*Drant Duff:
European
Politics.
Outlines and Refernces for European History
Hadley: Railroads.
Gladstone : Gleanings.
Much recent periodical literature.
A good historical sketch in the Chautauquan, Nov. , '93.
See also, for Italy and the Pope, Contemporary, Oct. , '92,
also Nov. and Dec. , '92,
Catholic World, 59.
Recent review articles upon Crispi .
A. INTRODUCTORY:
Territorial history to 1792.
I. To 1494. (Medieval Italy. )
1. 5th and 6th centuries Italy the middle land in the contest
between the Empire and the Barbarians; Result Italy
divided.
a. Critical dates.
1) 476. Seat of Empire moved from Italy.
2) 565. Lombards. (Italy not again united till 1870. )
b. The States after the Lombard conquest:
1) In the North Lombardy and Venetia (Exarchate
of Ravenna. )
2) In the South Imperial.
3) In the middle (later) Papal states (generally to be
classed with the North in history. )
2. The North ro 1494.
a. Part of the Empire of Karl and one of the kingdoms of
the Karolings. 800, 843, 888. Growth of Papal
States.
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b. Part of Restored Empire of Otto 962-1494.
1) Visit of German kings (invasions. )
2) Rise of free city republics, and the leagues against
the Hohenstaufens. Virtual independence. Glory
of Italy.
3) Guelf and Ghibeline and degeneracy of the free
cities ; Condotteri princes, and
4) Rise of the Dukedoms.
3. The South-to 1494.
a. Eastern Empire from Narses to Guiscard 1062.
b. 1062. "Two Scicilies. "
c. "Reunited" (by personal union) to Holy Roman Empire
(Fred. II. )
d. Claimed by Aragon and by Anjou (marriage relation-
ship) on extinction of the Hohenstaufens. Dynastic
struggles to 1494.
II. 14941792 (to the French Revolution. )
1. 1494. (Invasion of Chas. VIII. ) Bought up claim of An-
jou and of the Greek empire. Invited by the Pope; (Sav-
onarola, etc. )
2. Subsequent bartering of provinces between Hapsburgs
and Bourbons down to 1748 (Aix la Chapelle. ) Italy the
battle ground of Europe. Famous men Messena, Bona-
part, Spinoza, Galileo. Effect upon Italy of Columbus'
voyages.
3. 17481792. Peace; internal condition.
III. The French Revolution Napoleon and Italy. Rearrange-
ments, consolidation, and idea of Nationality.
IV. The restorations and the states in 1815.
B. 1815-1848.
Mueller, 23-42, 129-133, 202-212; Fyffe, 11,40-41,83-86; 178.
204, 398-405, 412-414, 465-486; also vol. Ill, passim.
1. General characteristics.
a. Governments.
b. Secret societies Carbonari, Sanfedesti, Young Italy.
2. Periods of revolution.
a. 1820-21. Naples ; 800 condemned to death ; double that
sent to prison and the galleys ; innumerable exiles ;
Probyn, 21 ; Piedmont.
b. 1830. Papal states.
c. 1848. (Aspirations for National Union. )
1) In Sardinia.
a) Constitution.
b) War with Austria (Novarra).
Charles Albert and Victor Emmanuel.
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2) In Rome the French.
3) In Naples. (Gladstone, VI. )
4) In Venetia (Daniel Manin).
C. GROWTH OF SARDINIA INTO KINGDOM OF ITALY.
(Title "King of Italy" assumed temporarily by Charles Albert
in '48. )
1. King Victor and the constitution.
2. Preparatory reforms: church and state.
3. Cavour. Crimean War.
4. War of 1859, and results.
a. Uprisings for Italian Unity in the duchies.
b. Garabaldi in Sicily.
c. The papal states.
D. KINGDOM OF ITALY, 1861.
Territory and capital; first parliament. (Death of Cavour,
June 6^ 1861. )
1. The Six Weeks' War-Venetia.
2. The Franco-Prussian War Rome.
(Italy in Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poems. )
E. ITALY SINCE 1870.
1. The constitution parts and powers. Annals of American
Academy for translation.
2. Political parties and leaders, 1870-96.
3. Electoral reform, 1880-82.
4. European relations.
5. The papal see. Gladstone, I, IV, VI.
6. Army and navy.
7. Railways.
8. National finances taxation and wealth.
9. Agriculture and industries.
10. Education.
11. Emigration and colonies the Abyssinian war of 1896.
12. Social order.
Italy area, 110,623 sp. mi. ; population, 30,535,848.
Colonies and protectorates area, 546,100 sq. mi. ; popula-
tion, 6,258,800.
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VIII. THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories as before.
Year Books and Annual Encyclopaedias.
*Laveleye: The Balkan Peninsula.
*Memoir of Deak.
Vambery. Story of Hungary.
Memoirs ci Metternich.
*Drant Duff: European Politics.
Malleson: Life of Metternich.
Leger: Austro-Hungary.
Hume: Hungary.
Whitman: Austro-Hungary.
De Worms: Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Coxe: House of Austria-Hungary, and Memoirs of Kossuth.
Fournier: Francis Joseph and his Realm in Forum, May,
1896, for a brief outline of history since 1848.
Evans: Through Bosnia and Herzegovina.
A. AUSTRIA TO 1859.
1. Growth in dignity of Austria.
a. Margravate (Oestreich) in ninth century created by Karl
against Bulgars and Magyars.
b. Duchy, 1154 (with added territor\ r ) for successes against
the Slavs.
c. Archduchy, 1453-1804. (Successes against the Turks. )
d. "Empire," 1804.
2. Growth of heredity dominions of the Hapsburgs.
a. Duchy of Austria seized by Rudolph, first Hapsburg
emperor (1274. ) Hapsburg dukes continue to increase
hereditary dominions in time of the Bohemian emperors.
b. Hungary and Bohemia added by Ferdinand, brother of
Charles V, of the second line of Hapsburg emperors
who virtually become hereditary.
3. 17th century.
a. Wars against the Turk (siege of Vienna, 1683. )
b. The Thirty Years' War.
4. 18th century.
a. (Prince Eugene) wars of Louis XIV. and with the Turk.
b. The Rise of Prussia Frederick II.
c. Joseph II. and attempted reforms.
5. Austria under Metternich.
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a. 1815-59. Italy, etc. ; congresses.
b. 1859-66. Germany; the Six Weeks' War; Austria ex-
cluded from Germany.
B. HUNGARY TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
Crown of St. Stephen; Golden Bull, 1222; the Hussites, 1414;
wars with the Turks, and revolts against Austria to the
eighteenth century ; Pragmatic Sanction, 1723.
C. HUNGARY AND ITS RELATIONS TO AUSTRIA.
1815-66. Fyffe, II, 476-96; III, 62-96, 154-56, 321-28, 387-
92 ; Maurice ; or Memoir ofDeak.
1. 1815-25. No Diet in Hungary; the "System" in the empire.
2. Struggle for reform in Hungary between liberals and con-
servatives, and then between the nation and the Austrian
government; mainly for civil and economic reforms.
a. 1825-34. Lower House (representatives) for reform;
Upper House (magnates) opposed.
b. 1S34. The magnates won over.
Deak enters Diet of 1833 (refuses to sit in 1843. )
c. 1 840. Diet passes many limited civil and economic re-
forms.
d. Struggle to abolish "exemptions" of the "nobles. " Fin-
ally the nobles voluntarily relinquish the profits of
their privileges.
3. Struggle for Political Reform, 1847-66.
a. The program of 1847.
b. The March Laws, '48.
c. The rebellion (Kossuth); failure; attempt to consolidate
Hungary with Austria.
d. Passive resistance, 1850-66; Deak; the Doctrine of Home
Rule.
1) 1850-59. Military despotism; continuation of
system of Metternich (Swartzenberg and Bach. )
2) 1859-65. Attempt to create local government for
the parts of Austrian dominions, with strong
central government (Schmerling); offer of a Diet to
Hungary, and a national parliament to Austrian
dominions.
3) 1865 (Belcredi. ) Federal period; Hungary still
holds out for her old rights and the laws of '48.
4) 1866-67 (Beust. ) Hungary wins; the Dual Mon-
archy Deak 's plan.
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D. THE CONSTITUTION.
Wilson.
1. Imperial elements.
a. The executive (titles); and powers.
b. The Delegations composition, place, powers, method of
work.
2. Matters of treaty between the two states. "
3. State constitutions.
a. Austria central and local.
b. Hungary central and local. (Croatia. )
E. AUSTRIA SINCE 1867.
1. Foreign policy.
a. Bosnia and Herzegovina 1877-78.
The Congress of Berlin.
b. The Triple Alliance.
2. Present questions.
a. Race animosities and claims.
1) The feeling between the two halves.
2) The Slav-movement within the Austrian half the
Czechs.
3) The Slav-movement within the Hungarian half
the Roumanians.
b. The Church the Culturkampf from 1850.
1) Various civil marriage bills and like measures,
1894-6.
a) The veto of the Magnates.
c. Pan Slavism.
d. Parties arid party government.
e. Foreign policy.
Area, 240,942 sq. mi. ; 41,231,342.
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7X. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA. -SPA1N.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Harrison: rfistory of Spain.
Seeley's Stein, for the Spanish Revolution.
Webster: Spain.
Grant Duff.
Wallis: Spain,
Periodicals: See the Fortnightly, in particular.
A. SURVEY TO NAPOLEONIC WARS.
1. Union, and expulsion of Moorish kingdom in 1492.
2. Expulsion of the Moriscoes.
3. The overthrow of free institutions.
a. Military and financial independence of Chas. V.
b. The Inquisition.
4. Spain the subsidizing power of the seventeenth century.
Taxation and industries ; general decay ; decline of popula-
tion 20 m. (Arabs), 12 ra. (Chas. V), 6 m. (1700).
5.
