or Bahrám (or Vu-
maries of the Constitutions in the Code, with rancs) IV.
maries of the Constitutions in the Code, with rancs) IV.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
)
τωνα περί της προσκυνήσεως των σεπτών εικόνων. 70. TABENNENSIS, abbot of Tabenna, was born
8. Two books of epistles, comprising altogether about A. D. 314, at Latopolis in the Thebaid. He
276. Almost twice as many however are extant. belonged to a Christian family of station and
In one MS. of the Coislinian library there are 548. wealth. As his mother is frequently mentioned, •
These letters form a collection of considerable his. but not his father, it would appear that she was
torical value not only for the life of Theodorus, but left a widow while Theodorus was still young. He
with reference to the disputes which agitated the had two brothers, Macarius and Paphnutius, who
Church in his time. Fabricius (Bibl. Gracc. vol. x. were also monks at Tabenna. Macarius was older
p. 439, &c. ) has given a list of those to whom these than Theodorus, and his half-brother. Theodorus
letters are addressed, amounting to 284. 9. 'láucou appears to have addicted himself to ascetic rules of
eis Siapópous útoegels, epigrammatic poems in living at a very early age. When not more than
iambic metre on various subjects. The following thirteen or fourteen years old, he joined some re-
are not published in the works of Sirmondus : 10. cluses, and was soon afterwards introduced to Pa.
Δογματική περί τιμής και προσκυνήσεως των αγίων | chomius at Tabenna, by whom he was received
eikówv, published in the works of Damascenus with great favour, and under whom he is said to
(Basil. 1575, fol. ). There is a Latin version in have made rapid advances in all monastic virtues.
the Bibliotheca Patrum (Paris, 1589, 1644 and His example seems to have induced his mother to
1654, vol. iii. ). 11. 'Epitádios eis Diétwa toy enter a convent which Pachomius had established.
{autoll avEVMATIKÒV Tatépa; published in Greek Notwithstanding his youth, Theodorus was em-
by Henschen and Papebroche (Acta Sunctorum, plored by Pachomius to supply his place in in-
vol. i. April. p. xlvi. , and in Latin, p. 366). Other structing the other monks, and even the great
Latin translations are also found. 12. Adayos eis master himself professed to derive edification from
την προσκύνησιν του τιμίου και ζωοποιού σταυρού | the discourses of his young disciple. He also took
év tñ negovnotluq, published in Greek with the him with him, or sent him alone, to visit and
!
VOL. IIL
3 Y
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1058
THEODORUS.
THEODORUS.
lle may
inspect the other monasteries which looked to him son of Cleomyttades I. , and the father of Sostra-
as their eaperintendent. When he was about thirty tus II. , who may be supposed to have lived in the
years of age, Pachomius appointed him to supply ninth century B. C. (Jo. Tzetzes, Chil. vii. Hist.
his place in the monastery at Tabenna, while he 155, in Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. xii. p. 680, ed. vet. )
himself retired to another. When his end ap- 2. The eleventh in descent from Aesculapius,
proached, however, in order, as it is said, to try the the son of Cleomyttades II. , and the father of Sog-
humility of Theodorus, he appointed a man of the tratus III. , who lived perhaps in the eighth and
nanie of Petronius as his successor. Petronius died seventh centuries B. c. (Poeti Epist. ad Artax. in
not long afterwards, appointing Orsisius as his Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. p. 770). John Tzetzes
successor. The latter soon found himself incapable (loco cit. ) makes him to be the son, not of Cleo-
of maintaining the discipline of the monastery with mytendes 11. , but of King Crisamis II. ; and con-
sufficient vigour, and appointed Theodorus in his sequently not the eleventh, but the tenth of the
room. There is extant a letter of Theodorus, trans- family of the Asclepiadae.
lated into Latin by St. Jerome, inviting all the 3. A physician quoted by Pliny (II. N. xx. 40,
recluses of the order to assemble at a neighbouring xxiv. 120), who must therefore have lived in or
monastery to celebrate the festival of Easter. before the first century after Christ.
Theodorus on various occasions had epistolary and possibly have been the same person as the pupil of
personal communication with Athanasius, who is Athenaeus, who (if the Athenaeus in question be
said to have manifested great regard for him. the founder of the sect of the Pneumatici) must
Theodorus died April 27, A. D. 367. He is re- have lived in the first century after Christ. (Diog.
garded as a saint by the Greek Church; his memory Laërt. ii. 8. & 104. )
being honoured on the 16th of May, in order to 4. THEODORUS PRISCIANUS. [PrisciANUS. )
connect him with Pachomius. A large collection 5. THEODORUS Moschion, whose fifty-eighth
of somewhat dull stories about Theodorus will be book (? ) is quoted by Alexander Trallianus (i. 15.
found in Tillemont (Hist. Eccles. vol. vii. pp. 469 p. 156), must have lived in or before the sixth
-499).
century after Christ, and is probably the same
71. TARSENSIS. (D10DORUS TARSENSIS, Vol person whose second book (? ) is quoted in the
I. p. 1015. ]
same chapter a few lines above. Fabricius (Bill.
72. THEUS. (No. 32. ]
Lat. iv. 12, vol. ii. p. 591) supposes him to have
A great many more Theodori are met with, been the same person as Theodorus Priscianus ;
especially in ecclesiastical history. As they have Haller (Bill. Med. Pract. vol. i. p. 183) the same
not been thought worth inserting here, the reader as the physician quoted by Pliny, and also the
is referred to the catalogue in Fabricins. (Bill. same person who is quoted by Aëtius (iv. 1. 46.
Graec, vol. x. pp. 346-416, and Index. ) A list of p. 628).
twenty of the name is given by Diogenes Laërtius 6. The author of a short Latin work, entitled
(ii. 104).
[C. P. M. ] “ Diaeta sive de Rebus Salutaribus Liber," which
THEODO'RUS (ebdwpos), of Hermopolis, was first published in 1533. fol. Argent. , with
was a native of Hermopolis in the Thebaid. He “ Hildegardis Physica," and in a separate form in
was an advocate (oxonaotikos) at Constanti- | 1632. 8vo. Hal. ed. G. E. Schreiner. He is gene-
nople, where he wrote his commentaries on the rally supposed to be the same as Theodorus Pris-
Digest, the Code, and the Novellae. In the Bre- cianus, which may be correct, but he appears to be
viarium of the Novellae he is named at full length called simply Theolorus in the MSS. and editions
“ Theodorus Scholasticus, a Theban of Hermo- of his work. (Choulant's Handb. der Bücher-
polis. ” This Theodorus was living as late as the kunde für die Aeltere Melicin. )
reign of Mauricius, in whose time, it was affirmed, 7. The name is found in some other ancient
he composed his Breviarium after the collection of authors; for instance in Aëtius in several places,
168 Novellae, in which collection appear three in each of which the same person is probably in-
Novellae of Tiberius, which Theodorus has not tended. Now the person quoted by Aetius (ii. 2.
neglected. If Theodorus of Hermopolis wrote so 91. p. 291) is the same who is quoted by Nicolaus
late, it is hardly within the limits of probability that Myrepsns (xxxvi. 138. p. 738), and called “ Ac-
he was the Theodorus, professor at Constantinople, tuarius ;” and as the title of “ Actuarius
one of those to whom Justinian addressed his only in use at the court of Constantinople (see Did.
constitution on the course of law studies (Omnem of Ant. p. 748, b. 2d ed. ), this Theodorus probably
reipublicae nostrae). There is a small number of lived in the fifth century after Christ, and cannot
fragments by Theodorus, which are placed in the therefore be (as Haller supposed) the physician
Basilica under certain texts of the Digests ; but quoted by Pliny.
whether he commented on the whole work is 8. A celebrated Christian physician at Níshá-
doubtful. The commentary on the Code was a púr in Chorásán, where one of the Persian kings,
Breviarium, consisting of abridgments or sum- either Shapúr (or Sapor) II.
or Bahrám (or Vu-
maries of the Constitutions in the Code, with rancs) IV. , built at his request a Christian church,
notices of similar passages in the Code or the in the fourth century after Christ. He wrote a
Novellae. The Breviarium of the Norellae exists work called “ Pandectae Medicinae ” (Ibn Abí
complete in a MS. of Mount Athos, the only one at Osaibi'ah, Fontes Relationum de Class. Medicor.
present known. It has been published by Zacha. xi. 1. (MS. Arab. in Bibl. Bodl. ); Wüstenfeld,
riae, Anecdota (pp. 1-163). (Mortreuil, Histoire Gesch. der Arab. Aerzte, p. 6. )
du Droit Byzantin, vol. i. )
(G. L. ] 9. A Jacobite Christian of Antioch, in the
THEODO’RUS (ebdwpos), the name of two thirteenth century after Christ, who was well ac-
members of the family of the Asclepiadae, and of quainted with the Syriac and Latin languages, and
several physicians whom it is impossible to distin- also with mathematics and other sciences. He went
guish with any tolerable degree of certainty :- first to the court of ’Aláu-d-Din, sultán of the Seljuks
1. The seventh in descent from Aesculapius, the in the kingdom of Rúm, in order to become his phy. .
was
.
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THEODORUS.
1059
THEODORUS.
.
sician ; but not receiving from the prince the welcome there purposely taken at random. The blundering
he expected, he went on to Armenia, to the court account of Athenagoras (Iegut. pro Christ. 14. p. 60,
of Constantine the father of King Hátem, and ed. Dechair), that Theodorus of Miletus, in con-
afterwards to one of the Latin emperors of Conjunction with Daedalus, invented the arts of statuary
stantinople. Here he was loaded with riches and and modelling (åvoplavTowOINTIKIN Kal ThaotikMV)
honours; but after a time he was seized with a scarcely deserves to be mentioned, except that it
great desire to revisit his friends and native coun- may perhaps be regarded as involving a tradition of
try, and requested permission to return home. This some value, because it indicates the coast of Asia
was refused, so Theodorus took an opportunity of Minor: as one scene of the artistic activity of
leaving the city by stealth, while the emperor was Theodorus. We proceed therefore to the positive
absent, and set sail for Acre. He was, however, testimonies respecting these artista.
compelled by stress of weather to put into a port Tho most definitely chronological of these testi-
where the emperor then happened to be, which had monies aro the passages in which llerodotus men-
such an effect upon Theodorus that he poisoned tions Theodorus as the maker of the silver cruler
himself. (Abu-l- Farnj, llist. Dynast. 3+1; which Croesus sent to Delphi (i. 51), and of the
Dillerbelot, Bill. Orient. )
celebrated ring of Polycrates (iii. 41). Now we
Haller by some confusion makes two physicians learn from Herodotus that the silver crater was
out of this last Theodorus. (Bill. Med. Pract. already at Delphi when the temple was burnt, in
vol. i. pp. 311, 406. )
(W. A. G. ) Ol. 58. 1, B. c. 548; and Polycrates was put to
THEODO’RUS' (0e6dwpos), artists. This death in Ol. 64. 3, B. c. 5:22. Again, with respect
name occurs in several passages of the ancient to his identity, for this, as well as his date, is a
authors, in such a manner as to give rise to great point to be ascertained ; in both passages Herodo-
difficulties. There existed, at an early period in ius makes Theodorus a Samian, and in the latter
the history of Grecian art, a school of Samian he calls him the son of Telecles ; in both it is im-
artists, to whom various works and inventions are plied that he was an artist of high reputation; and,
ascribed in architecture, sculpture, and metal work, in the former, Herodotus expressly states that he
and whose names are Rhoecus, Telecles, and Theo- believed the tradition which ascribed the crater
dorus. The genealogical table of the succession of to Theodorus, because the work did not appear to
these artists, according to the views of Müller, given be of a common order (ovytuxóv). Pausanias
under RHoecus, may be referred to as a key to (viii. 14. & 5. s. 8) also mentions the ring of Poly-
the ensuing discussion of the ancient testinonies, crates as the work of Theodorus, whom he also
which is necessary in order to make the subject at calls a Samian and the son of Telecles, and to
all intelligible.
whom, in conjunction with Rhoecus, the son of
First of all, a manifest error must be cleared Philaeus, he ascribes the first invention of the art
away. Thiersch (Epochen, p. 50), following Heyne of fusing bronze or copper, and casting statues
and Quatremere de Quincy, places this family (διέχεαν δε χαλκον πρώτοι και αγάλματα έχωνεύ-
of artists at the very beginning of the Olympiads, varto). . There appears here to be a difficulty as
that is, in the eighth century, B. C. The sole au- to the distinct specific meaning of the two verbs :
thority for this date is a passage of Pliny which, be- but the true meaning is, that Rhoecus and Theo-
sides being quite vague, contains a decided mistake. dorus invented the art of casting figures, and at
(H. N. xxxv. 12. s. 43. ) He says that “ the same time made improvements in the process of
relate that the first who invented the plastic art mixing copper and tin to form bronze ; as we learn
(plasticen) were Rhoecus and Theodorus, in Samos, from another passage (x. 38. $ 3. 8. 6), in which
long before the Bacchiadae were expelled from Co Pausanias states that he has already, in a former
rinth," an event which is supposed to have occurred part of his work (that is, in the passage just cited)
about the 30th Olympiad, B. c. 660; and he then mentioned Rhoecus, the son of Philaeus, and Theo.
proceeds to relate how, when Demaratus fled from dorus, the son of Telecles, as those who invented
that city into Italy, he was accompanied by the the process of melting bronze more accurately, and
modellers (fictores) Eucheir and Eugrammus, and who first cast it (Tous cupóvras Xankdv és od
so the art was brought into Italy. Now, in the axpıbéotepov tñfar kal éxóvevoav oŮtoi TPWT01).
whole of this passage, Pliny is speaking of plastice In still another passage (iii. 12. $ 8. s. 10) he
in the literal sense of the word, modelling in clay, makes the statement respecting the fusing and
not in the secondary sense, which it often bas in casting of metal, but in a slightly different form ;
the Greek writers, of casting in metal; but it is namely, that Theodorus of Samos was the first
quite in accordance with his mode of using his who discovered the art of fusing iron, and of
authorities, that he should have understood the making statues of it (os apôros diaxéai olonpov
statements of those writers who ascribed to Rhoe- | ευρε και αγάλματα απ' αυτού πλάσαι). Here
cus and Theodorus the invention of plastice in the nothing is said of Rhoecus, nor of Telecles ; and it
latter sense, as if they had been meant in the is also worth while to observe that we have here
former. Having thus fallen into the mistake of an example of the use of a doar in the sense which
making these artists the inventors of modelling, he we supposed above to have misled Pliny.
was compelled to place them considerably earlier There is another set of passages, in which various
than Eucheir and Eugrammus, by whom that art architectural works are attributed to those artists.
was said to have been brought into Italy. Even Herodotus (ii. 60), speaking of the temple of Hera
if this explanation be doubted, the statement of at Samos as the greatest known in his time, states
Pliny cannot be received, inasnıuch as it is incon- that its architect was Rhoecus, the son of Phileas,
sistent with other and better testimonies, and is a native of the island; and Vitruvius (vii. Praef.
entirely unconfirmed; for the passage in which 12), mentions Theodorus as the author of a work
Plato mentions Theodorus in common with Dae- on the same temple. Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 13.
dalus (Ion, p. 533, a. ) has no chronological refer- s. 19. & 3), in describing the celebrated Lemnian
ence at all, but the names of eminent artists are | labyrinth, says that its architects were Smilis,
some
;
3 Y 2
## p. 1060 (#1076) ##########################################
1000
THEODORUS.
'THEODORUS.
Rhoecns, and Theodorus. (Comp. xxxiv. 8. §. 19. hardly be explained on any other supposition than
§ 22, where the common reading places the lahy. that there existed distinct traditions respecting two
rinth at Samos; but this is easily corrected by a different Samian artists of the name of Thcodorus,
change in the punctuation, proposed by Müller in the one the son of Rhoccus and the brother of
his Acginctica, p. 99, and adopted by Sillig, in his Telecles, and the other the son of Telecles. For
edition of Pliny; namely, Theodorus, qui labyrin. the forner, we have the passages in Diogenes and
thum fccit, Sami ipse ex acre fudit: it is, however, Diodorus ; for the latter, one passage of Herodutus
just as likely that the mistake is Pliny's own, and two of Pausanias ; and besides these, there is
or, that it was made by a copyist ; sce below). one passage of Herodotus, one of Plato, one of
Another architectural work, ascribed to Theodorus, Pausanins, one of Vitruvius, and four of Pliny, in
was the old Sias at Sparta, as we learn from the which Theodorus is nientioned, without his father's
same passage in which Pausanias mentions him as name, but, in nearly every instance, as a Samian,
the inventor of casting in iron (iii. 12. & 8. 8. 10). and as closely connected with Rhoecus. Of course,
He is also connected with the erection of the cele the well-known facts, of the alternate succession of
brated temple of Artemis at Ephesus by an in- names, and the hereditary transmission of art, in
teresting tradition, recorded by Diogenes Laërtius Grecian families, must not be left out of the consi-
(ii. 103), that Theodorus advised the laying down deration. On the other hand, if we suppose only
of charcoal-cinders beneath the foundation of the one Theodorus, we must assume that Diogenes has
temple, as a remedy against the dampness of the made one decided mistake, and Diodorus two,
site: here he is called a Samian, and the son of namely, in making Telecles and Theodorus sons of
Rhoec11s.
Rhoecus; or else we must have recourse to the
Lastly, the names of Theodorus and Telecles are still more arbitrary and improbable supposition,
connected with the history of the ancient wooden that this one and only Theodorus was the son of
statues in a very curious manner. Diodorus (i. 98), Telecles, and the grandson of Rhoecus. The con-
in relating the various claims set up by the Egyp. clusion adopted by Mr. Grote (Ilistory of Greece,
tians to be considered the instructors of the Greeks vol. iv. p. 132), that there was only one Theodorus,
in philosophy, science, and art, tells us that they namely, the son of Rhoecus, is the least probable
asserted that the most celebrated of the ancient of all, as it compels us to reject the positive state-
statuaries, Telecles and Theodorus, the sons of ments, which make him the son of Telecles, and
Rhoecus, lived a long time in Egypt; and that they therefore, “ the positive evidence does not enable ua
told the following story respecting the wooden to verify" his theory, as he remarks of the genealogies
statue (Jóavov) of the Pythian Apollo, which those of Müller and Thiersch. A positive argument for
Artists made for the Samians. Of this statue, Te- distinguishing the two Theodori has been derived
lecles made the one half in Samos, while the other from a comparison of the passage in which Pau-
half was made by his brother Theodorus at Ephe- sanias speaks of the bronze statue of Night, ascribed
Bus; and, when the two parts were placed toge- to Rhoecus, as being of the rudest workmansbip
ther, they agreed as exactly as if the whole body (x. 38. & 3. 8. 6), with that in which Herodotus
had been made by one person ; a result which the describes the crater made by Theodorus as a work
Egyptians ascribed to the fact, that their rules of of no common order (i. 51). Surely, it is argued,
art had been learnt by Telecles and Theodorus. there could not be so great a difference in the
With this tradition we may connect one preserved works of the father and the son, and much less can
by Pliny, that Theodorus of Samos was the in- it be accounted for, if we suppose Rhoecus and
ventor of certain tools used in working wood, Theodorus to have been strictly contemporary.
namely, the norma, libella, tornus, and clavis. (Plin. There is perhaps some force in this argument, but
H. N. vii. 56. s. 57. )
it can hardly be considered decisive.
Now, in considering the conclusions which are It may also be observed that, in none of the
to be drawn from all this evidence, it is as well passages, in which the architectural works of Theo
first to exclude the assertion of Thiersch, that dorus are referred to, is he called the son of
there were two artists of the name of Telecles, Telecles, while, on the other hand, the names of
which rests on no other ground than the necessity Rhoecus and Theodorus are closely associated in
of lengthening out the genealogy in order to suit these works ; facts which suggest the hypothesis
the too early date which he has assumed for that, while the elder Theodorus followed chietiy
Rhoecus. He makes Rhoecus, with his sons Te the architectural branch of his father's professioni
,
lecles and Theodorus, flourish at the beginning of the younger devoted himself to the development
the Olympiads, and then, nearly two centuries of the art of working in metal. Müller has at-
later, he comes to another Telecles, with his son tempted also to draw a positive conclusion respecting
Theodorus, the artist who lived in the time of the dates of these artists from the buildings on
Polycrates.
which they are said to have been engaged. The
The real questions to be determined are these, Heraeum at Samos is referred to by Herodotus in
Were Theodorus, the son of Rhoecus, and Theo- such a way as to imply, not only that it was one
dorus, the son of Telecles, different persons, or the of the most ancient of the great temples then ex-
If the former, was the one Theodorus, isting, but also that it had been, at least in part,
namely, the son of Rhoecus, the same as Theodorus, erected before the 37th lympiad; and hence
the brother of Telecles, and was this Telecles the Müller places Rhoecus about Ol. 35, which agrees
same as the father of the other Theodorus ? If very well with the time at which his supposed
these questions be answered in the affirmative, grandson Theodorus flourished, namely, in the
little difficulty remains in adopting the genealogy reigns of Croesus and Polycrates. This also agrees
of Müller, as given under RHOECUS.
with the story told by Diogenes of the connection
If the first of these questions can be satisfactorily of the first Theodorus, the son of Rhoecus, with the
Answered, the others are easily disposed of. And laying of the foundation of the temple of Artemis
here, in the first place, the above testimonies can at Ephesus, which was probably cominenced about
same?
## p. 1061 (#1077) ##########################################
THEODORUS.
1061
THEODORUS.
B. C. 600. (CHERSIPHON. ) The most probable dowoa, épyov dè K. 7. 1. ) will, we think, bear either
conclusion, then, (for anything like certainty is meaning. Of course no great weight can be
clearly unattainable,) we think to be this: that assigned to the statements of later writers, such
the genealogy and dates given under Rhoecus are as Strabo (xiv. p. 638), Pausanins (1. c. ), Pollux
tolerably correct : that Rhoecus was the inventor (v.
τωνα περί της προσκυνήσεως των σεπτών εικόνων. 70. TABENNENSIS, abbot of Tabenna, was born
8. Two books of epistles, comprising altogether about A. D. 314, at Latopolis in the Thebaid. He
276. Almost twice as many however are extant. belonged to a Christian family of station and
In one MS. of the Coislinian library there are 548. wealth. As his mother is frequently mentioned, •
These letters form a collection of considerable his. but not his father, it would appear that she was
torical value not only for the life of Theodorus, but left a widow while Theodorus was still young. He
with reference to the disputes which agitated the had two brothers, Macarius and Paphnutius, who
Church in his time. Fabricius (Bibl. Gracc. vol. x. were also monks at Tabenna. Macarius was older
p. 439, &c. ) has given a list of those to whom these than Theodorus, and his half-brother. Theodorus
letters are addressed, amounting to 284. 9. 'láucou appears to have addicted himself to ascetic rules of
eis Siapópous útoegels, epigrammatic poems in living at a very early age. When not more than
iambic metre on various subjects. The following thirteen or fourteen years old, he joined some re-
are not published in the works of Sirmondus : 10. cluses, and was soon afterwards introduced to Pa.
Δογματική περί τιμής και προσκυνήσεως των αγίων | chomius at Tabenna, by whom he was received
eikówv, published in the works of Damascenus with great favour, and under whom he is said to
(Basil. 1575, fol. ). There is a Latin version in have made rapid advances in all monastic virtues.
the Bibliotheca Patrum (Paris, 1589, 1644 and His example seems to have induced his mother to
1654, vol. iii. ). 11. 'Epitádios eis Diétwa toy enter a convent which Pachomius had established.
{autoll avEVMATIKÒV Tatépa; published in Greek Notwithstanding his youth, Theodorus was em-
by Henschen and Papebroche (Acta Sunctorum, plored by Pachomius to supply his place in in-
vol. i. April. p. xlvi. , and in Latin, p. 366). Other structing the other monks, and even the great
Latin translations are also found. 12. Adayos eis master himself professed to derive edification from
την προσκύνησιν του τιμίου και ζωοποιού σταυρού | the discourses of his young disciple. He also took
év tñ negovnotluq, published in Greek with the him with him, or sent him alone, to visit and
!
VOL. IIL
3 Y
## p. 1058 (#1074) ##########################################
1058
THEODORUS.
THEODORUS.
lle may
inspect the other monasteries which looked to him son of Cleomyttades I. , and the father of Sostra-
as their eaperintendent. When he was about thirty tus II. , who may be supposed to have lived in the
years of age, Pachomius appointed him to supply ninth century B. C. (Jo. Tzetzes, Chil. vii. Hist.
his place in the monastery at Tabenna, while he 155, in Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. xii. p. 680, ed. vet. )
himself retired to another. When his end ap- 2. The eleventh in descent from Aesculapius,
proached, however, in order, as it is said, to try the the son of Cleomyttades II. , and the father of Sog-
humility of Theodorus, he appointed a man of the tratus III. , who lived perhaps in the eighth and
nanie of Petronius as his successor. Petronius died seventh centuries B. c. (Poeti Epist. ad Artax. in
not long afterwards, appointing Orsisius as his Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. p. 770). John Tzetzes
successor. The latter soon found himself incapable (loco cit. ) makes him to be the son, not of Cleo-
of maintaining the discipline of the monastery with mytendes 11. , but of King Crisamis II. ; and con-
sufficient vigour, and appointed Theodorus in his sequently not the eleventh, but the tenth of the
room. There is extant a letter of Theodorus, trans- family of the Asclepiadae.
lated into Latin by St. Jerome, inviting all the 3. A physician quoted by Pliny (II. N. xx. 40,
recluses of the order to assemble at a neighbouring xxiv. 120), who must therefore have lived in or
monastery to celebrate the festival of Easter. before the first century after Christ.
Theodorus on various occasions had epistolary and possibly have been the same person as the pupil of
personal communication with Athanasius, who is Athenaeus, who (if the Athenaeus in question be
said to have manifested great regard for him. the founder of the sect of the Pneumatici) must
Theodorus died April 27, A. D. 367. He is re- have lived in the first century after Christ. (Diog.
garded as a saint by the Greek Church; his memory Laërt. ii. 8. & 104. )
being honoured on the 16th of May, in order to 4. THEODORUS PRISCIANUS. [PrisciANUS. )
connect him with Pachomius. A large collection 5. THEODORUS Moschion, whose fifty-eighth
of somewhat dull stories about Theodorus will be book (? ) is quoted by Alexander Trallianus (i. 15.
found in Tillemont (Hist. Eccles. vol. vii. pp. 469 p. 156), must have lived in or before the sixth
-499).
century after Christ, and is probably the same
71. TARSENSIS. (D10DORUS TARSENSIS, Vol person whose second book (? ) is quoted in the
I. p. 1015. ]
same chapter a few lines above. Fabricius (Bill.
72. THEUS. (No. 32. ]
Lat. iv. 12, vol. ii. p. 591) supposes him to have
A great many more Theodori are met with, been the same person as Theodorus Priscianus ;
especially in ecclesiastical history. As they have Haller (Bill. Med. Pract. vol. i. p. 183) the same
not been thought worth inserting here, the reader as the physician quoted by Pliny, and also the
is referred to the catalogue in Fabricins. (Bill. same person who is quoted by Aëtius (iv. 1. 46.
Graec, vol. x. pp. 346-416, and Index. ) A list of p. 628).
twenty of the name is given by Diogenes Laërtius 6. The author of a short Latin work, entitled
(ii. 104).
[C. P. M. ] “ Diaeta sive de Rebus Salutaribus Liber," which
THEODO'RUS (ebdwpos), of Hermopolis, was first published in 1533. fol. Argent. , with
was a native of Hermopolis in the Thebaid. He “ Hildegardis Physica," and in a separate form in
was an advocate (oxonaotikos) at Constanti- | 1632. 8vo. Hal. ed. G. E. Schreiner. He is gene-
nople, where he wrote his commentaries on the rally supposed to be the same as Theodorus Pris-
Digest, the Code, and the Novellae. In the Bre- cianus, which may be correct, but he appears to be
viarium of the Novellae he is named at full length called simply Theolorus in the MSS. and editions
“ Theodorus Scholasticus, a Theban of Hermo- of his work. (Choulant's Handb. der Bücher-
polis. ” This Theodorus was living as late as the kunde für die Aeltere Melicin. )
reign of Mauricius, in whose time, it was affirmed, 7. The name is found in some other ancient
he composed his Breviarium after the collection of authors; for instance in Aëtius in several places,
168 Novellae, in which collection appear three in each of which the same person is probably in-
Novellae of Tiberius, which Theodorus has not tended. Now the person quoted by Aetius (ii. 2.
neglected. If Theodorus of Hermopolis wrote so 91. p. 291) is the same who is quoted by Nicolaus
late, it is hardly within the limits of probability that Myrepsns (xxxvi. 138. p. 738), and called “ Ac-
he was the Theodorus, professor at Constantinople, tuarius ;” and as the title of “ Actuarius
one of those to whom Justinian addressed his only in use at the court of Constantinople (see Did.
constitution on the course of law studies (Omnem of Ant. p. 748, b. 2d ed. ), this Theodorus probably
reipublicae nostrae). There is a small number of lived in the fifth century after Christ, and cannot
fragments by Theodorus, which are placed in the therefore be (as Haller supposed) the physician
Basilica under certain texts of the Digests ; but quoted by Pliny.
whether he commented on the whole work is 8. A celebrated Christian physician at Níshá-
doubtful. The commentary on the Code was a púr in Chorásán, where one of the Persian kings,
Breviarium, consisting of abridgments or sum- either Shapúr (or Sapor) II.
or Bahrám (or Vu-
maries of the Constitutions in the Code, with rancs) IV. , built at his request a Christian church,
notices of similar passages in the Code or the in the fourth century after Christ. He wrote a
Novellae. The Breviarium of the Norellae exists work called “ Pandectae Medicinae ” (Ibn Abí
complete in a MS. of Mount Athos, the only one at Osaibi'ah, Fontes Relationum de Class. Medicor.
present known. It has been published by Zacha. xi. 1. (MS. Arab. in Bibl. Bodl. ); Wüstenfeld,
riae, Anecdota (pp. 1-163). (Mortreuil, Histoire Gesch. der Arab. Aerzte, p. 6. )
du Droit Byzantin, vol. i. )
(G. L. ] 9. A Jacobite Christian of Antioch, in the
THEODO’RUS (ebdwpos), the name of two thirteenth century after Christ, who was well ac-
members of the family of the Asclepiadae, and of quainted with the Syriac and Latin languages, and
several physicians whom it is impossible to distin- also with mathematics and other sciences. He went
guish with any tolerable degree of certainty :- first to the court of ’Aláu-d-Din, sultán of the Seljuks
1. The seventh in descent from Aesculapius, the in the kingdom of Rúm, in order to become his phy. .
was
.
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THEODORUS.
1059
THEODORUS.
.
sician ; but not receiving from the prince the welcome there purposely taken at random. The blundering
he expected, he went on to Armenia, to the court account of Athenagoras (Iegut. pro Christ. 14. p. 60,
of Constantine the father of King Hátem, and ed. Dechair), that Theodorus of Miletus, in con-
afterwards to one of the Latin emperors of Conjunction with Daedalus, invented the arts of statuary
stantinople. Here he was loaded with riches and and modelling (åvoplavTowOINTIKIN Kal ThaotikMV)
honours; but after a time he was seized with a scarcely deserves to be mentioned, except that it
great desire to revisit his friends and native coun- may perhaps be regarded as involving a tradition of
try, and requested permission to return home. This some value, because it indicates the coast of Asia
was refused, so Theodorus took an opportunity of Minor: as one scene of the artistic activity of
leaving the city by stealth, while the emperor was Theodorus. We proceed therefore to the positive
absent, and set sail for Acre. He was, however, testimonies respecting these artista.
compelled by stress of weather to put into a port Tho most definitely chronological of these testi-
where the emperor then happened to be, which had monies aro the passages in which llerodotus men-
such an effect upon Theodorus that he poisoned tions Theodorus as the maker of the silver cruler
himself. (Abu-l- Farnj, llist. Dynast. 3+1; which Croesus sent to Delphi (i. 51), and of the
Dillerbelot, Bill. Orient. )
celebrated ring of Polycrates (iii. 41). Now we
Haller by some confusion makes two physicians learn from Herodotus that the silver crater was
out of this last Theodorus. (Bill. Med. Pract. already at Delphi when the temple was burnt, in
vol. i. pp. 311, 406. )
(W. A. G. ) Ol. 58. 1, B. c. 548; and Polycrates was put to
THEODO’RUS' (0e6dwpos), artists. This death in Ol. 64. 3, B. c. 5:22. Again, with respect
name occurs in several passages of the ancient to his identity, for this, as well as his date, is a
authors, in such a manner as to give rise to great point to be ascertained ; in both passages Herodo-
difficulties. There existed, at an early period in ius makes Theodorus a Samian, and in the latter
the history of Grecian art, a school of Samian he calls him the son of Telecles ; in both it is im-
artists, to whom various works and inventions are plied that he was an artist of high reputation; and,
ascribed in architecture, sculpture, and metal work, in the former, Herodotus expressly states that he
and whose names are Rhoecus, Telecles, and Theo- believed the tradition which ascribed the crater
dorus. The genealogical table of the succession of to Theodorus, because the work did not appear to
these artists, according to the views of Müller, given be of a common order (ovytuxóv). Pausanias
under RHoecus, may be referred to as a key to (viii. 14. & 5. s. 8) also mentions the ring of Poly-
the ensuing discussion of the ancient testinonies, crates as the work of Theodorus, whom he also
which is necessary in order to make the subject at calls a Samian and the son of Telecles, and to
all intelligible.
whom, in conjunction with Rhoecus, the son of
First of all, a manifest error must be cleared Philaeus, he ascribes the first invention of the art
away. Thiersch (Epochen, p. 50), following Heyne of fusing bronze or copper, and casting statues
and Quatremere de Quincy, places this family (διέχεαν δε χαλκον πρώτοι και αγάλματα έχωνεύ-
of artists at the very beginning of the Olympiads, varto). . There appears here to be a difficulty as
that is, in the eighth century, B. C. The sole au- to the distinct specific meaning of the two verbs :
thority for this date is a passage of Pliny which, be- but the true meaning is, that Rhoecus and Theo-
sides being quite vague, contains a decided mistake. dorus invented the art of casting figures, and at
(H. N. xxxv. 12. s. 43. ) He says that “ the same time made improvements in the process of
relate that the first who invented the plastic art mixing copper and tin to form bronze ; as we learn
(plasticen) were Rhoecus and Theodorus, in Samos, from another passage (x. 38. $ 3. 8. 6), in which
long before the Bacchiadae were expelled from Co Pausanias states that he has already, in a former
rinth," an event which is supposed to have occurred part of his work (that is, in the passage just cited)
about the 30th Olympiad, B. c. 660; and he then mentioned Rhoecus, the son of Philaeus, and Theo.
proceeds to relate how, when Demaratus fled from dorus, the son of Telecles, as those who invented
that city into Italy, he was accompanied by the the process of melting bronze more accurately, and
modellers (fictores) Eucheir and Eugrammus, and who first cast it (Tous cupóvras Xankdv és od
so the art was brought into Italy. Now, in the axpıbéotepov tñfar kal éxóvevoav oŮtoi TPWT01).
whole of this passage, Pliny is speaking of plastice In still another passage (iii. 12. $ 8. s. 10) he
in the literal sense of the word, modelling in clay, makes the statement respecting the fusing and
not in the secondary sense, which it often bas in casting of metal, but in a slightly different form ;
the Greek writers, of casting in metal; but it is namely, that Theodorus of Samos was the first
quite in accordance with his mode of using his who discovered the art of fusing iron, and of
authorities, that he should have understood the making statues of it (os apôros diaxéai olonpov
statements of those writers who ascribed to Rhoe- | ευρε και αγάλματα απ' αυτού πλάσαι). Here
cus and Theodorus the invention of plastice in the nothing is said of Rhoecus, nor of Telecles ; and it
latter sense, as if they had been meant in the is also worth while to observe that we have here
former. Having thus fallen into the mistake of an example of the use of a doar in the sense which
making these artists the inventors of modelling, he we supposed above to have misled Pliny.
was compelled to place them considerably earlier There is another set of passages, in which various
than Eucheir and Eugrammus, by whom that art architectural works are attributed to those artists.
was said to have been brought into Italy. Even Herodotus (ii. 60), speaking of the temple of Hera
if this explanation be doubted, the statement of at Samos as the greatest known in his time, states
Pliny cannot be received, inasnıuch as it is incon- that its architect was Rhoecus, the son of Phileas,
sistent with other and better testimonies, and is a native of the island; and Vitruvius (vii. Praef.
entirely unconfirmed; for the passage in which 12), mentions Theodorus as the author of a work
Plato mentions Theodorus in common with Dae- on the same temple. Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 13.
dalus (Ion, p. 533, a. ) has no chronological refer- s. 19. & 3), in describing the celebrated Lemnian
ence at all, but the names of eminent artists are | labyrinth, says that its architects were Smilis,
some
;
3 Y 2
## p. 1060 (#1076) ##########################################
1000
THEODORUS.
'THEODORUS.
Rhoecns, and Theodorus. (Comp. xxxiv. 8. §. 19. hardly be explained on any other supposition than
§ 22, where the common reading places the lahy. that there existed distinct traditions respecting two
rinth at Samos; but this is easily corrected by a different Samian artists of the name of Thcodorus,
change in the punctuation, proposed by Müller in the one the son of Rhoccus and the brother of
his Acginctica, p. 99, and adopted by Sillig, in his Telecles, and the other the son of Telecles. For
edition of Pliny; namely, Theodorus, qui labyrin. the forner, we have the passages in Diogenes and
thum fccit, Sami ipse ex acre fudit: it is, however, Diodorus ; for the latter, one passage of Herodutus
just as likely that the mistake is Pliny's own, and two of Pausanias ; and besides these, there is
or, that it was made by a copyist ; sce below). one passage of Herodotus, one of Plato, one of
Another architectural work, ascribed to Theodorus, Pausanins, one of Vitruvius, and four of Pliny, in
was the old Sias at Sparta, as we learn from the which Theodorus is nientioned, without his father's
same passage in which Pausanias mentions him as name, but, in nearly every instance, as a Samian,
the inventor of casting in iron (iii. 12. & 8. 8. 10). and as closely connected with Rhoecus. Of course,
He is also connected with the erection of the cele the well-known facts, of the alternate succession of
brated temple of Artemis at Ephesus by an in- names, and the hereditary transmission of art, in
teresting tradition, recorded by Diogenes Laërtius Grecian families, must not be left out of the consi-
(ii. 103), that Theodorus advised the laying down deration. On the other hand, if we suppose only
of charcoal-cinders beneath the foundation of the one Theodorus, we must assume that Diogenes has
temple, as a remedy against the dampness of the made one decided mistake, and Diodorus two,
site: here he is called a Samian, and the son of namely, in making Telecles and Theodorus sons of
Rhoec11s.
Rhoecus; or else we must have recourse to the
Lastly, the names of Theodorus and Telecles are still more arbitrary and improbable supposition,
connected with the history of the ancient wooden that this one and only Theodorus was the son of
statues in a very curious manner. Diodorus (i. 98), Telecles, and the grandson of Rhoecus. The con-
in relating the various claims set up by the Egyp. clusion adopted by Mr. Grote (Ilistory of Greece,
tians to be considered the instructors of the Greeks vol. iv. p. 132), that there was only one Theodorus,
in philosophy, science, and art, tells us that they namely, the son of Rhoecus, is the least probable
asserted that the most celebrated of the ancient of all, as it compels us to reject the positive state-
statuaries, Telecles and Theodorus, the sons of ments, which make him the son of Telecles, and
Rhoecus, lived a long time in Egypt; and that they therefore, “ the positive evidence does not enable ua
told the following story respecting the wooden to verify" his theory, as he remarks of the genealogies
statue (Jóavov) of the Pythian Apollo, which those of Müller and Thiersch. A positive argument for
Artists made for the Samians. Of this statue, Te- distinguishing the two Theodori has been derived
lecles made the one half in Samos, while the other from a comparison of the passage in which Pau-
half was made by his brother Theodorus at Ephe- sanias speaks of the bronze statue of Night, ascribed
Bus; and, when the two parts were placed toge- to Rhoecus, as being of the rudest workmansbip
ther, they agreed as exactly as if the whole body (x. 38. & 3. 8. 6), with that in which Herodotus
had been made by one person ; a result which the describes the crater made by Theodorus as a work
Egyptians ascribed to the fact, that their rules of of no common order (i. 51). Surely, it is argued,
art had been learnt by Telecles and Theodorus. there could not be so great a difference in the
With this tradition we may connect one preserved works of the father and the son, and much less can
by Pliny, that Theodorus of Samos was the in- it be accounted for, if we suppose Rhoecus and
ventor of certain tools used in working wood, Theodorus to have been strictly contemporary.
namely, the norma, libella, tornus, and clavis. (Plin. There is perhaps some force in this argument, but
H. N. vii. 56. s. 57. )
it can hardly be considered decisive.
Now, in considering the conclusions which are It may also be observed that, in none of the
to be drawn from all this evidence, it is as well passages, in which the architectural works of Theo
first to exclude the assertion of Thiersch, that dorus are referred to, is he called the son of
there were two artists of the name of Telecles, Telecles, while, on the other hand, the names of
which rests on no other ground than the necessity Rhoecus and Theodorus are closely associated in
of lengthening out the genealogy in order to suit these works ; facts which suggest the hypothesis
the too early date which he has assumed for that, while the elder Theodorus followed chietiy
Rhoecus. He makes Rhoecus, with his sons Te the architectural branch of his father's professioni
,
lecles and Theodorus, flourish at the beginning of the younger devoted himself to the development
the Olympiads, and then, nearly two centuries of the art of working in metal. Müller has at-
later, he comes to another Telecles, with his son tempted also to draw a positive conclusion respecting
Theodorus, the artist who lived in the time of the dates of these artists from the buildings on
Polycrates.
which they are said to have been engaged. The
The real questions to be determined are these, Heraeum at Samos is referred to by Herodotus in
Were Theodorus, the son of Rhoecus, and Theo- such a way as to imply, not only that it was one
dorus, the son of Telecles, different persons, or the of the most ancient of the great temples then ex-
If the former, was the one Theodorus, isting, but also that it had been, at least in part,
namely, the son of Rhoecus, the same as Theodorus, erected before the 37th lympiad; and hence
the brother of Telecles, and was this Telecles the Müller places Rhoecus about Ol. 35, which agrees
same as the father of the other Theodorus ? If very well with the time at which his supposed
these questions be answered in the affirmative, grandson Theodorus flourished, namely, in the
little difficulty remains in adopting the genealogy reigns of Croesus and Polycrates. This also agrees
of Müller, as given under RHOECUS.
with the story told by Diogenes of the connection
If the first of these questions can be satisfactorily of the first Theodorus, the son of Rhoecus, with the
Answered, the others are easily disposed of. And laying of the foundation of the temple of Artemis
here, in the first place, the above testimonies can at Ephesus, which was probably cominenced about
same?
## p. 1061 (#1077) ##########################################
THEODORUS.
1061
THEODORUS.
B. C. 600. (CHERSIPHON. ) The most probable dowoa, épyov dè K. 7. 1. ) will, we think, bear either
conclusion, then, (for anything like certainty is meaning. Of course no great weight can be
clearly unattainable,) we think to be this: that assigned to the statements of later writers, such
the genealogy and dates given under Rhoecus are as Strabo (xiv. p. 638), Pausanins (1. c. ), Pollux
tolerably correct : that Rhoecus was the inventor (v.
