No More Learning

12). He accompanied Sulla in his by his creditors, repaired to Greece in 58, and
war against Mithridates, and on Sulla's return from thence to Syria, where he serred under the
to Rome, B. C. 83, was left behind in Greece with proconsul A. Gabinius as commander of the cavalry.
part of the cavalry and plundered the country. He soon became distinguished as a brave and enter-
He was subsequently accused for his oppression of prizing officer. He took part in the campaigns
Greece by Julius Caesar (76). Six years after against Aristobulus in Palestine (57, 56), and also
wards (70), he was expelled the senate by the in the restoration of Ptolemy Auletes to Egypt in
censors for plundering the allies and wasting his 55. In the following year (54) he went to Caesar
property, but was soon after readmitted. He in Gaul, whose favour and influence he acquired,
celebrated his aedileship with extraordinary splen- and was in consequence, on his return to Rome
dour. In his praetorship (65) and consulship (63) (53), elected quaestor for the following year. He
he had Cicero as his colleague. According to most was supported in his canvass for the qnaestorship
accounts Antony was one of Catiline's conspirators, by Cicero, who became reconciled to him through
and his well-known extravagance and rapacity the mediation of Caesar. As quaestor (52) he
seem to render this probable. Cicero gained him returned to Gaul, and served under Caesar for the
over to his side by promising him the rich province next two years (52, 51).
of Macedonia, in which he would have a better op- Antony's energy and intrepidity pointed him out
portunity of amassing wealth than in the other to Caesar as the most useful person to support his
consular province of Gaul. Antony had to lead an interests at Rome, where it was evident that the
army against Catiline, but unwilling to fight against aristocratical party had made up their minds to
his former friend, he gave the command on the day crush Caesar, if it were possible. Antony accord-
of battle to his legate, M. Petreius.
ingly left Gaul in 50 and came to Rome. Through
At the conclusion of the war Antony went into the influence of Caesar, he was elected into the
his province, which he plundered so shamefully, college of augurs, and was also chosen one of the
that his recall was proposed in the senate in the tribunes of the plebs. He entered on his office on
beginning of 61. Cicero defended him; and it the 10th of December, and immediately commenced
was currently reported at Rome that Cicero had attacking the proceedings of Pompey and the aris-
given up the province to Antony on the secret tocracy. On the 1st of January in the following
understanding, that the latter should give hiin part year (49), the senate passed a decree depriving
of the plunder. Antony said the same himself ; Caesar of his cominand. Antony and his colleague
i


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ANTONIUS.
215
ANTONIUS.
Q. Cassius interposed their veto; but as the senate likely to obtain the same position that Caesiir bad
set this at nought
, and threatened the lives of the occupied. But a new and unexpected rival ap-
two tribunes, Antony and his colleague fled from peared in young Octavianus, the adopted son and
Rome on the 7th of January, and took refuge with great-nephew of the dictator, who came from Apol-
Cacsar in Gaul. Caesar now marched into Italy, lonia to Rome, assumed the name of Caesar, and
and within a few weeks obtained complete posses managed to secure equally the good will of the
sion of the peninsula.
senate and of his uncle's veteran troops. A strug-
Antony was one of his legates, and received in gle now ensued between Antony and Caesar. The
the same year the supreme command of Italy, former went to Brundusium, to take the command
when Cacsar crossed into Spain to prosecute the of the legions which had come from Macedonia ;
war agninst the Pompeian party. In the following the latter collected an army in Campania. Two of
year (48), he conducted reinforcements to Caesar Antony's legions shortly afterwards deserted to
in Greece, and was present at the battle of Phar- Caesar; and Antony, towards the end of Novem-
salia, where he commanded the left wing. In 47, ber, proceeded to Cisalpine Gaul, which had been
Caesar, who was then dictator, appointed Antony previously granted him by the senate, and laid
master of the horse; and, during the absence of the siege to Mutina, into which Dec. Brutus had
former in Africa, he was again left in the command thrown himself. At Rome, meantime, Antony
of Italy. The quiet state of Italy gave Antony was declared a public enemy, and the conduct of
an opportunity of indulging his natural love of the war against him committed to Caesar and the
pleasure. Cicero in his second Philippic has given two consuls, C. Vibius Pansa and A. Hirtius, at
a minate account of the flagrant debaucheries the beginning of the next year, B. C. 43. Several
and licentiousness of which Antony was guilty at battles were fought with various success, till at
this time, both in Rome and the various towns of length, in the battle of Mutina (about the 27th of
Italy; and it is pretty certain that most of these April, 43), Antony was completely defeated, and
accounts are substantially true, though they are no obliged to cross the Alps. Both the consuls, bow-
doubt exaggerated by the orator. It was during ever, had fallen, and the command now devolved
this time that Antony divorced his wife Antonia upon Dec. Brutus. In Gaul Antony was joined by
(he had been previously married to Fadia [Fadia]), Lepidus with a powerful army, and was soon in a
and lived with an actress named Cytheris, with condition to prosecute the war with greater vigour
whom he appeared in public.
than ever.
Meantime, Caesar, who had been
About the same time, a circumstance occurred slighted by the senate, and who had never heartily
which produced a coolness between Caesar and espoused its cause, became reconciled to Antony,
Antony. Antony had purchased a great part of through the mediation of Lepidus, and thus the
Pompey's property, when it was confiscated, under celebrated triumvirate was formed in the autumn
the idea that the money would never be asked for. of this year (43). The reconciliation was made
But Caesar insisted that it should be paid, and on the condition that the government
the state
Antony raised the sum with difficulty. It was should be vested in Antony, Caesar, and Lepidus,
perhaps owing to this circumstance that Antony who were to take the title of Triumviri Reipublicae
did not accompany Caesar either to Africa or Spain Constituendae for the next five years ; and that
in 46. During this year he married Fulvia, the Antony should receive Gaul as his province ; Le-
widow of Clodius. In the next year (45) all trace pidus, Spain ; and Caesar, Africa, Sardinia, and
of disagreement between Caesar and Antony dis- Sicily. The mutual friends of each were pro-
appears; he went to Narbo in Gaul to meet Caesar scribed, and in the executions that followed, Cicero
on his return from Spain, and shortly after offered fell a victim to the revenge of Antony—an act of
him the diadem at the festival of the Luper. cruelty, for which even the plea of necessity could
calia. In 44 he was consul with Caesar, and dur- not be urged.
ing the time that Caesar was murdered (15th of The war against Brutus and Cassius, who com-
March), was kept engaged in conversation by some manded the senatorial army, was entrusted to
of the conspirators outside the senate house. The Caesar and Antony, and was decided by the battle
conspirators had wished to engage Antony as an of Philippi (42), which was mainly gained by the
accomplice, and he was sounded on the point the valour and military talents of Antony. Caesar
year before by Trebonius, while he was in Gaul; returned to Italy; and Antony, after remaining
but the proposition was rejected with indignation. some time in Greece, crossed over into Asia to
Antony had now a difficult part to play. The collect the money which he had promised to the
murder of Caesar had paralyzed his friends and soldiers. In Cilicia he met with Cleopatra, and fol-
the people, and for a time placed the power of the lowed her to Egypt, where he forgot everything in
state in the hands of the conspirators. Antony dalliance with her. But he was roused from his
therefore tbought it more prudent to come to terms inactivity by the Parthian invasion of Syria (40),
with the senate ; but meantime he obtained from and was at the same time summoned to support
Calpurnia the papers and private property of Cae his brother Lucius [ see No. 14) and his wife Ful-
sar; and by his speech over the body of Caesar via, who were engaged in war with Caesar. But be
and the reading of his will, he so roused the feel fore Antony could reach Italy, Caesar had obtained
ings of the people against the murderers, that the possession of Perusia, in which Lucius had taken re-
latter were obliged to withdraw from the popular fuge; and the death of Fulvia in the same year
wrath. Antony, however, seems not to have con- removed the chief cause of the war, and led to a
sidered himself strong enough yet to break with reconciliation between Caesar and Antony. To
the senate entirely; he accordingly effected a re- cement their union, Antony married Caesar's sister
conciliation with them, and induced them to ac- Octavia. A new division of the Roman world
cept a number of laws, which he alleged were was made, in which Antony received as his share
found among Caesar's papers. Antony was now all the provinces east of the Adriatic.
the most powerful man in the state, and seemed In the following year (39), the Triumvirs cour


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216
ANTONIUS.
ANTONIUS.
ksas
á
FD2 0944
cluded a peace with Sext. Pompey, and Antony | with a crown of ivy. On the reverse is a cista, a
afterwards went to his provinces in the east. He box used in the worship of Bacchus, surmounted
entrusted the war against the Parthians to Venti- by a female's head, and encompassed by two ser-
dius, who gained a complete victory over them pents. (Eckhel, vol. vi. p. 64. )
both in this and the following year (38). Sosius, 13. C. ANTONIUS M. P. M. N. , the second son
another of his generals, conquered Antigonus, who of M. Antonius Creticus (No. 9), and the brother
claimed the throne of Judaea in opposition to He of the triumvir, was Julius Caesar's legate in 49,
rod, and took Jerusalem (38). In 37 Antony and city praetor in 44, when his elder brother was
crossed over to Italy; and a rupture, which had consul, and his younger tribune of the plebs. In
nearly taken place between him and Caesar, was the same year, he received the province of Mace-
averted by the mediation of Octavia. The trium-donia, where, after an unsuccessful contest, he fell
virate, which had terminated on the 31st of De- into the hands of M. Brutus in 43. Brutus kept
cember, 38, was now renewed for five years, which him as a prisoner for some time, but put him to
were to be reckoned from the day on which the death at the beginning of 42, chiefly at the insti-
former had ceased. After concluding this arrange- gation of Hortensius, to revenge the murder of
ment, Antony returned to the east. He shortly Cicero. (Orelli's Onomast. ; Drumann's Gesch. Ronis,
afterwards sent Octavia back to her brother, and i. p. 523, &c. ) The following coin of C. Antonius
surrendered himself entirely to the charms of Cleo must have been struck after he had been appointed
patra, on whom he conferred Coele-Syria, Phoenicia, to the goverment of Macedonia with the title of
and other provinces. From this time forward, proconsul. The female head is supposed to repre-
Cleopatra appears as Antony's evil genius. He sent the genius of Macedonia; the cap on the head
had collected a large army to invade the Parthian is the causia, which frequently appears on the Ma-
empire; but, unable to tear himself away from cedonian coins. (Dict. of Ant. s. e. Causia ; Eckhel,
Cleopatra, he delayed his march till late in the vol. vi. p. 41. )
year. The expedition was a failure ; he lost a
great number of his troops, and returned to Syria
covered with disgrace (36). Antony now made
preparations to attack Artavasdes, the king of
Armenia, who had deserted him in his war against
the Parthians; but he did not invade Armenia till
PORTIFEX
the year 34. He obtained possession of the Arme-
nian king, and carried him to Alexandria, where
he celebrated his triumph with extraordinary splen- 14. L. ANTONIUS M. F. M. N. , the younger
dour. Antony now laid aside entirely the charac- brother of the preceding and of the triumvir, was
ter of a Roman citizen, and assumed the pomp tribune of the plebs in 44, and upon Caesar's death
and ceremony of an eastern despot. His conduct, took an active part in supporting his brother's in-
and the unbounded influence which Cleopatra bad terests, especially by introducing an agrarian law
acquired over him, alienated many of his friends to conciliate the people and Caesar's veteran troops.
and supporters ; and Caesar, who had the wrongs He subsequently accompanied his brother into
of his sister Octavia to revenge, as well as ambition Gaul, and obtained the consulship for 41, in which
to stimulate him, thought that the time had now year he triumphed on account of some successes he
come for crushing Antony. The years 33 and 32 had gained over the Alpine tribes. During his
passed away in preparations on both sides; and consulship a dispute arose between him and Caesar
it was not till September in the next year (31) about the division of the lands among the veterans,
that the contest was decided in the sea-fight off which finally led to a war between them, commonly
Actium, in which Antony's fleet was completely called the Perusinian war. Lucius engaged in
defeated. His land forces surrendered to Caesar ; this war chiefly at the instigation of Fulvia, his
and he himself and Cleopatra, who had been pre brother's wife, who had great political influence
sent at the battle, fled to Alexandria. In the fol- | at Rome. At first, Lucius obtained possession of
lowing year (30), Caesar appeared before Alexan- Rome during the absence of Caesar; but on the
dria. Antony's fleet and cavalry deserted to the approach of the latter, he retired northwards to
conqueror; his infantry was defeated ; and upon a Perusia, where he was straightway closely besieged.
false report that Cleopatra had put an end to her Famine compelled him to surrender the town to
life, he killed himself by falling on his sword. The Caesar in the following year (40). His life was
death of Cleopatra soon followed ; and Caesar thus spared, and he was shortly afterwards appointed
became the undisputed master of the Roman world. by Caesar to the command of Iberia, from which
[AUGUSTUS. ] (Plutarch's Life of Antony; Orelli's time we hear no more of him.
Onomasticon Tull. ; Drumann's Geschichte Roms, i. L. Antonius took the surname of Pietas (Dion
p. 64, &c. ) The annexed coin represents the head of Cass. xlvii. 5), because he pretended to attack
Antony, with the inscription, M. ANTONIUs Imp. Caesar in order to support his brother's interests.
Cos. Desig. ITER. ET. TERT. , which is surrounded It is true, that when he obtained possession
of Rome in his consulship, he proposed the aboli-
tion of the triumvirate ; but this does not prove, as
some modern writers would have it, that he was
opposed to his brother's interests. Cicero draws a
frightful picture of Lucius' character. He calls
him a gladiator and a robber, and heaps upon him
every term of reproach and contempt. (Phil
. iii.
12, v. 7, 11, xii. 8, &c. ) Much of this is of course
cxaggeration. (Orelli's Onomast. ; Drumann's Gesch,
Rums, i. p. 527, &c. ) The annexed coin of L, An.

OESICI
DIOVIR
RPC
LNMV
1933


## p. 217 (#237) ############################################

ANTONIUS.
217
ANTONIUS.
our era.
;
tonius represents also the head of his brother, M. 2. Surnamed MELISSA (the Bee), a Greek
Antonius, the triumvir, with the inscription : monk, who is placed by some writers in the
M. Ant. Im(r). Avg. IIIvir. R. P. C. M. NERVA. eighth and by others in the twelfth century of
ProQ. P.
He must, however, at any rate have
lived after the time of Theophylact, whom he
mentions. He made a collection of so-called loci
communes, or sentences on virtues and vices, which
is still extant. It resembles the Sermones of Sto-
baeus, and consists of two books in 176 titles. The
extracts are taken from the early Christian fathers.
The work is printed at the end of the editions of
Stobaeus publisbed at Frankfort, 1581, and Geneva,
1609, fol.
It is also contained in the Biblioth.
15. 16. ANTONIA. (ANTONIA, 2. 3. ]
Patr. vol. v. p. 878, &c. , ed. Paris. (Fabr. Bill.
17. ANTONIA, the daughter of M. Antonius, the Gr. ix. p. 744, &c. ; Cave, Script. Eccles. Hist. Lit.
triumvir, and Antonia. [ANTONIA, 4. )
i. p. 666, ed. London. )
18. M. ANTONIUS, M. F. M. N. , called by the 3. A Greek MONK, and a disciple of Simeon
Greek writers Antyllus ("Avtudos), which is pro- Stylites, lived about A. D. 460. He wrote a life
bably only a corrupt form for Antonillus (young of his master Simeon, with whom he had lived
Antonius), was the elder of the two sons of the on intimate terms. It was written in Greck, and
triumvir by his wife Fulvia In B. C. 36, while he L. Allatius (Diatr. de Script. Sim. p. 8) attests,
was still a child, he was betrothed to Julia, the that he saw a Greek MS. of it; but the only
daughter of Caesar Octavianus. After the battle edition which has been published is a Latin
of Actium, when Antony despaired of success at translation in Boland's Act. Sanctor. i. p. 264. (Cave,
Alexandria, he conferred upon his son Marcus the Script. Eccles. Hist. Lit. ii. p. 145. ) Vossius (De
toga virilis (B. C. 30), that he might be able to take Hist. Lat. p. 231), who knew only the Latin trans-
his place in case of his death. He sent him with lation, was doubtful whether he should consider
proposals of peace to Caesar, which were rejected ; Antonius as a Latin or a Greek historian.
and on his death, shortly after, young Marcus was 4. ST. , sometimes surnamed Abbas, because
executed by order of Caesar. (Dion Cass. xlvii. 54, he is believed to have been the founder of the
li. 6, 8, 15; Suet. Aug. 17, 63; Plut. Ant. 71, 81, monastic life among the early Christians, was
87. )
born in A. D. 251, at Coma, near Heracleia, in
19. JULUS ANTONIUS, M. f. M. n. , the younger Middle Egypt. His earliest years were spent in
son of the triumvir by Fulvia, was brought up by seclusion, and the Greek language, which then
his step-mother Octavia at Rome, and after his every person of education used to acquire, remain-
father's death (B. C. 30) received great marks of ed unknown to him. He merely spoke and wrote
favour from Augustus, through the influence of the Egyptian language. At the age of nineteen,
Octavia. (Plut. Ant. 87; Dion Cass. li. 15. ) Au- after having lost both his parents, he distributed
gustus married him to Marcella, the daughter of his large property among his neighbours and the
Octavia by her first husband, C. Marcellus, con- poor, and determined to live in solitary seclusion
ferred upon him the praetorship in B. c. 13, and in the neighbourhood of his birthplace. The
the consulship in B. C. 10. (Vell. Pat. ü. 100; struggle before he fully overcame the desires of the
Dion Cass. liv. 26, 36; Suet. Claud. 2. ) In con- flesh is said to have been immense ; but at length
sequence of his adulterous intercourse with Julia, he succeeded, and the simple diet which he
the daughter of Augustus, he was condemned to adopted, combined with manual labour, strength-
death by the emperor in B. c. 2, but seems to have ened his health so much, that he lived to the age
anticipated his execution by a voluntary death. of 105 years. In A. d. 285 he withdrew to the
He was also accused of aiming at the empire. mountains of eastern Egypt, where he took up his
(Dion Cass. Iv. 10; Senec, de Brevit. Vit. 5; Tac. abode in a decayed castle or tower. Here he spent
Ann. iv. 44, iii 18; Plin. H. N. vii. 46 ; Vell. twenty years in solitude, and in constant struggles
Pat. I. c. ) Antonius was a poet, as we learn from with the evil spirit. It was not till A. D. 305, that
one of Horace's odes (iv. 2), which is addressed to his friends prevailed upon him to return to the
him.
world. He now began his active and public career.
20. ANTONIA MAJOR, the elder daughter of A number of disciples gathered around him, and his
M. Antonius and Octavia. (ANTONIA, No. 5. ) preaching, together with the many miraculous cures
21. ANTONIA MINOR, the younger daughter of he was said to perform on the sick, spread his fame
M. Antonius and Octavia. (ANTONIA, No. 6. ) all over Egypt. The number of persons anxious to
22. ALEXANDER, son of M. Antonius and Cleo learn from him and to follow his mode of life in-
patram (ALEXANDER, p. 112, a)
creased every year. Of such persons he made two
23. CLEOPATRA, daughter of M. Antonius and settlements, one in the mountains of eastern Egypt,
Cleopatra (CLEOPATRA. ]
and another near the town of Arsinoë, and he him-
24. PTOLEMAEUS PHILADELPHUS, son of M. self usually spent his time in one of these monas-
Antonius and Cleopatra (PTOLEMAEUS. ) teries, if we may call them so. From the accounts
25. L. ANTONIUS, son of No. 19 and Marcella, of St. Athanasius in his life of Antonius, it is clear
and grandson of the triumvir, was sent, after his that most of the essential points of a monastic life
father's death, into honourable exile at Massilia, were observed in these establishments. During
where he died in A. D. 25. (Tac. Ann. iv. 44. ) the persecution of the Christians in the reign of the
ANTOʻNIUS ('Avtários). 1. Of Argos, a emperor Maximian, A. d. 311, Antonius, anxious
Greek poet, one of whose epigrams is still extant to gain the palm of a martyr, went to Alexandria,
in the Greek Anthology. (ix. 102; comp. Jacobs, but all his efforts and his opposition to the com-
ad Anthol. vol. xiii. p. 852. )
mands of the government were of no avail, and he


## p. 218 (#238) ############################################

218
ANTONIUS.
ANUBIS.
was obliged to return uninjured to his solitude. ANTONIUS CASTOR. (Castor. )
As his peace began to be more and more disturbed ANTONIUS DIOGENES. [DIOGENES. )
by the number of visitors, he withdrew further ANTONIUS FELIX. [Felix. ]
east to a mountain which is called mount St.