting
menes, many tales were told of his unassuming the formula of Arcesilans, “that he knew nothing,
generosity. But it must be admitted, that there not even his own ignorance," to be an exposition
was another side to the picture, and his enemies of his real sentiments, it was impossible in one
accused him of the grossest profligacy-a charge sense that scepticism could proceed further : but
which he only answered by citing the example of the New Academy does not seem to have doubted
Aristippus-and it must be confessed, that the the existence of truth in itself, only our capacities
accusation is slightly confirmed by the circumstance for obtaining it. It differed also from the princi-
that he died in the 76th year of his age from a fit ples of the pure sceptic in the practical tendency of
of excessive drunkenness; on which event an epi- its doctrines : while the object of the one was the
gram has been preserved by Diogenes.
attainment of perfect equanimity (énoxń), the other
It was on the death of Crantor that Arcesilaus seems rather to have retired from the barren field
succeeded to the chair of the Academy, in the his- of speculation to practical life, and to have acknow-
tory of which he makes so important an era. As, ledged some vestiges of a moral law within, at best
however, he committed nothing to writing, his but a probable guide, the possession of which, how-
opinions were imperfectly known to his contempo ever, formed the real distinction between the sage
raries, and can now only be gathered from the con- and the fool. Slight as the difference may appear
fused statements of his opponents. There seems between the speculative statements of the two
to have been a gradual decline of philosophy since schools, a comparison of the lives of their founders
the time of Plato and Aristotle : the same subjects and their respective successors leads us to the con-
had been again and again discussed, until no room clusion, that a practical moderation was the charac-
was left for original thought-a deficiency which teristic of the New Academy, to which the Scep-
was but poorly compensated by the extravagant tics were wholly strangers. (Sex. Empiricus, adv.
paradox or overdrawn subtlety of the later schools. Math. ii. 158, Pyrrh. Hypotyp. i. 3, 226. ) (B. J. )
Whether we attribute the scepticism of the Aca- ARCESILA'US ('Apxeolaos), an Athenian
demy to a reaction from the dogmatism of the comic poet of the old comedy, none of whose works
Stoics, or whether it was the natural result of ex- are extant. (Diog. Laërt. iv. 45. ) [P. S. ]
tending to intellectual truth the distrust with which ARCESILA'US, artists. 1. A sculptor who
Plato viewed the information of sense, it would made a statue of Diana, celebrated by an ode of
seem that in the time of Arcesilaus the whole of Simonides. (Diog. Laërt. iv. 45. ) He may, there-
philosophy was absorbed in the single question of fore, have flourished about 500 B. C.
the grounds of human knowledge. What were the 2. Of Paros, was, according to Pliny (xxxv. 39),
peculiar views of Arcesilaus on this question, it is one of the first encaustic painters, and a contem-
not easy to collect. On the one hand, he is said to porary of Polygnotus (about 460 R. C. ).
have restored the doctrines of Plato in an uncor- 3. A painter, the son of the sculptor Tisicrates,
rupted form; while, on the other hand, according flourished about 280 or 270 B. C. (Plin. xxxv. 40.
to Cicero Acad. i. 12), he summed up his opinions $ 42. ) Pausanias (i. 1. $ 3) mentions a painter
in the formula, "that he knew nothing, not even of the same name, whose picture of Leosthenes
his own ignorance. " There are two ways of re and his sons was to be seen in the Peireeus.
conciling the difficulty: either we may suppose Though Leosthenes was killed in the war of Athens
him to have thrown out such dropía, as an exercise against Lamia, B. C. 323, Sillig argues, that the
for the ingenuity of his pupils, as Sextus Empiricus fact of bis sons being included in the picture fa-
(Pyrrh. #ypotyp. i. 234), who disclaims him as a vours the supposition that it was painted after his
Sceptic, would have us believe; or he may have death, and that we may therefore safely refer the
really doubted the esoteric meaning of Plaio, and passages of Pausanias and of Pliny to the same
have supposed hiniself to have been stripping his person. (Catal. Artif. s. r. )
works of the figments of the Dogmatists, while he 4. A sculptor in the first century B. C. , who, ac-
was in fact taking from them all certain principles cording to Pliny, was held in high esteem at Rome,
whatever. (Cic. de Orat. iii. 18. ) A curious result was especially celebrated by M. Varro, and was
of the confusion which pervaded the New Academy intimale with L. Lentulus. Among his works
was the return to some of the doctrines of the elder were a statue of Venus Genetrix in the forum of
Ionic school, which they attempted to harmonize Caesar, and a marble lioness surrounded by winged
with Plato and their own views. (Euseb. Pr. Ev. Cupids, who were sporting with her. Of the latter
:
$2
## p. 260 (#280) ############################################
260
ARCHIEDEMUS.
ARCHEGET ES.
work the mosaics in the Mus. Borl, vii. 61, and | Archedemus of whom Xenophon speaks in the
the Mus. Capit. iv. 19, are supposed to be copies. Memorabilia (ii. 9), as originally poor, but of con-
There were some statues by him of centaurs carry- siderable talents both for speaking and public
ing nymphs, in the collection of Asinius Pollio. business, and who was emploved by Criton to pro-
He received a talent from Octavius, a Roman tect him and his friends from the attacks of
knight, for the model of a bowl (crater), and was sycophants. It appears that Archedemus was a
engaged by Lucullus to make a statue of Felicitas foreigner, and obtained the franchise by fraud, for
for 60 sestertia ; but the deaths both of the artist which he was attacked by Aristophanes (Ran.
and of his patron prevented the completion of the 419) and by Eupolis in the Baptae. (Schol. ad
work. (Plin. xxxv. 45, xxxvi. $s 10, 13: the Aristoph. l. c. ) Both Aristophanes (Ran. 588)
reading Archesitae, in $ 10, ought, almost undoubt- and Lysias (c. Alcib. p. 536, ed. Reiske) call hiin
ediy, to be Arcesilae or Arcesilui. ) [P. S. ) Elear-eved (γλάμων).
ARCHAEANACTIDAE ('Αρχαιανακτίδαι),
(
2. O nyant, mentioned by Aeschines (c. Ctes.
the name of a race of kings who reigned in the p. 531, ed. Reiske), shouid be distinguished from
Cimmerian Bosporus forty-two years, B. C. 480- the preceding.
438. (Diod. xii. 31, with Wesseling's note. ) 3. An Aetolian (called Archidamus by Liry),
ARCHA'GATHUS ('Apxayatus). 1. The son who commanded the Aetolian troops which assist-
of Agathocles, accompanied Lis father in his ex ed the Romans in their war with Philip. In B. C.
pedition into Africa, B. C. 310. While there he 199 he compelled Philip to raise the siege of
narrowly escaped being put to death in a tumult Thaumaci (Liv. xxxii. 4), and took an active part
of the soldiers, occasioned by his having murdered in the battle of Cynoscephalae, B. c. 197, in which
Lyciscus, who reproached him with comınitting Philip was defeated. (Polyb. xviii. 4. ) When the
incest with his step-mother Alcia. When Aga- war broke out between the Romans and the
thocles was summoned from Africa by the state of Aetolians, he was sent as ambassador to the
affairs in Sicily, he left Archagathus behind in Achaeans to solicit their assistance, B. c. 192 (Liv.
command of the army. He met at first with some xxxv. 48); and on the defeat of Antiochus the
success, but was afterwards defeated three times, Great in the following year, he went as ambassador
and obliged to take refuge in Tunis. Agathocles to the consul M'. Acilius Glabrio to sue for peace.
returned to his assistance; but a mutiny of the (Polyb. xx. 9. ) In B. c. 169 he was denounced to
soldiers soon compelled him to leave Africa again, the Romans by Lyciscus as one of their enemies.
and Archagathus and his brother were put to death (Polyb. xxviii. 4. ) He joined Perseus the same
by the troops in revenge, B. C. 307. (Diod. xx. 33, year, and accompanied the Macedonian king in his
57-61; Justin. xxii. 8. )
tight after his defeat in 168. (Lir, xlii. 23, 24,
2. The son of the preceding, described as a xliv. 43. )
youth of great bravery and daring, murdered Aga- 4. Of Tarsus, a Stoic philosopher (Strab. xiv.
thocles, the son of Agathocles, that he might suc- p. 674 ; Diog. Laërt. vii. 40, 68, 84, 88), two of
ceed his grandfather. He was himself kiled by whose works, Περί Φωνής and Περί Στοιχείων,
Maenon. (Diod. xxi. Ecl. 12. )
are mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius. (vii. 55,
ARCHA'GATHUS ('Apxayados), a Pelopon- 134.
