We would ask if, through the
Distinguished
Path (visesamdrga, vi.
Abhidharmakosabhasyam-Vol-3-Vasubandhu-Poussin-Pruden-1991-PDF-Search-Engine
The view of negation with dissatisfaction and
180 sensation.
False view is associated with dissatisfaction among those persons who have done meritorious actions and who regret that their actions are without result; it is associated with satisfaction among transgressors.
56a. Doubt with dissatisfaction.
If one who aspires to certitude doubts, then he is dissatisfied.
56b. The others with satisfaction.
The others, that is, the views with the exception of false views and egotism--are associated with satisfaction, for they have the aspect of happiness.
Which anusayas have we considered up to now?
56b. Those arisen in Kamadhatu.
Having indicates the difference of these anusayas, the author notes a common characteristic:
56c. All are associated with indifference.
All these anusayas are associated with the indriya of indiffer- ence, for, says the School, there is necessarily indifference when the series of the klesa is going to be broken.
? II. With respect to the klesas of the higher spheres:
56c-d. In the higher stages, they are associated with their own sensations, to be determined according to the stage.
In the higher stages, the anusayas are associated with the sensation which are proper to them, to the extent that these sensations exist there (see ii. 12, viii. 12).
In the stage--the First Dhyana--where there are four consciousnesses, seeing, hearing, touch, and mental consciousness, the anusayas which are produced with each of these conscious- nesses are associated with the sensations proper to this conscious- ness: there one finds (1) the sensation of pleasure corresponding to the consciousnesses of seeing, hearing, and touch; (2) the sensation of satisfaction corresponding to the mental conscious- ness; and (3) the sensation of indifference corresponding to the
180 four consciousnesses.
In the stages--the Second Dhyana, etc. --where only the mental consciousness is found, the anusayas which are produced with this consciousness are associated with the sensations proper
182
to this consciousness in the state in question: Second Dhyana,
satisfaction and indifference: Third Dhyana, pleasure and indifference; Fourth Dhyana and Arupyas, indifference.
III. With respect to the upaklesas'.
57a-c. Regret, envy, anger, hostility, aversion, and the esteeming of evil are associated with dissatisfaction.
These upaklesas are associated with the indriya of dissatisfac- tion because they have dejection for their mode and they belong to
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the sphere of the manas.
57d. Avarice, with the contrary.
Avarice is assocated with the indriya of satisfaction; it has happiness for its mode, for it proceeds greed.
58a-b. Crookedness, cheating, hyprcrisy, and languor are associated with one and the other.
"Associated with the indriya of satisfaction and with the indriya of dissatisfaction:" it happens that one deceives another with satisfaction, and one deceives with dissatisfaction.
58b-c. Pridefulness is associated with the two agreeable sensations.
In the Third Dhyana, pridefulness is associated with the
183
All are associated with indifference. In the way that there is no restriction in the association of the klesa and the upaklesas with ignorance, so too with indifference.
58d. The four others with five.
Four wrappings--namely disrespect, absence of fear, torpor, and dissipation--are associated with the five sensations, because the first two are akusalamahdbhumikas, and the last two are
indriya of pleasure; below, with the indriya of satisfaction; above, with the indriya of indifference. Thus
58c. Indifference is everywhere.
? kleiamahdbhumikas (ii. 26).
***
From another point of view, the Sutra
five "hindrances" or "obstacles" (nwaranas), among the klesas and upaklesas: 1. kdmacchanda, 2. anger, 3. torpor-languor, 4. dissipation-regret, and 5. doubt.
Does this refer to the torpor, dissipation, and doubt of all the three Dhatus, or only of Kamadhatu?
185
The Sutra says that the hindrances are exclusively bad; consequently
186
59a. The hindrances exist in Kamadhatu.
But in none of the other Dhatus.
Why do torpor-and-languor and dissipation-and-regret constitute, as groups, two hindrances?
59b-c. Two make up a single hindrance, because they have
the same opposites, the same nourishment, and the same
187 result.
"Opposite," that is, opposition or counter-nourishment.
The Sutra teaches that torpor and languor have the same
nourishment, and the same counter-nourishment: "What is the
nourishment of torpor-languor? Five dharmas, namely tandri (bad
omens seen in dreams), arati(\inh&pp'mess), vijrmbhikd (physical
exhaustion), bhakte'samata (uneven consumption of food), and
cetaso linatva (mental depression). What is the counter-nourish-
188 ment? Alokasamjnd. "
184
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declares that there are
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Torpor and languor have the same action or task of rendering the mind languid.
In this same way dissipation and regret have the same
nourishment, the same counter-nourishment, and the same effect.
Its nourishment is four dharmas: preoccupation relative to one's
relatives (jndtivitarka), preoccupation relative to one's land
(janapadavitarka), preoccupation relative to the deathless ones
(amaravitarka), and remembrance of one's former merry-making
and companions (paurdnasya ca hasitakriditaramitaparibhavitasyd- 19
nusmartd). * Its counter-nourishment is calmness. Its effect is to 190
agitate the mind.
But all the klesas are a "hindrance. " Why does the Sutra distinguish five hindrances?
59c-d. Only five, be reason of the destruction of a skandha, 191
Kdmacchanda and anger destroy the element of morality,
torpor-languor destroy the element of discrimination, and
dissipation-regret destroy the element of absorption. And in the
absence of discrimination and absorption, there is doubt concern-
192 ing the Truths.
193
But, one would say, if this explanation is correct, dissipation-
regret, which hinders absorption, should be listed, in the list of the
hindrances, before torpor-languor. Thus these two hindrances
desroy, in the order in which they are named, the two elements of
absorption and discrimination: the danger to the person who
applies himself to absorption is in torpor-languor; the danger to
him who applies himself to discrimination of the dharmas is in 194
195
Other masters
explain this? The monk on his rounds perceives an agreeable or disagreeable object, and considers it as such; when he returns to the monastery the enjoyment and the aversion which proceed
by reason of doubt.
dissipation-regret.
give another explanation. How do they
? _ _ The Latent Defilements 853
from this agreeable-disagreeable impression, first hinder his entry into absorption. Then, when the monk has entered into absorp- tion, as he does not correctly cultivate calm and insight {samatha and vipasyand), there is then produced torpor-languor and dissipation-regret which, in this order, hinder his absorption (samddhi = samatha) and his discrmination (prajnd = vipasyand). Finally, when he has left the absorption, doubt hinders his reflection on the dharmas. It is in this way that there are the five hinderances.
There is one point to be examined.
Let us consider the klesas "universal in a different sphere" (visabhdgadhdtusarvatraga, v. 13)--that is, those that form the group of false views, etc. , and are abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and of the Arising of Suffering--which have for their object the two higher spheres. This object is "completely known" by the anvayajndnas of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering which bear on the higher spheres (v. 14, vi. 26, vii. 3c): but it is not at the moment when these anvayajndnas are produced that the klesas in question are abandoned, for, also having Kamadhatu for their sphere, these klesas have been formerly destroyed by the dharmajndnas of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering the production of which is before that of the anvayajndnas.
Conversely, with respect to the klesas having an impure object (sdsravdlambana, v. 16) and to be abandoned through the Seeing the Extinction of Suffering and the Path--those which form the esteeming of false views group--it is not when their object (the group of false views to be abandoned through the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering and of the Path) is "completely known" (by the dharmajndnas and anvayajndnas of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering) that they are abandoned. Rather they are abandoned only later by the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering and by the Path.
Thus how can one say that these two categories of klesas are abandoned by a knowledge of their object?
? 854 Chapter Five
It is not an absolute principle that the klesas are abandoned by a knowledge of their object. They are abandoned in four ways.
With respect to the klesas abandoned through Seeing:
60a-c. Destruction by a knowledge of the object, by the
destruction of the klesas of which they are the object, and by 196
1. The klesas (1) bearing on the bhumi to which they belong, abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering, or (2) having a pure object, abandoned through the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering and the Path (v. 14), are abandoned through a knowledge of their object.
2. The universal klesas in another sphere, abandoned through
the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering, are aban-
doned through the destruction of the klesa of which they are the
object. These klesas (v. 12) are of the object of a universal klesa in
its own sphere: by the destruction of those, these are also
197 destroyed.
3. The klesas having an impure object, abandoned through the
Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering and the Path are abandoned
through the abandoning of their object. These klesas have for their
the abandoning of the object.
object the klesa which has a pure object (v. 14). By the destruction 198
of those, these are also destroyed.
***
With respect to the klesas abandoned through Meditation,
60d. There is destruction through the arising of the opposition.
? When a path is opposed to one category of klesa, this path, by arising, causes this category of defilement to be abandoned.
Which path is opposed to which category?
This will be taught in detail (vi. 33): "The weak-weak path is opposed to the strong-strong category . . . The strong-strong path is opposed to the weak-weak category. "
How many types of oppositions are there?
61a-c. Opposition is fourfold: abandoning, maintaining, removal, and disgust.
1. The Uninterrupted Path (dnantaryamdrga, vi. 28,65) is a prahdna-pratipaksa, "an opposition which results in abandoning. "
2. The next path, the Path of Deliverance (vimuktimdrga), is an adhdra-pratipaksa, "opposition through which the abandoning obtained by the proceeding path, is found to be maintained, affirmed. "
3. The next path, visesamdrga is the duribhdva-pratipaksa, "opposition by which the possession of the kleia previously cut off, is found to be removed. "
According to others, the Path of Deliverance is itself the opposition of removal (duribhdva-pratipaksa), for the possession of the klesa is also removed from it.
4. The path which consists of considering a sphere of existence as bad (impermanent, etc. ) and which finds disgust in it is the path of opposition through disgust (vidusand-pratipaksa, see vi. 50).
But we say, here is the correct order: 1. opposition through
199
disgust is the Preparatory Path ( prayogamdrga); 2. opposition
through abandoning is the whole of the Uninterrupted Path; 3. opposition through which the proceeding path is maintained is the Path of Deliverance; and 4. opposition by which the possession of the klesa previously cut off, is removed is the Distinguished Path
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When one abandons the klesas, through separation from what are they abandoned?
61c-d. The klesa is supposed to become abandoned through 201
The klesa, in fact, cannot be separated from its samprayoga, (that is, from the dharmas associated with the mind, sensations,
So be it. A future klesa can be separated from its object, but how can a past klesa be? [The thing that it has taken as its object remains having been taken as object]. Would you say that the expression alambandt prahdtavyah, "to be abandoned through separation from its object," signifies dlambanaparijnandt prahata- vyah, "to be abandoned through perfect knowledge of the object? " But the rule that the klesa is abandoned through knowledge of the object is not absolute (see above, p. 854); consequently there is a
203
difficulty to be resolved here.
What does one do in order that the klesas may be termed
prahma, or "abandoned? "
A personal klesa is abandoned through the cutting off oiprapti or the possession of this klesa (ii. 36b) which exists in the personal series. As for the klesa of another, or for rupa in its totality (kusala, etc. ), or for the undefiled dharmas, these diverse things are abandoned through the abandoning of the personal klesa which takes them as its object (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 274c21, p. 411a27, etc. )
(V. 63).
etc. ii. 24);
but it can be separated from its object in such a
separation from its object.
202
manner that it no longer re-arises bearing on this object.
***
? How many types of separation are there? There are four, say the School:
62. Separation through difference of nature, through opposition, through separation of place, and through time; as, for example, the primary elements, the precepts, places,
204
1. Separation through difference of nature: although the primary elements {mahdbhuta) arise together (sahaja, ii. 65), they are separated one from the other by the fact of their different natures.
2. Separation by opposition: one is separated from immorality by the precepts.
3. Separation of place by difference of place: the oceans of the East and the West.
4. Separation by time: as the past and the future. One says that the past and the future are separated: from what are they separated?
They are separated from the present.
How can the past which has just perished and the future which is about to arise be separated from the present?
It is by reason of the difference of time period that, according to us, the past and the future are separated; not by reason of the fact that they will be distant in the past or in the future. For if this were the case, the present would also be separate, for it constitutes a different time period. We say that the past and the future are seperated through their activity (karitra, see v. 25).
But how can an unconditioned thing, which is always inactive,
205
be considered as near?
Because, universally, they possess the two extinctions
and the two time periods.
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(nirodha, ii. 36).
This argument would hold for the past and the future (one possesses past and future good dharmas, etc. ); but how can space, which one cannot possess (iii. 36), be near?
We say that the past and the future are separated from one another because they are separated by the present; the present is near because it is near to the past and future; an unconditioned thing is near because it is not separated or hindered by anything.
But then the past and the future will be at one and the same time far and near, being far from each other and near to the present.
206
Here is the correct explanation.
the unique, self characteristics of the dharmas, because it has not attained them; the past is separated from them because it has fallen away from them.
***
It has been said that the klesas are not destroyed through the arising of their opposition or opposites (v. 60d).
We would ask if, through the Distinguished Path (visesamdrga, vi. 65b-d), there is a "progressive abandoning (visesa-prahana)" of the klesas}
No. Of all the klesas, there is
63a. Destruction all at once.
The klesa is destroyed through the Path which is its "path of abandoning. " But
63a-b. The acquisition of disconnection from the klesas
207
takes place many times.
The future is separated from
? In how many moments? In six moments:
63c-d. There is arising of the opposition, the acquisition of results, and the perfection of the faculties.
"Opposition" here means the "Path of Deliverance {vimukti- mdrga)" "Results" means the four results of the religious life, the result of Srotaapanna, etc. (vi. 51). "Perfection of the faculties"
208 refers to indriyasamcdra (vi. 60c).
Disconnection from the klesas is acquired in these moments: for certain klesas, according to the case, in six moments; but in
209
Under certain conditions, disconnection (visamyoga) receives the name of parijnd, "perfect knowledge" (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 406b9). There are two types of perfect knowledge: jndnaparijnd, "perfect knowledge consisting of knowledge," which is pure knowledge; and prahdnaparijnd, "perfect knowledge which produces abandoning," which is abandoning itself, for the effect is
210 designated by the name of its cause.
***
Does all abandoning constitute one perfect knowledge? No.
Why is this?
decreasing number down to two for others.
***
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211 64a. There are nine perfect knowledges.
That is,
64b-c. The destruction of the first two types of Kama consititute one perfect knowledge.
That is, the destruction of the first two types of klesa of Kamadhatu, the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering.
64c. The destruction of the two types consists of two.
The abandoning of the klesas of Kamadhatu abandoned through the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering consitiutes one perfect knowledge; the same for the abandoning of the klesas of Kamadhatu abandoned through the Seeing of the Path.
As the abandoning of the kief as of Kamadhatu abandoned through the Seeing of the Truths constitutes three perfect knowledges,
64d. In that same way, above, there are three perfect knowledges.
The same for the two higher spheres taken together, the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering consitutes one perfect knowledge; the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering constitutes the second perfect knowledge; and the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of the Path constitutes one perfect knowledge. Thus there are six perfect knowledges for the abandoning of the klesas
? which belong to the three spheres and which are abandoned by the Seeing of the Truths.
65a-c. There are three other perfect knowledges: the destruction of the avarabhagtya cankerous influences, the cankerous influences of Rupadhatu, and of all the cankerous influences.
The abandoning of the avarabhagtya cankerous influences (v. 43a), that is, the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu, constitute one perfect knowledge.
The abandoning of the cankerous influences of Rupadhatu, which is called ruparagaksayaparijnd "perfect knowledge consist- ing of the destruction of attachment to Rupadhatu" (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 322al5) constitutes one perfect knowledge.
The third perfect knowledge is the total abandoning of the cankerous influences of Arupyadhatu, which is called sarvasamy- ojanaparydddnaparijna, "perfect knowledge consisting of the annihilation of all the bonds" (v. 41).
[These three perfect knowledges are the abandoning of the types of klesa abandoned though Meditation. ]
Rupadhatu is distinguished from Arupyadhatu with respect to the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through Meditation; one does not establish this distinction with respect to the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of the Truths: the opposition is the same for these {anvayajndna, vii. 2c-d), but not for those. Thus three are nine perfect knowledges.
65c. Six are the result of the patiences (see above p. 775).
The first six perefect knowledges, which consist of the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through Seeing the Truths, are the result of the "patiences" {ksdntisy vi. 25c).
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65d. The others, the results of the knowledges.
The three perfect knowledges, the first of which is the perfect knowledge which consists of the abandoning (of the cankerous influences) of Kamadhatu, are obtained through the Path of Meditation; thus they are the result of the "knowledges. *'
How can a perfect knowledge be the result of a patience (Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 321a21)?
Because the patiences are the associates of the jndnas or knowledges: in the manner in which the associates of a king improperly receive the name of king; or rather, because a patience and a knowledge have the same result.
***
(In what stage of absorption does one obtain the perfect knowledges? )
66a-b. All are the result of anagamya\ five or eight are the 212
According to the Vaibhasikas, five are the result of the mauladhydnas or the "principal absorptions** (in opposition to the samantakas or absorptions preparatory to the Dhyanas, viii. 6, 22a), namely, those which consist of the abandoning of the klesas of the sphere of Rupadhatu and Arupyadhatu (perfect knowledges four, five, six, eight and nine). The abandoning of the klesas of the sphere of Kamadhatu (perfect knowledges one, two, three, and seven) is the result of only andgamya, that is, of the absorption preparatory to the First Dhyana.
According to the Bhadanta Ghosaka, eight are the result of the principal absorptions (namely one to six, eight, and nine). Let us
result of the dhyanas.
? suppose, he says, a person detached from Kamadhatu by the mundane or impure path (sdsrava, laukikamdrga, vi. 49) enters into the Seeing of the Truths or the Path of Seeing (which is always pure) being supported by (i. e. , in) the Dhyanas: his abandoning of the klesas of Kamadhatu abandoned by Seeing, and his taking of possession of disconnection from these klesas, should be consid- ered as the result of the path of Seeing, for it is pure. The single perfect knowledge which consists of the abandoning of the cankerous influence of Kamadhatu (perfect knowledge number seven) is solely the result of anagamya.
This holds as well for dhydnantara (viii. 22d) as for the principle Dhyanas.
2n 66c. One is the result of a sdmantaka,
The perfect knowledge consisting of the destructin of attach- ment to Rupadhatu (perfect knowledge number eight) is the result of the samantaka, or preparatory stage (viii. 22a) of Akasanan- tyayatana.
(In order to enter into the First Arupya, one should disengage oneself from the defilements of Rupadhatu: this is what one does in this preparatory stage).
2lA 66d. One is also the result of three mauldrupys.
The perfect knowledge which consists of the annihilation of all the bonds is the result of the three principle Arupyas.
67a. All are the result of the Aryan Path.
The nine perfect knowledges are obtained through the pure path.
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67b. Two of the worldly path.
Perfect knowledges numbers seven and eight are also obtained through the impure path.
67c. Two also through anvaya\
The last two perfect knowledges are the result of anvayajnana (vii. 3c: a knowledge of Suffering etc. , of the two higher spheres) included in the Path of Meditation.
67d. Three through dharmajndna;
The last three are the result of dharmajndna (knowledge of Suffering, etc. , of Kamadhatu) included in the Path of Meditation, for this knowledge is opposed to the klesas of the three spheres abandoned through Meditation.
67e. Five or six, from one and the other groups.
Six are the result of the dharmajndna group, namely those which are the result of the dharmaksdntis and the dharmajndnas\ five are the result of the anvayajnana group, namely those which are the result of anvayaksdntis and the anvayajnanas. The expression "group" is to be understood for the ksdntis and the
jnanas.
***
Why is not all abandoning (prahdna) considered a perfect knowledge (parijnd)?
? With regard to abandoning,--the result of the patiences (Path of Seeing the Truths)--:
68a-c. There is perfect knowledge by reason of the pure
acquisition of disconnection, the partial abandoning of
215 Bhavagra, and the destruction of two causes.
The abandoning which includes these three characteristics receives the name of perfect knowledge.
The abandoning of a Prthagjana (ii. 40b-c) can include the abandoning of two causes ("universal" klesas); but a Prthagjana can never obtain the pure acquisition of disconnection (ii. 38b); he never "mutilates" Bhavagra.
After his entry into the Path of Seeing until the third moment (duhkhe'nvayajndnaksdnti, vi. 25c), the Aryan's abandonings include the pure acquisition of disconnection, but not the "mutilation" of Bhavagra, nor the destruction of the two universal causes (sarvatragahetu, ii. 54a, v. 12) abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering. In the fourth moment (duhkhe'nvayajndna), Bhavagra is "mutilated," and so too in the fifth (samudaye dharmajndnaksdnti): but the two causes are not destroyed. But in the other dharmajndnas (moments six, ten, and fourteen) and in the other anvayajnanus (moments eight, twelve, and sixteen), the abandoning includes these three characteristics and receives the name of perfect knowledge.
With respect to the three perfect knowledges which consist of the abandonings, the results of knowledge (Path of Meditation on the Truths), they are thus called by reason of these three characteristics and by reason of a fourth:
68d. By the reason of the fact that one passes over a sphere.
That is, because the ascetic detaches himself from a sphere
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(Kamadhatu in the seventh perfect knowledge, etc. ) in its totality.
216
Other masters formulate a fifth cause:
disjoined from a twofold bond. It does not suffice to abandon a klesa (abandoned through Seeing): one must also abandon the klesas (abandoned through Seeing or Meditation) which grasp this first klesa as their object.
But this reason is included in "destruction of two causes" and in
"the passing over a sphere/' Thus we do not make it a separate
217 cause.
***
How many perfect knowledges can one possess?
69a-b. One who is to be found in the Path of Seeing of the Truths is either not endowed with perfect knowledge, or is endowed with from one to five perfect knowledges.
A Prthagjana has no perfect knowledges.
In the Path of Seeing, the Aryan is not endowed with any
perfect knowledge until samudaye dharmajndnaksdnti (vi. 25c and
foil. ); he is endowed with one perfect knowledge in samudaye'na- f
vayajnana and samudayenvayajnanaksdnti\ with two in samu-
daye'nvayajnana and nirodhe dharmajndnaksdnti', with three in
nirodhe dharmajndna and nirodhe'nvayajndnaksdntr, with four in y
nirodhe nvayajndna and marge dharmajnanaksdnti\ with five in 218
marge dharmajndna and marge'nvayajndnaksdnti.
69c-d. Abiding in Meditation, with six, with one, or with two.
As long as one has not obtained detachment from Kamadhatu,
the fact of being
? the Aryan, after mdrge'nvayajnana--or when, having obtained it, one has fallen away from it--possesses six perfect knowledges in the Path of Meditation.
When one has obtained this detachment--either before or after the comprehension of the Truths (abhisamaya=Path. of Seeing, vi. 25c)--one is endowed with a single perfect knowledge
219
The Arhat who obtains the qualtiy of Arhat is endowed with a single perfect knowledge of the annihilation of all the bonds.
The Arhat who falls away (vi. 56a) from the quality of Arhat
through a wrapping (paryavasthdna, v. 47) of Rupadhatu finds
himself again in the condition of an Aryan who is detached from
Kamadhatu: one is thus endowed with a single perfect knowledge
of the abandoning of the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu.
Falling away through one defilement of Kamadhatu, he finds
himself again in the condition of an Aryan not detached from this
sphere: six perfect knowledges. Falling away through one
defilement of Arupyadhatu, he finds himself in the condition of an
Aryan who obtains detachemnt from Rupadhatu: he is endowed
with two perfect knowledges: the perfect knowledge of the
abandoning of the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu and the
perfect knowledge of the destruction of attachment to Rupadha-
of the abandoning of the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu.
220
tu.
***
Why is there only a single perfect knowledge attributed to the Anagamin and to the Arhat?
70a-b. One reduces the perfect knowledges to a single unit where there is detachment from one sphere and the acquisition of a result.
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"To add up" (samkalana) means to total, to count together as a unit.
The acquisition of the last two results coincides with the detachment from a sphere.
***
How many perfect knowledges can one lose and obtain (Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 324b6)?
70c-d. One loses one, two, five, or six perfect knowledges; in this same way one obtains them, but never five.
The saint who falls away from the quality of Arhat or from the detachment of Kamadhatu loses one perfect knowledge.
The Anagamin detached from Rupadhatu who falls away from the detachment of Kamadhatu loses two perfect knowledges.
When the saint who has arrived at the sixteenth moment {marge'nvayajndna) is detached from Kamadhatu before entering into the Path of Seeing, he loses five perfect knowledges, for at this moment he obtains the perfect knowledge that he has abandoned the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu.
When one is not detached from Kamadhatu before entering into the Path of Seeing, that is, when he is an dnupurvaka (ii. l6d) he then obtains the sixth perfect knowledge which he will lose, with the five others, when he acquires detachment from Kama- dhatu.
One who, in the two paths, obtains one perfect knowledge not previously possessed, obtains one perfect knowledge.
One who falls away from a single detachment of Arupyadhatu, obtains two perfect knowledges (the sixth and the seventh).
One who falls away from the result of Anagamin obtains six
221 perfect knowledges.
? 1. For an etymology and explanation of the word anuiaya, see v. 39; on the role of the anuiayas and their anuiayanas, v. 17.
Pali sources: Seven anusayas, Anguttara, iv. 9; Vibhanga, 340, 383; Visuddhimagga, 197; Compendium, 179, note 2\]PTS, 1910-12, p. 86 (Yamaka). For their nature as disassociated from the mind, morally neutral, not grasping an object, and distinct from the pariyutthdnas, see Kathdvatthu, ix. 4, xi. l, xiv. 5; problems discussed page 768 and following.
Theory of klesa-anuiaya and of its abandoning in classical Yoga, see Yogasutra, ii. 7 and following (which often reminds us of the KoSa).
Pali sources on the abandoning of the defilements, below note 22.
2. upacayam gacchantilpso facto "to accumulate" means to gain force and fruitfulness (results? ), "to necessarily produce a retribution": vipdkaddndya niyatibhavanti. See iv. 50 and 120.
3. Bhava can be understood in the sense of punarbhava, rebirth or new existence; or, as in the formula for Pratltyasamutpada, in the sense of karmabhava (iii. 12, 13, 24, 36), that is, action, for action only accumulates by reason of the anusayas {Vydkhyd).
The author explains below (vi. 3, end) the roles of desire (or defilement), action and ignorance in the production of a new existence.
4. As we see in the Bhdsya, klesa is the equivalent of anuiaya for the Sarvastivadins; the same for paryavasthdna (paryutthdna). For the Sarvastivadins, the anusaya of a klesa, for example kdmardga or sensual desire, is the kiefa itself; for the Vatsiputriyas, it is the prdpti or possession of this klesa: a person who is not presently bound by the defilement, "possesses" the defilement that he has had and which he will have; for the Sautrantikas, it is the seed of the kleia, the dormant klefa. $ee below note 16.
5. yah kleso yaddhdtukah sa tarn dhdtum ndtikrdmayati.
Samghabhadra adds: 11. it puts one in a bad state, it makes one unfit (dsrayadaustthu-
lyam janayaty akarmanyatdpddandt) (ii. 26a-c); 12. it is hostile to spiritual qualties (gundn dvesti); 13. it provokes shameful actions and makes someone the object of blame; 14. it makes one leave the good path, for its disposes one to follow erroneous masters; 15. it plants the seeds of all sufferings of transmigration; and 16. it causes the physical universe to deteriorate (iii. 99, iv.
180 sensation.
False view is associated with dissatisfaction among those persons who have done meritorious actions and who regret that their actions are without result; it is associated with satisfaction among transgressors.
56a. Doubt with dissatisfaction.
If one who aspires to certitude doubts, then he is dissatisfied.
56b. The others with satisfaction.
The others, that is, the views with the exception of false views and egotism--are associated with satisfaction, for they have the aspect of happiness.
Which anusayas have we considered up to now?
56b. Those arisen in Kamadhatu.
Having indicates the difference of these anusayas, the author notes a common characteristic:
56c. All are associated with indifference.
All these anusayas are associated with the indriya of indiffer- ence, for, says the School, there is necessarily indifference when the series of the klesa is going to be broken.
? II. With respect to the klesas of the higher spheres:
56c-d. In the higher stages, they are associated with their own sensations, to be determined according to the stage.
In the higher stages, the anusayas are associated with the sensation which are proper to them, to the extent that these sensations exist there (see ii. 12, viii. 12).
In the stage--the First Dhyana--where there are four consciousnesses, seeing, hearing, touch, and mental consciousness, the anusayas which are produced with each of these conscious- nesses are associated with the sensations proper to this conscious- ness: there one finds (1) the sensation of pleasure corresponding to the consciousnesses of seeing, hearing, and touch; (2) the sensation of satisfaction corresponding to the mental conscious- ness; and (3) the sensation of indifference corresponding to the
180 four consciousnesses.
In the stages--the Second Dhyana, etc. --where only the mental consciousness is found, the anusayas which are produced with this consciousness are associated with the sensations proper
182
to this consciousness in the state in question: Second Dhyana,
satisfaction and indifference: Third Dhyana, pleasure and indifference; Fourth Dhyana and Arupyas, indifference.
III. With respect to the upaklesas'.
57a-c. Regret, envy, anger, hostility, aversion, and the esteeming of evil are associated with dissatisfaction.
These upaklesas are associated with the indriya of dissatisfac- tion because they have dejection for their mode and they belong to
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the sphere of the manas.
57d. Avarice, with the contrary.
Avarice is assocated with the indriya of satisfaction; it has happiness for its mode, for it proceeds greed.
58a-b. Crookedness, cheating, hyprcrisy, and languor are associated with one and the other.
"Associated with the indriya of satisfaction and with the indriya of dissatisfaction:" it happens that one deceives another with satisfaction, and one deceives with dissatisfaction.
58b-c. Pridefulness is associated with the two agreeable sensations.
In the Third Dhyana, pridefulness is associated with the
183
All are associated with indifference. In the way that there is no restriction in the association of the klesa and the upaklesas with ignorance, so too with indifference.
58d. The four others with five.
Four wrappings--namely disrespect, absence of fear, torpor, and dissipation--are associated with the five sensations, because the first two are akusalamahdbhumikas, and the last two are
indriya of pleasure; below, with the indriya of satisfaction; above, with the indriya of indifference. Thus
58c. Indifference is everywhere.
? kleiamahdbhumikas (ii. 26).
***
From another point of view, the Sutra
five "hindrances" or "obstacles" (nwaranas), among the klesas and upaklesas: 1. kdmacchanda, 2. anger, 3. torpor-languor, 4. dissipation-regret, and 5. doubt.
Does this refer to the torpor, dissipation, and doubt of all the three Dhatus, or only of Kamadhatu?
185
The Sutra says that the hindrances are exclusively bad; consequently
186
59a. The hindrances exist in Kamadhatu.
But in none of the other Dhatus.
Why do torpor-and-languor and dissipation-and-regret constitute, as groups, two hindrances?
59b-c. Two make up a single hindrance, because they have
the same opposites, the same nourishment, and the same
187 result.
"Opposite," that is, opposition or counter-nourishment.
The Sutra teaches that torpor and languor have the same
nourishment, and the same counter-nourishment: "What is the
nourishment of torpor-languor? Five dharmas, namely tandri (bad
omens seen in dreams), arati(\inh&pp'mess), vijrmbhikd (physical
exhaustion), bhakte'samata (uneven consumption of food), and
cetaso linatva (mental depression). What is the counter-nourish-
188 ment? Alokasamjnd. "
184
The Latent Defilements 851
declares that there are
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Torpor and languor have the same action or task of rendering the mind languid.
In this same way dissipation and regret have the same
nourishment, the same counter-nourishment, and the same effect.
Its nourishment is four dharmas: preoccupation relative to one's
relatives (jndtivitarka), preoccupation relative to one's land
(janapadavitarka), preoccupation relative to the deathless ones
(amaravitarka), and remembrance of one's former merry-making
and companions (paurdnasya ca hasitakriditaramitaparibhavitasyd- 19
nusmartd). * Its counter-nourishment is calmness. Its effect is to 190
agitate the mind.
But all the klesas are a "hindrance. " Why does the Sutra distinguish five hindrances?
59c-d. Only five, be reason of the destruction of a skandha, 191
Kdmacchanda and anger destroy the element of morality,
torpor-languor destroy the element of discrimination, and
dissipation-regret destroy the element of absorption. And in the
absence of discrimination and absorption, there is doubt concern-
192 ing the Truths.
193
But, one would say, if this explanation is correct, dissipation-
regret, which hinders absorption, should be listed, in the list of the
hindrances, before torpor-languor. Thus these two hindrances
desroy, in the order in which they are named, the two elements of
absorption and discrimination: the danger to the person who
applies himself to absorption is in torpor-languor; the danger to
him who applies himself to discrimination of the dharmas is in 194
195
Other masters
explain this? The monk on his rounds perceives an agreeable or disagreeable object, and considers it as such; when he returns to the monastery the enjoyment and the aversion which proceed
by reason of doubt.
dissipation-regret.
give another explanation. How do they
? _ _ The Latent Defilements 853
from this agreeable-disagreeable impression, first hinder his entry into absorption. Then, when the monk has entered into absorp- tion, as he does not correctly cultivate calm and insight {samatha and vipasyand), there is then produced torpor-languor and dissipation-regret which, in this order, hinder his absorption (samddhi = samatha) and his discrmination (prajnd = vipasyand). Finally, when he has left the absorption, doubt hinders his reflection on the dharmas. It is in this way that there are the five hinderances.
There is one point to be examined.
Let us consider the klesas "universal in a different sphere" (visabhdgadhdtusarvatraga, v. 13)--that is, those that form the group of false views, etc. , and are abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and of the Arising of Suffering--which have for their object the two higher spheres. This object is "completely known" by the anvayajndnas of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering which bear on the higher spheres (v. 14, vi. 26, vii. 3c): but it is not at the moment when these anvayajndnas are produced that the klesas in question are abandoned, for, also having Kamadhatu for their sphere, these klesas have been formerly destroyed by the dharmajndnas of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering the production of which is before that of the anvayajndnas.
Conversely, with respect to the klesas having an impure object (sdsravdlambana, v. 16) and to be abandoned through the Seeing the Extinction of Suffering and the Path--those which form the esteeming of false views group--it is not when their object (the group of false views to be abandoned through the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering and of the Path) is "completely known" (by the dharmajndnas and anvayajndnas of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering) that they are abandoned. Rather they are abandoned only later by the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering and by the Path.
Thus how can one say that these two categories of klesas are abandoned by a knowledge of their object?
? 854 Chapter Five
It is not an absolute principle that the klesas are abandoned by a knowledge of their object. They are abandoned in four ways.
With respect to the klesas abandoned through Seeing:
60a-c. Destruction by a knowledge of the object, by the
destruction of the klesas of which they are the object, and by 196
1. The klesas (1) bearing on the bhumi to which they belong, abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering, or (2) having a pure object, abandoned through the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering and the Path (v. 14), are abandoned through a knowledge of their object.
2. The universal klesas in another sphere, abandoned through
the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering, are aban-
doned through the destruction of the klesa of which they are the
object. These klesas (v. 12) are of the object of a universal klesa in
its own sphere: by the destruction of those, these are also
197 destroyed.
3. The klesas having an impure object, abandoned through the
Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering and the Path are abandoned
through the abandoning of their object. These klesas have for their
the abandoning of the object.
object the klesa which has a pure object (v. 14). By the destruction 198
of those, these are also destroyed.
***
With respect to the klesas abandoned through Meditation,
60d. There is destruction through the arising of the opposition.
? When a path is opposed to one category of klesa, this path, by arising, causes this category of defilement to be abandoned.
Which path is opposed to which category?
This will be taught in detail (vi. 33): "The weak-weak path is opposed to the strong-strong category . . . The strong-strong path is opposed to the weak-weak category. "
How many types of oppositions are there?
61a-c. Opposition is fourfold: abandoning, maintaining, removal, and disgust.
1. The Uninterrupted Path (dnantaryamdrga, vi. 28,65) is a prahdna-pratipaksa, "an opposition which results in abandoning. "
2. The next path, the Path of Deliverance (vimuktimdrga), is an adhdra-pratipaksa, "opposition through which the abandoning obtained by the proceeding path, is found to be maintained, affirmed. "
3. The next path, visesamdrga is the duribhdva-pratipaksa, "opposition by which the possession of the kleia previously cut off, is found to be removed. "
According to others, the Path of Deliverance is itself the opposition of removal (duribhdva-pratipaksa), for the possession of the klesa is also removed from it.
4. The path which consists of considering a sphere of existence as bad (impermanent, etc. ) and which finds disgust in it is the path of opposition through disgust (vidusand-pratipaksa, see vi. 50).
But we say, here is the correct order: 1. opposition through
199
disgust is the Preparatory Path ( prayogamdrga); 2. opposition
through abandoning is the whole of the Uninterrupted Path; 3. opposition through which the proceeding path is maintained is the Path of Deliverance; and 4. opposition by which the possession of the klesa previously cut off, is removed is the Distinguished Path
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? 856 Chapter Five 200
When one abandons the klesas, through separation from what are they abandoned?
61c-d. The klesa is supposed to become abandoned through 201
The klesa, in fact, cannot be separated from its samprayoga, (that is, from the dharmas associated with the mind, sensations,
So be it. A future klesa can be separated from its object, but how can a past klesa be? [The thing that it has taken as its object remains having been taken as object]. Would you say that the expression alambandt prahdtavyah, "to be abandoned through separation from its object," signifies dlambanaparijnandt prahata- vyah, "to be abandoned through perfect knowledge of the object? " But the rule that the klesa is abandoned through knowledge of the object is not absolute (see above, p. 854); consequently there is a
203
difficulty to be resolved here.
What does one do in order that the klesas may be termed
prahma, or "abandoned? "
A personal klesa is abandoned through the cutting off oiprapti or the possession of this klesa (ii. 36b) which exists in the personal series. As for the klesa of another, or for rupa in its totality (kusala, etc. ), or for the undefiled dharmas, these diverse things are abandoned through the abandoning of the personal klesa which takes them as its object (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 274c21, p. 411a27, etc. )
(V. 63).
etc. ii. 24);
but it can be separated from its object in such a
separation from its object.
202
manner that it no longer re-arises bearing on this object.
***
? How many types of separation are there? There are four, say the School:
62. Separation through difference of nature, through opposition, through separation of place, and through time; as, for example, the primary elements, the precepts, places,
204
1. Separation through difference of nature: although the primary elements {mahdbhuta) arise together (sahaja, ii. 65), they are separated one from the other by the fact of their different natures.
2. Separation by opposition: one is separated from immorality by the precepts.
3. Separation of place by difference of place: the oceans of the East and the West.
4. Separation by time: as the past and the future. One says that the past and the future are separated: from what are they separated?
They are separated from the present.
How can the past which has just perished and the future which is about to arise be separated from the present?
It is by reason of the difference of time period that, according to us, the past and the future are separated; not by reason of the fact that they will be distant in the past or in the future. For if this were the case, the present would also be separate, for it constitutes a different time period. We say that the past and the future are seperated through their activity (karitra, see v. 25).
But how can an unconditioned thing, which is always inactive,
205
be considered as near?
Because, universally, they possess the two extinctions
and the two time periods.
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(nirodha, ii. 36).
This argument would hold for the past and the future (one possesses past and future good dharmas, etc. ); but how can space, which one cannot possess (iii. 36), be near?
We say that the past and the future are separated from one another because they are separated by the present; the present is near because it is near to the past and future; an unconditioned thing is near because it is not separated or hindered by anything.
But then the past and the future will be at one and the same time far and near, being far from each other and near to the present.
206
Here is the correct explanation.
the unique, self characteristics of the dharmas, because it has not attained them; the past is separated from them because it has fallen away from them.
***
It has been said that the klesas are not destroyed through the arising of their opposition or opposites (v. 60d).
We would ask if, through the Distinguished Path (visesamdrga, vi. 65b-d), there is a "progressive abandoning (visesa-prahana)" of the klesas}
No. Of all the klesas, there is
63a. Destruction all at once.
The klesa is destroyed through the Path which is its "path of abandoning. " But
63a-b. The acquisition of disconnection from the klesas
207
takes place many times.
The future is separated from
? In how many moments? In six moments:
63c-d. There is arising of the opposition, the acquisition of results, and the perfection of the faculties.
"Opposition" here means the "Path of Deliverance {vimukti- mdrga)" "Results" means the four results of the religious life, the result of Srotaapanna, etc. (vi. 51). "Perfection of the faculties"
208 refers to indriyasamcdra (vi. 60c).
Disconnection from the klesas is acquired in these moments: for certain klesas, according to the case, in six moments; but in
209
Under certain conditions, disconnection (visamyoga) receives the name of parijnd, "perfect knowledge" (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 406b9). There are two types of perfect knowledge: jndnaparijnd, "perfect knowledge consisting of knowledge," which is pure knowledge; and prahdnaparijnd, "perfect knowledge which produces abandoning," which is abandoning itself, for the effect is
210 designated by the name of its cause.
***
Does all abandoning constitute one perfect knowledge? No.
Why is this?
decreasing number down to two for others.
***
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? 860 Chapter Five
211 64a. There are nine perfect knowledges.
That is,
64b-c. The destruction of the first two types of Kama consititute one perfect knowledge.
That is, the destruction of the first two types of klesa of Kamadhatu, the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering.
64c. The destruction of the two types consists of two.
The abandoning of the klesas of Kamadhatu abandoned through the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering consitiutes one perfect knowledge; the same for the abandoning of the klesas of Kamadhatu abandoned through the Seeing of the Path.
As the abandoning of the kief as of Kamadhatu abandoned through the Seeing of the Truths constitutes three perfect knowledges,
64d. In that same way, above, there are three perfect knowledges.
The same for the two higher spheres taken together, the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering consitutes one perfect knowledge; the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of the Extinction of Suffering constitutes the second perfect knowledge; and the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of the Path constitutes one perfect knowledge. Thus there are six perfect knowledges for the abandoning of the klesas
? which belong to the three spheres and which are abandoned by the Seeing of the Truths.
65a-c. There are three other perfect knowledges: the destruction of the avarabhagtya cankerous influences, the cankerous influences of Rupadhatu, and of all the cankerous influences.
The abandoning of the avarabhagtya cankerous influences (v. 43a), that is, the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu, constitute one perfect knowledge.
The abandoning of the cankerous influences of Rupadhatu, which is called ruparagaksayaparijnd "perfect knowledge consist- ing of the destruction of attachment to Rupadhatu" (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 322al5) constitutes one perfect knowledge.
The third perfect knowledge is the total abandoning of the cankerous influences of Arupyadhatu, which is called sarvasamy- ojanaparydddnaparijna, "perfect knowledge consisting of the annihilation of all the bonds" (v. 41).
[These three perfect knowledges are the abandoning of the types of klesa abandoned though Meditation. ]
Rupadhatu is distinguished from Arupyadhatu with respect to the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through Meditation; one does not establish this distinction with respect to the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of the Truths: the opposition is the same for these {anvayajndna, vii. 2c-d), but not for those. Thus three are nine perfect knowledges.
65c. Six are the result of the patiences (see above p. 775).
The first six perefect knowledges, which consist of the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through Seeing the Truths, are the result of the "patiences" {ksdntisy vi. 25c).
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65d. The others, the results of the knowledges.
The three perfect knowledges, the first of which is the perfect knowledge which consists of the abandoning (of the cankerous influences) of Kamadhatu, are obtained through the Path of Meditation; thus they are the result of the "knowledges. *'
How can a perfect knowledge be the result of a patience (Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 321a21)?
Because the patiences are the associates of the jndnas or knowledges: in the manner in which the associates of a king improperly receive the name of king; or rather, because a patience and a knowledge have the same result.
***
(In what stage of absorption does one obtain the perfect knowledges? )
66a-b. All are the result of anagamya\ five or eight are the 212
According to the Vaibhasikas, five are the result of the mauladhydnas or the "principal absorptions** (in opposition to the samantakas or absorptions preparatory to the Dhyanas, viii. 6, 22a), namely, those which consist of the abandoning of the klesas of the sphere of Rupadhatu and Arupyadhatu (perfect knowledges four, five, six, eight and nine). The abandoning of the klesas of the sphere of Kamadhatu (perfect knowledges one, two, three, and seven) is the result of only andgamya, that is, of the absorption preparatory to the First Dhyana.
According to the Bhadanta Ghosaka, eight are the result of the principal absorptions (namely one to six, eight, and nine). Let us
result of the dhyanas.
? suppose, he says, a person detached from Kamadhatu by the mundane or impure path (sdsrava, laukikamdrga, vi. 49) enters into the Seeing of the Truths or the Path of Seeing (which is always pure) being supported by (i. e. , in) the Dhyanas: his abandoning of the klesas of Kamadhatu abandoned by Seeing, and his taking of possession of disconnection from these klesas, should be consid- ered as the result of the path of Seeing, for it is pure. The single perfect knowledge which consists of the abandoning of the cankerous influence of Kamadhatu (perfect knowledge number seven) is solely the result of anagamya.
This holds as well for dhydnantara (viii. 22d) as for the principle Dhyanas.
2n 66c. One is the result of a sdmantaka,
The perfect knowledge consisting of the destructin of attach- ment to Rupadhatu (perfect knowledge number eight) is the result of the samantaka, or preparatory stage (viii. 22a) of Akasanan- tyayatana.
(In order to enter into the First Arupya, one should disengage oneself from the defilements of Rupadhatu: this is what one does in this preparatory stage).
2lA 66d. One is also the result of three mauldrupys.
The perfect knowledge which consists of the annihilation of all the bonds is the result of the three principle Arupyas.
67a. All are the result of the Aryan Path.
The nine perfect knowledges are obtained through the pure path.
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67b. Two of the worldly path.
Perfect knowledges numbers seven and eight are also obtained through the impure path.
67c. Two also through anvaya\
The last two perfect knowledges are the result of anvayajnana (vii. 3c: a knowledge of Suffering etc. , of the two higher spheres) included in the Path of Meditation.
67d. Three through dharmajndna;
The last three are the result of dharmajndna (knowledge of Suffering, etc. , of Kamadhatu) included in the Path of Meditation, for this knowledge is opposed to the klesas of the three spheres abandoned through Meditation.
67e. Five or six, from one and the other groups.
Six are the result of the dharmajndna group, namely those which are the result of the dharmaksdntis and the dharmajndnas\ five are the result of the anvayajnana group, namely those which are the result of anvayaksdntis and the anvayajnanas. The expression "group" is to be understood for the ksdntis and the
jnanas.
***
Why is not all abandoning (prahdna) considered a perfect knowledge (parijnd)?
? With regard to abandoning,--the result of the patiences (Path of Seeing the Truths)--:
68a-c. There is perfect knowledge by reason of the pure
acquisition of disconnection, the partial abandoning of
215 Bhavagra, and the destruction of two causes.
The abandoning which includes these three characteristics receives the name of perfect knowledge.
The abandoning of a Prthagjana (ii. 40b-c) can include the abandoning of two causes ("universal" klesas); but a Prthagjana can never obtain the pure acquisition of disconnection (ii. 38b); he never "mutilates" Bhavagra.
After his entry into the Path of Seeing until the third moment (duhkhe'nvayajndnaksdnti, vi. 25c), the Aryan's abandonings include the pure acquisition of disconnection, but not the "mutilation" of Bhavagra, nor the destruction of the two universal causes (sarvatragahetu, ii. 54a, v. 12) abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering and the Arising of Suffering. In the fourth moment (duhkhe'nvayajndna), Bhavagra is "mutilated," and so too in the fifth (samudaye dharmajndnaksdnti): but the two causes are not destroyed. But in the other dharmajndnas (moments six, ten, and fourteen) and in the other anvayajnanus (moments eight, twelve, and sixteen), the abandoning includes these three characteristics and receives the name of perfect knowledge.
With respect to the three perfect knowledges which consist of the abandonings, the results of knowledge (Path of Meditation on the Truths), they are thus called by reason of these three characteristics and by reason of a fourth:
68d. By the reason of the fact that one passes over a sphere.
That is, because the ascetic detaches himself from a sphere
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? 866 Chapter Five
(Kamadhatu in the seventh perfect knowledge, etc. ) in its totality.
216
Other masters formulate a fifth cause:
disjoined from a twofold bond. It does not suffice to abandon a klesa (abandoned through Seeing): one must also abandon the klesas (abandoned through Seeing or Meditation) which grasp this first klesa as their object.
But this reason is included in "destruction of two causes" and in
"the passing over a sphere/' Thus we do not make it a separate
217 cause.
***
How many perfect knowledges can one possess?
69a-b. One who is to be found in the Path of Seeing of the Truths is either not endowed with perfect knowledge, or is endowed with from one to five perfect knowledges.
A Prthagjana has no perfect knowledges.
In the Path of Seeing, the Aryan is not endowed with any
perfect knowledge until samudaye dharmajndnaksdnti (vi. 25c and
foil. ); he is endowed with one perfect knowledge in samudaye'na- f
vayajnana and samudayenvayajnanaksdnti\ with two in samu-
daye'nvayajnana and nirodhe dharmajndnaksdnti', with three in
nirodhe dharmajndna and nirodhe'nvayajndnaksdntr, with four in y
nirodhe nvayajndna and marge dharmajnanaksdnti\ with five in 218
marge dharmajndna and marge'nvayajndnaksdnti.
69c-d. Abiding in Meditation, with six, with one, or with two.
As long as one has not obtained detachment from Kamadhatu,
the fact of being
? the Aryan, after mdrge'nvayajnana--or when, having obtained it, one has fallen away from it--possesses six perfect knowledges in the Path of Meditation.
When one has obtained this detachment--either before or after the comprehension of the Truths (abhisamaya=Path. of Seeing, vi. 25c)--one is endowed with a single perfect knowledge
219
The Arhat who obtains the qualtiy of Arhat is endowed with a single perfect knowledge of the annihilation of all the bonds.
The Arhat who falls away (vi. 56a) from the quality of Arhat
through a wrapping (paryavasthdna, v. 47) of Rupadhatu finds
himself again in the condition of an Aryan who is detached from
Kamadhatu: one is thus endowed with a single perfect knowledge
of the abandoning of the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu.
Falling away through one defilement of Kamadhatu, he finds
himself again in the condition of an Aryan not detached from this
sphere: six perfect knowledges. Falling away through one
defilement of Arupyadhatu, he finds himself in the condition of an
Aryan who obtains detachemnt from Rupadhatu: he is endowed
with two perfect knowledges: the perfect knowledge of the
abandoning of the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu and the
perfect knowledge of the destruction of attachment to Rupadha-
of the abandoning of the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu.
220
tu.
***
Why is there only a single perfect knowledge attributed to the Anagamin and to the Arhat?
70a-b. One reduces the perfect knowledges to a single unit where there is detachment from one sphere and the acquisition of a result.
The Latent Defilements 867
? 868 Chapter Five
"To add up" (samkalana) means to total, to count together as a unit.
The acquisition of the last two results coincides with the detachment from a sphere.
***
How many perfect knowledges can one lose and obtain (Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 324b6)?
70c-d. One loses one, two, five, or six perfect knowledges; in this same way one obtains them, but never five.
The saint who falls away from the quality of Arhat or from the detachment of Kamadhatu loses one perfect knowledge.
The Anagamin detached from Rupadhatu who falls away from the detachment of Kamadhatu loses two perfect knowledges.
When the saint who has arrived at the sixteenth moment {marge'nvayajndna) is detached from Kamadhatu before entering into the Path of Seeing, he loses five perfect knowledges, for at this moment he obtains the perfect knowledge that he has abandoned the cankerous influences of Kamadhatu.
When one is not detached from Kamadhatu before entering into the Path of Seeing, that is, when he is an dnupurvaka (ii. l6d) he then obtains the sixth perfect knowledge which he will lose, with the five others, when he acquires detachment from Kama- dhatu.
One who, in the two paths, obtains one perfect knowledge not previously possessed, obtains one perfect knowledge.
One who falls away from a single detachment of Arupyadhatu, obtains two perfect knowledges (the sixth and the seventh).
One who falls away from the result of Anagamin obtains six
221 perfect knowledges.
? 1. For an etymology and explanation of the word anuiaya, see v. 39; on the role of the anuiayas and their anuiayanas, v. 17.
Pali sources: Seven anusayas, Anguttara, iv. 9; Vibhanga, 340, 383; Visuddhimagga, 197; Compendium, 179, note 2\]PTS, 1910-12, p. 86 (Yamaka). For their nature as disassociated from the mind, morally neutral, not grasping an object, and distinct from the pariyutthdnas, see Kathdvatthu, ix. 4, xi. l, xiv. 5; problems discussed page 768 and following.
Theory of klesa-anuiaya and of its abandoning in classical Yoga, see Yogasutra, ii. 7 and following (which often reminds us of the KoSa).
Pali sources on the abandoning of the defilements, below note 22.
2. upacayam gacchantilpso facto "to accumulate" means to gain force and fruitfulness (results? ), "to necessarily produce a retribution": vipdkaddndya niyatibhavanti. See iv. 50 and 120.
3. Bhava can be understood in the sense of punarbhava, rebirth or new existence; or, as in the formula for Pratltyasamutpada, in the sense of karmabhava (iii. 12, 13, 24, 36), that is, action, for action only accumulates by reason of the anusayas {Vydkhyd).
The author explains below (vi. 3, end) the roles of desire (or defilement), action and ignorance in the production of a new existence.
4. As we see in the Bhdsya, klesa is the equivalent of anuiaya for the Sarvastivadins; the same for paryavasthdna (paryutthdna). For the Sarvastivadins, the anusaya of a klesa, for example kdmardga or sensual desire, is the kiefa itself; for the Vatsiputriyas, it is the prdpti or possession of this klesa: a person who is not presently bound by the defilement, "possesses" the defilement that he has had and which he will have; for the Sautrantikas, it is the seed of the kleia, the dormant klefa. $ee below note 16.
5. yah kleso yaddhdtukah sa tarn dhdtum ndtikrdmayati.
Samghabhadra adds: 11. it puts one in a bad state, it makes one unfit (dsrayadaustthu-
lyam janayaty akarmanyatdpddandt) (ii. 26a-c); 12. it is hostile to spiritual qualties (gundn dvesti); 13. it provokes shameful actions and makes someone the object of blame; 14. it makes one leave the good path, for its disposes one to follow erroneous masters; 15. it plants the seeds of all sufferings of transmigration; and 16. it causes the physical universe to deteriorate (iii. 99, iv.
