No More Learning

2 vols. , 1884.
coming and the beauty gone. ”
Or they
- Art in Phænicia and its Dependencies.
serve as a frame to a “torrent rushing
2 vols. , 1885. - Art in Sardinia, Judæa,
down in a groove of granite » between
two rows of dark cryptomeria,” or a
and Asia Minor. 2 vols. , 1890. — Art in
Persia. I vol. , 1892. — Art in Phrygia, garden or a sunset: "a rosy bloom, pink
Lydia, Caria, and Lycia. I vol. , 1892. —
as the clouds themselves, filled the entire
Art in Primitive Greece. 3 vols. , 1894.
air, near and far, toward the light. ) The
This entire series not only constitutes
idealist easily passes to the effect of the
a monumental contribution to the history the book is toward a purer art; but it
moral atmosphere.
The whole drift of
of art in its earlier and more remote
contains much lively matter, accounts
fields, but serves most admirably the
purpose of a realistic recovery of the
of the butterfly dance in the temple of
almost lost histories of the eastern ori-
the Green Lotus, and of fishing with
ginators of human culture.
Perrot as
trained cormorants. A thread runs through
author of all the narratives, and Chipiez
the letters, tracing the character and pro-
as the maker of all the drawings and de-
gress of the usurping Tokugawa family,
from the cradle of their fisherman an-
signs, have together put upon the printed
and pictured page a conscientious and
cestors to the graves of the great shogun
minutely accurate history, fully abreast of
and his grandson in the Holy Mountain
of Nikko. In Nikko the interest culmi-
the most recent research, - French, Eng-
lish, German, and American,- and sup-
nates: there was written the chapter on
plying revelations of the life, the worship,
Tao, serene as the peculiar philosophy it
the beliefs, the industries, and the social
diffuses, and perhaps the best part of the
customs of the whole eastern group of
book, which sets forth the most seri-
ous convictions on universal as well as
lands, from Egypt and Babylonia to
Greece.
Yet the letters were writ-
Although the necessarily high Japanese art.
cost of the magnificent volumes (about
ten without thought of publication or
$7 each) may be a bar to wide circula-
final gathering into this unique volume,
tion of the work, the extent to which it
with its various addenda and the “grass
is available in libraries permits access to
characters » of its dedicatory remarks
its treasures of story and illustration by peeping out irregularly, like the “lichens
the great mass of studious readers.
and mosses and small things of the for-
est ” that “grow up to the very edges of
Artis
rtist's Letters from Japan, An, by the carvings and lacquers. ”
John La Farge. « The pale purple
even melts around my flight » ran the
Art
rt of Japan, The ("L'Art Japonais),
author's telegram at the moment of turn- by Louis Gonse. This standard work,
ing his face toward those islands where, published in 1886, treats successively of
as he afterwards wrote from Nikko, “every- painting, architecture, sculpture, decora-
thing exists for the painter's delight. ” tive work in metal, lacquer, weaving,
And the telegram struck the keynote embroidery, porcelain, pottery, and en-
of the journey; for it is atmosphere, graving. It points out the unity and har-
even more than varied information, that mony of all artistic production in a country
renders these letters remarkable. The where no distinction is made between the
wonderful whiteness, the “silvery milki- minor and the fine arts, where even hand-
ness,” of the atmosphere was the first writing - done with the most delicat of
«absorbingly new thing » that struck the implements, the brush — is an art within
»
))


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124
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
-
an art, and where perfect equipment im- Nicholas Udall rose in the Church,
plies a universality of aptitudes. But reaching the dignity of canon of Wind-
painting is the key to the entire art, and sor, he is chiefly remembered as the au-
the book dwells upon all that is indige-
thor of this comedy.
nous or not due to Chinese influence. It Roisterer is an old word for swaggerer
traces the development of the parallel or boaster; and the hero of this little
schools of painting: the Tosa, dependent five-act comedy is a good-natured fellow,
on the fortunes of the imperial family, fond of boasting of his achievements,
and the Kano, following Chinese tradition especially what he has accomplished or
and supported by the shogunate. The might accomplish in love.
The play
shrines of Nikko are regarded as the cul- concerns itself with his rather imperti-
minating point of architecture and paint-
nent suit to Dame Christian Custance,
ing: there is nothing in the modern Tokio (a widow with a thousand pound, who
to compare with them. Many pages are is already the betrothed of Gavin Good-
devoted to Hokusai; long disdained by
luck. But as Gavin, a thrifty merchant,
his countrymen, but now become so im- is away at sea, Raiph Roister Doister
portant that a painting with his signature sees no reason why he should not try
is the white blackbird of European and
his luck. His confidant is Matthew Mer-
Japanese curiosity. Kiosai, who was fifty- | rygreek, a needy humorist, who under-
two at the time of writing, is commended takes to be a go-between and gain the
for his resistance to European influence. widow's good-will for Ralph. He tries
Among the abundant illustrations, sev- to get some influence over the servants
eral examples of colored prints are given, of Custance; and there is a witty scene
as well as reproductions of bronzes and with the three maids,- Madge Mumble-
lacquer. Still more interesting is the re- crust, Tibet Talkapace, and Annot All-
production - a bronze nine feet in height, face. The servants of Ralph - Harpax
now in Paris - of the colossal Buddha and Dobinet Doughty — have a consider-
of Nara, the largest statue ever cast in able part in the play, and the latter com-
bronze. Throughout the book all materi- plains rather bitterly that he has to run
als and processes are clearly explained. about so much in the interests of his
The method of casting is the same as in master's flirtations.
Europe, the perfection of the workman- Dame Custance, though surprised at
ship constituting the only difference. The the presumption of Ralph and his
best ivory is of a milky transparency,–
friend, at length consents to read a let-
the reader is warned against netzkes that ter which he has sent her, or rather to
have been treated with tea to make them have it read to her by Matthew Merry-
look old. Cherry-wood lends itself to the greek. The latter, by mischievously al-
most minute requirements of the engraver. tering the punctuation, makes the letter
A Japanese connoisseur could judge the seem the reverse of what had been in-
æsthetic value of a piece of lacquer by the tended. Ralph is ready to kill the
quality of the materials alone. The eti- scrivener who had indited the letter for
quette, significance, and wonderful tem- him, until the poor man, by reading it
per of the Japanese blade are discussed, aloud himself, proves his integrity.
and the deterioration of art since the While Dame Custance has no intention
revolution of 1868 lamented. In the first of accepting Ralph, his suit makes
chapter several compliments are paid to trouble between her and Gavin Good-
the researches and practical good sense luck, whose friend Sim Suresby, reports
of the Americans and nglish.
that the widow is listening to other
suitors. There is much amusing re-
Ralph Roister Doister, by Nicholas partee, several funny scenes, and in the
Udall, was the first English comedy, end all ends well.
although not printed until 1556, and prob-
ably written about 1541. At this time
Gam
ammer Gurton's Needle, by John
Nicholas Udall, its author, was head-
Still, supposed to have been the
master of Eton school; and the comedy first play acted at an English university,
was written for the schoolboys, whose is also one of the two or three earliest
custom it was to act a Latin play at the comedies in our language. In 1575, nine
Christmas season. An English play years after it was staged at Christ's Col-
was an innovation, but Ralph Roister lege, Cambridge, it made its appearance
Doister) was very successful; and though in print. The plot is very simple.
An


## p. 125 (#161) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
125
W
old woman, Gammer Gurton, while mend-
ing the breeches of her servant Hodge,
loses her needle. The loss of an article
so valuable in those days not only wor-
ries her, but throws the whole household
into confusion. Tib, her maid, and Cock,
her servant boy, join in the search.
Presently Diccon the Bedlam appears,
a kind of wandering buffoon, who per-
suades Gammer Gurton that her gossip,
or friend, Dame Chat, has taken the
needle. Out of this false accusation arise
all kinds of complications, and the whole
village shares in the excitement. Dame
Chat, and her maid Doll, Master Baily
and his servant Scapethrift, and Dr.
Rat the curate, are brought into the
discussion. In the end, as Diccon is be-
laboring Hodge with his hand, the lat-
ter is made painfully aware of the fact
that the needle has been left by Gam-
mer Gurton sticking in the back of his
breeches. Broad jokes, extravagant lan-
guage, and situations depending for their
fun on the discomfiture of one or an-
other of the actors, gave this play great
popularity in its day. Readers of the
present time who penetrate behind its
quaint and uncouth language will find
in it an interesting picture of sixteenth-
century village life.
When John Still, after taking many
university honors, rose by the usual
process of church preferment to be
Bishop of Bath and Wells, he may have
regretted this literary production of his
youth. For although he was only twenty-
three when this little comedy was acted
in 1566, had he pictured himself as a
future bishop he would probably have
omitted from it some of its broader wit-
ticisms.
the writer to find the man. He endeav-
ors to explain the work by the character
of the author, his early training, his health,
his idiosyncrasies, and above all, by his
environment. The Causeries) were first
published as feuilletons 'in the papers.
They may be divided into two distinct
classes: those written before, and those
written after, the Restoration. In the
former there is more fondness for polem-
ics than pure literary purpose; but they
represent the most brilliant period in
Sainte-Beuve's literary career. After the
Restoration, his method changes: there
are no polemics; however little sympathy
the critic may have with the works of
such writers as De Maistre, Lamartine,
or Béranger, he analyzes their lives solely
for the purpose of finding the source of
their ideas. The most curious portion of
the Causeries) is that in which he dis.
cusses his contemporaries. He seems in
his latter period to be desirous of refut-
ing his earlier positions. Where he had
been indulgent to excess, he is now ex
tremely severe. Châteaubriand, Lamar-
tine, and Béranger, who were once his
idols, are relegated to a very inferior
place in literature. Perhaps there is noth-
ing more characteristic of Sainte-Beuve
than the sweetness and delicacy with
which he slays an obnoxious brother
craftsman. In the tender regretfulness
which he displays in assassinating Gau-
tier or Hugo, he follows the direction of
Izaak Walton with regard to the gentle
treatment of the worm. Many lists of the
most valuable of the Causeries) have
been made; but as they all differ, it is
safe to say that none of Sainte-Beuve's
criticisms is without a high value.
a
Causeries du Lundi, by Sainte-Beuve.
Every prominent name in French
literature, from Villehardouin and Join-
ville to Baudelaire and Halévy, is ex-
haustively discussed in the (Causeries) of
Sainte-Beuve, in his own day the great-
est critic of the nineteenth century. The
author sometimes discusses foreign litera-
ture; his articles on Dante, Goethe, Gib-
bon, and Franklin being excellent. What
is most original in Sainte-Beuve is lis
point of view. Before his time, critics
considered only the work of an author.
Sainte-Beuve widened the scope of criti-
cism by inventing what has been called
«biographical criticism. ) In the most
skillful and delicate manner, he dissects
Diversions of Purley, The, by John
Horne (Tooke). The author, a po-
litical writer and grammarian, was
supporter of Wilkes, whom he aided in
founding a Society for supporting the
Bill of Rights, 1769. Starting a subscrip-
tion for the widows and orphans of the
Americans (murdered by the king's troops
at Lexington and Concord,” he was tried
and found guilty of libel and sentenced
a year's imprisonment. While in
prison he began to write (The Diver-
sions of Purley,' — so called from the
country-seat of William Tooke, who
made the author his heir, and whose
name Horne added to his own.
The work is a treatise on etymology:
the author contending that in all lan-
to
(


## p. 126 (#162) ############################################

126
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
source
guages there are but two sorts of words
necessary for the communication of F. Max Müller. 5 vols. A collection
thought, viz. , nouns and verbs; that all of special studies incidental to the au-
the other so-called parts of speech are thor's editing of a library of the Sacred
but abbreviations of these, and are the Books of the East. The several volumes
wheels of the vehicle language. ”
cover various fields, as follows: (1) the
He asserts also that there are no inde- Science of Religion; (2) Mythology, Tra-
finable words, but that every word, in all ditions, and Customs; (3) Literature, Bi-
languages, has a meaning of its own. To ography, and Antiquities; (4) chiefly the
prove this, he traces many conjunctions, Science of Language; (5) Miscellaneous
prepositions, adverbs, etc. , back to their and later topics. Although they are coc-
as comparisons or contractions; casional » work, their wealth of material
accounting for their present form by the and thoroughness of treatment, and the
assertion that “abbreviation and corrup- importance of the views presented, give
tion are always busiest with the words them not only interest but permanent
most frequently in use; letters, like sol- value. On many of the points treated,
diers, being very apt to desert and drop discussion is still open, and some of the
off in a long march. ”
views advanced by Professor Müller may
Throughout the work, the author con- come into doubt; but his contributions
stantly refers to his imprisonment and to a great study will not soon lose their
trial, introducing sentences for dissection value.
which express his political opinions, and
words to be treated etymologically which Colloquies of Erasmus, The.
, This
describe the moral or physical defects of work, a collection of dialogues in
his enemies.
Latin, was first published in 1521, and
over 24,000 copies were sold in a short
Bayle's Dictionary, Historical and time. No book of the sixteenth and sev-
Critical, by Pierre Bayle. (1697. enteenth centuries has had so many edi-
Second edition in 1702. ) A work of the tions, and it has been frequently reprinted
boldest «new-departure ) character, by and retranslated down to the present
one of the master spirits of new knowl- day,—though it is now perhaps more
edge and free thought two hundred years quoted than read. The Colloquies, gen-
since. Its author had filled various uni- erally ridicule some new folly of the
versity positions from 1675 to 1693, and age, or discuss some point of theology;
had been ejected at the latter date from or inflict some innocent little vengeance
the chair of philosophy and history at on an opponent, who is made to play the
Rotterdam on account of his bold dealing part of a buffoon in the drama, while
with Maimbourg's History of Calvinism. ) the sentiments of Erasmus are put in the
From 1684 for several years he had pub- mouth of a personage with a fine Greek
lished with great success a kind of journal name and with any amount of wisdom
of literary criticism, entitled Nouvelles and sarcasm. Few works have exercised
de la République des Lettres. It was the a greater and more fruitful influence
first thoroughly successful attempt to pop- on their age than these little dialogues.
ularize literature. Bayle was essentially They developed and reduced to form
a modern journalist, whose extensive and the principles of free thought that owed
curious information, fluent style, and lit- their birth to the contentions of religious
erary breadth, made him, and still make parties; for those who read nothing
him, very interesting reading. He was a else of the author's were sure to read
skeptic on many subjects, not so much the "Colloquies. Their very modera-
from any skeptical system as from his tion, however, gave offense in all quar-
large knowledge and his broadly modern ters: to the followers of Luther as well
spirit. His Dictionary is a masterpiece as to those of the ancient Church. They
of fresh criticism, of inquiry conducted manifest the utmost contempt for ex-
with great literary skill, and of eman- cess of every sort, and their moderation
cipation of the human mind from the and prudent self-restraint were alien
bonds of authority. Its influence on the to the spirit of the time. Erasmus shows
thought of the eighteenth century was himself much more concerned about the
profound, and the student of culture may fate of Greek letters than he does about
still profitably consult its stores of infor- religious changes. He has been styled
mation.
(The Voltaire of the Renaissance); and


## p. 127 (#163) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
127
certainly his caustic vivacity, and his Writers, both Divine and Human; as
delicate, artistic irony and mockery, en- also out of the Great Volume of Men's
title him to the distinction. The Latin Manners; tending to the furtherance of
of the Colloquies) is not always strictly Knowledge and Virtue. By John Rob-
Ciceronian, but it is something better,- inson. (1624. ) A volume of sixty-two
it has all the naturalness of a spoken lan- essays, on the plan of Bacon's, but at
guage; and this it is that made them greater length, and in ethical, religious,
so popular in their day- to the great re- and human interest more like Emer-
gret of Erasmus, who complains of the son's Essays) in our own time: the
«freak of fortune that leads the public work of an English clergyman and
to believe «a book full of nonsense, bad scholar, in exile at Leyden in Holland,
Latin, and solecisms,” to be his best work. under whose ministry and through whose
counsel the Pilgrim Fathers developed
Choice of Books, The, and other Lit-
religious liberalism and executed the
erary Pieces, by Frederic Harrison.
earliest planting of New England. He
(1886. ) The title essay of this volume
was the Joshua of the religious exodus
is a discourse on Reading, its benefits
from England.
and its perils. In the first section, How
Montaigne's use of the word had sug-
to Read,' an eloquent plea is made for
gested to Bacon the use of the term
the right of rejection; for the avoidance
"essays » to designate certain brief
of books that one comes across, and
notes, set down rather significantly than
even of the habit of one-sided reading.
curiously. ” The earliest "Bacon's Es.
The essayist pleads that the choice of
books (is really a choice of education,
says, published in 1597, was
a little
book of ten short essays, in barely twelve
of a moral and intellectual ideal, of the
whole duty of man. ”
pages (of a recent standard edition).
He warns read-
The second enlarged edition, in 1612,
ers that pleasure in the reading of great
books is a faculty to be acquired, not
was only thirty-eight essays in sixty-four
a natural gift, - at least not to those
pages. The final edition, 1625, had fifty-
who are spoiled by our current education
two essays in two hundred pages. As
and habits of life. And he offers as a
pastor Robinson died in March 1624, he
touchstone of taste and energy of mind,
cannot have seen any but the second edi-
tion. To note his relation to Bacon's
the names of certain immortal books,
work, he called his book New Essays. )
which if one have no stomach for, he
should fall on his knees and pray for a
He doubtless thereby indicated also his
consciousness that his views were of new
cleaner and quieter spirit. The second
departure. He was in fact an initiator
division is given to the Poets of the
of new liberty and liberality in religion,
Old World, the third to the Poets of
the Modern World, and the last to the
new breadth and charity and freedom in
church matters, and new democracy in
(Misuse of Books. The essay is full of
instruction and of warning, most agree-
political and social order, on grounds of
ably offered; and the penitent reader con-
reason and humanity.
In the preface to his New Essays,'
cludes with the writer, that the art of
printing has not been a gift wholly un-
pastor Robinson says that he has had
first and most regard to the Holy Script-
mixed with evil, and may easily be made
ures; next, to the memorable sayings
a clog on the progress of the human
of wise and learned men; and lastly, “to
mind. An extract is given in the Li-
the great Volume of Men's Manners
BRARY, under Mr. Harrison's name; and
which I have diligently observed, and
the other side of the shield is shown
in Mr. Arthur J. Balfour's answer, also
from them gathered no small part there-
of. » He adds that “this kind of medi-
given under his name. Fourteen other
tation and study hath been unto me full
essays, partly critical, partly historical,
partly æsthetic, fill the volume; the ablest
sweet and delightful, and that wherein I
and one of the most delightful among
have often refreshed my soul and spirit
them being perhaps the famous paper,
amidst many sad and sorrowful thoughts
unto which God hath called me. ) The
(A Few Words about the Eighteenth Cen-
tury.
study of human nature, the sweetness
of spirit, and the scholarly eye to the
New Essays: Observations, Divine world's best literature, mark
and Moral, collected out of the mind, a prophet of culture in church and
Holy Scriptures, Ancient and Modern commonwealth.
a
rare


## p. 128 (#164) ############################################

128
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
Hours
ours in a Library, by Leslie Stephen. of existing knowledge, in a field the most
(Vol. i. , 1878. Vols. ii. , iii. , 1892. ) difficult ever attempted by research, Fara-
These agreeable volumes are made up day showed a genius, and achieved a suc-
almost entirely of papers on writers and cess, marking him as a thinker not less
books of the eighteenth and nineteenth than an observer of the first order. In
centuries: Defoe's Novels, Richardson's strength and sureness of imagination,
Novels, Balzac's Novels, Fielding's and penetrating the secrets of force in nature,
Disraeli's Novels, Pope as a Moralist, and putting the finger of exact demonstra-
Hawthorne, De Quincey, George Eliot, tion upon them, he was a Shakespeare of
Charlotte Bronté, Dr. Johnson, Landor, research, the story of whose work has a
- these, and three times as many equally permanent interest. He made electricity,
illustrious names, show the range of Mr. in one of its manifestations, explain mag-
Stephen's reflections. He has no theory netism. He showed to demonstration
of the growth of literature to support, that chemical action is purely electrical,
like Taine, for example; and so he en- and that to electricity the atoms of mat-
joys what the Yankee calls a "good ter owe those properties which constitute
time," as he moves with careless but as- them elements in nature. In language
sured step whither he will through the of lofty prophetic conception he more than
field of letters. He is very sensible and suggested that the physical secret of liv-
clear-headed; he knows why one should ing things, the animal and the plant, is
dislike or admire any given book; and he electrical. He particularly dwelt on the
gives his reason in simple, direct, and amount of electricity forming the charge
easy speech, as if he were seated in his carried by the oxygen of the air, which
library arm-chair after a comfortable din- is the active agent in combustion and the
ner, an amiable Rhadamanthus, discours- supporter of life in both animals and
ing with a true urbanity upon the merits plants, and only stopped short of defi.
of his friends. He is unflaggingly agree- nitely pronouncing vitality electrical. He
able, often extremely clever, not seldom urged very strongly as a belief, to which
witty, and always well-bred and sensible. no test of experiment could be applied,
He admires Pope, and sets him among that gravitation is by electrical agency,
the great poets, affirming that he is the and that in fact the last word of discovery
incarnation of the literary spirit, with and demonstration in physics will show
his wit, his satirical keenness, his intel- that electricity is the universal agency in
lectual curiosity, and his brilliant art of nature. And among his far-reaching
putting things. In the paper on Haw- applications of thought guided by new
thorne, the essayist makes the subtle knowledge, was his rejection of the idea
suggestion that it was better that that of action at a distance,” in the manner of
delicate genius should have been reared «attraction. If a body is moved, it is
in America, because the more affluent not by a mysterious pull, but by a push.
and romantic environment of Europe The moving force carries it. These ideas
might have dominated his gift.
The es-
outran the power of science to immedi-
say on De Quincey has been called the ately understand and accept. But Max-
best estimate of that extraordinary per- well, Hertz, and Helmholtz have led the
sonality ever made.
But the papers on
way after Faraday, to the extent that his
Macaulay and on George Eliot are hardly electrical explanation of light is now fully
less admirable, a judgment which might accepted. Fifteen years after his death,
fairly include most of the papers.
the greatest of his successors in physics,
Helmholtz of Berlin, said in a « Faraday
Electricity, Experimental Researches Lecture ) in London, that the later ad-
in, by Michael Faraday. (3 vols. , vances in electrical science had more than
1839-1855. ) A monumental work in the confirmed Faraday's conclusions, and that
literature of science; not merely record- English science had made a mistake in
ing the results of experiment in what not accepting them as its point of depart-
Tyndall called “a career of discovery un- ure for new research. To the same effect
paralleled in the history of pure experi- President Armstrong of the Chemical
mental science,” but enriching the record Society, to which Helmholtz spoke, has
with thoughts, and clothing it in many recently declared his conviction that Fara-
passages in a style worthy of exceptional day's explanation of chemical action as
recognition. In devising and executing electrically caused should have been ac-
experiments for passing beyond the limits cepted long since.


## p. 129 (#165) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
I 29
In delicacy of character as well as
rugged strength, in warmth and purity of
emotion, in grace, earnestness, and refine-
ment of manner, in the magnetism of his
presence, and in masterly clearness in
explanation, especially to his Christmas
audiences of children (annual courses of
six lectures), Faraday was as remarkable
as he was in intellectual power and in
discoveries. He was connected with the
Royal Institution for fifty-five years, first
as Sir Humphrey Davy's assistant, 1812-
29, and then as his successor, 1829-67.
Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psy:
chology, by E. P. Evans. (1897. )
An exceedingly readable book on the or-
igin of ideas of right and wrong through
evolutionary development of mind, and
the approach made by the lower animals
to possession of such ideas through a de-
gree of mental development like that of
The author seeks to trace the ear-
liest ethical ideas in human society, the
working of such ideas in tribal society,
and the influence of religious beliefs in
modifying ethical laws of conduct. He
discusses also man's ethical relation to
the animals below him, and devotes the
last chapter of his first part to a consider-
ation of the doctrine of metempsychosis,
or change of the animal form of souls in
successive states of existence.
The sec-
ond part of the work treats of mental de.
velopment in the lower animals compared
with that in man; considers how far they
can form ideas, and their disadvantage
with us in lacking the power of speech;
and urges the rights of animals as subor-
dinate only to the rights of our fellow-
variations may be estimated, and throws
much light on the kindred languages of
Germany. The Gothic version contains a
number of words borrowed from Finnish,
Burgundian, Slavic, Dacian, and other
barbarous languages; but those taken
from the Greek far exceed all others.
The translator uses the Greek orthogra-
phy. He employs the double gamma,
EE, to express the nasal n followed by
g: thus, we have tuggo for tungo, the
tongue; figgr for finger; dragg for
drank; and so on. The similarity of most
of the characters to Greek letters, and
the exact conformity of the Gothic Script-
ures to the original Greek text, prove
that the version must have been made
under Greek influence. Strabo, the author
of an ecclesiastical history in the early
part of the ninth century, says that the
Goths on the borders of the Greek em-
pire had an old translation of the Script-
ures. The language of the Codex) differs
in many respects from mediæval and mod.
ern German. Thus the verb haben is
never used to express past time, while it is
employed to denote future time; and the
passive voice is represented by inflected
forms, forms utterly foreign to other Teu-
tonic dialects. The Codex) does not
contain the entire Bible, but only frag-
ments of the Gospels and Epistles of St.
Paul, some Psalms, and several passages
from Esdras and Nehemiah. It was dis-
covered by some Swedish soldiers in the
monastery of Werden in Westphalia, in
1648; then deposited in Prague; after-
ward presented to Queen Christina, who
placed it in the library of Upsala; next
carried off by Vossius; and finally re-
stored to the University of Upsala, which
regards it as its most precious posses-
sion.
man.
men.
Codex Argenteus, a Gothic translation
of parts of the Bible, attributed to
Ulfilas, bishop of the Dacian Goths in
the fourth century.
It is written on
vellum, the leaves of which are stained
with a violet color; and on this ground,
the letters, all uncials or capitals, are
painted in silver, except the initials,
which are gold. The book, however, gets
its name from its elaborately wrought
silver cover, and not from its lettering.
Ulfilas may in a certain sense be con-
sidered the founder of all Teutonic liter-
ature, as he was the first to raise a
barbarous Teutonic dialect to the dignity
of a literary language. Although the lan-
guage of the (Codex) is very different
from that of later Teutonic nations, it
serves as a standard by which subsequent
City of God, The, by St. Augustine.
This work, the most important of
all his writings, was begun in 413, three
years after the capture and pillage of
Rome by the Visigoths under Alaric.
The pagans had endeavored to show
that this calamity was the natural conse-
quence of the spread of the Christian
religion, and the main purpose of Augus-
tine is to refute them. The work, which
was finished about 426, is divided into
twenty-two books. The first five deal
with the arguments of those who seek
to prove that the worship of the gods is
necessary to the welfare of the world,
and that the recent catastrophe was
XXX-9


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130
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
1
caused by its abolition; the five follow- and fruitful epoch. The disproportion
ing are addressed to those who claim between the length of the chapters, and
that the worship of the divinities of pa- their occasional want of connection, are
ganism is useful for the attainment of accounted for by the interruptions in his
happiness in the next life; and in the literary labors which his absorption in
last ten we have an elaborate discussion public affairs rendered inevitable. When
of the subject that gives its title to the he could snatch only an hour from his
whole work, — the contrast to be drawn duties as pope, he wrote a short chapter.
between two cities, the City of God and When he had more leisure, he wrote a
the city of the world, and their progress long one. The first book, which treats
and respective ends. It would obviously of his early career and his elevation to
be impossible to give in this space any- the pontificate, was evidently composed
thing like a satisfactory résumé of this with more care and attention to style
vast monument of genius, piety, and eru- than those which succeed. In general,
dition. Notwithstanding its learning, pro- he wrote or dictated on a given day the
found philosophy, and subtle reasoning, facts that had come to his knowledge
it can be still read with ease and pleas- on the day before. Sometimes an inci-
ure, owing to the variety, multiplicity, dent is preceded by a historical or geo-
and interest of its details. Augustine graphical notice, or is an apology for
bases many of his arguments on the introducing an episode in the author's life.
opinions held by profane authors; and his The book has thus some of the intimate
numerous and extensive quotations, some and confidential qualities of a diary. It
of them of the greatest value, from writ- wants precision, is not always impartial,
ers whose works have been long since and in a word, has the defects common
lost, would alone suffice to entitle the au- to all the historians of the time. But it
thor to the gratitude of modern scholars. is full of color and exuberant life, and its
Few books contain so many curious par- value as a historic source is inestimable.
ticulars with regard to ancient manners It gives a vivid idea not only of the
and philosophical systems. In the City Pope's extraordinary and almost univer-
of God) a vivid comparison is instituted sal erudition and exalted intelligence, but
between the two civilizations that pre- of the charm exercised by his affability,
ceded the Middle Ages; and the untiring gentleness, and simple manners on every
efforts of ambition and the vain achieve- one who came within reach. The classi-
ments of conquerors are judged accord- cal, the Christian, and the modern spirit
ing to the maxims of Christian humility are intermingled in the Commentaries. )
and self-denial. The City of God) is No earlier writer has so sympathetically
the death-warrant of ancient society; and described scenes that have a classical sug-
in spite of its occasional mystic extrava- gestiveness: the grotto of Diana on the
gance and excessive subtlety of argument, opal waters of Lake Nemi; the villa of
the ardent conviction that animates it Virgil; the palace of Adrian near Tivoli,
throughout will make it one of the last- “where serpents have made their lair in
ing possessions of humanity.
the apartments of queens. ” But he avoids
anything that might hint of too great
Cºmmentaries by Pius II. (Æneas fondness for paganism. If the name of
Sylvius). The great humanist Pope a god drops from his pen, he at once
devoted all his spare moments to the adds that he was an idol or a demon;
composition of this work, which is a if he quotes an idea from a pagan phi-
mine of information on the literature, losopher, he immediately rectifies it in
history, and politics of his age. Part of a Christian sense. « The work,” says K.
it was written by his own hand, the rest R. Hagenbach, a Protestant writer, is
dictated. He was not only in the habit the finest demonstration of this Pope for
of taking notes on every subject, import- the sciences and arts and for the noblest
ant or trivial, but, even during the storm- enjoyments of life. Shortly before his
iest periods of a life that was full of death in 1464, Pius II. charged his poet-
variety, he was always eager to glean friend Campano to correct its faults, --
information from the distinguished men which of course Campano did not do.
of every country, with whom he was
Profane
)
The. () By Thomas
ography and the history of a momentous Fuller. These books by the famous
constantly brought into contact; so that Hºly State, The (1642. )


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
131
(Old Fuller, » author of
many
favorite lection, the seat of meditation, the rest
works in practical divinity and history, of our cares, and the calm of our tem-
appeared during the stormy days of the pest. ”
English Revolution, and at once attained The second section, Holy Dying,' con-
wide popularity. Both contained many siders all the phases of preparation for
characters drawn with great force and «a holy and blessed death,” dwelling
freedom, held up as examples to be imi- upon the vanity and brevity of life, vis-
tated or execrated, - such as The Good itation of the sick, and conduct during
Master, The Good Father, The Good sickness. The sentences are usually long
Soldier, etc. , etc. There is no story, and and involved — many containing upwards
the works are noted for their admirable of one hundred and fifty words — and
sayings rather than for their interest the style is heavily figurative; though
as a whole. In whatever he did, Fuller there are many beautiful phrases. It is
was full of a quaint humor; and his com- still read, and has furnished suggestions
parisons are as pointed and effective to many modern religious writers.
as those of Hudibras. Charles Lamb
found his pages “deeply steeped in Groti
rotius, De Jure Belli et Pacis. ) With
human feeling and passion”; and in all
Translation and Notes, by Dr. Will-
iam Whewell.
his books, these pages bear, thickly
(3 vols. , 1853. Trans-
lation alone, I vol. ) — One of the most
strewed over them, such familiar sayings
as: «The Pyramids themselves, doting
interesting, most significant, and most
with age, have forgotten the names of
permanently important of books. Its im-
their founders; » or «Our captain counts
portance, to the present day as in the
the image of God — nevertheless his
past, is that of the earliest and greatest
image-cut in ebony, as done in ivory:)
work designed to apply the principles of
or, again, « To smell to a turf of fresh
humanity, not only to the conduct of
earth is wholesome for the body; no less
war but to the whole conduct of nations,
are thoughts of mortality cordial to the
on the plan of finding these principles in
soul;) or «Overburden not thy memory
human nature and human social action.
The works of Albericus Gentilis (1588),
to make so faithful a servant a slave.
Remember Atlas was a-weary.
and Ayala (1597), had already dealt with
the laws of war. To Grotius belongs
Memory, like a purse, if it be over-full
the honor of founder of the law of nature
that it cannot shut, all will drop out
of it. ”
and of nations. The significance of the
original work, published at Frankfort in
1625, when the Thirty Years' War was
Holy Living and Dying, by Bishop
Jeremy Taylor, was published about
making a carnival of blood and terror in
1650, and is the work by which the author
Europe, is the application of Christian
is most widely known to the Christian
humanity to the conduct of war, and to
world.
the intercourse of nations, which Grotius
It was composed at the desire
of Lady Carberry, his patron and friend,
proposed. The work is one of immense
and is inscribed to the Earl her husband.
learning, in Roman law especially; and
The introductory chapters consider the
although executed in one year, with his
(General Instruments and Means Serv-
brother's aid in the large number of quo.
ing to a Holy Life); emphasizing par-
tations, it in fact represented the studies
ticularly care of time, purity of intention,
of twenty years, and filled out an outline
and the practice of realizing the presence
first written in 1604. The whole history
of God. The main topics, of Sobriety
of the author is of exceptional interest.
(which he subdivides into soberness,
A most versatile scholar at an early age,
temperance, chastity, humility, modesty,
a translator of Greek poetry into Latin
and contentedness), Justice (in which
verse of high poetic quality, a Dutch his.
he includes duties to superiors and in-
torian in a Latin style worthy of Tacitus,
feriors, civil contracts, and restitution),
and a Christian commentator and apolo-
and Religion (which he treats under
gist of broadly humanist enlightenment,
ten subdivisions), are then taken up and
superior even to Erasmus, he was also
discussed with great minuteness.
one of the most attractive characters of
For
his time.
all conditions life there are copious
rubrics for prayer, which he describes
Eco1
conomic Interpretation of History,
as the peace of our spirit, the stillness by J. E. Thorold Rog 1888. A
of our thoughts, the evenness of recol- volume of Oxford lectures, covering a wide


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132
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
sesses
a
as
an
range of important topics, with the gen- protégé after his many relapses into dis-
eral aim of showing how economic ques- sipation, Mr. Bright, after reading him a
tions have come up in English history, lesson in self-reliance, finally buys him a
and have powerfully influenced its devel- ticket for as distant a town as can be
opment. The questions of labor, money, reached for ten dollars; and, refusing to
protection, distribution of wealth, social know where it is, places him in charge of
effect of religious movements, pauperism, the conductor. Upon a Christmas morn-
and taxation, are among those which are ing ten years later he is delighted to re-
carefully dealt with. In a posthumously ceive a grateful letter from his prodigal
published volume, The Industrial and pupil, inclosing a check for past indebted-
Commercial History of England, 1892, ness, and announcing that he is now a
another series of Professor Rogers's Ox- successful artist. Dodd's evolution affirms
ford lectures appeared, completing the that many of our teachers are incapable
author's view both of the historical facts of teaching, and that no system can be
and of method of study.
capably administered which does not ex-
ercise a wise and interested adaptation to
Evolution of
· Dodd,” The, IN His individual needs.
STRUGGLE FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE
Fittest in HIMSELF, by William Hawley Charlotte Temple, by Susanna Has-
Smith, is a psychological study of child well Rowson. This (Tale of Truth)
life, and also an exposition of our public-
was written about 1790. It was, if not
school system. Doddridge Watts Weaver, the first, one of the first works of fiction
the first-born child of young parents, pos-
written in America; 25,000 copies were
more turbulent nature and a sold within a few years; and it has
stronger individuality than his brothers been republished again and again. It
and sisters. His father, a young Method- was written by an English woman who
ist minister, and his mother, a household came to America with her husband, the
drudge, rejoice when the troublesome baby leader of the band attached to a Brit-
is six years old, and can be turned over ish regiment. She was for some years
to the public schools. His first teacher is favorably known
actress, and
Miss Elmira Stone, a prim spinster, who then opened a boarding-school which for
has studied Froebel's method, but whose twenty-five years ranked first among
application of it is entirely mechanical and such institutions in New England. Her
unintelligent. Dodd rebels against the other writings were numerous, but were
stupidity of her school-room and there es- soon forgotten, while (Charlotte Temple)
tablishes a reputation as bad boy, which still sells. It is a true story, the hero-
he maintains in many different schools ine's real name being Stanley. She was
as his father is transferred from place to granddaughter to the Earl of Derby:
place. At nine he experiences his first and her betrayer, Col. John Montressor
moral awakening as the result of a mer- of the English army, was a relative of
ited thrashing from his grandfather, who Mrs. Rowson herself.
Charlotte's grave
henceforth is the one person whom he re- in Trinity Churchyard, New York, but a
spects. His family move to Embury when few feet away from Broadway, is marked
Dodd is an uncouth, unruly lad of nearly by a stone sunk in the grass. Mrs. Dall,
seventeen. With the exception of Amy
in her (Romance of the Association,' tells
Kelly, an Irish girl of eighteen, who, ig- us that Charlotte's daughter was adopted
norant of systems, governs her district by a rich man, and in after years met
school capably through the exercise of the son of her true father, Montressor, or
mother-wit, his teachers have all been in- Montrevale as the book has it. They fell
competent. But at Embury he is placed in love, and the young man showed his
in charge of Mr. Charles Bright, a wise dying father a miniature of his sweet-
teacher, who studies the individual needs heart's mother (the wretched Charlotte),
of his pupils. His calm resolution conquers to whom she bore a striking likeness, and
Dodd's insolence and rebellion; and is thus the truth was made known. The
slowly reforming him, when Mr. Weaver story in brief is this: Charlotte Temple,
moves to a city where the country-bred a girl of fifteen, elopes from school with
Dodd succumbs to temptation. He becomes Montrevale, an army officer; they come
a drunkard, and goes from bad to worse i to America, where he deserts her and
for a few years, when he is rescued by his marries an heiress. She gives birth to a
old teacher, Mr. Bright. Despairing of his daughter, and dies of want. The style


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
133
c
(
mama.
and language are strangely old-fashioned,
hysterics and fainting-fits occur on every
page; yet a romantic interest will always
attach to it.
Rose
ose and the Ring, The, by W. M.
Thackeray. (1854. ) In the prelude
to (The Rose and the Ring) the author,
«M. A. Titmarsh, welcomes young and
old to what he calls a «Fireside Panto-
mime. The story grew out of a set of
Twelfth Night pictures that the author
was requested to make for the amuse-
ment of some young English people in
a “foreign city, supposed to be Rome.
The story is a delightful fairy-tale,
with a very quiet satire. It is essentially
a «funny book," not a philosophy in hu-
morous guise.
The Rose is a magic rose belonging
to Prince Bulbo, of Crim Tartary, and
makes its possessor appear always lov-
able. The Ring is a fairy ring given to
Prince Giglio of Paflagonia by his
It also has the property of mak-
ing the wearer seem beautiful to all and
beloved by all.
Prince Giglio and the Princess Ros-
alba, of Crim Tartary, are deprived of
their cightful thrones by their guardian
uncles, who wish to place in power their
own children, Angelica and Bulbo. Ros-
alba is an outcast from her own king-
dom, and reaches the capital of Paflago-
nia, where she becomes maid to the lazy
Angelica, cousin of Giglio.
Giglio and Rosalba are the favorites
of the Fairy Black Stick; although at
their christenings she has given to each,
her best gift, a little misfortune.
This fairy is all-powerful, as is shown
by the terrible fate of old Gruff-a-Nuff,
who, when he refused to admit the fairy
to Angelica's christening, was turned
into a brass knocker on the hall door.
She never forgets Giglio and Rosalba,
nor deserts them in their troubles; but
finally brings a happy issue out of their
misfortunes. This most delightful of
books of its kind was illustrated by the
author's own drawings, which interpret
the story and are an essential part of it.
Great
reat Expectations, Dickens's tenth
novel, was published in 1861, nine
years before his death. As in David
Copperfield,' the hero tells his own story
from boyhood. Yet in several essential
points (Great Expectations) is markedly
different from David Copperfield, and
from Dickens's other novels. Owing to
the simplicity of the plot, and to the
small number of characters, it possesses
greater unity of design. These charac-
ters, each drawn with marvelous distinct-
ness of outline, are subordinated through-
out to the central personage «Pip,” whose
great expectations form the pivot of the
narrative.
But the element that most clearly dis-
tinguishes this novel from the others is
the subtle study of the development of
character through the influence of envi-
ronment and circumstance. In the career
of Pip, a more careful and natural pres-
entation of personality is made than is
usual with Dickens.
He is a village boy who longs to be a
“gentleman. ) His dreams of wealth and
opportunity suddenly come true. He is
supplied with money, and sent to Lon-
don to be educated and to prepare for
his new station in life. Later he discov.
ers that his unknown benefactor is a con-
vict to whom he had once rendered a
service. The convict, returning against
the law to England, is recaptured and
dies in prison, his fortune being forfeited
to the Crown. Pip's great expectations
vanish into thin air.
The changes in Pip's character under
these varying fortunes are most skillfully
depicted. He presents himself first as
a small boy in the house of his dearly
loved brother-in-law, Joe Gargery, the
village blacksmith; having no greater
ambition than to be Joe's apprentice.
After a visit to the house of a Miss
Havisham, the nature of his aspirations
is completely changed. Miss Havisham
is one of the strangest of Dickens's crea-
tions. Jilted by her lover on her wed-
ding night, she resolves to wear her bridal
gown as long as she lives, and to keep
her house as it was when the blow fell
upon her. The candles are always burn-
ing, the moldering banquet is always
spread. In the midst of this desolation
she is bringing up a beautiful little girl,
Estella, as
instrument of revenge,
teaching the child to use her beauty and
her grace to torture men. Estella's first
victim is Pip. She laughs at his rustic
appearance, makes him dissatisfied with
Joe and the life at the forge. When he
finds himself heir to a fortune, it is the
thought of Estella's scorn that keeps him
from returning Joe's honest and faithful
love. As a gentleman ” he plays tricks
with his conscience, seeking always to
excuse his false pride and flimsy ideals
as
an
((


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
of position. The convict's return, and
the consequent revelation of the identity
of his benefactor, humbles Pip. He real-
izes at last the dignity of labor, and the
worth of noble character. He gains a
new and manly serenity after years of
hard work. Estella's pride has also been
humbled and her character purified by
her experiences.