Cere-
restored
at his request his native town of Gadara,
ulia), and gave the management of the sacred rites which had been destroyed by the Jews.
ulia), and gave the management of the sacred rites which had been destroyed by the Jews.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
15), or at Cyzicus (Propert.
iii.
21.
in the regions inaccessible to the rays of Helios,
4), while the Homeric hymn on Demeter places As agriculture is the basis of a well-regulated
it in the plain of Nysa in Asia. In the Iliad and social condition, Demeter is represented also as the
Odyssey the rape of Persephone is not expressly friend of peace and as a law-giving goddess. (960-
mentioned. Demeter wandered about in search of uocópos, Callim. Hymn. in Cer. 138 ; Orph. Hymn.
her daughter for nine days, without taking any 39. 4 ; Virg. Aen. iv. 58; Hom. II. v. 500; Ov.
nectar or ambrosia, and without bathing. On the Net. v. 341 ; Paus. viii. 15. $ 1. ) The mythus of
tenth she met Hecate, who told her that she had Demeter and her daughter embodies the idea, that
heard the cries of Persephone, but did not know the productive powers of the earth or nature rest
who had carried her off. Both then hastened to or are concealed during the winter season; the
Helios, who revealed to them that Pluto had been goddess (Demeter and Persephone, also called Cora,
the ravisher, and with the consent of Zeus. Demeter are here identified) then rules in the depth of the
in her anger at this news avoided Olympus, and earth mournful, but striving upwards to the all-
dwelt upon earth among men, conferring presents animating light. Persephone, who has eaten of
and blessings wherever she was kindly received, the pomegranate, is the fructified flower that re-
and severely punishing those who repuls
turns in spring, dwells in the region of light during
did not receive her gifts with proper reverence. a portion of the ycar, and nourishes men and
In this manner she came to Celeus at Eleusis. animals with her fruits. Later philosophical writers,
[Celeus. ] As the goddess still continued in her and perhaps the mysteries also, referred the dis-
anger, and produced famine on the earth by not appearance and return of Persephone to the burial
allowing the fields to produce any fruit, Zeus, of the body of man and the immortality of his
anxious that the race of mortals should not become soul. Demeter was worshipped in Crete, Delos,
extinct, sent Iris to induce Demeter to return to | Argolis, Attica, the western coast of Asia, Sicily,
her or
## p. 961 (#981) ############################################
DEMETER.
961
DEMETRIUS.
and Italy, and her worship consisted in a great the repulvlic was often made over to her temple.
measure in orgic mysteries. Among the inany (Dionys. vi. 89, viii. 79; Plin. II. N. xxxiv. 4.
festivals celebrated in her honour, the Thesmo- s. 9; Liv. ii. 41. ) The decrees of the senate were
phoria and Eleusinia were the principal ones. deposited in her temple for the inspection of the
(Dict. of Ant. s. rr. Choča, Ilaloa, Thesmuphoria, tribunes of the people. (Liv. iii. 55, xxxiii. 25. )
Eleusiria, Nevalartia Chthonia. ) The sacrifices If we further consider that the aediles had the
offered to her consisted of pigs, the symbol of fer- special superintendence of this temple, it is very
tility, bulls, cows, honey-cakes, and fruits. (Macrob. probable that Ceres, whose worship was like the
Su. i. 12, iii. 11; Diod. v. 4 ; Paus. ii. 35. § 4, plebeians, introduced at Rome from without, had
viii. 42, in fin. ; Ov. Fast. iv. 515. ) Her temples some peculiar relation to the plebeian order.
were called Megara, and were often built in groves ( Muller, Dor. ii. 10. V 3; Preller, Demeter und
in the neighbourhood of towns. (Pans. i. 39. $ 4, Persephone, ein Cyclus mythol. Untersuch. , Ham-
40. § 5, rii. 26. 4, viii. 54. Ø 5, ix. 25. < 5; burg, 1837, 8vo. ; Welcker, Zeitschrift für die
Strab. viii. p. 344, ix. p. 435. ) Many of her ulte kunst, i. 1, p. 96, &c. ; Niebulir, llist. of
surnames, which are treated of in separate articles, Rome, i. p. 621; Hartung, Die Relig. der Römer,
are descriptive of the character of the goddess. ii. p. 135, &c. )
(LS. )
She was often represented in works of art, though DEMETRIANUS(Anuntpiavos), of Ravenna,
scarcely one entire statue of her is preserved. Her the father of the celebrated rhetorician Aspasius,
representations appear to have been brought to lived in the time of the emperor Alexander Severus,
ideal perfection by Praxiteles. (Paus. i. 2. $ 4. ) and was no less distinguished as a rhetorician than
Her image resembled that of Ilera, in its maternal as a critical mathematician. (Philostr. lit. Soph.
character, but had a softer expression, and her eyes ii. 33. $ 1; Suidas, s. v. 'Aonéoios. ) [L. S. )
were less widely opened. She was represented DEME'TRIUS (Anuntpios). 1. Son of Althae-
sometimes in a sitting attitude, sometimes walking, menes, commander of one of the squadrons of
and sometimes riding in a chariot drawn by horses Macedonian cavalry under Alexander. (Arrian,
or dragons, but always in full attire. Around her Anal. iii. 11, iv. 27, v. 21. )
head she wore a garland of corn-ears or a simple 2. Son of Pythonax, sumamed Pheidon, one of
ribband, and in her hand she held a sceptre, corn the select band of cavalry, called étaipon, in the
ears or a poppy, sometimes also a torch and the service of Alexander. (Arrian, Anub. iv. 12;
mystic basket. (Paus. in. 19. 4, viii. 31. § 1, Plut. Alex. 51. )
42. ^4; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. ) She appears 3. One of the body-guards of Alexander, was
most frequently on gems and vases.
suspected of being engaged in the conspiracy of
The Romans received the worship of Demeter, Philotas, and displaced in consequence. (Arrian,
to whom they applied the name of Ceres, from Anab. iii. 27. )
Sicily. (Val. Max. i. 1. & 1. ) The first temple 4. A son of Ariarathes V. , king of Cappadocia,
of Ceres at Rome was vowed by the dictator A. commanded the forces sent by his father in 154
Postumius Albinus, in B. c. 496, for the purpose of B. C. to support Attalus in his war against Prusias.
averting a famine with which Rome was threaten- (Polyb. xxxiii. 10. )
ed during a war with the Latins. (Dionys. vi. 5. A native of Gadara in Syria, and a freedman
17, comp. i. 33; Tacit. Ann. ii. 49. ) In intro- of Pompey, who shewed him the greatest favour,
ducing this foreign divinity, the Romans acted in and allowed him to accumulate immense riches.
their usual manner ; they instituted a festival with After the conquest of Syria, Pompey rebuilt and
games in honour of her (Dict. of Ant. s. r.
Cere- restored at his request his native town of Gadara,
ulia), and gave the management of the sacred rites which had been destroyed by the Jews. (Joseph.
and ceremonies to a Greek priestess, who was Ant. xiv. 4. § 4, de Bell. Jud. i. 7. $ 7. ) An
usually taken from Naples or Velia, and received anecdote related by Plutarch shews the excessive
the Roman franchise, in order that the sacrifices adulation paid him in the East, on account of his
on behalf of the Roman people might be offered up well-known influence with Pompey. (Plut. Pomp.
by a Roman citizen. (Cic. pro Balb. 24 ; Festus, 40, Cato Min. 13. )
[E. H. B. )
s. v. Graeca sacra. ) In all other respects Ceres DEME'TRIUS (Anuhtpios), king of Bactria,
was looked upon very much in the same light as son of Euthydenius. Polybius mentions (xi. 34),
Tellus, whose nature closely resembled that of that when Antiochus the Great invaded the ter-
Ceres. Pigs were sacrificed to both divinities, in ritories of Euthydemus, the latter sent his son
the seasons of sowing and in harvest time, and also Demetrius, then quite a youth, to negotiate with
at the burial of the dead. It is strange to find the Syrian king; and that Antiochus was so much
that the Romans, in adopting the worship of pleased with the young man's appearance and
Demeter from the Greeks, did not at the same manners, that he confirmed Euthydemus in his so-
time adopt the Greek name Demeter. The name vereignty, and promised one of his own daughters
Ceres can scarcely be explained from the Latin in marriage to Demetrius. The other notices we
language. Servius informs us (ad Aen. ii. 325), possess of this prince are scanty and confused;
that Ceres, Pales, and Fortuna were the penates but it seems certain (notwithstanding the opinion
of the Etruscans, and it may be that the Romans to the contrary advanced by Bayer, Hist. Regni
applied to Demeter the name of a divinity of a Graccorum Bactriani, p. 83), that Demetrius suc-
siinilar nature, whose worship subsequently became ceeded his father in the sovereignty of Bactria,
extinct, and left no trace except the name Ceres. where he reigned at least ten years.
We remarked above that Demeter and Persephone ticularly mentions liim as among those Bactrian
or Cora were identified in the mythus, and it may kings who made extensive conquests in northern
be that Ceres is only a different form for Cora or India (Strab. xi. ll. $ 1), though the limit of his ac-
Core. But however this may be, the worship of quisitions cannot be ascertained. Justin, on the con-
Ceres soon acquired considerable political im-trary, calls him “rex Indorum" (xli. 6), and speaks
portance at Rome. The property of traitors ngainst of him as making war on and besieging Eucratides,
Strabo par-
30
## p. 962 (#982) ############################################
962
DEMETRIUS.
DEMETRIUS.
king of Bactria. Mionnet (Suppl. vol. viii. p. 473) lately occupied by Selencus. This he accomplished
has suggested that there were two Demetrii, one with little difficulty, but did not complete his
the son of Euthydemus, the other a king of northern work, and without waiting to reduce one of the
India ; but it does not seem necessary to have forts or citadels of Babylon itself, he left a forco
recourse to this hypothesis. The most probable to continue the siege, and returned to join Antigo-
view of the matter is, that Eucratides revolted nus, who almost immediately afterwards concluded
from Demetrius, while the latter was engaged in peace with the confederates, B. c. 311. (Diod. xix.
his wars in India, and established his power in 96-98, 100; Plut. Demetr. 7. ) This did not last
Bactria proper, or the provinces north of the Hindoo long, and Ptolemy quickly renewed the war, which
Koosh, while Demetrius retained the countries south was however almost confined to maritime opera-
of that barrier. Both princes may thus have ruled tions on the coasts of Cilicia and Cyprus, in which
contemporaneously for a considerable space of time. Demetrius, who commanded the fleet of Antigonus,
(Comp. Wilson's Ariana, pr. 228-231 ; Lassen, obtained many successes. In 307 he was de-
Gesch. der Bactr. Könige, p. 230 ; Raoul Rochette, spatched by his father with a powerful fleet and
Journ. des Sarans, for 1835, p. 521. ) It is pro- army to endeavour to wrest Greece from the
bably to this Demetrius that we are to ascribe the hands of Cassander and Ptolemy, who held all the
foundation of the city of Demetrias in Arachosia, principal towns in it, notwithstanding that the
mentioned by Isidore of Charax (p. 8, ed. Hudson; freedom of the Greek cities had been expressly
see Lassen, p. 232). The chronology of his reign, guaranteed by the treaty of 311. He first directed
like that of all the Bactrian kings, is extremely un- his course to Athens, where he was received with
certain : his accession is placed by M. R. Rochette enthusiasm by the people as their liberator. De-
in B. c. 190 (Journ. des Sarans, Oct. 1835, p. 594), metrius the Phalerean, who had in fact governed
hy Lassen in 185 ( Gesch. der Bactr. Könige, p. 282), the city for Cassander during the last ten
and it seems probable that he reigned about 20 or years, was expelled, and the fort at Munvchia
25 years. (Wilson's Ariana, p. 231. ) [E. H. B. ] taken. Megara was also reduced, and its liberty
DEME'TRIUS (Anuntpios) I. , king of MACE- proclaimed ; after which Demetrius took up his
DONIA, sumamed POLIORCETES (Dolopants), abode for the winter at Athens, where he was re-
or the Besieger, was the son of Antigonus, king of ceived with the most extravagant flatteries : divine
Asia, and Stratonice, the daughter of Corrhaeus. honours being paid him under the title of "the
He was distinguished when a young man for his Preserver” (o Swtúp), and his name being ranked
affectionate attachment to his parents, and he and with those of Dionysus and Demeter among the
Antigonus continued, throughout the life of the tutelary deities of Athens. (Plut. Demetr. 8–13;
Jaiter, to present a rare example of unanimity. Diod. xx. 45, 46. ) It was at this time also that
While yet very young, he was married to Phila, he married Eurydice, the widow of Ophellus of Cy-
the daughter of Antipater and widow of Craterus, rene, but an Athenian by birth, and a descendant
a woman of the noblest character, but considerably of the great Miltiades. (Plut. Demetr. 14. )
older than himself, in consequence of which it was From Athens Demetrius was recalled by his
not without difficulty that he was persuaded by father to take the command of the war in Cyprus
Antigonus to consent to the match. (Plut. Demetr. against Ptolemy. He invaded that island with a
14. ) He accompanied his father in his campaigns powerful fieet and army, defeated Ptolemy's bro-
against Eumenes, and commanded the select body ther, Menelaus, who held possession of the island,
of cavalry called étaipou at the battle in Gabiene and shut him up in Salamis, which he besieged
(B. C. 317), at which time he was about twenty closely both by sea and land. Ptolemy himself
years old. (Diod. xix. 29. ) The following year advanced with a numerous fleet to the relief of his
he commanded the whole right wing of the army brother; but Demetrius was prepared for his ap-
of Antigonus in the second battle of Gabiene (Id. proach, and a great sea-fight ensued, in which,
xix. 40); and it must be mentioned to his credit, after an obstinate contest, Demetrius was entirely
that after the capture of Eumenes, he interceded victorious : Ptolemy lost 120 ships of war, besides
earnestly with his father to spare his life. (Plut. transports; and his naval power, which had hi-
Eum. 18. ) Two years afterwards, he was left by therto been regarded as invincible, was utterly
Antigonus in the chief command of Syria, while annihilated. (B. c. 300. ) Menelaus immediately
the latter proceeded to carry on the war in Asia afterwards surrendered his army and the whole of
Minor. In the spring of B. c. 312. Ptolemy in Cyprus into the hands of Demetrius. It was after
vaded Syria with a large army; and Demetrius, this victory that Antigonus for the first time as-
contrary to the advice of the more experienced sumed the title of king, which he bestowed also at
generals whom his father had left with him as a the same time upon his son,-an example quickly
council of war, hastened to give him battle at followed by their rival monarchs. (Diod. xx. 47–
Gaza, but was totally defeated and lost the greater 53; Plut. Demetr. 15—18; Polyaen. iv. 7. $ 7;
part of his army. This reverse compelled him to Justin, xv. 2. )
abandon Tyre and the whole of Syria, which fell Demetrius now for a time gave himself up to
into the hands of Ptolemy, and Demetrius retired luxury and revelry in Cyprus. Among other pri-
into Cilicia, but soon after in part retrieved his soners that had fallen into his hands in the late
disaster, by surprising Cilles (who had been sent victory was the noted courtezan, Lamia, who,
against him by Ptolemy) on his march near Myus, though no longer in the prime of her youth, soon
and taking him and his whole army prisoners. obtained the greatest influence over the young
(Diod. xix. 80–85, 93; Plut. Demetr. 5, 6. ) king. (Plut. Demetr. 16, 19, 27; Athen. iv. p. 128,
He was now joined by Antigonus, and Ptolemy xiii. p. 577. ) From these enjoyments he was,
immediately gave way before them. Demetrius however, soón compelled to rouse himself
, in order
was next employed by his father in an expedition to take part with Antigonus in his expedition
against the Nabathaean Arabs, and in a more im- against Egypt: but the feet which he commanded
portant one to recover Babylon, which had been suffered severely from storms, and, after meeting
## p. 963 (#983) ############################################
DEMETRIUS.
DEMETRIUS.
903
with many disasters, both father and son were Pherac. This inactivity came at a critical time :
compelled to retreat. (Diod. xx. 73–76; Plut. Cassander had already concluded a league with
Demetr. 19. ) In the following year (B. C. 305) Lysimachus, who invaded Asin, while Seleucus
Demetrius determined to punish the Rhodians for advanced from the East to co-operate with him.
having refused to support his father and himself Antigonus was obliged to summon Demetrius to
against Ptolemy, and proceeded to besiege their his support, who concluded a hasty treaty with
city both by sea and land. The siege which fol. Cassander, and crossed over into Asia. The fol-
lowed is rendered one of the most memorable in lowing year their combined forces were totally
ancient history, both by the vigorous and able re- defeated by those of Lysimachus and Seleucus in
sistance of the besieged, and by the extraordinary the great battle of Ipsus, and Antigonus himself
efforts made by Demetrius, who displayed on this slain, B. C. 301. (Diod. xx. 106-113; Plut. De-
occasion in their full extent that fertility of re- metr. 28, 29. ) Demetrius, to whose impetuosity
source and ingenuity in devising new methods of the loss of the battle would seem to be in great
attack, which earned for him the surname of Po- measure owing, fled to Ephesus, and from thence
liorcetes. The gigantic machines with which he set sail for Athens : but the Athenians, on whose
assailed the walls, the largest of which was called devotion he had confidently reckoned, declined to re-
the Helepolis or city-taker, were objects of admira- ceive him into their city, though they gave liim up
tion in succeeding ages. But all his exertions his fleet, with which he withdrew to the Isthmus.
were unavailing, and after the siege had lasted llis fortunes were still by no means hopeless : he
above a year, he was at length induced to conclude was at the head of a powerful fieet, and still mas-
a treaty, by which the Rhodians engaged to sup- ter of Cyprus, as well as of Tyre and Sidon; but
port Antigonus and Demetrius in all cases, except the jealousies of his eneniies soon changed the face
against Ptolemy, B. C. 304. (Diod. xx. 81–88, of his affairs; and Ptolemy having entered into a
91-100; Plut. Demetr. 21, 22. )
closer union with Lysimachus, Seleucus was in-
This treaty was brought about by the interven- duced to ask the hand of Stratonice, daughter of
tion of envoys from Athens; and thither Deme Demetrius by his first wife, Phila. By this al-
trius immediately hastened, to relieve the Athe- liance Demetrius obtained the possession of Cilicia,
nians, who were at this time hard pressed by Cas- which he was allowed to wrest from the hands of
sander.
4), while the Homeric hymn on Demeter places As agriculture is the basis of a well-regulated
it in the plain of Nysa in Asia. In the Iliad and social condition, Demeter is represented also as the
Odyssey the rape of Persephone is not expressly friend of peace and as a law-giving goddess. (960-
mentioned. Demeter wandered about in search of uocópos, Callim. Hymn. in Cer. 138 ; Orph. Hymn.
her daughter for nine days, without taking any 39. 4 ; Virg. Aen. iv. 58; Hom. II. v. 500; Ov.
nectar or ambrosia, and without bathing. On the Net. v. 341 ; Paus. viii. 15. $ 1. ) The mythus of
tenth she met Hecate, who told her that she had Demeter and her daughter embodies the idea, that
heard the cries of Persephone, but did not know the productive powers of the earth or nature rest
who had carried her off. Both then hastened to or are concealed during the winter season; the
Helios, who revealed to them that Pluto had been goddess (Demeter and Persephone, also called Cora,
the ravisher, and with the consent of Zeus. Demeter are here identified) then rules in the depth of the
in her anger at this news avoided Olympus, and earth mournful, but striving upwards to the all-
dwelt upon earth among men, conferring presents animating light. Persephone, who has eaten of
and blessings wherever she was kindly received, the pomegranate, is the fructified flower that re-
and severely punishing those who repuls
turns in spring, dwells in the region of light during
did not receive her gifts with proper reverence. a portion of the ycar, and nourishes men and
In this manner she came to Celeus at Eleusis. animals with her fruits. Later philosophical writers,
[Celeus. ] As the goddess still continued in her and perhaps the mysteries also, referred the dis-
anger, and produced famine on the earth by not appearance and return of Persephone to the burial
allowing the fields to produce any fruit, Zeus, of the body of man and the immortality of his
anxious that the race of mortals should not become soul. Demeter was worshipped in Crete, Delos,
extinct, sent Iris to induce Demeter to return to | Argolis, Attica, the western coast of Asia, Sicily,
her or
## p. 961 (#981) ############################################
DEMETER.
961
DEMETRIUS.
and Italy, and her worship consisted in a great the repulvlic was often made over to her temple.
measure in orgic mysteries. Among the inany (Dionys. vi. 89, viii. 79; Plin. II. N. xxxiv. 4.
festivals celebrated in her honour, the Thesmo- s. 9; Liv. ii. 41. ) The decrees of the senate were
phoria and Eleusinia were the principal ones. deposited in her temple for the inspection of the
(Dict. of Ant. s. rr. Choča, Ilaloa, Thesmuphoria, tribunes of the people. (Liv. iii. 55, xxxiii. 25. )
Eleusiria, Nevalartia Chthonia. ) The sacrifices If we further consider that the aediles had the
offered to her consisted of pigs, the symbol of fer- special superintendence of this temple, it is very
tility, bulls, cows, honey-cakes, and fruits. (Macrob. probable that Ceres, whose worship was like the
Su. i. 12, iii. 11; Diod. v. 4 ; Paus. ii. 35. § 4, plebeians, introduced at Rome from without, had
viii. 42, in fin. ; Ov. Fast. iv. 515. ) Her temples some peculiar relation to the plebeian order.
were called Megara, and were often built in groves ( Muller, Dor. ii. 10. V 3; Preller, Demeter und
in the neighbourhood of towns. (Pans. i. 39. $ 4, Persephone, ein Cyclus mythol. Untersuch. , Ham-
40. § 5, rii. 26. 4, viii. 54. Ø 5, ix. 25. < 5; burg, 1837, 8vo. ; Welcker, Zeitschrift für die
Strab. viii. p. 344, ix. p. 435. ) Many of her ulte kunst, i. 1, p. 96, &c. ; Niebulir, llist. of
surnames, which are treated of in separate articles, Rome, i. p. 621; Hartung, Die Relig. der Römer,
are descriptive of the character of the goddess. ii. p. 135, &c. )
(LS. )
She was often represented in works of art, though DEMETRIANUS(Anuntpiavos), of Ravenna,
scarcely one entire statue of her is preserved. Her the father of the celebrated rhetorician Aspasius,
representations appear to have been brought to lived in the time of the emperor Alexander Severus,
ideal perfection by Praxiteles. (Paus. i. 2. $ 4. ) and was no less distinguished as a rhetorician than
Her image resembled that of Ilera, in its maternal as a critical mathematician. (Philostr. lit. Soph.
character, but had a softer expression, and her eyes ii. 33. $ 1; Suidas, s. v. 'Aonéoios. ) [L. S. )
were less widely opened. She was represented DEME'TRIUS (Anuntpios). 1. Son of Althae-
sometimes in a sitting attitude, sometimes walking, menes, commander of one of the squadrons of
and sometimes riding in a chariot drawn by horses Macedonian cavalry under Alexander. (Arrian,
or dragons, but always in full attire. Around her Anal. iii. 11, iv. 27, v. 21. )
head she wore a garland of corn-ears or a simple 2. Son of Pythonax, sumamed Pheidon, one of
ribband, and in her hand she held a sceptre, corn the select band of cavalry, called étaipon, in the
ears or a poppy, sometimes also a torch and the service of Alexander. (Arrian, Anub. iv. 12;
mystic basket. (Paus. in. 19. 4, viii. 31. § 1, Plut. Alex. 51. )
42. ^4; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. ) She appears 3. One of the body-guards of Alexander, was
most frequently on gems and vases.
suspected of being engaged in the conspiracy of
The Romans received the worship of Demeter, Philotas, and displaced in consequence. (Arrian,
to whom they applied the name of Ceres, from Anab. iii. 27. )
Sicily. (Val. Max. i. 1. & 1. ) The first temple 4. A son of Ariarathes V. , king of Cappadocia,
of Ceres at Rome was vowed by the dictator A. commanded the forces sent by his father in 154
Postumius Albinus, in B. c. 496, for the purpose of B. C. to support Attalus in his war against Prusias.
averting a famine with which Rome was threaten- (Polyb. xxxiii. 10. )
ed during a war with the Latins. (Dionys. vi. 5. A native of Gadara in Syria, and a freedman
17, comp. i. 33; Tacit. Ann. ii. 49. ) In intro- of Pompey, who shewed him the greatest favour,
ducing this foreign divinity, the Romans acted in and allowed him to accumulate immense riches.
their usual manner ; they instituted a festival with After the conquest of Syria, Pompey rebuilt and
games in honour of her (Dict. of Ant. s. r.
Cere- restored at his request his native town of Gadara,
ulia), and gave the management of the sacred rites which had been destroyed by the Jews. (Joseph.
and ceremonies to a Greek priestess, who was Ant. xiv. 4. § 4, de Bell. Jud. i. 7. $ 7. ) An
usually taken from Naples or Velia, and received anecdote related by Plutarch shews the excessive
the Roman franchise, in order that the sacrifices adulation paid him in the East, on account of his
on behalf of the Roman people might be offered up well-known influence with Pompey. (Plut. Pomp.
by a Roman citizen. (Cic. pro Balb. 24 ; Festus, 40, Cato Min. 13. )
[E. H. B. )
s. v. Graeca sacra. ) In all other respects Ceres DEME'TRIUS (Anuhtpios), king of Bactria,
was looked upon very much in the same light as son of Euthydenius. Polybius mentions (xi. 34),
Tellus, whose nature closely resembled that of that when Antiochus the Great invaded the ter-
Ceres. Pigs were sacrificed to both divinities, in ritories of Euthydemus, the latter sent his son
the seasons of sowing and in harvest time, and also Demetrius, then quite a youth, to negotiate with
at the burial of the dead. It is strange to find the Syrian king; and that Antiochus was so much
that the Romans, in adopting the worship of pleased with the young man's appearance and
Demeter from the Greeks, did not at the same manners, that he confirmed Euthydemus in his so-
time adopt the Greek name Demeter. The name vereignty, and promised one of his own daughters
Ceres can scarcely be explained from the Latin in marriage to Demetrius. The other notices we
language. Servius informs us (ad Aen. ii. 325), possess of this prince are scanty and confused;
that Ceres, Pales, and Fortuna were the penates but it seems certain (notwithstanding the opinion
of the Etruscans, and it may be that the Romans to the contrary advanced by Bayer, Hist. Regni
applied to Demeter the name of a divinity of a Graccorum Bactriani, p. 83), that Demetrius suc-
siinilar nature, whose worship subsequently became ceeded his father in the sovereignty of Bactria,
extinct, and left no trace except the name Ceres. where he reigned at least ten years.
We remarked above that Demeter and Persephone ticularly mentions liim as among those Bactrian
or Cora were identified in the mythus, and it may kings who made extensive conquests in northern
be that Ceres is only a different form for Cora or India (Strab. xi. ll. $ 1), though the limit of his ac-
Core. But however this may be, the worship of quisitions cannot be ascertained. Justin, on the con-
Ceres soon acquired considerable political im-trary, calls him “rex Indorum" (xli. 6), and speaks
portance at Rome. The property of traitors ngainst of him as making war on and besieging Eucratides,
Strabo par-
30
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962
DEMETRIUS.
DEMETRIUS.
king of Bactria. Mionnet (Suppl. vol. viii. p. 473) lately occupied by Selencus. This he accomplished
has suggested that there were two Demetrii, one with little difficulty, but did not complete his
the son of Euthydemus, the other a king of northern work, and without waiting to reduce one of the
India ; but it does not seem necessary to have forts or citadels of Babylon itself, he left a forco
recourse to this hypothesis. The most probable to continue the siege, and returned to join Antigo-
view of the matter is, that Eucratides revolted nus, who almost immediately afterwards concluded
from Demetrius, while the latter was engaged in peace with the confederates, B. c. 311. (Diod. xix.
his wars in India, and established his power in 96-98, 100; Plut. Demetr. 7. ) This did not last
Bactria proper, or the provinces north of the Hindoo long, and Ptolemy quickly renewed the war, which
Koosh, while Demetrius retained the countries south was however almost confined to maritime opera-
of that barrier. Both princes may thus have ruled tions on the coasts of Cilicia and Cyprus, in which
contemporaneously for a considerable space of time. Demetrius, who commanded the fleet of Antigonus,
(Comp. Wilson's Ariana, pr. 228-231 ; Lassen, obtained many successes. In 307 he was de-
Gesch. der Bactr. Könige, p. 230 ; Raoul Rochette, spatched by his father with a powerful fleet and
Journ. des Sarans, for 1835, p. 521. ) It is pro- army to endeavour to wrest Greece from the
bably to this Demetrius that we are to ascribe the hands of Cassander and Ptolemy, who held all the
foundation of the city of Demetrias in Arachosia, principal towns in it, notwithstanding that the
mentioned by Isidore of Charax (p. 8, ed. Hudson; freedom of the Greek cities had been expressly
see Lassen, p. 232). The chronology of his reign, guaranteed by the treaty of 311. He first directed
like that of all the Bactrian kings, is extremely un- his course to Athens, where he was received with
certain : his accession is placed by M. R. Rochette enthusiasm by the people as their liberator. De-
in B. c. 190 (Journ. des Sarans, Oct. 1835, p. 594), metrius the Phalerean, who had in fact governed
hy Lassen in 185 ( Gesch. der Bactr. Könige, p. 282), the city for Cassander during the last ten
and it seems probable that he reigned about 20 or years, was expelled, and the fort at Munvchia
25 years. (Wilson's Ariana, p. 231. ) [E. H. B. ] taken. Megara was also reduced, and its liberty
DEME'TRIUS (Anuntpios) I. , king of MACE- proclaimed ; after which Demetrius took up his
DONIA, sumamed POLIORCETES (Dolopants), abode for the winter at Athens, where he was re-
or the Besieger, was the son of Antigonus, king of ceived with the most extravagant flatteries : divine
Asia, and Stratonice, the daughter of Corrhaeus. honours being paid him under the title of "the
He was distinguished when a young man for his Preserver” (o Swtúp), and his name being ranked
affectionate attachment to his parents, and he and with those of Dionysus and Demeter among the
Antigonus continued, throughout the life of the tutelary deities of Athens. (Plut. Demetr. 8–13;
Jaiter, to present a rare example of unanimity. Diod. xx. 45, 46. ) It was at this time also that
While yet very young, he was married to Phila, he married Eurydice, the widow of Ophellus of Cy-
the daughter of Antipater and widow of Craterus, rene, but an Athenian by birth, and a descendant
a woman of the noblest character, but considerably of the great Miltiades. (Plut. Demetr. 14. )
older than himself, in consequence of which it was From Athens Demetrius was recalled by his
not without difficulty that he was persuaded by father to take the command of the war in Cyprus
Antigonus to consent to the match. (Plut. Demetr. against Ptolemy. He invaded that island with a
14. ) He accompanied his father in his campaigns powerful fieet and army, defeated Ptolemy's bro-
against Eumenes, and commanded the select body ther, Menelaus, who held possession of the island,
of cavalry called étaipou at the battle in Gabiene and shut him up in Salamis, which he besieged
(B. C. 317), at which time he was about twenty closely both by sea and land. Ptolemy himself
years old. (Diod. xix. 29. ) The following year advanced with a numerous fleet to the relief of his
he commanded the whole right wing of the army brother; but Demetrius was prepared for his ap-
of Antigonus in the second battle of Gabiene (Id. proach, and a great sea-fight ensued, in which,
xix. 40); and it must be mentioned to his credit, after an obstinate contest, Demetrius was entirely
that after the capture of Eumenes, he interceded victorious : Ptolemy lost 120 ships of war, besides
earnestly with his father to spare his life. (Plut. transports; and his naval power, which had hi-
Eum. 18. ) Two years afterwards, he was left by therto been regarded as invincible, was utterly
Antigonus in the chief command of Syria, while annihilated. (B. c. 300. ) Menelaus immediately
the latter proceeded to carry on the war in Asia afterwards surrendered his army and the whole of
Minor. In the spring of B. c. 312. Ptolemy in Cyprus into the hands of Demetrius. It was after
vaded Syria with a large army; and Demetrius, this victory that Antigonus for the first time as-
contrary to the advice of the more experienced sumed the title of king, which he bestowed also at
generals whom his father had left with him as a the same time upon his son,-an example quickly
council of war, hastened to give him battle at followed by their rival monarchs. (Diod. xx. 47–
Gaza, but was totally defeated and lost the greater 53; Plut. Demetr. 15—18; Polyaen. iv. 7. $ 7;
part of his army. This reverse compelled him to Justin, xv. 2. )
abandon Tyre and the whole of Syria, which fell Demetrius now for a time gave himself up to
into the hands of Ptolemy, and Demetrius retired luxury and revelry in Cyprus. Among other pri-
into Cilicia, but soon after in part retrieved his soners that had fallen into his hands in the late
disaster, by surprising Cilles (who had been sent victory was the noted courtezan, Lamia, who,
against him by Ptolemy) on his march near Myus, though no longer in the prime of her youth, soon
and taking him and his whole army prisoners. obtained the greatest influence over the young
(Diod. xix. 80–85, 93; Plut. Demetr. 5, 6. ) king. (Plut. Demetr. 16, 19, 27; Athen. iv. p. 128,
He was now joined by Antigonus, and Ptolemy xiii. p. 577. ) From these enjoyments he was,
immediately gave way before them. Demetrius however, soón compelled to rouse himself
, in order
was next employed by his father in an expedition to take part with Antigonus in his expedition
against the Nabathaean Arabs, and in a more im- against Egypt: but the feet which he commanded
portant one to recover Babylon, which had been suffered severely from storms, and, after meeting
## p. 963 (#983) ############################################
DEMETRIUS.
DEMETRIUS.
903
with many disasters, both father and son were Pherac. This inactivity came at a critical time :
compelled to retreat. (Diod. xx. 73–76; Plut. Cassander had already concluded a league with
Demetr. 19. ) In the following year (B. C. 305) Lysimachus, who invaded Asin, while Seleucus
Demetrius determined to punish the Rhodians for advanced from the East to co-operate with him.
having refused to support his father and himself Antigonus was obliged to summon Demetrius to
against Ptolemy, and proceeded to besiege their his support, who concluded a hasty treaty with
city both by sea and land. The siege which fol. Cassander, and crossed over into Asia. The fol-
lowed is rendered one of the most memorable in lowing year their combined forces were totally
ancient history, both by the vigorous and able re- defeated by those of Lysimachus and Seleucus in
sistance of the besieged, and by the extraordinary the great battle of Ipsus, and Antigonus himself
efforts made by Demetrius, who displayed on this slain, B. C. 301. (Diod. xx. 106-113; Plut. De-
occasion in their full extent that fertility of re- metr. 28, 29. ) Demetrius, to whose impetuosity
source and ingenuity in devising new methods of the loss of the battle would seem to be in great
attack, which earned for him the surname of Po- measure owing, fled to Ephesus, and from thence
liorcetes. The gigantic machines with which he set sail for Athens : but the Athenians, on whose
assailed the walls, the largest of which was called devotion he had confidently reckoned, declined to re-
the Helepolis or city-taker, were objects of admira- ceive him into their city, though they gave liim up
tion in succeeding ages. But all his exertions his fleet, with which he withdrew to the Isthmus.
were unavailing, and after the siege had lasted llis fortunes were still by no means hopeless : he
above a year, he was at length induced to conclude was at the head of a powerful fieet, and still mas-
a treaty, by which the Rhodians engaged to sup- ter of Cyprus, as well as of Tyre and Sidon; but
port Antigonus and Demetrius in all cases, except the jealousies of his eneniies soon changed the face
against Ptolemy, B. C. 304. (Diod. xx. 81–88, of his affairs; and Ptolemy having entered into a
91-100; Plut. Demetr. 21, 22. )
closer union with Lysimachus, Seleucus was in-
This treaty was brought about by the interven- duced to ask the hand of Stratonice, daughter of
tion of envoys from Athens; and thither Deme Demetrius by his first wife, Phila. By this al-
trius immediately hastened, to relieve the Athe- liance Demetrius obtained the possession of Cilicia,
nians, who were at this time hard pressed by Cas- which he was allowed to wrest from the hands of
sander.
