likens Cratinus to a rapid torrent,
carrying
every-
4:23.
4:23.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
C.
, says that Cratinus died 50 oi nákw.
He did not even, like Aristophanes, in such attacks
ves évébalov. (Par, 700, 701. ) A doubt has unite mirth with satire, but, as an ancient writer
been raised as to what invasion Aristophanes says, he hurled his reproaches in the plainest form
He cannot refer to any of the great in- at the bare heads of the offenders. (Platonius, de
vasions mentioned by Thucydides, and we are Com. p. xxvii. ; Christodor. Eephrasis, v. 357 ;
therefore compelled to suppose some irruption of a Persius, Sat. 123. ) Still, like Aristophanes
part of the Lacedaemonian army into Attica at the with respect to Sophocles, he sometimes bestowed
time when the armistice, which was made shortly the highest praise, as upon Cimon. (Plut. Cim.
before the negotiations for the fifty years' truce, 10. ) Pericles, on the other hand, was the object
was broken. (B. C. 422. ) Now Lucian says (l. c. ) of his most persevering and vehement abuse.
that Cratinus lived 97 years.
Thus his birth It is proper here to state what is known of the
would fall in B. c. 519.
circumstances under which Cratinus and his fol-
If we may trust the grammarians and chrono-lowers were permitted to assume this license of
graphers, Cratinus did not begin his dramatic attacking institutions and individuals openly and
career till he was far advanced in life. According by name. It evidently arose out of the close con-
to an Anonymous writer on Comedy (p. xxix), he nexion which exists in nature between mirth and
gained his first victory after the 85th Olympiad, satire. While looking for subjects which could be
that is, later than B. c. 437, and when he was put in a ridiculous point of view, the poet naturally
more than 80 years old. This date is suspicious in fell upon the follies and rices of his countrymen.
itself, and is falsified by circumstantial evidence. The free constitution of Athens inspired him with
For example, in one fragment he blames the tar- courage to attack the offenders, and secured for
diness of Pericles in completing the long walls bim protection from their resentment.
And ac-
which we know to have been finished in B. C. 451, cordingly we find, that the political freedom of
and there are a few other fragments which evi- Athens and this license of her comic poets rose
dently belong to an earlier period than the 85th and fell together. Nay, if we are to believe
Olympiad. Again, Crates the comic poet acted the Cicero, the law itself granted them impunity. (De
plays of Cratinus before he began to write himself; Repub. iv. 10:“ apud quos [Graccos ] fuit etiam
bui Crates began to write in B. C. 449-448. We lege concessum, ut quod vellet comoedia de quo
can therefore have no hesitation in preferring the rellet nominatim diceret. ") The same thing is stai-
date of Eusebius (Chron. s. a. Ol. 81. 3; Syncell. ed, though not so distinctly, by Themistius. (Orat.
p. 339), although he is manifestly wrong in join- riii. p. 110, b. ) This flourishing period lasted from
ing the name of Plato with that of Cratinus. Ac- the establishment of the Athenian power after
cording to this testimony, Cratinus began to ex- the Persian war down to the end of the Pelo-
hibit in B. C. 454-453, in about the 66th year of ponnesian war, or perhaps a few years later (about
B. C. 460-393). The exercise of this license,
of his personal history very little is known. however, was not altogether unopposed. In ad-
His father's name was Callimedes, and he himself | dition to what could be done personally by such
was taxiarch of the Quan Oivnis. (Suid. s. vv. men as Cleon and Alcibiades, the law itself ic-
Κρατίνος, 'Επειου δειλότερος. ) In the latter terfered on more than one occasion. In the
passage he is charged with excessive cowardice. | archonship of Morychides (B. C. 440–439), a law
his age.
## p. 887 (#907) ############################################
CRATINUS.
887
CRATINUS.
ri: te
T22
ܕܫܕ the
-LJ ܬ
was made prohibiting the comic pocts from holding | style seems to have been somewhat grandiloquent,
a living person up to ridicule by bringing him on and full of trrpes, and altogether of a lyric cast.
the stage by nanie (npurua tou het KWhop Deiv He was very bold in inventing new words, and
óvouaotl, Schol. Arist. Acharn. 67; Meineke, in changing the meaning of old ones.
His cho-
Ilist. Crit. p. 40). This law remained in force for ruses especially were greatly admired, and were
the two following years, and was annulled in the for a time the favourite songs at banquets. (Aris-
archonship of Euthymenes. (B. C. 437– 136. ) tophanes, l. c. ) It was perhaps on account of the
Another restriction, which probably belongs to dithyrambic character of his poetry that he was
about the same time, was the law that no Areopa- likened to Aeschylus, and it was no doubt for the
gite should write comedies. (Plut. Bell. an Pac. same reason that Aristophanes called him Taupe-
praest. Ath. p. 348, c. ) From B. C. 436 the old pávov (Ran. 357; comp. Etym. Mag. p. 747, 50 ;
comedy Hourished in its highest vigour, till a Apollon. Lcx. Hom. p. 156, 20. )
llis metres
series of attacks was made upon it by a certain seem to have partaken of the same lofty character.
Syracosius, who is suspected, with great proba- He sometimes used the epic verse. The “ Crati-
bility, of baving been suborned by Alcibiades. nean metre” of the grammarians, however, was
This Syracosius carried a law, uz kwuwdeiotar in use before his tine. [TOLYNUS. ] In the in-
dvouaori Tiva, probably about B. C. 410-415, vention of his plots he was most ingenious and
which did not, however, remain in force long. felicitous, but his impetuous and exuberant fancy
(Schol. Arist. Av. 1297. ) A similar law is said was apt to derange them in the progress of the
to have been carried by Antimachus, but this is play. "(Platonius, p. xxvii. )
perhaps a mistake. (Schol. Arist. Acharn. 1149; Among the poets who imitated him more or less
Meineke, p. 41. ) That the brief aristocratical the ancient writers enumerate Eupolis, Aristo-
revolution of 411 B. c. affected the liberty of phanes, Crates, Telecleides, Strattis, and others.
comedy can hardly be doubted, though we have The only poets whom he hiniself is known to have
no express testimony. If it declined then, we imitated are Homer and Archilochus. (Platonius,
have clear evidence of its revival with the re- 1. c. ; Bergk, p. 156. ) His most formidable rival
storation of democracy in the Frogs of Aristo was Aristophanes. (See, besides numerous pas-
phanes and the Cleophon of Plato. (B. C. 405. ) sages of Aristophanes and the Scholia on him,
It cannot be doubted that, during the rule of the Schol. Plat. p. 330. ) Among his enemies Aristo-
thirty tyrants, the liberty of comedy was restrain- phanes mentions o tepi Karlar (l. c. ). What
ed, not only by the loss of political liberty, but by Callias he means is doubtful, but it is most natural
the exhaustion resulting from the war, in conse to suppose that it is Callias the son of Hippo-
quence of which the choruses could not be main- nicus.
tained with their ancient splendour. We even find There is much confusion among the ancient
a play of Cratinus without Chorus or Parabasis, writers in quoting from his dramas. Meineke
nainely, the 'oouooels, but this was during the has sbewn that the following plays are wrongly
85th Olympiad, when the above-mentioned law was attributed to him :-Plaūkos, Opáowv, "Hpwes,
in force. The old comedy, having thus declined, 'Ιλίαδες, Κρήσσαι, Ψηφίσματα, 'Αλλοτριογνώμονες.
was at length brought to an end by the attacks of These being deducted, there still remain thirty
the dithyrambic poet Cinesias, and of Agyrrhius, titles, some of which, however, certainly belong to
and was succeeded by the Middle Comedy (about the younger Cratinus. After all deductions, there
B. C. 393-392; Meineke, pp. 42, 43).
remain twenty-four titles, namely, 'Apxiao xong
Besides what Cratinus did to give a new cha- Βουκόλοι, Δηλιάδες, Διδασκαλίαι, Δραπετίδες,
racter and power to comedy, he is said to have Γ'Εμπιπράμενοι or 'Ιδαίοι, Ευνείδαι, Θρατται, Κλεο-
made changes in its outward form, so as to bring βουλιναι, Λάκωνες, Μαλθακοί, Νέμεσις, Νόμοι,
it into better order, especially by fixing the num-Οδυσσείς, Πανόπται, Πυλαία, Πλούτοι, Πυτίνη,
ber of actors, which had before been indefinite, at | Σάτυροι, Σερίφιοι, Τροφώνιος, Χειμαζόμενοι, Χεί-
three. (Anon. de Com. p. xxxii. ) On the other poves, espai. The difference between this list and
hand, however, Aristotle says, that no one knew the statement of the grammarians, who give to
who made this and other such changes. (Poët. v. Cratinus only twenty-one plays, may be reconciled
4. )
on the supposition that some of these plays had
The character of Cratinus as a poet rests upon the been lost when the grammarians wrote, as, for
testimonies of the ancient writers, as we have no example, the EdTupos and Xeruacóuevo, which are
complete play of his extant. These testimonies are mentioned only in the Didascalia of the Knights
most decided in placing him in the very first rank and Acharnians.
of comic poets. By one writer he is compared to The following are the plays of Cratinus, the
Aeschylus. (Anon. de Com. p. xxix. ) There is a date of which is known with certainty :-
fragment of his own, which evidently is no vain
boast, but expresses the estimation in which he | About 448. 'Apxixoxoi.
was held by his contemporaries. (Schol. Arist. In 425. Xecuacóuevos, 2nd prize. Aristophanes
Equit. 526. ) Amongst several allusions to bim was first, with the Acharnians.
in Aristophanes, the most remarkable is the pas- 424. Látupov, 2nd prize. Aristophanes was
enge in the Knights referred to above, where he first, with the K'nights.
likens Cratinus to a rapid torrent, carrying every-
4:23. Mutivn, 1st prize.
thing before it, and says that for his many victo-
2nd. Ameips'as, Kórvos.
ries he deserved to drink in the Prytaneium, and
3rd. Aristoph. Nepénai,
to sit anointed as a spectator of the Dionysia. The chief ancient commentators on Cratimus
But, after all, his highest praise is in the fact, that were Asclepiades, Didymus, Callistratus, Euphiro-
he appeared at the Dionysia of the following year, nius, Symmachus, Aristarchus, and the Scholiasts.
not as a spectator, but as a competitor, and carried (Meinekc, Frag. Com. Graec. i. pp. 43–58, ii.
of the prize above Aristophanes himself. His pp. 13—232; Bergk, Comment. de Keliq. Com. Alla
Purces
sites,
cec's
***
pen
lere
B. C.
tra
## p. 888 (#908) ############################################
888
CRATIPPUS.
CREON.
Ant. , the first part of which is upon Cratinus Cicero secms also to have visited Asia in his com-
only. )
pany. (Ad Fam. xii. 16. ) When Caesar was at
2. Cratinus the younger, an Athenian comic the head of the Roman republic, Cicero obtained
poet of the middle comedy, was a contemporary of from him the Roman franchise for Cratippus, and
Plato the philosopher (Diog. Laert. iii. 28) and of also induced the council of the Areiopagus at
Corydus (Athen. vi. p. 241, c. ), and therefore fiou- Athens to invite the philosopher to remain in that
rished during the middle of the 4th century B. C. , city as one of her chief ornaments, and to continue
and as late as 324 B. C. (Clinton, Fast. Hell. ii. his instructions in philosophy. (Plut. Cic. 24. )
p. xliii. ) Perhaps he even lived down to the time After the murder of Caesar, Brutus, while staying
of Ptolemy Philadelphus (Athen. xi. p. 469, c. , at Athens, also attended the lectures of Cratippus.
compared with vi. p. 242, a. ), but this is improba- (Plut. Brut. 24. ) Notwithstanding the high
ble. The following plays are ascribed to him :- opinion which Cicero entertained of the knowledge
Γίγαντες, Θηραμένης, Ομφάλη (doubtful), Υποβο- and talent of Crntippus, we do not hear that he
huaios, Xeipw; in addition to which, it is proba wrote on any philosophical subject, and the only
ble that some of the plays which are ascribed to allusions we have to his tenets, refer to his
the elder Cratinus, belong to the younger.
opinions on divination, on which he seems to have
(Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. i. pp. 411–414, written a work. Cicero states that Cratippus be-
üi. pp. 374-379. )
[P. S. ] lieved in dreams and supernatural inspiration
CRATI'NUS, the grammarian. [BASILEIDES, (furor), but that he rejected all other kinds of
No. 1. )
divination. (De Divin. i. 3, 32, 50, 70, 71, ii.
CRATI'NUS, a legal professor at Constantinople 48, 52; Tertull. de Anim. 46. ) [L. S. )
and comes sacrarum largitionum, who was charged CRATOR (Kpátwp), a freedman of M. Aure-
by Justinian, in a. D. 530, to compile the Digest lius Verus, wrote a history of Rome from its foun-
along with Tribonian, the head of the commission, dation to the death of Verus, in which the names
the professor Theophilus of Constantinople, Doro- of the consuls and other magistrates were given.
theus and Anatolius, professors at Berytus, and (Theophil. ad Antołyc. iii. extr. )
twelve patroni causarum, of whom Stephanus is CRATOS ( Kpátos ), the personification of
the best known. The commissioners completed strength, is described as a son of Uranus and Ge.
their task in three years. Cratinus does not ap- (Hes. Theog. 385; Aeschyl. Prom. init. ; Apollod.
pear to have been further employed in the other i. 2. § 4. )
(L. S. ]
compilations of Justinian. The commission is re- CRA'TYLUS (Kpátulos), a Greek philosopher,
cited in the second preface to the Digest (Const. and an elder contemporary of Plato. He professed
Tunta, S 9), and Cratinus is one of the eight pro- the doctrines of Heracleitus, and made Plato ac-
fessors to whom the constitutio Omnem (so called quainted with them. (Aristot. Metaphys. i. 6;
from its initial word), establishing the new system Appul. de Doymat. Plat. p. 2, ed. Elm. ; Olympiod.
of legal education, is addressed. [J. T. G. ] l'it. Plat. p. 79, ed. Fischer. ) The time at which
CRATI'NUS, a painter at Athens, whose works Plato was instructed by Cratylus, is stated by
in the Pompeion, the ball containing all things used Diogenes Laërtius (iii. 6) to have been after the
in processions, are mentioned by Pliny (H. N. death of Socrates; but there are several circum-
xxxv. 40. O 33, 43).
(L. U. ] stances which prove that Plato must have been
CRATIPPUS (KpátiriOS). 1. A Greek his acquainted with the doctrines of Heracleitus at an
torian and contemporary of Thucydides, whose earlier period, and K. F. Hermann has pointed out
work he completed —d Tapaleiçoevta vx' avtoll that it must have been in his youth that Plato ac-
ouvayayw'r géypapev. (Dionys. Jud. de Thucyd. quired his knowledge of that philosophy. One
16. ) The expression of Dionysius leads us to among the dialogues of Plato is named after his
Euppose that the work of Cratippus was not only a master, Cratylus, who is the principal speaker in it,
continuation of the unfinished history of Thucy- and maintains the doctrine, that things have received
dides, but that he also gave an account ef erery- their names according to certain laws of nature
thing that was omitted in the work of Thucydides. (Qurel), and that consequently words correspond to
The period to which Cratippus appears to have the things which they designate. Hermogenes, the
carried his history, is pointed out by Plutarch (de Eleatic, who had likewise been a teacher of Plato,
Glor. Athen. 1) to have been the time of Conon. asserts, on the other hand, that nature bas nothing
(Comp. Marcellin. Vit. Thucyd. § 33; Plut. Vit. to do with giving things their suitable names, but
X Orat. p. 834. )
that words are applied to certain things by the mere
2. A Peripatetic philosopher of Mytilene, who mutual consent (Déoel) of men. Some critics are of
was a contemporary of Pompey and Cicero. The opinion, that the Cratylus introduced by Plato in his
latter, who was connected with him by intimate dialogue is a different person from the Cratylus who
friendship, entertained a very high opinion of him, taught Plato the doctrines of Heracleitus, but the
for he declares him to be the most distinguished arguments adduced in support of this opinion do
among the Peripatetics that he had known (de Off: not seem to be satisfactory. (Stallbaum, de Cratylo
iii. 2), and ihinks him at least equal to the greatest Platonico, p. 18, &c. ; K. F. Hermann, System der
men of his school. (De Divin. i. 3. ) Cratippus Plat. Philos
. i. pp. 46, 106, 492, &c. ; Lersch,
accompanied Pompey in his fight after the battle Sprachphilos. der Alten, i. p. 29, &c. ) (L. S. ]
of Pharsalia, and endenvoured to comfort and rouse CREMU'TIUS CORDUS. [CORDES]
him by philosophical arguments. (Plut. Pomp. CREON (Kpéwv). 1. A mythical king of Co-
75; comp. Aelian, V. H. vii. 21. ) Several emi- rinth, a son of Lycaethus. (Hvgin.
ves évébalov. (Par, 700, 701. ) A doubt has unite mirth with satire, but, as an ancient writer
been raised as to what invasion Aristophanes says, he hurled his reproaches in the plainest form
He cannot refer to any of the great in- at the bare heads of the offenders. (Platonius, de
vasions mentioned by Thucydides, and we are Com. p. xxvii. ; Christodor. Eephrasis, v. 357 ;
therefore compelled to suppose some irruption of a Persius, Sat. 123. ) Still, like Aristophanes
part of the Lacedaemonian army into Attica at the with respect to Sophocles, he sometimes bestowed
time when the armistice, which was made shortly the highest praise, as upon Cimon. (Plut. Cim.
before the negotiations for the fifty years' truce, 10. ) Pericles, on the other hand, was the object
was broken. (B. C. 422. ) Now Lucian says (l. c. ) of his most persevering and vehement abuse.
that Cratinus lived 97 years.
Thus his birth It is proper here to state what is known of the
would fall in B. c. 519.
circumstances under which Cratinus and his fol-
If we may trust the grammarians and chrono-lowers were permitted to assume this license of
graphers, Cratinus did not begin his dramatic attacking institutions and individuals openly and
career till he was far advanced in life. According by name. It evidently arose out of the close con-
to an Anonymous writer on Comedy (p. xxix), he nexion which exists in nature between mirth and
gained his first victory after the 85th Olympiad, satire. While looking for subjects which could be
that is, later than B. c. 437, and when he was put in a ridiculous point of view, the poet naturally
more than 80 years old. This date is suspicious in fell upon the follies and rices of his countrymen.
itself, and is falsified by circumstantial evidence. The free constitution of Athens inspired him with
For example, in one fragment he blames the tar- courage to attack the offenders, and secured for
diness of Pericles in completing the long walls bim protection from their resentment.
And ac-
which we know to have been finished in B. C. 451, cordingly we find, that the political freedom of
and there are a few other fragments which evi- Athens and this license of her comic poets rose
dently belong to an earlier period than the 85th and fell together. Nay, if we are to believe
Olympiad. Again, Crates the comic poet acted the Cicero, the law itself granted them impunity. (De
plays of Cratinus before he began to write himself; Repub. iv. 10:“ apud quos [Graccos ] fuit etiam
bui Crates began to write in B. C. 449-448. We lege concessum, ut quod vellet comoedia de quo
can therefore have no hesitation in preferring the rellet nominatim diceret. ") The same thing is stai-
date of Eusebius (Chron. s. a. Ol. 81. 3; Syncell. ed, though not so distinctly, by Themistius. (Orat.
p. 339), although he is manifestly wrong in join- riii. p. 110, b. ) This flourishing period lasted from
ing the name of Plato with that of Cratinus. Ac- the establishment of the Athenian power after
cording to this testimony, Cratinus began to ex- the Persian war down to the end of the Pelo-
hibit in B. C. 454-453, in about the 66th year of ponnesian war, or perhaps a few years later (about
B. C. 460-393). The exercise of this license,
of his personal history very little is known. however, was not altogether unopposed. In ad-
His father's name was Callimedes, and he himself | dition to what could be done personally by such
was taxiarch of the Quan Oivnis. (Suid. s. vv. men as Cleon and Alcibiades, the law itself ic-
Κρατίνος, 'Επειου δειλότερος. ) In the latter terfered on more than one occasion. In the
passage he is charged with excessive cowardice. | archonship of Morychides (B. C. 440–439), a law
his age.
## p. 887 (#907) ############################################
CRATINUS.
887
CRATINUS.
ri: te
T22
ܕܫܕ the
-LJ ܬ
was made prohibiting the comic pocts from holding | style seems to have been somewhat grandiloquent,
a living person up to ridicule by bringing him on and full of trrpes, and altogether of a lyric cast.
the stage by nanie (npurua tou het KWhop Deiv He was very bold in inventing new words, and
óvouaotl, Schol. Arist. Acharn. 67; Meineke, in changing the meaning of old ones.
His cho-
Ilist. Crit. p. 40). This law remained in force for ruses especially were greatly admired, and were
the two following years, and was annulled in the for a time the favourite songs at banquets. (Aris-
archonship of Euthymenes. (B. C. 437– 136. ) tophanes, l. c. ) It was perhaps on account of the
Another restriction, which probably belongs to dithyrambic character of his poetry that he was
about the same time, was the law that no Areopa- likened to Aeschylus, and it was no doubt for the
gite should write comedies. (Plut. Bell. an Pac. same reason that Aristophanes called him Taupe-
praest. Ath. p. 348, c. ) From B. C. 436 the old pávov (Ran. 357; comp. Etym. Mag. p. 747, 50 ;
comedy Hourished in its highest vigour, till a Apollon. Lcx. Hom. p. 156, 20. )
llis metres
series of attacks was made upon it by a certain seem to have partaken of the same lofty character.
Syracosius, who is suspected, with great proba- He sometimes used the epic verse. The “ Crati-
bility, of baving been suborned by Alcibiades. nean metre” of the grammarians, however, was
This Syracosius carried a law, uz kwuwdeiotar in use before his tine. [TOLYNUS. ] In the in-
dvouaori Tiva, probably about B. C. 410-415, vention of his plots he was most ingenious and
which did not, however, remain in force long. felicitous, but his impetuous and exuberant fancy
(Schol. Arist. Av. 1297. ) A similar law is said was apt to derange them in the progress of the
to have been carried by Antimachus, but this is play. "(Platonius, p. xxvii. )
perhaps a mistake. (Schol. Arist. Acharn. 1149; Among the poets who imitated him more or less
Meineke, p. 41. ) That the brief aristocratical the ancient writers enumerate Eupolis, Aristo-
revolution of 411 B. c. affected the liberty of phanes, Crates, Telecleides, Strattis, and others.
comedy can hardly be doubted, though we have The only poets whom he hiniself is known to have
no express testimony. If it declined then, we imitated are Homer and Archilochus. (Platonius,
have clear evidence of its revival with the re- 1. c. ; Bergk, p. 156. ) His most formidable rival
storation of democracy in the Frogs of Aristo was Aristophanes. (See, besides numerous pas-
phanes and the Cleophon of Plato. (B. C. 405. ) sages of Aristophanes and the Scholia on him,
It cannot be doubted that, during the rule of the Schol. Plat. p. 330. ) Among his enemies Aristo-
thirty tyrants, the liberty of comedy was restrain- phanes mentions o tepi Karlar (l. c. ). What
ed, not only by the loss of political liberty, but by Callias he means is doubtful, but it is most natural
the exhaustion resulting from the war, in conse to suppose that it is Callias the son of Hippo-
quence of which the choruses could not be main- nicus.
tained with their ancient splendour. We even find There is much confusion among the ancient
a play of Cratinus without Chorus or Parabasis, writers in quoting from his dramas. Meineke
nainely, the 'oouooels, but this was during the has sbewn that the following plays are wrongly
85th Olympiad, when the above-mentioned law was attributed to him :-Plaūkos, Opáowv, "Hpwes,
in force. The old comedy, having thus declined, 'Ιλίαδες, Κρήσσαι, Ψηφίσματα, 'Αλλοτριογνώμονες.
was at length brought to an end by the attacks of These being deducted, there still remain thirty
the dithyrambic poet Cinesias, and of Agyrrhius, titles, some of which, however, certainly belong to
and was succeeded by the Middle Comedy (about the younger Cratinus. After all deductions, there
B. C. 393-392; Meineke, pp. 42, 43).
remain twenty-four titles, namely, 'Apxiao xong
Besides what Cratinus did to give a new cha- Βουκόλοι, Δηλιάδες, Διδασκαλίαι, Δραπετίδες,
racter and power to comedy, he is said to have Γ'Εμπιπράμενοι or 'Ιδαίοι, Ευνείδαι, Θρατται, Κλεο-
made changes in its outward form, so as to bring βουλιναι, Λάκωνες, Μαλθακοί, Νέμεσις, Νόμοι,
it into better order, especially by fixing the num-Οδυσσείς, Πανόπται, Πυλαία, Πλούτοι, Πυτίνη,
ber of actors, which had before been indefinite, at | Σάτυροι, Σερίφιοι, Τροφώνιος, Χειμαζόμενοι, Χεί-
three. (Anon. de Com. p. xxxii. ) On the other poves, espai. The difference between this list and
hand, however, Aristotle says, that no one knew the statement of the grammarians, who give to
who made this and other such changes. (Poët. v. Cratinus only twenty-one plays, may be reconciled
4. )
on the supposition that some of these plays had
The character of Cratinus as a poet rests upon the been lost when the grammarians wrote, as, for
testimonies of the ancient writers, as we have no example, the EdTupos and Xeruacóuevo, which are
complete play of his extant. These testimonies are mentioned only in the Didascalia of the Knights
most decided in placing him in the very first rank and Acharnians.
of comic poets. By one writer he is compared to The following are the plays of Cratinus, the
Aeschylus. (Anon. de Com. p. xxix. ) There is a date of which is known with certainty :-
fragment of his own, which evidently is no vain
boast, but expresses the estimation in which he | About 448. 'Apxixoxoi.
was held by his contemporaries. (Schol. Arist. In 425. Xecuacóuevos, 2nd prize. Aristophanes
Equit. 526. ) Amongst several allusions to bim was first, with the Acharnians.
in Aristophanes, the most remarkable is the pas- 424. Látupov, 2nd prize. Aristophanes was
enge in the Knights referred to above, where he first, with the K'nights.
likens Cratinus to a rapid torrent, carrying every-
4:23. Mutivn, 1st prize.
thing before it, and says that for his many victo-
2nd. Ameips'as, Kórvos.
ries he deserved to drink in the Prytaneium, and
3rd. Aristoph. Nepénai,
to sit anointed as a spectator of the Dionysia. The chief ancient commentators on Cratimus
But, after all, his highest praise is in the fact, that were Asclepiades, Didymus, Callistratus, Euphiro-
he appeared at the Dionysia of the following year, nius, Symmachus, Aristarchus, and the Scholiasts.
not as a spectator, but as a competitor, and carried (Meinekc, Frag. Com. Graec. i. pp. 43–58, ii.
of the prize above Aristophanes himself. His pp. 13—232; Bergk, Comment. de Keliq. Com. Alla
Purces
sites,
cec's
***
pen
lere
B. C.
tra
## p. 888 (#908) ############################################
888
CRATIPPUS.
CREON.
Ant. , the first part of which is upon Cratinus Cicero secms also to have visited Asia in his com-
only. )
pany. (Ad Fam. xii. 16. ) When Caesar was at
2. Cratinus the younger, an Athenian comic the head of the Roman republic, Cicero obtained
poet of the middle comedy, was a contemporary of from him the Roman franchise for Cratippus, and
Plato the philosopher (Diog. Laert. iii. 28) and of also induced the council of the Areiopagus at
Corydus (Athen. vi. p. 241, c. ), and therefore fiou- Athens to invite the philosopher to remain in that
rished during the middle of the 4th century B. C. , city as one of her chief ornaments, and to continue
and as late as 324 B. C. (Clinton, Fast. Hell. ii. his instructions in philosophy. (Plut. Cic. 24. )
p. xliii. ) Perhaps he even lived down to the time After the murder of Caesar, Brutus, while staying
of Ptolemy Philadelphus (Athen. xi. p. 469, c. , at Athens, also attended the lectures of Cratippus.
compared with vi. p. 242, a. ), but this is improba- (Plut. Brut. 24. ) Notwithstanding the high
ble. The following plays are ascribed to him :- opinion which Cicero entertained of the knowledge
Γίγαντες, Θηραμένης, Ομφάλη (doubtful), Υποβο- and talent of Crntippus, we do not hear that he
huaios, Xeipw; in addition to which, it is proba wrote on any philosophical subject, and the only
ble that some of the plays which are ascribed to allusions we have to his tenets, refer to his
the elder Cratinus, belong to the younger.
opinions on divination, on which he seems to have
(Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. i. pp. 411–414, written a work. Cicero states that Cratippus be-
üi. pp. 374-379. )
[P. S. ] lieved in dreams and supernatural inspiration
CRATI'NUS, the grammarian. [BASILEIDES, (furor), but that he rejected all other kinds of
No. 1. )
divination. (De Divin. i. 3, 32, 50, 70, 71, ii.
CRATI'NUS, a legal professor at Constantinople 48, 52; Tertull. de Anim. 46. ) [L. S. )
and comes sacrarum largitionum, who was charged CRATOR (Kpátwp), a freedman of M. Aure-
by Justinian, in a. D. 530, to compile the Digest lius Verus, wrote a history of Rome from its foun-
along with Tribonian, the head of the commission, dation to the death of Verus, in which the names
the professor Theophilus of Constantinople, Doro- of the consuls and other magistrates were given.
theus and Anatolius, professors at Berytus, and (Theophil. ad Antołyc. iii. extr. )
twelve patroni causarum, of whom Stephanus is CRATOS ( Kpátos ), the personification of
the best known. The commissioners completed strength, is described as a son of Uranus and Ge.
their task in three years. Cratinus does not ap- (Hes. Theog. 385; Aeschyl. Prom. init. ; Apollod.
pear to have been further employed in the other i. 2. § 4. )
(L. S. ]
compilations of Justinian. The commission is re- CRA'TYLUS (Kpátulos), a Greek philosopher,
cited in the second preface to the Digest (Const. and an elder contemporary of Plato. He professed
Tunta, S 9), and Cratinus is one of the eight pro- the doctrines of Heracleitus, and made Plato ac-
fessors to whom the constitutio Omnem (so called quainted with them. (Aristot. Metaphys. i. 6;
from its initial word), establishing the new system Appul. de Doymat. Plat. p. 2, ed. Elm. ; Olympiod.
of legal education, is addressed. [J. T. G. ] l'it. Plat. p. 79, ed. Fischer. ) The time at which
CRATI'NUS, a painter at Athens, whose works Plato was instructed by Cratylus, is stated by
in the Pompeion, the ball containing all things used Diogenes Laërtius (iii. 6) to have been after the
in processions, are mentioned by Pliny (H. N. death of Socrates; but there are several circum-
xxxv. 40. O 33, 43).
(L. U. ] stances which prove that Plato must have been
CRATIPPUS (KpátiriOS). 1. A Greek his acquainted with the doctrines of Heracleitus at an
torian and contemporary of Thucydides, whose earlier period, and K. F. Hermann has pointed out
work he completed —d Tapaleiçoevta vx' avtoll that it must have been in his youth that Plato ac-
ouvayayw'r géypapev. (Dionys. Jud. de Thucyd. quired his knowledge of that philosophy. One
16. ) The expression of Dionysius leads us to among the dialogues of Plato is named after his
Euppose that the work of Cratippus was not only a master, Cratylus, who is the principal speaker in it,
continuation of the unfinished history of Thucy- and maintains the doctrine, that things have received
dides, but that he also gave an account ef erery- their names according to certain laws of nature
thing that was omitted in the work of Thucydides. (Qurel), and that consequently words correspond to
The period to which Cratippus appears to have the things which they designate. Hermogenes, the
carried his history, is pointed out by Plutarch (de Eleatic, who had likewise been a teacher of Plato,
Glor. Athen. 1) to have been the time of Conon. asserts, on the other hand, that nature bas nothing
(Comp. Marcellin. Vit. Thucyd. § 33; Plut. Vit. to do with giving things their suitable names, but
X Orat. p. 834. )
that words are applied to certain things by the mere
2. A Peripatetic philosopher of Mytilene, who mutual consent (Déoel) of men. Some critics are of
was a contemporary of Pompey and Cicero. The opinion, that the Cratylus introduced by Plato in his
latter, who was connected with him by intimate dialogue is a different person from the Cratylus who
friendship, entertained a very high opinion of him, taught Plato the doctrines of Heracleitus, but the
for he declares him to be the most distinguished arguments adduced in support of this opinion do
among the Peripatetics that he had known (de Off: not seem to be satisfactory. (Stallbaum, de Cratylo
iii. 2), and ihinks him at least equal to the greatest Platonico, p. 18, &c. ; K. F. Hermann, System der
men of his school. (De Divin. i. 3. ) Cratippus Plat. Philos
. i. pp. 46, 106, 492, &c. ; Lersch,
accompanied Pompey in his fight after the battle Sprachphilos. der Alten, i. p. 29, &c. ) (L. S. ]
of Pharsalia, and endenvoured to comfort and rouse CREMU'TIUS CORDUS. [CORDES]
him by philosophical arguments. (Plut. Pomp. CREON (Kpéwv). 1. A mythical king of Co-
75; comp. Aelian, V. H. vii. 21. ) Several emi- rinth, a son of Lycaethus. (Hvgin.
