No More Learning

The Seljūq Țughril Beg enters Baghdad.
1056 (31 Aug. ) Death of Theodora and proclamation of Michael VI Stratio-
ticus.
1057 Revolt of Isaac Comnenus. Deposition of Michael Vi.
(1 Sept. ? ) Isaac I Comnenus crowned Emperor at Constantinople.
1058 Deposition and death of Michael Cerularius.
1059 Treaty of Melfi.
Abdication of Isaac Comnenus.
1059–1067 Reign of Constantine X Ducas.
1063 Death of Țughril Beg;
1063-1072 Reign of the Seljūq Alp Arslān.
1064 Capture of Ani by the Seljūqs, and conquest of Greater Armenia.
1066 Foundation of the Nizamīyah University at Baghdad.
1067-1071 Reign of Romanus III Diogenes.
1071 Capture of Bari by the Normans and loss of Italy.
Battle of Manzikert.
The Seljūqs occupy Jerusalem.
1071-1078 Reign of Michael VII Parapinaces Ducas.
1072–1092 Reign of the Seljūq Malik Shāh.
1077 Accession of Sulaiman I, Sultan of Rūm.
1078 The Turks at Nicaea.
1078_1081 Reign of Nicephorus III Botaniates.
1080 Alliance between Robert Guiscard and Pope Gregory VII.
Foundation of the Armeno-Cilician kingdom.
1081–1118 Reign of Alexius I Comnenus.
1081-1084 Robert Guiscard's invasion of Epirus.
1082 Treaty with Venice.
1086 Incursions of the Patzinaks begin.
1091 (29 April) Defeat of the Patzinaks at the river Leburnium.
1094-1095 Invasion of the Cumans.
1094 Council of Piacenza.
1095 (18-28 Nov. ) Council of Clermont proclaims the First Crusade.
1096 The Crusaders at Constantinople.
1097 The Crusaders capture Nicaea.
1098 Council of Bari. St Anselm refutes the Greeks.
1099 Establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1100 (18 July) Death of Godfrey of Bouillon.
1104 Defeat of the Crusaders at Harrãn.
1107 Bohemond's expedition against Constantinople.
1108 Battle of Durazzo.
Treaty with Bohemond.
1116 Battle of Philomelium.
1118-1143 Reign of John II Comnenus.
1119 First expedition of John Comnenus to Asia Minor.
1122 Defeat of the Patzinaks near Eski-Sagra.
1122–1126 War with Venice.
1128 The Emperor John Comnenus defeats the Hungarians near Haram.
1137 (May) Roger II of Sicily's fleet defeated off Trani.
1137–1138 Campaign of John Comnenus in Cilicia and Syria.
1143-1180 Reign of Manuel I Comnenus.
1147-1149 The Second Crusade.
1147–1149 War with Roger II of Sicily.
1151 The Byzantines at Ancona.
1152–1154 Hungarian War.
1154 Death of Roger II of Sicily.


## p. 904 (#946) ############################################

904
Chronological Table
1158 Campaign of Manuel Comnenus in Syria.
1159 His solemn entry into Antioch; zenith of his power.
1163 Expulsion of the Greeks from Cilicia.
1164 Battle of Hārim.
1168 Annexation of Dalmatia.
1170 The Emperor Manuel attempts to re-unite the Greek and Armenian
Churches.
1171 Rupture of Manuel with Venice.
1173 Frederick Barbarossa besieges Ancona.
1176 Battle of Myriocephalum.
Battle of Legnano.
1177 Peace of Venice.
1180_1183 Reign of Alexius II Comnenus.
1180 Foundation of the Serbian monarchy by Stephen Nemanja.
1182 Massacre of Latins in Constantinople.
1183 (Sept. ) Andronicus I Comnenus becomes joint Emperor.
(Nov. ) Murder of Alexius II.
1185 The Normans take Thessalonica.
Deposition and death of Andronicus; accession of Isaac II Angelus.
1185–1219 Reign of Leo II the Great of Cilicia.
1186 Second Bulgarian Empire founded.
1187 Saladin captures Jerusalem.
1189 Sack of Thessalonica.
1189-1192 Third Crusade.
1190 Death of Frederick Barbarossa in the East.
Isaac Angelus defeated by the Bulgarians.
1191 Occupation of Cyprus by Richard Coeur-de-Lion.
1192 Guy de Lusignan purchases Cyprus from Richard I.
1193-1205 Reign of the Doge Enrico Dandolo.
1195 Deposition of Isaac II; accession of Alexius III Angelus.
1197–1207 The Bulgarian Tsar Johannitsa (Kalojan).
1201 (April) Fourth Crusade. The Crusaders' treaty with Venice.
(May) Boniface of Montferrat elected leader of the Crusade.
1203 (17 July) The Crusaders enter Constantinople.
Deposition of Alexius III; restoration of Isaac II with Alexius IV
Angelus.
1203_1227 Empire of Jenghiz Khan.
1204 (8 Feb. ) Deposition of Isaac II and Alexius IV; accession of Alexius V
Ducas (Mourtzouphlos).
(13 April) · Sack of Constantinople.
(16 May) Coronation of Baldwin, Count of Flanders, and foundation of
the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
The compulsory union of the Eastern and Western Churches.
The Venetians purchase the island of Crete.
Alexius Comnenus founds the state of Trebizond.
1205 (14 April) The Bulgarians defeat the Emperor Baldwin I at Hadrianople.
1206 (21 Aug. ) Henry of Flanders crowned Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
Theodore I Lascaris crowned Emperor of Nicaea.
1208 Peace with the Bulgarians.
1210 The Turks of Rūm defeated on the Maeander by Theodore Lascaris.
1212 Peace with Nicaea.
1215 The Fourth Lateran Council.
1216 Death of the Emperor Henry, and succession of Peter of Courtenay.
1217 Stephen crowned King of Serbia.
1218 Death of Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaia.
1219 Creation of a separate Serbian Church.
1221-1228 Reign of Robert of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
1222 Recovery of Thessalonica by the Greeks of Epirus.
Death of Theodore Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea. Accession of John III
Vatatzes.


## p. 905 (#947) ############################################

Chronological Table
905
1222 First appearance of the Mongols in Europe.
1224 The Emperor of Nicaea occupies Hadrianople.
1228 Death of Stephen, the first King of Serbia.
228-1237 Reign of John of Brienne, Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
1230 Destruction of the Greek Empire of Thessalonica by the Bulgarians.
1234 Fall of the Kin Dynasty in China.
1235 Revival of the Bulgarian Patriarchate.
1236 Constantinople attacked by the Greeks and Bulgarians.
1236 (? ) Alliance between the Armenians and the Mongols.
1237 Invasion of Europe by the Mongols.
1237-1261 Reign of Baldwin II, last Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
1241 Battles of Liegnitz and Mohi.
Death of John Asên II; the decline of Bulgaria begins.
1244 The Despotat of Thessalonica becomes a vassal of Nicaea.
1245 Council of Lyons.
1246 Reconquest of Macedonia from the Bulgarians.
1254 (30 Oct. ) Death of John Vatatzes; Theodore II Lascaris succeeds as
Emperor of Nicaea.
Submission of the Despot of Epirus to Nicaea.
Mamlūk Sultans in Egypt.
1255–1256 Theodore II's Bulgarian campaigns.
1256 Overthrow of the Assassins by the Mongols.
1258 Death of Theodore II Lascaris. Accession of John IV Lascaris.
Destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols and overthrow of the Caliphate.
1259 (1 Jan. ) Michael VIII Palaeologus proclaimed Emperor of Nicaea.
1259-1294 Reign of Kublai Khan.
1260 The Egyptians defeat the Mongols at 'Ain Jālūt.
1261 (25 July) Capture of Constantinople by the Greeks; end of the Latin
Empire.
1261–1530° Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo.
1266 (Feb. ) Charles of Anjou's victory over Manfred at Benevento.
1267 (27 May) Treaty of Viterbo.
1267-1272 Progress of Charles of Anjou in Epirus.
1270 (25 Aug. ) Death of St Louis.
1274 Ecumenical Council at Lyons; union of the Churches again achieved.
1276 Leo III of Cilicia defeats the Mamlūks.
1278 Leo III of Cilicia defeats the Seljūqs of Iconium.
1281 Joint Mongol and Armenian forces defeated by the Mamlūks on the
Orontes.
(18 Nov. ) Excommunication of Michael Palaeologus; breach of the
Union.
Victory of the Berat over the Angevins.
1282 (30 May) The Sicilian Vespers.
(11
Dec. ) Death of Michael Palaeologus. Accession of Andronicus II.
c. 1290 Foundation of Wallachia.
1291 Fall of Acre.
1299 Osmān, Emir of the Ottoman Turks.
1302 Osmān's victory at Baphaeum.
End of the alliance between the Armenians and the Mongols.
1302–1311 The Catalan Grand Company in the East.
1308 Turks enter Europe.
Capture of Ephesus by the Turks.
1309 Capture of Rhodes from the Turks by the Knights of St John.
1311 Battle of the Cephisus.
1326 Brūsa surrenders to the Ottoman Turks.
(Nov. ) Death of Osman.
1326-1359 Reign of Orkhān.
1328_1341 Reign of Andronicus III Palaeologus.
1329 The Ottomans capture Nicaea.
1330 (28 June) Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Serbians at the battle of
Velbužd.


## p. 906 (#948) ############################################

906
Chronological Table
1331 (8 Sept. ) Coronation of Stephen Dušan as King of Serbia.
1336 Birth of Timur.
1337 The Ottomans capture Nicomedia.
Conquest of Cilicia by the Mamlūks.
1341 Succession of John V Palaeologus. Rebellion of John Cantacuzene.
1342-1344 Guy of Lusignan King of Cilicia.
1342–1349 Revolution of the Zealots at Thessalonica.
1344-1363 Reign of Constantine IV in Cilicia.
1345 Stephen Dušan conquers Macedonia.
1346 Stephen Dušan crowned Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks.
1347 John VI Cantacuzene takes Constantinople.
1348 Foundation of the Despotat of Mistra.
1349 Independence of Moldavia.
1350 Serbo-Greek treaty.
1354 The Turks take Gallipoli.
1355 Abdication of John VI Cantacuzene. Restoration of John V.
(20 Dec. ) Death of Stephen Dušan.
1356 The Turks begin to settle in Europe.
1357 The Turks capture Hadrianople.
1359–1389 Reign of Murād I.
1360 Formation of the Janissaries from tribute-children.
1363–1373 Reign of Constantine V in Cilicia.
1365 The Turks establish their capital at Hadrianople.
1368 Foundation of the Ming dynasty in China.
1369 (21 Oct. ) John V abjures the schism.
1371 (26 Sept. ) Battle of the Maritza.
Death of Stephen Uroš V.
1373 The Emperor John V becomes the vassal of the Sultan Murād.
1373-1393 Leo VI of Lusignan, the last King of Armenia.
1375 Capture and exile of Leo VI of Armenia.
1376-1379 Rebellion of Andronicus IV.
Coronation of Tvrtko as King of the Serbs and Bosnia.
1379 Restoration of John V.
1382 Death of Louis the Great of Hungary.
1387 Turkish defeat ou the Toplica.
Surrender of Thessalonica to the Turks.
1389 (15 June) Battle of Kossovo; fall of the Serbian Empire.
1389-1403 Reign of Bāyazīd.
1390 Usurpation of John VII Palaeologus.
1391 Death of John V. Accession of Manuel II Palaeologus.
(23 Mar. ) Death of Tvrtko I.
Capture of Philadelphia by the Turks.
1393 Turkish conquest of Thessaly.
(17 July) Capture of Trnovo; end of the Bulgarian Empire.
1394 (10 Oct. ) Turkish victory at Rovine in Wallachia.
1396 25 Sept. ) Battle of Nicopolis.
1397 Bāyazid attacks Constantinople.
1398 The Turks invade Bosnia.
Tīmūr invades India and sacks Delhi.
1401 Tīmūr sacks Baghdad.
1402 (28 July) Tīmūr defeats the Ottoman Sultan Bāyazīd at Angora.
1402–1413 Civil war among the Ottoman Turks.
1403 (21 Nov. ) Second battle of Kossovo.
1405 Death of Tīmūr.
1409 Council of Pisa.
1413-1421 Reign of Mahomet I.
1413 (10 July) Turkish victory at Chamorlū.
1416 The Turks declare war on Venice.
(29 May) Turkish fleet defeated off Gallipoli.
1418 Death of Mirčea the Great of Wallachia.


## p. 907 (#949) ############################################

Chronological Table
907
1421-1451 Reign of Murād II.
1422 Siege of Constantinople by the Turks.
1423 Turkish expedition into the Morea.
Thessalonica purchased by Venice.
1423-1448 Reign of John VIII Palaeologus.
1426 Battle of Choirokoitia.
1430 Capture of Thessalonica by the Turks.
1431 Council of Basle opens.
1432 Death of the last Frankish Prince of Achaia.
1438 (9 April) Opening of the Council of Ferrara.
1439 (10 Jan. ) The Council of Ferrara removed to Florence.
(6 July) The Union of Florence.
Completion of the Turkish conquest of Serbia.
1440 The Turks besiege Belgrade.
1441 John Hunyadi appointed vojvode of Transylvania.
1443-146 Skanderbeg's war of independence against the Turks.
1444 (July) Peace of Szegedin.
(10 Nov. ) Battle of Varna.
1446 Turkish invasion of the Morea.
1448 (17 Oct. ) Third battle of Kossovo. Accession of Constantine XI Palaeo-
logus.
1451 Accession of Mahomet II.
1453 (29 May) Capture of Constantinople by the Turks.
1456 The Turks again besiege Belgrade.
1457 Stephen the Great succeeds in Moldavia.
1458 The Turks capture Athens.
1459 Final end of medieval Serbia.
1461 Turkish conquest of Trebizond.
1462–1479 War between Venice and the Turks.
1463 Turkish conquest of Bosnia.
1468 Turkish conquest of Albania.
1475 Stephen the Great of Moldavia defeats the Turks at Racova.
1479 Venice cedes Scutari to the Turks.
1484 The Montenegrin capital transferred to Cetinje.
1489 Venice acquires Cyprus.
1499 Renewal of Turco-Venetian War.
1517 Conquest of Egypt by the Turks.
1523 Conquest of Rhodes by the Turks.
1537-1540 Third Turco-Venetian War.
1571 Conquest of Cyprus from Venice by the Turks.


## p. 908 (#950) ############################################

1


## p. 909 (#951) ############################################

909
INDEX
136 sq.
122 sg.
Aaron, son of Shishman, Bulgarian chief, Abū’l-Aghlab, Saracen governor of Sicily,
239; executed, 240, 242
Aaron the Bulgarian, general of Michael VI, Abū’l-'Alà al-Ma'arri, blind Arab poet,
321
290
Abāghā, Īl-Kbān of Persia, 175; and Leo III Abū’l-Aswār, governor of Dwin, 164 sq.
of Armenia, 176
Abū’l-'Atābiyah, Arab poet, 290
Abas Bagratuni, Armenian prince, 159 Abu'l-Faraj Isfabāni, Arab writer, 290; his
Abas, King of Armenia, 161
Book of Songs, 293
Abasgia, Abasgians (Abkhaz), King of, and Abū’l-Fidā, on death of Kai-Khusrū I, 484
Basil II, 95, see Bagarat, Ber
note
'Abbās, Abbasid prince, defeats Byzantines, Abū’l-Futūḥ, Arab mystical author, 306
Abū’l Maḥāsin, 133 note
'Abbās, son of the Caliph Ma'mūn, 128 sq. ; Abu'l-Qāsim, Turkish emir of Nicaea, and
conspires against Mu'tasim, 130
Alexius I, 331
‘Abbās ibn al-Fadl ibn Ya'qūb, commander Abū-Muslim, governor of Rai, and Sultan
in Sicily, 137; death of, 138
Barkiyāruq, 309
*Abbās ibn al-Walid, Umayyad prince, Abū-Nasr al-Kunduri, vizier of Țughril Beg,
general in Paphlagonia, 120
305
Abbasid dynasty of Caliphs at Baghdad, 36, Abū-Nuwās, Arab poet, 290
38, 122; decline of, 151 sq. , 157, 277 sqq. , Abū-Sa'id, emir of Syria and Mesopotamia,
302; civilization during, Chap. X (A) 130, 132
passim; religious orthodoxy of, 288, 292, Abū-Saʻid, Īl-Khān of Persia, 644, 652
301; literature under, 289 sqq. ; churches Abū ſālib al-Makki, author of Sufi treatise
built under, 289; dynasty at Cairo, 279; Sustenance of the Souls, 293
see Caliphs
Abydos, Bardas Phocas defeated at, 88 sqq. ;
*Abd-al-Aziz, Saracen emir, captured by 119; captured by Saracens, 141; 344;
Nicephorus Phocas, 69
captured by Latins, 424; 481
•Abd-al-Kabir, Saracen general, 124
Acarnania, assigned to Venetians, 421; held
*Abdallāh, Abbasid prince, emir of Syria, 122 by Carlo Tocco, 461; by Serbia, 543, 552
*Abdallāh ibn Tāhir, Saracen general, 127 Acciajuoli, Florentine family, and duchy
'Abdallah ibn Tūmait, founder of the of Athens, 431, 454; see Antonio, Fran.
Almohad dynasty, 306
cesco, Franco, Nerio, Niccolò
•Abd-al-Malik, emir of Mesopotamia, cap- Achaia, principality of, founded, 422, 433 sq. ;
tures Camacha, 125 sq.
423; 431; organization of, 437; 443;
*Abd-al-Wahhāb, Abbasid prince, emir of Charles of Naples becomes Prince, 446;
Mesopotamia, 122
given to Philip of Taranto, 448 sq. ;
'Abd-ar-Rahim, invades Armenia, 156
claimantsfor, 452; held by John of Gravina,
Abd-ar-Rahmān, Saracen general, 125 sq. 453; 454; conquered by Navarrese, 456; rule
'Abd-ar-Rahmān, Umayyad prince, conquers of Zaccaria in, 459; becomes Byzantine,
Spain, 275, 300
460; 511; Latin Church in, 606; 609;
Abd-ar-Raḥmān, farms Mongol taxes, 640 Turks in, 675, 689; Table of rulers, 474;
Abgar, King of Edessa, supposed relics of see also Geoffrey, Isabelle, William
Our Lord possessed by him, 63, 150 Achelous, town of, 552
Abhari, author of textbook of logic, 297 Achilleus, St, bishop of Larissa, 240; church
Abkhaz, see Abasgians
of, at Prespa, 245
Aboba, see Pliska
Acominatus, see Michael, Nicetas
Abubacer (Ibn Tufail), Spanish Arab philo- Acre (St Jean d'Acre), 376; captured by
sopher, 296
Turks, 469; Venetians at, 510; 643
Abu-Dinār, Saracen admiral, 131
Acrocorinth, fortress of, 433, 436; sur-
Abū-Firās, Arab poet, captured by Nice- renders to Turks, 463
phorus II, 144 sq.
Acroïnon, in Phrygia, victory of Leo III at,
Abū-Isḥāq ash-Shīrāzī, author of legal 3, 121
treatises, 306
Acroïnon (Prymnessus), 120
Abū’l-'Abbās, Saracen chief, captures Reggio, Acropolis, the, at Athens, 443;/454; 456 sq. ;
141
463; holds out against Turks, 458, 464;


## p. 910 (#952) ############################################

910
Index
on, 433
, 129 sq. ;
fortifications on, 462; church of Our Lady
Acropolita, George, Byzantine historian,
765; on death of Kai-Khusrū, 484 note;
422 note; sent as envoy to Michael of
Epirus, 494 sq. ; on death of Empress
Irene, 495; 499; funeral oration on
John III, 500; and Theodore II, 502, 506;
taken prisoner by Epirotes, 504, 508; 505;
509 note; sent to Bulgaria, 510, 525; 513
Acyndinus, Gregory, Byzantine scholastic
philosopher, 766
Adalbert, see Vojtěch, St
Adalia, see Attalia
Adam, archbishop. (Pseudo-Brochart), on
condition of Serbia, 537; 539 note
Adam, Armenian commander against Sel-
jūgs, 173 sq.
Adam, Muslim belief concerning, 286
Adana, in Cilicia, in Saracen wars, 120,
122, 124, 127 sqq. , 145; victory of Nice-
phorus Phocas at, 141; held by Armenian
Kingdom, 168 sq. , 358; 340 sq. ; restored
to Byzantium, 343, 359; taken by Mam-
lūks, 669; council of, 179
Adata, pass of, 122 sqq. , 127, Saracen
military colony at, 132
Adelaide, Empress, wife of Otto I, 402
Adelaide, wife of Géza, Prince of the Magyars,
213
Adelchis, Lombard prince, son of Desiderius,
19, 22
Ademar of Puy, Papal legate at the First
Crusade, 337
Adernesih, curopalates of Iberia, and
Romanus I, 62
Ádharbayjan, see Azarbā'ījān
Adib Şābir, poet, and envoy of Sanjar, 313
Adramyttium, 344; taken by Henry of
Flanders, 422, 424; Genoese at, 431, 511;
Hospitallers at, 480; 481; 485
Adrasus, in Isauria, 125 note
Adria, territory of, 402
Adriatic Sea, Byzantine fleet in, 10, 36, 394;
Saracens in, 39, 139; Bulgaria on, 241;
crossed by Normans, 329; Venice and,
Chap. XII passim; 436; 504; 523; Serbia
on, 535; 537; 541; Bosnia on, 544, 559;
553; 565; 568; 570; "an Italian lake,"
583; 584; 637; themes on, 733; 742
Adscriptitii, 5
AŅud-ud-Daulah, Buwaihid prince, 289,
297
Aegean Sea, Saracen piracy in, 45, 127 sq. ,
141, 144; 131; under Latin domination,
Chap. XV; 489; 541; Turkish tribes on,
654 sq. ; 662; Venetian feet in, 666; 668;
672; 675; Hospitallers in, 677; 683; 699;
700; coast, 238, 657; theme of (Dode-
canese), 3, 35, 733, 742; see also Archi-
pelago
Aegina, attacked by Saracen pirates, 141;
under Lombard rule, 435; Catalan, 457;
Venetian, 465; Turkish, 467; 476
Aeneas, bishop of Paris, 250 note
Aeneas Sylvius, see Pius II, Pope
Aenus, given to Demetrius Palaeologus,
464; 465; Genoese possession, 477
Aeolian Islands, raided by Saracens, 136
Aëtius, favourite of the Empress Irene, 24
Aëtius, strategas of the Anatolics, defeated
and killed by the Saracens, 130
Aetolia, assigned to Venice, 421; Serbian,
543, 552
Afdal, vizier of the Caliph of Egypt, cap-
tures Jerusalem, 316
Afghanistan, conquered by `Ala-ud-Din Mu.
ḥammad of Khwārazm, 278; 633; 651
Afrāsiyāb, King of Turkestan, supposed
ancestor of Seljūg, 300
Africa, Saracens in, and Byzantium, 37, 74,
119; conquer Sicily, 134 sqq. ; 274; be-
comes independent of Caliphate, 275; rise
of Fátimids in, 277, 302; African slaves
in Caliph's army, 285 sq. ; African trade
with Constantinople, 762; exarchate of,
732; emirs of, see Agblab, Ahmad, Ibrā-
him, Mahomet, Ziyadatallāb
Afshin, ostikan of Azarbā'ījān, wars of with
Ashot I of Armenia, 160; 166
Afshin, Saracen general, 129 sq.
Afyon-Qara-Hisār (Maurocastrum), Phry.
gian fortress, 655
Agallianus, turmarch of the Helladics, rebels
against Leo III, 9
Agapius, bish of Aleppo, made Patriarch
of Antioch, 89
Agatha, daughter of Constantine VII, 68
Agatha, daughter of Romanus I, 98 note
Agathias, Byzantine historian, 765
Agblab, emir of Africa, 136
Aghlabid emirs of Africa, dynasty founded,
275, 300; overthrown, 302; policy in
Sicily, 138; conflict with eastern Saracens,
see Aghlab, Aḥmad, Ibrābim,
Mahomet, Ziyādatallāh
Aghthamar, in Armenia, church at, 163 note
Agnellus Particiacus, see Particiacus
Agnes, duchess of Mačva and Bosnja, 591
Agnes of France, married to Alexius II, 379;
to Andronicus I, 382
Agnes of Montferrat, betrothed to Henry of
Flanders, 425
Agylaeus, translator into Latin of the Novels
of Leo VI, 714
Ahil, island in Lake Prespa, 240
Ahmad, Ottoman, brother of Mahomet II,
put to death by him, 693
Ahmad, Agblabid emir of Africa, 138
Ahmad, emir of Tarsus, 131
Ahmad, Īl-Khân of Persia, becomes a Mus-
lim, 644
Ahmad, ostikan of Mesopotamia, defeats
Smbat I, 160
Ahmad, son of the Caliph Mu'tasim, 295
Ahmad Khān, governor of Samarqand, and
Sanjar, 311 sq.
Ahmad Malik, Turkish emir, and Armeno-
Cilicia, 169
Ahmad Pasha Hercegović, see Stephen
141;


## p. 911 (#953) ############################################

Index
911
Aḥmad ibn Țūlūn, founds independent dy.
nasty in Egypt, 276
Ahwaz, sacked by marauders, 276
Aibak, son of, driven from Egyptian throne,
643
Aidin (Tralles), Turks at, 655 sq. ; troops
from at battle of Angora, 682; emir of,
662
*Ain-ad-Daulah, Dānishmandite ruler of
Melitene, 365, 374
•Ain Jālūt, Mamlūks defeat Mongols at,
279, 643
'Ain Tāb, taken by Tīmūr, 680
Aistulf, King of the Lombards, captures
Ravenna, 17, 391
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 36, 395 sq. , 398,
402; Bulgarian mission at, 234
Akbtum, see Aytony
Akhurian, Armenian river, 163, 166
Akova, "the Lady of,'' daughter of William
of Achaia, 452
Akritas, Digenes, hero of Byzantine popular
poem, 733, 740, 767, 772
'Alā-ad-Din, brother and vizier of Sultan
Orkhān, 661; and Janissaries, 663; and
army, 664
*Alā-ad-Din, Sultan of Rūm; see Qai-Qubād I
Alagöz, see Aragatz, Mount
Alans, the, in Byzantine army, 347, 656;
revolt against Andronicus II, 657; Roger
de Flor and, 658; tribes in Southern
Russia, 184, 207; “Gate of the Alans”
(Dariel), 187; princess of, (1) mistress of
Constantine IX, 109, 115, 265; (2) wife
of Isaac Comnenus, 326
'Alā-ud-Din, Shāh of Khwārazm, see Mu.
hammad
Al-Baidā=the White City, Arab name of
Itil, 191
Albania (Arran, Shirvan), Albanians (Alu-
ans), King of, invades Armenia, 165 ;
occupied by Persia, 187; Russian raid on,
206
Albania (in Balkans), 231; separated from
Old Bulgaria, 238; included in Samuel's
kingdom, 240 sqq. ; bishoprics in, 243;
428 sqq. ; given to Philip of Taranto, 448;
452; 494; 517; 522; 541; 542; 572; Turks
overrun, 583 sqq. ; 689; Skanderbeg in,
572, 692; 587; Venetian colonies in, 583,
592; Carlo Thopia in, 553
Albanians, autochthonous, 230; settle in
Attica, 456, 459, 463; in Joánnina, 461;
504; Stephen Uroš II and, 535, 537; de-
feat Epirotes, 552; Turks and, 557, 674,
678
Alberic, Prince of the Romans, son of
Marozia, 259, 263
Albert, ambassador of Conrad III to John II,
360
Albert of Aix, on First Crusade, 337; 334
note
Albiola, taken by Pepin, 394; Magyars at, 400
Alboin, King of the Lombards, invades Italy,
386
Albricus Trium Fontium, 478 note, 491 note
Aldobrandini, the, Pisan family, at Attalia,
480
Alemdar, Mongol chief, 645
Aleppo, taken by Nicephorus Phocas, 73,
144; 76; 124; taken by Peter Phocas,
146; attacked by Egyptians, 149; Ro.
manus III defeated near, 150; Damdānids
establish themselves in, 277; 295 sq. ;
Fātimids in, 302; Seljūgs in, 314, 317;
359; taken by Mongols, 279, 643; by
Tīmūr, 651, 680; bishop of, see Agapius;
Sultan of, 172; see Bakjur, Nāşir, Nür.
ad-Din, Qarghūyah, Saif-ad-Daulah,
Shibl-ad-Daulah
Alessio, in Albania, becomes Venetian, 564,
583; 584; death of Skanderbeg at, 585;
591
Alexander (the Great), 49; legendary con-
nexion of with the Mongols, 630, 639; 705
Alexander, Emperor, son of Basil I, 51 ; 53;
joint ruler with Leo VI, 56; Regent, 59;
death, 60; 83 sq. ; 96; 142; and Simeon
of Bulgaria, 237; and Nicholas Mysticus,
257; 712
Alexander II, Pope, disputed election of, 597
Alexander III, Pope, and Emperor Manuel,
370, 596, 601 sq. ; and Venetians, 412,
414
Alexander IV, Pope, and Theodore II, 505,
609; 496 note
Alexander I, the Good, Prince of Moldavia,
568; 593
Alexander II, Prince of Moldavia, 593
Alexandretta, battle of, 170; captured by
Constantine IV of Armeno-Cilicia, 181
Alexandria, occupied by Spanish Arabs, 127;
128; besieged by Latins, 177; 396 sq. ;
captured by Peter I of Cyprus, 470; trade
of, 770; Patriarch of, 250
Alexiad, the, of Anna Comnena, 346
Alexius I, Comnenus, Emperor, early life,
326; accession, 327; character, 328; and
Crusaders, 315 sq. , 333 sqq. ; and Nor-
mans, 329 sq. ; and Patzinaks, 330; and
Turks, 331, 344; plots against, 332, 342;
war with Bohemond of Antioch, 341 sg. ;
persecutes Bogomiles, 243; Papacy and,
345, 596, 598 sqq. , 626; and Byzantine
Church, 349; tbeological interests, 350,
362; organizes army and navy, 347; and
finances, 348; last illness and death, 346;
351 sqq. ; 355; 366; and Venetians, 408 sq. ,
412; Novels of, 720
Alexius II, Comnenus, Emperor, minority
of, 379; murdered by Andronicus, 382;
720
Alexius III, Angelus, Emperor, reign of,
384; deposes Isaac II, 417; fees from
Constantinople, 418 sq. ; 423; 478 sq. ;
Theodore I and, 484; 486; 503; sends
crown to Leo of Armeno-Cilicia, 172; Bul.
garians and, 519; Papacy and, 603 sq.
Alexius IV, Angelus, Emperor, son of Isaac
II, appeals to Philip of Swabia, 417, 604;


## p. 912 (#954) ############################################

912
Index
crowned, 418; deposition and death, 419;
promises Crete to Boniface of Montferrat,
432
Alexius V, Ducas, Mourtzouphlos, Emperor,
overthrows the Angeli, 219; flees from
Constantinople, 419; 478
Alexius I, Grand Comnenus, makes himself
Emperor of Trebizond, 479 sq. ; and Theo-
dore I, 482; and Seljūgs, 485; death, 487;
514 sq. ; coins of, 516
Alexius, the Caesar, son-in-law of Theo-
philus, defeats Saracens in Sicily, 136
Alexius of the Studion, Patriarch of Constan-
tinople, 92, 264; marries Zoë to Michael
IV, 101; 103; 106; crowns Theodora,
107; death, 112
Alexius Jurašević, ruler in the Zeta, 592
Alexius Apocaucus, Byzantine grand-duke,
615
Alexius Muselé, see Muselé
Alexius Strategopulus, see Strategopulus
Alexius, nephew of Alexius Strategopulus,
511
Alfonso Fadrique, chief of the Catalans in
Greece, 453
Alfonso V, King of Aragon and Sicily, claims
duchy of Athens, 461
Ali, Caliph, son-in-law of Mahomet, 275;
venerated by the Shi'ites, 301 sq. ; Mongols
and tomb of, 643
Alī, emir of Tarsus, 132 sq. ; killed, 134
‘Ali, murderer of Prince Ahmad, 693
•Ali ibn al-'Abbās (Haly Abbas), Arab
medical writer, 297 sq.
Ali ibn Rabban, Arab medical writer, 297
'Alids, see Shi'ites
Aliza, niece of Leo the Great of Armeno-
Cilicia, married to Raymond of Antioch,
172
Allelengyon, the, tax, 92 sq. ; abolished by
Romanus III, 99
Almissa, in Dalmatia, 564
Almohad dynasty of Spain, founded, 306
Almos, Hungarian prince, and Emperor
John II, 355 sq.
Alp Arslān, Great Seljūq Sultan, conquers
Armenia, 166 sq. ; empire of, 277; reign
of, 305 sq. ; meaning of his name, 306;
murdered, 307; 309; 311; 314; 316
Alp Arslān Akbras, Seljūq ruler of Syria,
314
Alpheus, valley of the, 438
Alptigin, founder of the Ghaznawids, 300
Altino, on Venetian mainland, 386
Aluans, the, see Albania
Alusian, Bulgarian prince, and Emperor
Michael IV, 244
Alypius, father-in-law of Emperor Constan-
tine VIII, 84
Amadeus VÍ, Count of Savoy, helps Emperor
John V against Turks, 554 sq. , 617, 669
Amalfi, 134; rivalry with Venice, 405, 408 sq. ;
bishop of, see Peter; see Pantaleone of;
Amalfitans at Constantinople, 750, 762;
see St Mary of under Constantinople
Amanus, mountain passes of, 343
Amasia, 79; 340; 378; Mahomet I at, 686;
688
Amastris, annexed by Emperor Theodore I,
483; see Gregory, St
Amaury I, King of Jerusalem, marries By.
zantine princess, 376; 377
Amaury of Lusignan, King of Cyprus, feudal
code of, 437, 469; 172; 476
Amaury of Lusignan, Prince of Tyre, be-
comes Regent of Cyprus, 469; 477; mar.
riage of Armenian princess to, 178, 180
Amaury, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, 376
Amaury de Narbonne, French admiral in
service of the Pope, 614
Amida (Diyarbakr), 46; 86; 132; 145; By:
zantine defeat at, 147; Emir of, received
by Emperor Constantine VII, 66; taken
by Mongols, 636
*Amid-al-Mulk, the, see Abū-Nasr al-Kun-
duri
Amin, Abbasid Caliph, 275 sq.
'Amir-al-Mu'minin (Commander of the
Faithful), title of the Caliphs, given to
Seljūq Sultans, 307, 310 sq.
Amisus, taken by Omar of Melitene, 46,
133
Ammiana, Venetian island, 386
duvnubveurol, Emperor Constantine V's epi.
thet for the monks, 15
Amorgos, Venetian colony, 476
Amorian dynasty, its interest in learning
and culture, 44; see Michael II, Theo-
philus, Michael III
Amorium, besieged by Saracens, 2; birth-
place of Michael II, 32, 130; sacked by
Saracens, 38, 130; Bardas Phocas defeated
at, 86; 121; 125; 344
Amphissa, barony of Sálona founded at, 433
Ampûn, Seljūg defeat at, 344
'Amr ibn al-'As, in Egypt, 302
Amur, Asiatio river, 631
Anacatharsis (Repurgatio veterum legum),
code of Basil I, 52, 712
Anagay, prince of the Utigurs, attacks By.
zantines in Crimea, 188
Anagay, see A-na-Kuei
Anagni, Greek archbishops at, 608; bishop
of, see Zacharias
Anaia, Genoese at, 511
A-na-Kuei (Anagay), Khagan of the Yuan-
Yuan, 186
Anapa, see Gorgippia
Anastasius II, ex-Emperor, and Bulgarians,
3, 231; and Venice, 387 sq.
Anastasius III, Pope, and Emperor Alex.
ander, 257
Anastasius, syncellus, made Patriarch of
Constantinople by Emperor Leo III, 10;
declares against Constantine V, 12; death
of, 14
Anastasius, archbishop of_Gran (Eszter-
gom), and conversion of Hungary, 214
Anastasius, librarian of the Vatican, am-
bassador of Western Emperor at Constan-
,


## p. 913 (#955) ############################################

913
659; alliance with Serbia, 538, 540; death
of, 541; and Benedict XII, 614 sq. ; and
Orkhān, 661 sq. ; Novel of, 720
Andronicus IV Palaeologus, Emperor, 593 ;
revolts against his father, 671
Andronicus I Gidos, Emperor of Trebizond,
defeats Latins, 483; defeats Seljūgs,514 sq. ;
his death, 515; 516
Andronicus Euphorbenus, murders Ste-
phanê, Armenian prince, 171, and note
Andros, ravaged by Venetians, 354; becomes
Venetian, 421, 435, 467, 473, 476
Androllsa, Navarrese capital in the Morea,
456
Anemas, brothers, Turkish conspirators
against Alexius I, 342
Anemas, tower of, 671
Angeli, dynasty of, decadence under, 384;
see Alexius III, IV, Isaac II; Michael
VIII's descent from, 507; dynasty in
Epirus, 604, see also Demetrius, John,
Manuel, Michael, Theodore, dukes of
Neopatras
Angelo, Duke of the Archipelago, 475
Angelus, Andronicus, declares for Androni.
cus I, 382
Anglo-Saxons in Varangian Guard, 264, 738;
in Byzantine army, 598
Angora (Ancyra), 123; taken by Saracens,
125 sq. , 130 ; 128 sq. ; 344; 357 ; 377;
656; 681; Tīmūr's victory at, 459, 562,
619, 651, 682 sqq. , 688
Anholin, David, Albanian prince, and Ar-
menia, 165
Ani, in Armenia, capital of Ashot II, 161;
commercial prosperity of, 162; importance
and culture of, 163, 167; willed by John
Smbat to Byzantines, 164; betrayed to
them, 112, 165 sq. ; taken by Turks, 166,
325
Anjou, see Charles, Fulk, Joan; Angevins
of Naples, and Greece, 442, 444, 446, 448
Anna Angelus, wife of Emperor Theodore I,
478
Anna, Empress, see Constance of Hohen.
staufen
Anna Comnena, daughter of Emperor Alex-
ius I, 328; plots against her brother, 346,
351; Alexiad of, 346, 363; 344; 347; 350;
598 note; 655; learning of, 763, 765
Anna Dalassena, mother of Emperor Alex-
ius I, 326, 328; regent, 332; retirement,
346
Anna of Epirus, married to William of
Achaia, 412
Annam (Tongking), conquered by Mongols,
645
Anne, daughter of Emperor Constantine VII,
68
Anne, daughter of Emperor Leo III, married
to Artavasdus, 3
Anne, daughter of Emperor Romanus II,
married to Vladimir of Russia, 68, 90, 209
Anne of Lusignan, last heiress of Armeno-
Cilicia, 181
Index
tinople, 252 sq. ; on Cyril and Methodius,
216, 219 sq.
Anastasius, advocate, commentator on the
Digest, 707
Anastaso, see Theophano, Empress
Anatolia, " the East” (Asia Minor), 732;
Domestic of the Scholae (generalissimo)
of, see John I Tzimisces, Nicephorus I,
Bardas Sclerus, Peter Phocas; 278; 335;
428; governed by Ahmad Hercegović, 582;
587; Turkish tribes in, 653; Catalaps in,
657; Osman's successes in, 660; 663; 689;
694; 737; Anatolian troops at Angora,
682; at siege of Constantinople, 696, 702;
themes in, 733, 744, 773; see also Asia
Minor
Anatolia-Hisār, fort of, built by Bāyazid,
676 sq. ; Sulaiman at, 683; 694
Anatolic theme, creation of, 732; subdivided,
3; 2; 29; 127; strategus of, 731; see also
Leo VII, Leo V, Turcus Bardanes, Photinus;
troops, 119, 121, 123; district, 125, 130
Anatolius, professor of law at Berytus
(Beyrout), 705
Anavarzetsi, see Grigor VII
Anazarbus in Cilicia, ravaged by Saracens,
126; gipsies at, 132; taken by Emperor
Nicephorus II, 144 sq.