His
immortal
Essays) were published
in 1597, and in the same year appeared (On
the Colors of Good and Evil.
in 1597, and in the same year appeared (On
the Colors of Good and Evil.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
2, 1873.
Under the pseudo-
nym ( Peregrina” she contributed to Andalusian
journals many (Lyric Poems) (1851-54), and
afterward wrote a series of spirited novels :
(Two Women); (The Baroness de Joux);
(Dolores); and others. She gained still higher
distinction with the tragedies (Alfonso Munio,
the hero of which was her own ancestor, and
( The Prince of Viana. Her later compositions
have a tone of melancholy, but are not inferior
to those that went before them either in grace
of style or in forcefulness of thought; among
these are: Biblical dramas, as "Saul) and
(Balthasar); the spiritual song, "At the Cross);
and (The Last Accent of my Harp) (1850).
But she did not abandon dramatic composition :
in the later years of her life she composed 16
plays which still have a place on the Spanish
stage.
Avenel, Paul (äv-nel'). A French poet and
novelist; born at Chaumont, Oct. 9, 1823. Ed.
ucated for commerce, he turned to literature
and was active in connection with several peri-
odicals. Besides a number of vaudevilles, he
wrote: “The Peasant Woman from the Abruzzi)
(1861), a drama; (The King of Paris) (1860),
a historical romance; (The Calicoes) (1866),
scenes of real life. Among several collections
of poems may be mentioned (Alcove and
Boudoir, interdicted 1855 and republished 1885.
Averkiyev, Dmitry Vassilyévich (ä-ver-ke'.
yef). A Russian dramatist and critic; born
Oct. 12, 1836. He wrote over twenty dramas
and comedies, besides numerous literary crit-
icisms. Among the former, mostly taken from
old Russian life, the best are: (In Old Kashira)
(1872), a historical tragedy; and (Frol Skobejeff
(1868), a comedy.
Averroës or Averrhoës (a-ver'o-ez), properly
Ibn Rushd. An eminent Spanish-Arabian phi-
losopher and physician; born at Cordova,
Spain, in 1126; died in Morocco, Dec. 10, 1198.
Through translations of his works into Latin
and Hebrew, he exerted a profound influence
for centuries upon both Christian and Jewish
thought. *
Avery, Benjamin Parke. An American jour-
nalist and diplomatist; born in New York city
in 1829; died in Pekin, China, Nov. 8, 1875.
He went to California in 1849 and became
connected with several papers on the Pacific
coast, among them being the San Francisco
Bulletin. In 1872 he was appointed editor of
the Overland Monthly. From 1874 to 1875 he
was minister to China. His chief work is
(Californian Pictures in Prose and Verse (1877).
Avianus, Flavius (ā-vi-ā'nus). A Roman
fabulist of the latter end of the 4th century.
He wrote 42 Æsopic fables in elegiac metre,
which were used as a text-book in medieval
schools.
Avicebron or Avencebrol (ä-vē-thā-bron'),
properly Solomon ben Jehuda ibn Gabirol. A
celebrated IIebrew poet and philosopher ; born
at Cordova, about 1028; died about 1058. Of
his poetical works, (The Royal Crown' is the
most famous; of the philosophical, (The Fount-
ain of Life, written in Arabic, bụt known
only through a Latin translation (re-edited,
Münster, 1895). *
## p. 32 (#48) ##############################################
32
AVICENNA-AZULAI
Avicenna. See Ibn Sina.
Ayala, Adelardo Lopez de (ä-yäʻlä). A
Spanish dramatist; born at Guadalcanal, Ba-
dajoz, March 1829; died Dec. 30, 1879. After
studying law in Seville, he went to Madrid,
where he devoted himself entirely to poetry
and speedily won national fame. His first
drama, (A Statesman) (1851), met with imme-
diate success, and was followed in the same
year by (The Two Noblemen) and Penalty
and Pardon. To the modern comedy of man-
ners, his specific domain, he first contributed
(The Glass Roof, and in 1861 attained to wide
reputation with (Percentage. Of his other
works the most noteworthy are: “The Mod-
ern Don Juan (1863); and (Consuelo) (1878),
a drama. He has also written beautiful son-
nets.
Charles I. , where he held posts of honor and
was knighted in 1612. He also wrote in Greek
and French. Ayton is supposed to have been
the author of Auld Lang Syne,' which was
remodeled by Burns.
Aytoun, William Edmonstoune. A Scottish
humorist; born in Edinburgh, June 21, 1813;
died at Blackhills, near Elgin, Aug. 4, 1865.
He joined the editorial staff of Blackwood's
Magazine in 1844, and to his death continued
an unwearying and fertile contributor to its
pages. Professor of literature in the University
of Edinburgh, 1845-64. After John Wilson's
death (1854), he was considered the most im-
portant man of letters in Scotland during his
life, famous for his humor, satire, and criticism.
His most celebrated work is (Lays of the
Scottish Cavaliers) (1848, 29th ed. 1883), a
series of ballads replete with genuine poetry,
glorifying the champions of the Stuart cause.
Noteworthy is his critical and annotated col-
lection of the Ballads of Scotland (1858, 4th
ed. 1870). With Theodore Martin he wrote
the famous (Bon Gaultier Ballads) (1844, 13th
ed. 1877), and translated Poems and Ballads
of Goethe) (1858). *
Azarias, Brother. See Mullany, Patrick
Francis.
Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli, Marchese d'
(äd-zāl'yo). A distinguished Italian writer,
statesman, and artist; born in Turin, Oct. 15,
1798; died in Milan, Jan. 15, 1866. Of his liter-
ary productions the most noteworthy are the
two historical romances (Ettore Fieramosca)
(1833) and Nicolò de' Lapi? (1841); but first
in importance is his autobiography (My Recol.
lections) (1867), translated into English by
Count Maffei. Supplements to these
(Letters to his Wife, Luisa Blondel (1870);
(to Giuseppe Torelli) (1870); (to Carlo di Per.
sano) (1878); and (to Emanuele d'Azeglio)
(1883); but especially (Italy from 1847 to 1865,
Political Correspondence of M. d'Azeglio!
(Paris, 1866). *
Azevedo, Manoel Antonio Alvares de (ä-
zā-vā'dö). A Brazilian poet; born in São Paulo,
1831; died 1852. While studying law in 1848-
51, he produced an abundance of romantic
poetry in the vein of Byron, Heine, and Musset,
which made him the most widely read poet
of Brazil after Goncalves Dias. His (Com-
plete Works) (1863) contain also prose writ-
ings and three dramatic pieces.
Azulai, Hayim David (hä'gēm dä'vēd ä-zö-
li'). A Jewish bibliographer; born in Jerusa-
lem; died at Leghorn, Italy. He lived in the
18th century. Most of his life was spent at
Leghorn. Of his numerous works, the best
known is (Shem-ha-Gedôlim) (The Names of
the Great), a bibliography containing the names
of over 1,300 Jewish authors, and more than
2,200 of their works.
Ayala, Pedro Lopez de. A Spanish histo-
rian, poet, and statesman (1332-1407). In great
favor with the Castilian kings Peter the Cruel,
Henry II. , John I. , and Henry III. , he was in-
vested with the highest dignities of State. His
(Chronicles of the Kings of Castile) contains
the history of that kingdom from 1350 to 1396.
Of his poetical works, the “Rhyme-Work of the
Palace,' a didactic poem on social and political
questions, stands foremost.
Aylmer-Gowing, Mrs. Emilia. An English
poet and reciter; born in Bath, October 1846.
She was educated partly in Brighton, partly
in Paris, where she received the attention of
Lamartine. After a short career on the stage
she successfully produced two dramas : (A Life
Race) and (A Crown for Love. Her (Bal-
lads and Poems) and (The Cithern) have
become popular, as well as two novels : (The
Jewel Reputation and An Unruly Spirit.
In 1891 she published Ballads of the Tower
and Other Poems.
Ayrer, Jacob (i'rer). A German dramatist;
died in Nuremberg, March 26, 1605. Next to
Hans Sachs the most prolific dramatist of Ger-
many in the 16th century; in 1595-1605 he
wrote more than 100 plays, of which the (Opus
Theatricum) (Nuremberg, 1618) contains 30
tragedies and comedies, and 36 Shrovetide
plays and vaudevilles. In his dramas the in-
fluence of the English stage is apparent.
Ayres, Anne. An American author; born in
England in 1816; died in February 1896. She
was the first member of an American sister-
hood in the Protestant Episcopal Church. She
wrote: (Evangelical Sisterhood (1867); "Life
of Augustus Muhlenberg.
Ayton or Aytoun, Sir Robert (ā'ton). A
Scottish poet; born in his father's castle of
Kinaldie in 1570; died in London in Febru-
ary 1638. His Latin and English verses made
him famous at the courts of James I. and
are :
## p. 33 (#49) ##############################################
BABBAGE- BACHERACHT
33
B
Babbage, Charles (bab'aj). A celebrated
English mathematician; born near Teign-
mouth, Devonshire, Dec. 26, 1792; died in Lon-
don, Oct. 18, 1871. He was professor of math-
ematics at Cambridge (1828-39) and one of the
founders, secretaries, and vice-presidents of the
Astronomical Society. He is best known as
the inventor of the only partially successful
calculating machine. His principal work was
(On the Economy of Machinery' (1832), which
was translated into several languages. Among
his other writings were: Passages from the
Life of a Philosopher) (1864) and (Chapter on
Street Nuisances) (1864).
Baber or Babar, Zehir-Eddin Mohammed,
surnamed (bä’bėr). Conqueror of India and
founder of the Mogul dynasty; born 1483;
died at Agra, Dec. 28, 1530. He was a lineal
descendant of Jenghiz Khan and Timur, and
at the age of 12 years succeeded his father
as king of Ferghana, a district to the east of
Samarcand. In 1521, gathering an army of 12,-
000 followers, he invaded India, then preparing
to revolt against the intolerable exactions of
Ibrahim, emperor at Delhi; and in six years
made himself absolute master of the whole
country. He wrote a volume of Memoirs)
which shows him to have been a man of well-
cultivated intellect, a sagacious observer, and a
wise statesman. *
Babeuf or Babeuf, François Noel (bä-bėf).
A French communist, who called himself Caius
Gracchus; born at Saint-Quentin, 1760; died in
Paris, May 27, 1797.
He founded in Paris a
journal called the Tribune of the People (1794),
in which he advocated his system of communism,
known as “ Babceuvism and contemplating ab-
solute equality and community of property. His
followers were called "Babouvists. Betrayed
in a conspiracy against the Directory, aiming to
put his theories into practice, he was guillotined.
His principal works were : (Perpetual Register
of the Survey of Lands) (1780); (Of the Sys-
tem of Population (1794).
Babo, Joseph Marius von (bä’bo). A Ger-
man dramatist (1756-1822); author of a series
of plays of chivalry in imitation of Goethe's
(Götz,' among which (Otto von Wittelsbach
(1781) had the greatest success. Two come-
dies, Homely Happiness) (1792) and (The
Pulse) (1804), also found much favor.
Babrius (bā'bri-us). A Greek writer of fables
in verse ; variously referred to the time imme-
diately preceding the Augustan age, and to the
third century of our era; his name also shows
variants, as Babrias, Gabrius. Till 1842 only
a few fragments of Babrius were known to be
extant; but in that year, in the Laura of Mt.
Athos was discovered a MS. containing 123 of
his fables. In 1846 Sir George Cornewall Lewis
published them together with the pre-existing
fragments, and in 1859 or 1860 appeared a good
English version by James Davies. The fables
have also been edited by W. G. Rutherford
(1883), and by F. G. Schneidewin (1880). *
Baccalar y Baña, Vicente, Marquis of st.
Philip (bäk'ä-lär ē sän'yä). A Spanish his-
torian and statesman; born in Sardinia; died
in Madrid, 1726. He served the King of Spain
with less disinterestedness than distinction dur-
ing the revolt of his native isle, and was ennobled
after writing a very rhetorical History of the
Kingdom of the Jews, as well as (Memoirs for
a History of Philip V. ,' the latter work cover-
ing the period between 1699 and 1725.
Bache, Alexander Dallas (bãch). A dis-
tinguished American scientist and educator,
great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin; born at
Philadelphia, July 19, 1806; died at Newport,
Feb. 17, 1867. Graduating from West Point at
the head of his class (1825), he became profes-
sor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the
University of Pennsylvania (1828); organizer
and first president of Girard College (1836);
superintendent of the United States Coast Sur-
vey (1843), his services in that position being
invaluable; active member of the sanitary com-
mission during the Civil War; a regent of the
Smithsonian Institution (1846-67); president
of the National Academy of Sciences (1863).
He wrote (Observations at the Magnetic and
Meteorological Observatory at the Girard Col-
lege,' a scientifically valuable work; a helpful
report on education in Europe (1839); and a
long series of notable annual reports of the
United States Coast Survey.
Bache, Franklin (bãch). A distinguished
American physician and chemist; born at Phil-
adelphia, Oct. 25, 1792; died there, March 19,
1864. He was professor of chemistry at the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1831) and
the Jefferson Medical College (1841). Besides
writing (A System of Chemistry for Students of
Medicine) (1819), he was one of the authors of
Wood and Bache's (Dispensatory of the United
States) (1833), an acknowledged authority.
Bacher, Julius (bäch'er). A German story-
writer and dramatist; born in Ragnit, East Prus-
sia, Aug. 8, 1810. He was a practicing physi-
cian, who turned man of letters and attained
reputation with «The First Love of Charles
XII. (1850), a tragedy; Princess Sidonie)
(1870), a novel; and various other pieces.
Bacheracht, Therese von (bä'chér-ächt). A
German novelist (1804-52), who chose her sub-
jects mostly from the life of the upper classes,
and was distinguished for her careful delinea-
tion of character. The best among her nov-
els are: (Falkenberg) (1843); (Lydia) (1844);
;
3
## p. 34 (#50) ##############################################
34
BACHMAN – BAСULARD D'ARNAUD
(Heinrich Burkart) (1846). Much credit is due
her for the publication of W. von Humboldt's
(Letters to a Friend) (1847).
Bachman, John (bak'man). An American
clergyman and naturalist; born in Dutchess
county, N. Y. , Feb. 4, 1790; died at Charleston,
S. C. , Feb. 25, 1874. He was associated with
Audubon in the Quadrupeds of North Amer-
ica, writing the principal part of the work,
which Audubon and his sons illustrated.
Back, Sir George. An English admiral and
Arctic explorer; born in Stockport, Cheshire,
Nov. 6, 1796; died in London, June 23, 1878.
Having accompanied Franklin in several ex-
peditions, he discovered the Great Fish or
Back River (1833-35), commanded the Terror in
an Arctic expedition (1836–37), and became
admiral (1857). He wrote: Narrative of the
Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the
Great Fish River); Narrative of an Expedi-
tion in H. M. S. Terror); etc.
Bäckström, Per Johan Edvard (bāk'strėm).
A Swedish dramatist and lyric poet; born in
Stockholm, Oct. 27, 1841; died there, Feb. 13,
1886. His principal work is (Dagvard Frey)
(1876), a tragedy; besides this the dramas (A
Crown) (1869), Eva's Sisters) (1869), (The
Prisoner of Kallö) (1870), met with success.
His lyrics were published in three collections
(1860, 1870, 1876).
Bacon, Delia. An American writer (1811-
59), daughter of Leonard Bacon. She is best
remembered for her Philosophy of the Plays
of Shakespeare ) (1857); to which Nathaniel
Hawthorne (without concurring) wrote a preface,
and which brought into prominence the Bacon-
Shakespeare controversy.
Bacon, Francis. The English philosopher;
born in London, Jan. 22, 1561; died April 9,
1626.
His immortal Essays) were published
in 1597, and in the same year appeared (On
the Colors of Good and Evil. The two books
of “The Advancement of Learning' appeared
in 1605; and in 1620 the Novum Organum,
written, like very many of Bacon's works, in
Latin. The (Novum Organum) is an essay
toward the science of a better use of reason in
the investigation of things. His histories of
(Henry VII. ,' of (Henry VIII. ,' and of Eliz-
abeth, are of unequal value and authority :
the first is eminently faithful and trustworthy;
the other two are probably biased by the au-
thor's desire to stand well at court. His New
Atlantis) is one of the world's great Utopian
speculations. *
Bacon, Leonard. An American clergyman;
born at Detroit, Mich. , Feb. 19, 1802; died in
New Haven, Conn. , Dec. 24, 1881. He gradu-
ated at Yale in 1820, after which he studied
theology at Andover, Mass. In 1825 he be-
came pastor of the First Congregational Church
in New Haven, a position which he held offi-
cially, though not always actively, until his
death. He was professor of didactic theology
in Yale (1866–71). He was throughout his life
an active opponent of slavery. In 1847 he
joined with Drs. Storrs and Thompson to found
the New York Independent, in the joint edi-
torship of which he continued for 16 years.
Besides a vast number of reviews and pam.
phlets, he published many theological and his-
torical works.
Bacon, Leonard Woolsey. An American
Congregational minister and religious writer,
son of Leonard Bacon; born at New Haven,
1830. Among his writings are: (The Vatican
Council (1872); Church Music Papers) (1876);
(Sunday Evenings Essays) (1877); etc.
Bacon, Roger. An English philosopher, one
of the greatest mediæval scholars.
He was
born of good family in Somersetshire, about
1214; died about 1294. He studied at Oxford,
taking orders there 1233; proceeded to Paris,
returned, and entered the Franciscan Order
1250. His discoveries in chemistry and phys-
ics brought upon him accusations of magic,
and he was imprisoned at Paris, 1257. At the
request of Pope Clement IV. in 1265 he drew
up his (Opus Majus. He gained his liberty a
little later, but suffered a further imprisonment
of ten years under Nicholas II. , and was not
finally liberated till 1292, two years before his
death. He was learned in several languages
and wrote elegant Latin. His wide knowledge
gained for him the name of Doctor Admirabi-
lis. His chief work, the Opus Majus,' shows
great learning and remarkably advanced think
ing, considering the age in which he lived.
He treats of the unity of the sciences, of the
necessity of a true linguistic science for the
understanding either of philosophy, science, or
the Scriptures; he treats also of mathematics,
as “the alphabet of philosophy," and of ge-
ography and astronomy as related thereto, of
perspective, and of experimental science, fore-
shadowing the inductive method. The portion
relating to geography was read by Columbus,
who was strongly influenced by it.
Bacon, Thomas Scott. An American theo.
logical writer; born at Saratoga, N. Y. , Feb. 1,
1825. Originally a lawyer, he became an Epis.
copalian clergyman (1854). Besides sermons,
addresses, reviews, etc. , he has written : Both
Sides of the Controversy between the Roman
and the Reformed Church (1858); (The Reign
of God, not the Reign of Law) (1879); (The
Beginnings of Religion (1887); Primitive and
Catholic Doctrine as to Holy Scripture '; etc.
Bacsányi, János (bo'chän-yē). A Hunga-
rian poet, prose-writer, and journalist; born at
Tapolcza, May 11, 1763; died at Linz, May 12,
1845. With Baróti and Kazinczy, he founded
a journal, the Magyar Museum (1788), and was
editor of the Magyar Minerva. Having trans-
lated Napoleon's proclamation to the Hunga-
rians (1809), he was obliged to fee to Paris,
whence he was extradited after Napoleon's
fall, but was compelled to live at Linz.
Baculard d'Arnaud, François (bä-kü-lär'
där-nö'). A French novelist and dramatist
(1718-1805), protégé of Voltaire, for two years
## p. 35 (#51) ##############################################
BADEAU-BAHR
35
literary correspondent, in Paris, of Frederick the
Great, who afterwards called him to Berlin.
Thence he went to Dresden, and on his return
to France wrote a considerable number of sen-
timental novels in the taste of the times. Of
his dramas, in which the sombre and horrible
element prevails, only (The Count of Com-
minges) (1765) was performed.
Badeau, Adam. An American soldier and
author; born in New York city, Dec. 29, 1831 ;
died in Ridgewood, N. J. , March 19, 1895. He
served in the United States army during the
Civil War, was military secretary to General
Grant in 1864-69, then secretary of legation in
London, and from 1870 till 1881 consul-general
there, and in 1882-84 in Havana. He accom-
panied General Grant on his tour around the
world in 1877–78. Author of : (The Vagabond)
(New York, 1858); Military History of U. S.
Grant) (3 vols. , 1867-81); Conspiracy: a Cu-
ban Romance) (1885); (Aristocracy in Eng-
land) (1886); and (Grant in Peace) (1886).
Baden-Powell, Sir George Smyth (bā'den-
pou'l). An English politician and political
writer; born at Oxford, Dec. 24, 1847. He has
been member of various important commissions,
among others that on United States and Cana-
dian fisheries (1886-87), the Bering Sea inquiry
(1891); of the Joint Commission (Washington,
1892). He has written : (New Homes for the
Old Country) (1872), a storehouse of informa-
tion about Australia; Protection and Bad
Times) (1879); State Aid and State Interfer-
ence) (1882); (The Truth about Home Rule)
(1888); (The Land Systems of India) (1892);
(
accounts have been recently edited by Clem-
ents R. Markham for the Hakluyt Society,
(Voyages of William Baffin (1881).
Bagby, George William. An American phy-
sician, journalist, and humorist; born in Buck-
ingham County, Va. , Aug. 13, 1828; died at
Richmond, Va. , Nov. 29, 1883. He wrote under
the pseudonym (Mozis Addums. He was
editor of the Lynchburg Express (1853) and
Southern Literary Messenger (1859), State Li-
brarian of Virginia (1870–78), and contributor
to various magazines. He wrote: John M.
Daniel's Latch-Key) (1868); (What I Did
with My Fifty Millions) (1875); Meekins's
Twinses) (1877).
Bage, Robert (bāj). An English novelist;
born at Darley, Derbyshire, Feb. 29, 1728; died
at Tamworth, Sept. 1, 1801. He only began to
write at the age of fifty-three. Among his
works were: Mount Henneth) (1781); Bar-
ham Downs) (1784); (Hermsprong, or Man as
He is Not! (1796); etc.
Bagehot, Walter (baj'ot). An English writer
on political economy and government; born
in Langport, Somersetshire, Feb. 3, 1826; died
there, March 24, 1877. After graduating from
University College, London, he studied law
and was admitted to the bar; but never en-
tered practice, being drawn rather to the study
of economics and political science. His prin-
cipal works are: (The English Constitution)
(1867); (Physics and Politics,' in which the
life and growth of nations are studied in the
light of Darwin's theory (1863); and (Lombard
Street: a Description of the Money Market. '
His complete works, edited by Forrest Morgan,
were published at Hartford, Conn. , 1889.
Baggesen, Jens (bäg'e-sen). A noted Dan-
ish poet; born at Korsör, Zealand, Feb. 15,
1764; died in Hamburg, Oct. 3, 1826. He be-
came involved in a great literary feud with
Oehlenschläger. His first poetic effort, Comic
Tales) (1785), at once attracted attention; but
(The Labyrinth) (1792), afterwards entitled
(Wanderings of a Poet,' a description of his
traveling impressions, equally distinguished for
its overflowing humor and finished style, is his
most important work, a landmark in Danish
prose literature. *
Bahr, Hermann (bär). An Austrian dram-
atist, novelist, and critic; born in Linz, July 19,
1863. He took a firm stand in opposition to
the naturalism, «modernism, and (sym-
bolism of the dominant school of French
novelists, and published two collections of his
strictures on these phases of literature, under
the titles (A Critique of Modernism) (1890)
and (The Overthrow of Naturalism) (1891).
He is author of several dramas, among them
(The New Men) (1888); “The Mother) (1891);
of "The Domestic Woman) (1893), a comedy ;
and of some novels and romances, among them
(Dora, Stories of Vienna (1893).
Bähr, Johann Christian (băr). A distin-
guished German philologist; born at Darmstadt,
etc.
Baena, Antonio (bä-yı'nä). A Portuguese-
Brazilian historian and geographer; born in
Portugal about 1795; died in Pará, March 28,
1850. He was an officer in the Portuguese, after-
ward in the Brazilian, army. He studied the
geography and history of the Amazon valley.
His principal works were: (The Ages of Pará)
(1838), a historic compend stopping at 1823, and
Chorographic Essay on the Province of Pará)
(1839), a geographical and statistical work
giving the details of explorations made by him-
self.
Baer, Karl Ernst von (bãr). A noted Rus-
sian naturalist, famous especially as an embry-
ologist; born at Piep, Esthonia, Feb. 28, 1792 ;
died at Dorpat, Nov. 28, 1876. He was pro-
fessor of zoology at Königsberg (1819), and
librarian of the Academy of Sciences at St.
Petersburg (1834). His principal works were:
(History of the Development of Animals) (2
vols. , 1828–37); (Researches into the Develop-
ment of Fishes) (1835).
Baffin, William. A noted English navigator
and explorer; born probably in London, 1584;
died at the siege of Ormuz, Jan. 23, 1622. In
the second of two arctic expeditions, he dis-
covered Baffin's Bay. Of these voyages he
wrote two accounts, in the first giving a new
method of computing longitude at sea. These
## p. 36 (#52) ##############################################
36
BAHRDT — BAILY
June 13, 1798; died at Heidelberg, Nov. 29, 1872.
He was professor of classical literature at the
University of Heidelberg. Besides editing sev-
eral of Plutarch's Lives,' making a Latin trans-
lation of Herodotus, with notes, etc. , his prin-
cipal work was History of Roman Literature)
(2 vols. , 1828; 4th ed. 1868-73).
Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich (bärt). A German
theologian; born at Bischofswerda, Saxony,
Aug. 25, 1741; died near Halle, April 23, 1792.
He was condemned to imprisonment in 1789 for
publishing (The Religious Edict: a Comedy. )
As a theologian, he was noted for extreme
rationalism. He wrote: (Letters on Systematic
Theology) (2 vols. , 1770-72); Newest Revela-
tions of God) (1773); while in prison, History
of his Life) (4 vols. , 1790), etc.
Bahya ben Joseph ben Pakoda (bä'hé-yä
ben yö'sef ben pä-kõ'dä). A noted Jewish
poet and religious writer; lived at Saragossa,
Spain, in the nth century. He is best known
by his celebrated religious work, Duties of the
Heart, written by him in Arabic and trans-
lated into Hebrew. It abounds in spiritual
meditations and exhortations, and occupies
among the Jews a position similar to that held
among Christians by the Imitation of Christ. )
It was translated into Spanish (1610) and Eng-
lish (1894).
Baïf, Jean Antoine de (bä-ef'). A French
poet (1532-89), one of the literary league known
as the “Pléiade, and the chief advocate of its
plan of reducing French poetry to the metres
of the classic tongues; also a spelling reformer,
in favor of the phonetic system. His most
meritorious works were translations of Greek
and Roman dramas. Among his original pro-
ductions, (The Mimes, Precepts, and Proverbs)
(6 editions, 1576–1619) are the most noteworthy.
Bailey, Gamaliel. An American journalist;
born at Mt. Holly, N. J. , Dec. 3, 1807 ; died at
sea, on his way to Europe, June 5, 1859. With
J. G. Birney, he founded the anti-slavery jour-
nal, the Cincinnati Philanthropist (1836), the
office of which was destroyed by a mob, though
it continued to be published till 1847. He es-
tablished the well-known newspaper, the Wash-
ington National Era (1847), in which the famous
novel (Uncle Tom's Cabin' appeared first.
Bailey, James Montgomery. An American
author; born in Albany, N. Y. , Sept. 25, 1841;
died in Danbu Conn. , March 4, 1894. He
served in the 17th Connecticut regiment during
the war; returned to Danbury, founded the Dan-
bury News in 1870. His articles in this paper
were widely quoted. He wrote: (Life in Dan-
bury) (Boston, 1873); (They All Do It) (1877);
and (The Danbury Boom (1880).
Bailey, Nathan. An English lexicographer
and classical scholar; died at Stepney, June 27,
1742. He was a school-teacher at Stepney, and
a Seventh-day Baptist. Besides educational
books, he was the author of a (Universal Ety.
blog nglish Dictionary) (1721), the first
English dictionary with any pretensions to
being complete, and the basis of Dr. Johnson's
better known work. He wrote also a (Domestic
Dictionary) (1736).
Bailey, Philip James. An English poet;
born in Basford, Nottinghamshire, April 22,
1816. He was educated in Glasgow, and stud-
ied law at Lincoln's Inn, being admitted to the
bar in 1840. In his twentieth year he began
the composition of Festus, a lyrico-dramatic
poem on the Faust legend. The poem was
published in 1839, and attracted unusual atten-
tion. The eleventh edition was published in
1889. His other works -(The Angel World)
(1850); (The Mystic) (1855); (The Age, a
colloquial satire (1858); and (The Universal
Hymn) (1867) -- have not added to his reputa-
tion. *
Bailey, Samuel. An English writer on phi.
losophy and political economy; born at Shef-
field, 1791; died there, Jan. 18, 1870. He was
chairman of the Sheffield Banking Company
and several times president of the Sheffield
Literary and Philosophical Society. Besides
works on political economy, he wrote: (On
the Formation and Publication of Opinions)
(3d ed. 1831); (The Pursuit of Truth and the
Progress of Knowledge) (2d ed. 1844); "Let-
ters from an Egyptian Kafir in Search of Re-
ligion (1837, anonymously); (Maro, or Poetic
Sensibility) (1846, anonymously); (Theory of
Reasoning (2d ed. , 1852); Philosophy of the
Human Mind' (three series, 1855, 1858, 1863);
(The Received Text of Shakespeare's Dra-
matic Writings) (2 vols. , 1861-62); etc.
Baillie, Joanna. A Scottish poet; born in
Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Sept. II, 1762; died at
Hampstead, England, Feb. 23, 1851.
At an
early age she removed to London and settled
at Hampstead, where, with her sister Agnes,
she passed the remainder of her life.
nym ( Peregrina” she contributed to Andalusian
journals many (Lyric Poems) (1851-54), and
afterward wrote a series of spirited novels :
(Two Women); (The Baroness de Joux);
(Dolores); and others. She gained still higher
distinction with the tragedies (Alfonso Munio,
the hero of which was her own ancestor, and
( The Prince of Viana. Her later compositions
have a tone of melancholy, but are not inferior
to those that went before them either in grace
of style or in forcefulness of thought; among
these are: Biblical dramas, as "Saul) and
(Balthasar); the spiritual song, "At the Cross);
and (The Last Accent of my Harp) (1850).
But she did not abandon dramatic composition :
in the later years of her life she composed 16
plays which still have a place on the Spanish
stage.
Avenel, Paul (äv-nel'). A French poet and
novelist; born at Chaumont, Oct. 9, 1823. Ed.
ucated for commerce, he turned to literature
and was active in connection with several peri-
odicals. Besides a number of vaudevilles, he
wrote: “The Peasant Woman from the Abruzzi)
(1861), a drama; (The King of Paris) (1860),
a historical romance; (The Calicoes) (1866),
scenes of real life. Among several collections
of poems may be mentioned (Alcove and
Boudoir, interdicted 1855 and republished 1885.
Averkiyev, Dmitry Vassilyévich (ä-ver-ke'.
yef). A Russian dramatist and critic; born
Oct. 12, 1836. He wrote over twenty dramas
and comedies, besides numerous literary crit-
icisms. Among the former, mostly taken from
old Russian life, the best are: (In Old Kashira)
(1872), a historical tragedy; and (Frol Skobejeff
(1868), a comedy.
Averroës or Averrhoës (a-ver'o-ez), properly
Ibn Rushd. An eminent Spanish-Arabian phi-
losopher and physician; born at Cordova,
Spain, in 1126; died in Morocco, Dec. 10, 1198.
Through translations of his works into Latin
and Hebrew, he exerted a profound influence
for centuries upon both Christian and Jewish
thought. *
Avery, Benjamin Parke. An American jour-
nalist and diplomatist; born in New York city
in 1829; died in Pekin, China, Nov. 8, 1875.
He went to California in 1849 and became
connected with several papers on the Pacific
coast, among them being the San Francisco
Bulletin. In 1872 he was appointed editor of
the Overland Monthly. From 1874 to 1875 he
was minister to China. His chief work is
(Californian Pictures in Prose and Verse (1877).
Avianus, Flavius (ā-vi-ā'nus). A Roman
fabulist of the latter end of the 4th century.
He wrote 42 Æsopic fables in elegiac metre,
which were used as a text-book in medieval
schools.
Avicebron or Avencebrol (ä-vē-thā-bron'),
properly Solomon ben Jehuda ibn Gabirol. A
celebrated IIebrew poet and philosopher ; born
at Cordova, about 1028; died about 1058. Of
his poetical works, (The Royal Crown' is the
most famous; of the philosophical, (The Fount-
ain of Life, written in Arabic, bụt known
only through a Latin translation (re-edited,
Münster, 1895). *
## p. 32 (#48) ##############################################
32
AVICENNA-AZULAI
Avicenna. See Ibn Sina.
Ayala, Adelardo Lopez de (ä-yäʻlä). A
Spanish dramatist; born at Guadalcanal, Ba-
dajoz, March 1829; died Dec. 30, 1879. After
studying law in Seville, he went to Madrid,
where he devoted himself entirely to poetry
and speedily won national fame. His first
drama, (A Statesman) (1851), met with imme-
diate success, and was followed in the same
year by (The Two Noblemen) and Penalty
and Pardon. To the modern comedy of man-
ners, his specific domain, he first contributed
(The Glass Roof, and in 1861 attained to wide
reputation with (Percentage. Of his other
works the most noteworthy are: “The Mod-
ern Don Juan (1863); and (Consuelo) (1878),
a drama. He has also written beautiful son-
nets.
Charles I. , where he held posts of honor and
was knighted in 1612. He also wrote in Greek
and French. Ayton is supposed to have been
the author of Auld Lang Syne,' which was
remodeled by Burns.
Aytoun, William Edmonstoune. A Scottish
humorist; born in Edinburgh, June 21, 1813;
died at Blackhills, near Elgin, Aug. 4, 1865.
He joined the editorial staff of Blackwood's
Magazine in 1844, and to his death continued
an unwearying and fertile contributor to its
pages. Professor of literature in the University
of Edinburgh, 1845-64. After John Wilson's
death (1854), he was considered the most im-
portant man of letters in Scotland during his
life, famous for his humor, satire, and criticism.
His most celebrated work is (Lays of the
Scottish Cavaliers) (1848, 29th ed. 1883), a
series of ballads replete with genuine poetry,
glorifying the champions of the Stuart cause.
Noteworthy is his critical and annotated col-
lection of the Ballads of Scotland (1858, 4th
ed. 1870). With Theodore Martin he wrote
the famous (Bon Gaultier Ballads) (1844, 13th
ed. 1877), and translated Poems and Ballads
of Goethe) (1858). *
Azarias, Brother. See Mullany, Patrick
Francis.
Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli, Marchese d'
(äd-zāl'yo). A distinguished Italian writer,
statesman, and artist; born in Turin, Oct. 15,
1798; died in Milan, Jan. 15, 1866. Of his liter-
ary productions the most noteworthy are the
two historical romances (Ettore Fieramosca)
(1833) and Nicolò de' Lapi? (1841); but first
in importance is his autobiography (My Recol.
lections) (1867), translated into English by
Count Maffei. Supplements to these
(Letters to his Wife, Luisa Blondel (1870);
(to Giuseppe Torelli) (1870); (to Carlo di Per.
sano) (1878); and (to Emanuele d'Azeglio)
(1883); but especially (Italy from 1847 to 1865,
Political Correspondence of M. d'Azeglio!
(Paris, 1866). *
Azevedo, Manoel Antonio Alvares de (ä-
zā-vā'dö). A Brazilian poet; born in São Paulo,
1831; died 1852. While studying law in 1848-
51, he produced an abundance of romantic
poetry in the vein of Byron, Heine, and Musset,
which made him the most widely read poet
of Brazil after Goncalves Dias. His (Com-
plete Works) (1863) contain also prose writ-
ings and three dramatic pieces.
Azulai, Hayim David (hä'gēm dä'vēd ä-zö-
li'). A Jewish bibliographer; born in Jerusa-
lem; died at Leghorn, Italy. He lived in the
18th century. Most of his life was spent at
Leghorn. Of his numerous works, the best
known is (Shem-ha-Gedôlim) (The Names of
the Great), a bibliography containing the names
of over 1,300 Jewish authors, and more than
2,200 of their works.
Ayala, Pedro Lopez de. A Spanish histo-
rian, poet, and statesman (1332-1407). In great
favor with the Castilian kings Peter the Cruel,
Henry II. , John I. , and Henry III. , he was in-
vested with the highest dignities of State. His
(Chronicles of the Kings of Castile) contains
the history of that kingdom from 1350 to 1396.
Of his poetical works, the “Rhyme-Work of the
Palace,' a didactic poem on social and political
questions, stands foremost.
Aylmer-Gowing, Mrs. Emilia. An English
poet and reciter; born in Bath, October 1846.
She was educated partly in Brighton, partly
in Paris, where she received the attention of
Lamartine. After a short career on the stage
she successfully produced two dramas : (A Life
Race) and (A Crown for Love. Her (Bal-
lads and Poems) and (The Cithern) have
become popular, as well as two novels : (The
Jewel Reputation and An Unruly Spirit.
In 1891 she published Ballads of the Tower
and Other Poems.
Ayrer, Jacob (i'rer). A German dramatist;
died in Nuremberg, March 26, 1605. Next to
Hans Sachs the most prolific dramatist of Ger-
many in the 16th century; in 1595-1605 he
wrote more than 100 plays, of which the (Opus
Theatricum) (Nuremberg, 1618) contains 30
tragedies and comedies, and 36 Shrovetide
plays and vaudevilles. In his dramas the in-
fluence of the English stage is apparent.
Ayres, Anne. An American author; born in
England in 1816; died in February 1896. She
was the first member of an American sister-
hood in the Protestant Episcopal Church. She
wrote: (Evangelical Sisterhood (1867); "Life
of Augustus Muhlenberg.
Ayton or Aytoun, Sir Robert (ā'ton). A
Scottish poet; born in his father's castle of
Kinaldie in 1570; died in London in Febru-
ary 1638. His Latin and English verses made
him famous at the courts of James I. and
are :
## p. 33 (#49) ##############################################
BABBAGE- BACHERACHT
33
B
Babbage, Charles (bab'aj). A celebrated
English mathematician; born near Teign-
mouth, Devonshire, Dec. 26, 1792; died in Lon-
don, Oct. 18, 1871. He was professor of math-
ematics at Cambridge (1828-39) and one of the
founders, secretaries, and vice-presidents of the
Astronomical Society. He is best known as
the inventor of the only partially successful
calculating machine. His principal work was
(On the Economy of Machinery' (1832), which
was translated into several languages. Among
his other writings were: Passages from the
Life of a Philosopher) (1864) and (Chapter on
Street Nuisances) (1864).
Baber or Babar, Zehir-Eddin Mohammed,
surnamed (bä’bėr). Conqueror of India and
founder of the Mogul dynasty; born 1483;
died at Agra, Dec. 28, 1530. He was a lineal
descendant of Jenghiz Khan and Timur, and
at the age of 12 years succeeded his father
as king of Ferghana, a district to the east of
Samarcand. In 1521, gathering an army of 12,-
000 followers, he invaded India, then preparing
to revolt against the intolerable exactions of
Ibrahim, emperor at Delhi; and in six years
made himself absolute master of the whole
country. He wrote a volume of Memoirs)
which shows him to have been a man of well-
cultivated intellect, a sagacious observer, and a
wise statesman. *
Babeuf or Babeuf, François Noel (bä-bėf).
A French communist, who called himself Caius
Gracchus; born at Saint-Quentin, 1760; died in
Paris, May 27, 1797.
He founded in Paris a
journal called the Tribune of the People (1794),
in which he advocated his system of communism,
known as “ Babceuvism and contemplating ab-
solute equality and community of property. His
followers were called "Babouvists. Betrayed
in a conspiracy against the Directory, aiming to
put his theories into practice, he was guillotined.
His principal works were : (Perpetual Register
of the Survey of Lands) (1780); (Of the Sys-
tem of Population (1794).
Babo, Joseph Marius von (bä’bo). A Ger-
man dramatist (1756-1822); author of a series
of plays of chivalry in imitation of Goethe's
(Götz,' among which (Otto von Wittelsbach
(1781) had the greatest success. Two come-
dies, Homely Happiness) (1792) and (The
Pulse) (1804), also found much favor.
Babrius (bā'bri-us). A Greek writer of fables
in verse ; variously referred to the time imme-
diately preceding the Augustan age, and to the
third century of our era; his name also shows
variants, as Babrias, Gabrius. Till 1842 only
a few fragments of Babrius were known to be
extant; but in that year, in the Laura of Mt.
Athos was discovered a MS. containing 123 of
his fables. In 1846 Sir George Cornewall Lewis
published them together with the pre-existing
fragments, and in 1859 or 1860 appeared a good
English version by James Davies. The fables
have also been edited by W. G. Rutherford
(1883), and by F. G. Schneidewin (1880). *
Baccalar y Baña, Vicente, Marquis of st.
Philip (bäk'ä-lär ē sän'yä). A Spanish his-
torian and statesman; born in Sardinia; died
in Madrid, 1726. He served the King of Spain
with less disinterestedness than distinction dur-
ing the revolt of his native isle, and was ennobled
after writing a very rhetorical History of the
Kingdom of the Jews, as well as (Memoirs for
a History of Philip V. ,' the latter work cover-
ing the period between 1699 and 1725.
Bache, Alexander Dallas (bãch). A dis-
tinguished American scientist and educator,
great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin; born at
Philadelphia, July 19, 1806; died at Newport,
Feb. 17, 1867. Graduating from West Point at
the head of his class (1825), he became profes-
sor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the
University of Pennsylvania (1828); organizer
and first president of Girard College (1836);
superintendent of the United States Coast Sur-
vey (1843), his services in that position being
invaluable; active member of the sanitary com-
mission during the Civil War; a regent of the
Smithsonian Institution (1846-67); president
of the National Academy of Sciences (1863).
He wrote (Observations at the Magnetic and
Meteorological Observatory at the Girard Col-
lege,' a scientifically valuable work; a helpful
report on education in Europe (1839); and a
long series of notable annual reports of the
United States Coast Survey.
Bache, Franklin (bãch). A distinguished
American physician and chemist; born at Phil-
adelphia, Oct. 25, 1792; died there, March 19,
1864. He was professor of chemistry at the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1831) and
the Jefferson Medical College (1841). Besides
writing (A System of Chemistry for Students of
Medicine) (1819), he was one of the authors of
Wood and Bache's (Dispensatory of the United
States) (1833), an acknowledged authority.
Bacher, Julius (bäch'er). A German story-
writer and dramatist; born in Ragnit, East Prus-
sia, Aug. 8, 1810. He was a practicing physi-
cian, who turned man of letters and attained
reputation with «The First Love of Charles
XII. (1850), a tragedy; Princess Sidonie)
(1870), a novel; and various other pieces.
Bacheracht, Therese von (bä'chér-ächt). A
German novelist (1804-52), who chose her sub-
jects mostly from the life of the upper classes,
and was distinguished for her careful delinea-
tion of character. The best among her nov-
els are: (Falkenberg) (1843); (Lydia) (1844);
;
3
## p. 34 (#50) ##############################################
34
BACHMAN – BAСULARD D'ARNAUD
(Heinrich Burkart) (1846). Much credit is due
her for the publication of W. von Humboldt's
(Letters to a Friend) (1847).
Bachman, John (bak'man). An American
clergyman and naturalist; born in Dutchess
county, N. Y. , Feb. 4, 1790; died at Charleston,
S. C. , Feb. 25, 1874. He was associated with
Audubon in the Quadrupeds of North Amer-
ica, writing the principal part of the work,
which Audubon and his sons illustrated.
Back, Sir George. An English admiral and
Arctic explorer; born in Stockport, Cheshire,
Nov. 6, 1796; died in London, June 23, 1878.
Having accompanied Franklin in several ex-
peditions, he discovered the Great Fish or
Back River (1833-35), commanded the Terror in
an Arctic expedition (1836–37), and became
admiral (1857). He wrote: Narrative of the
Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the
Great Fish River); Narrative of an Expedi-
tion in H. M. S. Terror); etc.
Bäckström, Per Johan Edvard (bāk'strėm).
A Swedish dramatist and lyric poet; born in
Stockholm, Oct. 27, 1841; died there, Feb. 13,
1886. His principal work is (Dagvard Frey)
(1876), a tragedy; besides this the dramas (A
Crown) (1869), Eva's Sisters) (1869), (The
Prisoner of Kallö) (1870), met with success.
His lyrics were published in three collections
(1860, 1870, 1876).
Bacon, Delia. An American writer (1811-
59), daughter of Leonard Bacon. She is best
remembered for her Philosophy of the Plays
of Shakespeare ) (1857); to which Nathaniel
Hawthorne (without concurring) wrote a preface,
and which brought into prominence the Bacon-
Shakespeare controversy.
Bacon, Francis. The English philosopher;
born in London, Jan. 22, 1561; died April 9,
1626.
His immortal Essays) were published
in 1597, and in the same year appeared (On
the Colors of Good and Evil. The two books
of “The Advancement of Learning' appeared
in 1605; and in 1620 the Novum Organum,
written, like very many of Bacon's works, in
Latin. The (Novum Organum) is an essay
toward the science of a better use of reason in
the investigation of things. His histories of
(Henry VII. ,' of (Henry VIII. ,' and of Eliz-
abeth, are of unequal value and authority :
the first is eminently faithful and trustworthy;
the other two are probably biased by the au-
thor's desire to stand well at court. His New
Atlantis) is one of the world's great Utopian
speculations. *
Bacon, Leonard. An American clergyman;
born at Detroit, Mich. , Feb. 19, 1802; died in
New Haven, Conn. , Dec. 24, 1881. He gradu-
ated at Yale in 1820, after which he studied
theology at Andover, Mass. In 1825 he be-
came pastor of the First Congregational Church
in New Haven, a position which he held offi-
cially, though not always actively, until his
death. He was professor of didactic theology
in Yale (1866–71). He was throughout his life
an active opponent of slavery. In 1847 he
joined with Drs. Storrs and Thompson to found
the New York Independent, in the joint edi-
torship of which he continued for 16 years.
Besides a vast number of reviews and pam.
phlets, he published many theological and his-
torical works.
Bacon, Leonard Woolsey. An American
Congregational minister and religious writer,
son of Leonard Bacon; born at New Haven,
1830. Among his writings are: (The Vatican
Council (1872); Church Music Papers) (1876);
(Sunday Evenings Essays) (1877); etc.
Bacon, Roger. An English philosopher, one
of the greatest mediæval scholars.
He was
born of good family in Somersetshire, about
1214; died about 1294. He studied at Oxford,
taking orders there 1233; proceeded to Paris,
returned, and entered the Franciscan Order
1250. His discoveries in chemistry and phys-
ics brought upon him accusations of magic,
and he was imprisoned at Paris, 1257. At the
request of Pope Clement IV. in 1265 he drew
up his (Opus Majus. He gained his liberty a
little later, but suffered a further imprisonment
of ten years under Nicholas II. , and was not
finally liberated till 1292, two years before his
death. He was learned in several languages
and wrote elegant Latin. His wide knowledge
gained for him the name of Doctor Admirabi-
lis. His chief work, the Opus Majus,' shows
great learning and remarkably advanced think
ing, considering the age in which he lived.
He treats of the unity of the sciences, of the
necessity of a true linguistic science for the
understanding either of philosophy, science, or
the Scriptures; he treats also of mathematics,
as “the alphabet of philosophy," and of ge-
ography and astronomy as related thereto, of
perspective, and of experimental science, fore-
shadowing the inductive method. The portion
relating to geography was read by Columbus,
who was strongly influenced by it.
Bacon, Thomas Scott. An American theo.
logical writer; born at Saratoga, N. Y. , Feb. 1,
1825. Originally a lawyer, he became an Epis.
copalian clergyman (1854). Besides sermons,
addresses, reviews, etc. , he has written : Both
Sides of the Controversy between the Roman
and the Reformed Church (1858); (The Reign
of God, not the Reign of Law) (1879); (The
Beginnings of Religion (1887); Primitive and
Catholic Doctrine as to Holy Scripture '; etc.
Bacsányi, János (bo'chän-yē). A Hunga-
rian poet, prose-writer, and journalist; born at
Tapolcza, May 11, 1763; died at Linz, May 12,
1845. With Baróti and Kazinczy, he founded
a journal, the Magyar Museum (1788), and was
editor of the Magyar Minerva. Having trans-
lated Napoleon's proclamation to the Hunga-
rians (1809), he was obliged to fee to Paris,
whence he was extradited after Napoleon's
fall, but was compelled to live at Linz.
Baculard d'Arnaud, François (bä-kü-lär'
där-nö'). A French novelist and dramatist
(1718-1805), protégé of Voltaire, for two years
## p. 35 (#51) ##############################################
BADEAU-BAHR
35
literary correspondent, in Paris, of Frederick the
Great, who afterwards called him to Berlin.
Thence he went to Dresden, and on his return
to France wrote a considerable number of sen-
timental novels in the taste of the times. Of
his dramas, in which the sombre and horrible
element prevails, only (The Count of Com-
minges) (1765) was performed.
Badeau, Adam. An American soldier and
author; born in New York city, Dec. 29, 1831 ;
died in Ridgewood, N. J. , March 19, 1895. He
served in the United States army during the
Civil War, was military secretary to General
Grant in 1864-69, then secretary of legation in
London, and from 1870 till 1881 consul-general
there, and in 1882-84 in Havana. He accom-
panied General Grant on his tour around the
world in 1877–78. Author of : (The Vagabond)
(New York, 1858); Military History of U. S.
Grant) (3 vols. , 1867-81); Conspiracy: a Cu-
ban Romance) (1885); (Aristocracy in Eng-
land) (1886); and (Grant in Peace) (1886).
Baden-Powell, Sir George Smyth (bā'den-
pou'l). An English politician and political
writer; born at Oxford, Dec. 24, 1847. He has
been member of various important commissions,
among others that on United States and Cana-
dian fisheries (1886-87), the Bering Sea inquiry
(1891); of the Joint Commission (Washington,
1892). He has written : (New Homes for the
Old Country) (1872), a storehouse of informa-
tion about Australia; Protection and Bad
Times) (1879); State Aid and State Interfer-
ence) (1882); (The Truth about Home Rule)
(1888); (The Land Systems of India) (1892);
(
accounts have been recently edited by Clem-
ents R. Markham for the Hakluyt Society,
(Voyages of William Baffin (1881).
Bagby, George William. An American phy-
sician, journalist, and humorist; born in Buck-
ingham County, Va. , Aug. 13, 1828; died at
Richmond, Va. , Nov. 29, 1883. He wrote under
the pseudonym (Mozis Addums. He was
editor of the Lynchburg Express (1853) and
Southern Literary Messenger (1859), State Li-
brarian of Virginia (1870–78), and contributor
to various magazines. He wrote: John M.
Daniel's Latch-Key) (1868); (What I Did
with My Fifty Millions) (1875); Meekins's
Twinses) (1877).
Bage, Robert (bāj). An English novelist;
born at Darley, Derbyshire, Feb. 29, 1728; died
at Tamworth, Sept. 1, 1801. He only began to
write at the age of fifty-three. Among his
works were: Mount Henneth) (1781); Bar-
ham Downs) (1784); (Hermsprong, or Man as
He is Not! (1796); etc.
Bagehot, Walter (baj'ot). An English writer
on political economy and government; born
in Langport, Somersetshire, Feb. 3, 1826; died
there, March 24, 1877. After graduating from
University College, London, he studied law
and was admitted to the bar; but never en-
tered practice, being drawn rather to the study
of economics and political science. His prin-
cipal works are: (The English Constitution)
(1867); (Physics and Politics,' in which the
life and growth of nations are studied in the
light of Darwin's theory (1863); and (Lombard
Street: a Description of the Money Market. '
His complete works, edited by Forrest Morgan,
were published at Hartford, Conn. , 1889.
Baggesen, Jens (bäg'e-sen). A noted Dan-
ish poet; born at Korsör, Zealand, Feb. 15,
1764; died in Hamburg, Oct. 3, 1826. He be-
came involved in a great literary feud with
Oehlenschläger. His first poetic effort, Comic
Tales) (1785), at once attracted attention; but
(The Labyrinth) (1792), afterwards entitled
(Wanderings of a Poet,' a description of his
traveling impressions, equally distinguished for
its overflowing humor and finished style, is his
most important work, a landmark in Danish
prose literature. *
Bahr, Hermann (bär). An Austrian dram-
atist, novelist, and critic; born in Linz, July 19,
1863. He took a firm stand in opposition to
the naturalism, «modernism, and (sym-
bolism of the dominant school of French
novelists, and published two collections of his
strictures on these phases of literature, under
the titles (A Critique of Modernism) (1890)
and (The Overthrow of Naturalism) (1891).
He is author of several dramas, among them
(The New Men) (1888); “The Mother) (1891);
of "The Domestic Woman) (1893), a comedy ;
and of some novels and romances, among them
(Dora, Stories of Vienna (1893).
Bähr, Johann Christian (băr). A distin-
guished German philologist; born at Darmstadt,
etc.
Baena, Antonio (bä-yı'nä). A Portuguese-
Brazilian historian and geographer; born in
Portugal about 1795; died in Pará, March 28,
1850. He was an officer in the Portuguese, after-
ward in the Brazilian, army. He studied the
geography and history of the Amazon valley.
His principal works were: (The Ages of Pará)
(1838), a historic compend stopping at 1823, and
Chorographic Essay on the Province of Pará)
(1839), a geographical and statistical work
giving the details of explorations made by him-
self.
Baer, Karl Ernst von (bãr). A noted Rus-
sian naturalist, famous especially as an embry-
ologist; born at Piep, Esthonia, Feb. 28, 1792 ;
died at Dorpat, Nov. 28, 1876. He was pro-
fessor of zoology at Königsberg (1819), and
librarian of the Academy of Sciences at St.
Petersburg (1834). His principal works were:
(History of the Development of Animals) (2
vols. , 1828–37); (Researches into the Develop-
ment of Fishes) (1835).
Baffin, William. A noted English navigator
and explorer; born probably in London, 1584;
died at the siege of Ormuz, Jan. 23, 1622. In
the second of two arctic expeditions, he dis-
covered Baffin's Bay. Of these voyages he
wrote two accounts, in the first giving a new
method of computing longitude at sea. These
## p. 36 (#52) ##############################################
36
BAHRDT — BAILY
June 13, 1798; died at Heidelberg, Nov. 29, 1872.
He was professor of classical literature at the
University of Heidelberg. Besides editing sev-
eral of Plutarch's Lives,' making a Latin trans-
lation of Herodotus, with notes, etc. , his prin-
cipal work was History of Roman Literature)
(2 vols. , 1828; 4th ed. 1868-73).
Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich (bärt). A German
theologian; born at Bischofswerda, Saxony,
Aug. 25, 1741; died near Halle, April 23, 1792.
He was condemned to imprisonment in 1789 for
publishing (The Religious Edict: a Comedy. )
As a theologian, he was noted for extreme
rationalism. He wrote: (Letters on Systematic
Theology) (2 vols. , 1770-72); Newest Revela-
tions of God) (1773); while in prison, History
of his Life) (4 vols. , 1790), etc.
Bahya ben Joseph ben Pakoda (bä'hé-yä
ben yö'sef ben pä-kõ'dä). A noted Jewish
poet and religious writer; lived at Saragossa,
Spain, in the nth century. He is best known
by his celebrated religious work, Duties of the
Heart, written by him in Arabic and trans-
lated into Hebrew. It abounds in spiritual
meditations and exhortations, and occupies
among the Jews a position similar to that held
among Christians by the Imitation of Christ. )
It was translated into Spanish (1610) and Eng-
lish (1894).
Baïf, Jean Antoine de (bä-ef'). A French
poet (1532-89), one of the literary league known
as the “Pléiade, and the chief advocate of its
plan of reducing French poetry to the metres
of the classic tongues; also a spelling reformer,
in favor of the phonetic system. His most
meritorious works were translations of Greek
and Roman dramas. Among his original pro-
ductions, (The Mimes, Precepts, and Proverbs)
(6 editions, 1576–1619) are the most noteworthy.
Bailey, Gamaliel. An American journalist;
born at Mt. Holly, N. J. , Dec. 3, 1807 ; died at
sea, on his way to Europe, June 5, 1859. With
J. G. Birney, he founded the anti-slavery jour-
nal, the Cincinnati Philanthropist (1836), the
office of which was destroyed by a mob, though
it continued to be published till 1847. He es-
tablished the well-known newspaper, the Wash-
ington National Era (1847), in which the famous
novel (Uncle Tom's Cabin' appeared first.
Bailey, James Montgomery. An American
author; born in Albany, N. Y. , Sept. 25, 1841;
died in Danbu Conn. , March 4, 1894. He
served in the 17th Connecticut regiment during
the war; returned to Danbury, founded the Dan-
bury News in 1870. His articles in this paper
were widely quoted. He wrote: (Life in Dan-
bury) (Boston, 1873); (They All Do It) (1877);
and (The Danbury Boom (1880).
Bailey, Nathan. An English lexicographer
and classical scholar; died at Stepney, June 27,
1742. He was a school-teacher at Stepney, and
a Seventh-day Baptist. Besides educational
books, he was the author of a (Universal Ety.
blog nglish Dictionary) (1721), the first
English dictionary with any pretensions to
being complete, and the basis of Dr. Johnson's
better known work. He wrote also a (Domestic
Dictionary) (1736).
Bailey, Philip James. An English poet;
born in Basford, Nottinghamshire, April 22,
1816. He was educated in Glasgow, and stud-
ied law at Lincoln's Inn, being admitted to the
bar in 1840. In his twentieth year he began
the composition of Festus, a lyrico-dramatic
poem on the Faust legend. The poem was
published in 1839, and attracted unusual atten-
tion. The eleventh edition was published in
1889. His other works -(The Angel World)
(1850); (The Mystic) (1855); (The Age, a
colloquial satire (1858); and (The Universal
Hymn) (1867) -- have not added to his reputa-
tion. *
Bailey, Samuel. An English writer on phi.
losophy and political economy; born at Shef-
field, 1791; died there, Jan. 18, 1870. He was
chairman of the Sheffield Banking Company
and several times president of the Sheffield
Literary and Philosophical Society. Besides
works on political economy, he wrote: (On
the Formation and Publication of Opinions)
(3d ed. 1831); (The Pursuit of Truth and the
Progress of Knowledge) (2d ed. 1844); "Let-
ters from an Egyptian Kafir in Search of Re-
ligion (1837, anonymously); (Maro, or Poetic
Sensibility) (1846, anonymously); (Theory of
Reasoning (2d ed. , 1852); Philosophy of the
Human Mind' (three series, 1855, 1858, 1863);
(The Received Text of Shakespeare's Dra-
matic Writings) (2 vols. , 1861-62); etc.
Baillie, Joanna. A Scottish poet; born in
Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Sept. II, 1762; died at
Hampstead, England, Feb. 23, 1851.
At an
early age she removed to London and settled
at Hampstead, where, with her sister Agnes,
she passed the remainder of her life.
