I
reckoned
the
twelve Nations, who participated of the Rights of the Temple,
Thef-
?
twelve Nations, who participated of the Rights of the Temple,
Thef-
?
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
Stephans and unhappily confine the Spirit and Li-
underftands it in a Manner very different bcrty of Oratory and Orators by the meer
irom that of Wolfius and his Editors. Mechanifm of grammatical Rules. How-
He gives kis Opinion upon it with a Mo- ever, when Scaliger propoics rif^vcvToe.
defly beStting his great Learning, qui- ra 7 o'ttia applied to i/. )t. -~j/7-a he feems to
bus verbis puio earn rnnuere, and the pre- point to the true Reading and Conflruc-
fent Tranf. ation follows his Opinion, as tion.
well as his Reading, TE/zvoyraf ra ro'^wts! , (23) It fhould fiem by this Cufiom,
which makes a confiderable Alteration that the Tudcres imagined themlelves ab-
in the Senfe. Yet flill the ExprefTions folved from any Enour in acquitting the
'Eocvrov o(,vuTTXri(r(xt (pom ^lytdia rjirn Perfon, p;ofccuted for Murder, if Le
<<t/x:>> are unexplained, and the Reafbn- fwore to the Juftice of their Sentence,
ing ii inconclufive and obfcuie. Some
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? 192 O R A T I O N O F
him of his Property, or degrades him from the Privileges of a
Citizen, after the Lofs of which fome have put themfelves to
Death, and others have retired from the Affairs of the PubUc. (24)
Will you not then, Athenians, grant me your Forgivenefs, if
I fhould call him a polluted Wretch, impure in his Perfon, and
proftituted in his Eloquence ? I {hall then deraonftrate, that
the Remainder of his Charge, with regard to Cherfobleptes, is
evidently falfe. For it is the happieft Circumftance, and in my
Opinion, of utmoft Importance to them, who are accufed, that
the Remembrance of particular ConjunAures, with the Decrees
formed upon them, and the Names of the Perfons, who pro-
pofed thofe Decrees, are for ever preferved in your public
Records.
But Demofthenes hath afferted, that Cherfobleptes was ru-
ined, becaufe, although he himfelf had earneftly advifed our
going into Thrace, when that Monarch was befieged, and en-
tering our Proteft againft the Conduct of Philip, yet, being of
principal Authority in the Embafly, and particularly dif^inguifh-
ed by your Favour, I had abfolutely refufed, and with the
other AmbafTadors fat down indolently in Oreum, receiving
Entertainments of Hofpitality. Now hear the Letter Chares
fent to the People, the twenty-fifth of February, when Cher-
fobleptes had already loft his Kingdom, and Philip had made
himfelf
(? 4) ^>>j/iO(r/a ? T6X? UT>>;(rai/, tranflated yvua-Bivre;. However, he very honeftly
by Wolfius, puMice periermit, and con- acknowledges, that the Paflage is obfcuie.
firmed in his Notes by ^xveins KaTo,-
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? -ffi S C H I N E S. 193
himfelf Mafter of the facred Mountain. Demofthenes, one of
our Colleagues, was Prefident of the AfTembly on the twenty-
fourth of the fame Month.
The Letter.
Yet we did not only ftay here the remaining Days of this
Month, but did not fet out upon our Journey 'till March. In
Evidence of this Fadt, I can produce the Senate itfelf; for its
Decree, which orders the AmbafTadors to leave Athens and to
receive Philip's Oath, is ftill extant. Read me that Decree,
and afterwards at what Time it was propofed.
The Decree. The Time.
? You hear it was propofed the third of March. How many
Days therefore had Cherfobleptes loft his Kingdom before I
left Athens ? Your General Chares and his Letters declare the
Month before, if February be indeed the Month before March.
Could I then have prefervcd Cherfobleptes, who before my
Departure from home was totally undone? Can you imagine
that this Man ever told you a Syllable of Truth with regard
either to Macedonia or ThcfTaly, who thus utters his Lies againft
the Senate, and your public Records; agaiaft the Evidence of
Time and the Meetings of your Affemblics? Did you then,
Demofthenes, at Athens exckide Cherfobleptes from our Ca-
pitulation with Philip when you were Prefident of the AfTembly,
and did you at Oreum lament and pity him? Do you now
Vol. IL C c accufe
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? 194 ORATION OF
accufe me of Corruption, you, who fuffered a Fine to be in-
flidled upon you by the Areopagus for not profecuting the Ac-
tion of Battery you had laid againft your Coufin-German,
although you had yourfeU broken your own Head? And do
you now prefume to talk to us with an Air of Importance, as if
we did not know you to be the Baftard Son of Demofthenes
tlie Sword-Cutler?
But you have attempted to prove, that befides abjuring the Em-
baffy to the Amphidyons I afted in Violation of my Charadler
as an Ambaflador. (25) To this Purpofe you have recited one
Decree, and pafled over another. But when I was appointed
Ambaflador to the Amphiftyons, although I was then in a very
languid State of Health, yet with much Chearfulnefs I made
you my Report of the Embafly, from which I had returned,
nor did I abjure the other, but promifed to undertake it, if I
were able. When my Colleagues were departing, I fent my
Brother with my Nephew, and my Phyfician, to the Senate,
3iot to abjure the Office in my Name (for the Laws do not allow
us to abjure in the Senate an Employment conferred upon us by
the People) but to declare my ill State of Health. Yet when
my Colleagues heard the Misfortunes, that had befallen the
Phocasans, and were returned, an Aflembly was fummoncd, at
which I was prefent, now perfedly recovered from my Diforder,
and the People infifting, that we fliould all engage in this third
1 Embafl]',
C25} Demofthenes Oration, Page 56.
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? i? : S C H I N E S. 195
Embafly, who had been chofen at firft, I efteemed it my Duty
not to prevaricate with the Athenian People. You did not
afterwards accufe me with regard to this Embafly, when I
made my Report, but you now attack me upon the fecond, ap-
pointed for demanding PhiHp's Oath, which I can clearly and
juftly defend. To you indeed it is moft convenient, as to all
Liars, to alter the Situation and Circumftances of Time, but
I fhall regularly purfue my Difcourfe, beginning with our De-
parture on our fecond Embafly. Firft then, among our ten
Ambafladors, to whom another was added by our Confederates,
not one would ever eat with this Demofthenes, when we de-
parted for our fecond Embafly; nor upon the Road, whcre-
ever it was poflible to avoid it, would they enter the fame Inn,
becaufe they perceived he had formed fome villainous Deflgns
againft them. But with regard to going into Thrace, there
was not the leaft Mention of it, for the Decree gave no Infljuc-
tions about it, and only ordered us to receive Philip's Oath,
with fome other particular Diredions. Nor indeed, if we had
gone, was it poflible to have rendered any Service to Cherfoblep-
tes, as his Aflairs were in fiich a Situation, as you have been
juft now informed; nor has Demofthenes told you one Syllable
of Truth, but invents thefe Falfehoods, and having nothing
real whereof to accufe me, he utters thefe monftrous Calumnies.
But two Men followed him carrying a couple of Blankets,
in one of which, as he informed us, was a Talent of Silver.
C c 2 From
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? 196 ORATIONOF
From thence his Colleagues recolle? ted fome of his ancient
Nicknames. While he was a Boy, he was called Battalus foy
his Debauchery and Infamy ', when he came to age, and had
taken out an Adion againft his Guardians, for ten Talents, he
was furnamed the Serpent: but having commenced Man, he
afTumed the common Title of all Villains, and was ftyled, the
Calumniator. Thus he travelled, as he then faid, and as he
lately afTured you, redeeming Prifoners, although he knew, that
Philip never had demanded a Ranfom during the War for any
Athenian Prifoners, and heard from all his Friends, that he
would give the reft their Freedom, whenever a Peace was con-
cluded. But while there were Numbers under this Misfortune,
he carried a Talent with him, a Ranfom only fufficient to re-
deem a fingle Prifoner, and even that fingle Prifoner not
extremely rich.
When we arrived in Macedonia, and had afiembled together,
and found Philip returned from Thrace, the Decree, upon
which we were empowered to a6t as Ambafladors, was read, and
we enumerated the Particulars we had in Command belides
tliofe that regarded the Requifition of Philip's Oath. But
while none of us mentioned the greater Concernments of our
Embafiy, but dwelt rather upon Matters of lefs Importance, I
pronounced an Oration, which it is now become neceilary to-
repeat. And here, Athenians, let me conjure you by the
Godsi that as you have heard me accufed according to the
good!
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 197
good Pleafure of my Adverfary, fo you will alfo hear me re-
gularly make my Defence, and grant me the fame Attention to
the remainder of this Difcourfe, as you have given to the begin-
ning. When our Ambafladors were aflembled, as I have
aleady faid, I fpoke to them in this Manner; " that they feemed
** to me greatly to mifunderftand the principal Command of
" the People; becaufe, if the Republic had fent her Minifters
" with Authority to treat of the Requifition of Philip's Oath,
" and any other particular Articles, and to mention the Affair
" of the Prifoners, I imagined every thing might be executed
'* with Eafe. But to confult with Judgement and Integrity
" upon the Sum of things, with regard either to you, or Philip,
** is the proper Office of wife and upright Ambafladors; I
** mean particularly the Expedition into Thermopylae, which
you behold is now in Agitation. But I will demon ftrate by
very powerful Arguments, that I do not unadvifedly form
" my Conjedlures upon this Affair. The Theban Ambaffadors
*' are already arived ; the Lacedemonians are coming, and we
*' bring with us a Decree of the Athenian People, in which is
** exprefsly written;" The Ambassadors are empowered to
ACT IN ALL other INSTANCES, IN THE BEST MaNNER THEY
ARE ABLE. " The Grecians in general look with Earneft-
" nefs towards the Event. If the Athenian People therefore
" had efteemed it befitting their Dignity to declare openly
*' to Philip, that he fhould reftrain the Infolence of the
"? Thebans, and reflore the Cities of Bocotia, they would
" have
(C
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? (C
(C
cc
198 ORATIONOF
" have certainly mentioned it in this Decree. However, in
" the uncertainty of the Event, they left the Explanation of
" this AfFair to their Ambafladors, who poflibly might be able
** to prevail upon Philip, and they determined to make the
*' Experiment in our Perfons. Yet it becomes whoever is
" ftudious of the public Welfare, not to invade the Province
** of others, whom the People might have fent inflead of us,
and to be cautious of giving OfFence to the Thebansj one
of whom, their General Epaminondas, unawed by the Dig-
nity of the Athenians, exprefsly declared in a Theban AC-
fembly, that the Arcade of the Athenian Citadel fhould be
** carried to Thebes, and placed before the Temple of
" Cadmus. "
While I was thus fpeaking, Demofthenes, as all our Col-
leagues know, cries out aloud, " In addition to our other
*' Misfortunes this iEfchlnes is an errant Boeotian. " Among
others thefe were fome of his ExpreiFions* " This Man is
" fond of wild and dangerous Projects; while I confefs my-
'' felf
(25) It was the political Intereft of argues againfl: himfelf. The feeming
Athens to reprefs the Power of Thebes, Prudence of not provoking the Thebans ;
and for that Purpofe to reflore the Cities the invidious Pvlanner of telling the Story
of Boeotia. ^fchines niuft therefore of Kpaminondas, fo apt to provoke the
very abfurdly charge Demofthenes with Indignation of his Audience ? , the Art of
favouring tlie Basotians, yet thus our making Demollhenes reproach him with
great Tranflator and his Commentators his Zeal for the Boeotians in the Boldnefs
underftand him. Ui^] tkV Bo<wt<<V (TTrt? - of his Projeds, the Timidity under which
Sd^ei S Ayjf^oG-Bivfig. Thus the Keafan- he reprelents his Adverfary, are totally
ing of both thefe fuppofed Speeches ^^f^*
becomes confufed, and our Orator
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? i5E S C H I N E S. 199
** felf of a more timorous Difpofition, and apprehenfive even
" of a diftant Danger. I difclaim the Defign of fettingthe Re-
*' public at variance with the Thebans, and imagine our
" Inftrudlions for adling in the beft Manner we are able, con-
" fift in not being impertinently bufy. Philip is now marching
*' to Thermopylas. I withdraw from all Concernment in this
" Affair. No Man fhall ever impeach me for Philip's Vii^o-
" ries, but only whether I fpoke, or aded in puniflual Obedi-
** ence to my Inftrudtions. " To conclude, our Colleagues
agreed, that as each of us fhould be feparately afked his Opinion,
he {hould deliver it, as he thought would be moft expedient for
the Commonwealth. To prove what I affert, fummon our
Colleagues, and read their Depofitions.
The Depositions.
When there was a general Congrefs of all the Ambafladors of
Greece aflembled at Pella; when Philip was prefent, and the
Herald had fummoned the Athenian Ambafladors, we advanced,
not as in our former Embafly, according to our Age (a Cuftom
once held in efteem, and reputed honourable to the Republic)
but according to the fhamelefs Affurance of Demoflhenes. For
although he profefled himfelfthe youngeftof us all, he declared
he would not yield the privilege of hrft addrefling Philip, or
fuffer any other, pointing to me, to take PofiefTion of his Atten-
tion, and leave the other AmbafTadors nothing to fay. He
began his Speech with accufing his Colleagues, that they did
not
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? 200 ORATIONOF
not all come with the fame Sentiments, or agree in their
Opinions, and then particularly mentioned the good OfEces he
had himfelf performed for Philip; firft, that he had fupported
the Decree of Philocrates, when he was indidled for propofing,
in Contradi6lion to the Laws already enadled, that Philip
might be permitted to fend Ambafladors to Athens to nego-
tiate a Peace. He repeated the Decree, that he himfelf had
written, in which he had ordered, that the Peace fhiould be
concluded with Philip's Herald and his Ambafladors; and that
fome certain Days fhould be appointed, upon which the People
fhould deliberate on the Conditions. He then infinuated, that
he had effedually flopped the mouths of thofe, who would
have oppofed the Peace, not by his Speeches only, but by thus
fixing the Time of the People's Deliberations. He afterwards
produced another Decree, direding the People to confult upon
entering into a League offenfive and defenflve with Philip; and
another, appointing a principal Seat for his Ambafl'adors, at the
Bacchanalian Games. He then added his Solicitude on their
Account; his placing the Cufliions for ihem at our Entertain-
ments, befides his Watchings, and his Wakings, occafioned by
thofe, who envied him, and woijd willingly do Diflionour to
his Reputation. The reft was fo perfcdly ridiculous, that his
Colleagues for Sliame covered their Faces; " he had entertained
to
** Philip's Ambafladors moft hofpitably; had hired for them,
*' when they departed, a Chariot with a couple of Mules, and
f ' accompanied them himfelf on horfe-back, not concealing jlu.
^' Dark-
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 2or
*' Darknefs, as certain others had done, but openly profcirmg
" his Zeal for his Service. " He then with earneftnefs corredled
his former Afiertions; " I did not fay, you are handfome, be-
'' caufe Woman is of all Creatures the handfomeft; I did not
" fay, you were a powerful Drinker, becaufe 1 thought drinking
^' was Praife for a Spunge; I did not fay, you had an extraor-
*' dinary Memory, becaufe I imagined it an Encomium for an
'* hireling Pleader. " Not to be tedious, fuch were in general
his Expreflions in the Prefence, I might almofl: affirm, of all
the Ambafladors of Greece, from whence there arofe no com-
mon Peals ot Laughter.
When he had ended, and Silence enfued, I was compelled
to fpeak after thefe ftrange Abfurdities, and the exceflive Bafe-
nefs of his Adulation. I was of neceflity obliged to make fome
Remarks upon his Calumny againft his Colleagues, and I faid,
" the Athenians had appointed us their Ambaffadors, not with
" an Intention of pleading for ourfelves in Macedonia, but that
" we might be thought worthy of the Republic, in the
" Opinion of our Fellow-Citizens. " I lightly mentioned the
Requifition of his Oath, which we were come to receive, and
ran over the other Articles you had given us in Command ; for
the copious and powerful Orator Demofthenes had totally for-
gotten every thing neceflary. I then fpoke of Philip's Expedi-
tion, the Temple of Delphos, and the Council of the Amphic-
tyons, but implored him efpecially to determine the Affair of
Vol. II. D d Delphos,
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? 202 ORATIONOF
DelphoSj not by Force of Arms, but by the Suffrages of all
Parties, and an equitable Decifion. If however fuch a Decifion
were impoffible (and this manifeftly appeared, for he had a large
Body of Troops affembled round him) I affured him, whoever
propofed to regulate the religious Rights of the Grecians ought
to have great Regard to Religion in general, and to pay much
Attention to thofe, who endeavoured to inftrud him in the
Ufages of particular Countries. At the fame Time I mentioned
as a neceffary Preliminary, the building the Temple at Delphos,
and as foon as poffible affembling the Amphictyons. I then
repeated the Oath, which was fworn by our Anceftors, *' I
" never will deftrdy a City within the Amphictyonic Confede-
" racy, nor drive its Inhabitants from the running Stream,
" either in War or Peace: if any one violates this Oath^ I
" will take up Arms againft him, and utterly deftroy his Cities
*? ' to the Ground: if any one facrilegiouHy plunders the Trea-
" fures of Apollo, or is privy to fuch Impiety, or fhall form
*' any Deiign againft whatever is contained in his Temple, I
" will with all my Faculties, Feet, Hands and Voice avenge
<< the God. " 1 then added, that there were ffrong Execrac-
tions to confirm this Oath.
I CONCLUDED with faying, that in my Opinion we fllould not
fuffer the Cities of Boeotia to continue in Ruins, fince they were
included in the Amphidyonic Confederacy.
I reckoned the
twelve Nations, who participated of the Rights of the Temple,
Thef-
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? iE S C H I N E S. 203
Theilalians, tlie Boeotians in general, not the Thcbans only,
the Dorians, lonians, Perrhaebians, Magnctcs, Locrians, Oetseans,
Phthian'^, Maleens, Phoczeans, (26) and I proved, that each of
thefe Nations had an equal Vote in the Council, the greateft and
the leaft; thus the Deputy from Dorium or Cytinium (27) had
a Suffrage as powerful as the Lacedgemonians, for each Nation
had two Votes : thus the Ionian Deputies from Erythrsa and
Priene were equal to the Athenian ; and all others in the fame
Manner. I declared my Opinion, that his Expedition was
indeed founded in Religion and Juftice, but when the Amphic-
tjons fliould have affembled in Apollo's Temple, and obtained a
Freedom of debating and voting, I imagined, that they, who
iirft attempted to feize upon the Temple at Delphos, fliould
be brought to their Trial; not their Countries, but the Perfons
themfelves, who either by their Adlions, or their Counfels,
were guilty of fuch Impiety; but that the Cities, which de-
livered up thefe Criminals to their Trial, fliould not be liable
to Punifhment. " But if you march with an Army againfl: the
Phocsans, you will fupport and confirm the Injuflice of the
Thcbans, yet when you have aflifled them, they never will
be grateful to you, for you never can confer fuch Benefits
upon them as the Athenians did formerly, and which they
X) d 2 "no
(26) Autliors differ in their Catalogues as Erythrsea, and Priene, were Cities
of thefe Nations, and ^Efchines, or his of Ionia, but lefs powerful than Athens.
Tranfcribers, have here omitted one of Their Deputies however had the fame
them. Power and Privileges in the Amphidy-
(27) Thefe weie Lacedasmonian Ci- onic Council,
ties, though lefs confiderable than Sparta,
((
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? 204 O R A T I O N O F-
" no longer remember. (28) Then you will treat with Injuftice
" the Phocaeansj whom you defer t, while the Thebans will
*' become more formidable Enemies, rather than Friends by
*' this Addition of Power. "
But that I may not tedioufly wafte your Time by repeating
exactly every thing faid upon the Occafion, I fhall conclude
with giving you a general and fummary Account. Fortune
and Philip were to difpofe of Fads, while I had only my Zeal
for your Service, and the Freedom of fpeaking. Whatever
I faid was juft in itfelf, and conducive to your Interefts. The
Event was determinsd not by our Wifhes, but by Philip's
Adlions. Whether then is it more reafonable, that he, who
never had even an Inclination to do you Service, fhould be
honoured with your good Opinion, or he, who never negle6le d
any pofTible Opportunity of fupporting your Interefts? Many
Inftances of Vv'hich I mufl however at prefent pafs over unmen-
tioned for want of Time,
But he charged me with afferthig a Falfehood, in alluring
you, that within a few Days the Thebans would become more
humble; that the Euboeans were extremely alarmed, while I
feduced you into fome idle Expedations. (29) Now learn, A-
thenians, the real State of this Affair. When I was with
Philip I made it my Requeft, and when I returned hither I
delivered
(28) In their Wars with the Lacedae- {2^) Demofthenes Oration, Page 13,
monians.
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? ^ s c Fr I isr E s. 205-
delivered it in my Report of our Emhafiy, as a Meafure I thought
mofl reafonable, that the Thebans fhould fubmit to the Au-
thority of Boeotia, not BcEotia be fubdued to the Power of the
Thebans. Yet what I declared as my Opinion only, Demoft-
henes afferts,. I abfolutely promifed. I then told you, Chleo-
chares the Eubasan, profeffed his Wonder at the fudden Recon-
ciliation between you and Philip, becaufe you had given it in.
Command to us in your Decree, '' to adl befidcs in the beft
" Manner we Vv'ere able;" for Citizens, like him, of incon-
fiderable Cities, are always alarmed at any fecret Articles in;
the Treaties of the more powerful. Nor does he fay I men-
tioned this occafionally in the Courfe of my Report, but afferts
that I pofitively promifed Philip would cede the iHand of Euboea. .
But I was of Opinion, that when the Republic confulted upon
the general Situation of her Affairs, flie fliould lifiien to every
Argument offered by the other States ol Greece. (30)
Among the Articles, into which he hath divided this Profe-
Gution, he hath calumnioufly affirmed, that when he propofed
to lay before you a faithful Account of your Affairs, lie was
hindered by me and Philocrates. But 1 would willingly afk,
whether an Athenian Ambaffador was ever liindered, efpecially
by his Colleagues, from making the Report of his Embafly to
the
(30) The Reafoning of this Para- to admit the general States of Greece to ?
graph regularly ends at the laft Sentence, the Athenian Councils, this Aflertion of
and this appears to be a Conchifion drawn his Opinion would appear with more Pro-
from fome other Arguments. IfDemoft- priety and Connexion,
henes had accufed our Onuor of reiufing
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? 2o6 ORATIONOF
the People ; or after having fufFered fuch an Indignity from thofe
Coilcafniesj did he ever propofe, that they fliould be received
with all pubHc Honours, and invited to an Entertainment in the
Pyrasum. But Demofthenes, when he returned from our fe-
cond Embally, by which he novv^ affirms the whole State of
Greece was overturned, not only applauded us in his Decree,
but when I reported to the People the Orations I had made
with regard to the Amphidyons and Bceotians, not in the fum-
iiiary and hafty Manner in which I have now repeated them,
but as accurately as pofiible in the very Words I fpoke; when
the Peoole received them with exceeding Approbation, he was
fummoned by me and the other Ambafladors and aflcedj, whether
I had truly reported vs^hat I had faid to Philip, and while all our
Colleagues gave their Teftimony in my Favour, and applauded
me, he rofe after all, and affured you, that I had not only
fpoken in Macedonia, as I had at prefent, but doubly better.
You, who are to give your Sufii-ages upon this Trial, are now
my Witnefles to the Truth of thefe Circumflances ; and yet
what fairer Opportunity could he poflibly have found of inftantly
cpnviding me, if I had ever betrayed the Republic . ?
Yet you declare you did perceive in our firft' Embafiy, that
Ihad entered into a Confpiracy againft the Commonwealth,
but you were fenfible of it in the fecond, in which you have
openly appeared an Advocate in my Defence. (31) But while
ia
(31) Dcmoflhenes Oiacion, Page p.
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? ^ S C H I N E a 207
in Fadl your Indi(51:ment is laid againft the firft Embafify, you
afTure us you do not accufe me for my Condiid: in that, but in
the other, appointed for the Requifition of Philip's Oath. If
however you condemn the Peace, yet you yourfelf propofed a
Confederacy with Philip offenfive and defenfive ; and if he de-
ceived the Republic, he told an Untruth to obtain that PeacCy
which was of Advantage to liis Affairs. (32) Such were the
Circumftances of the firfl: Embafly ; the fccond was appointed
upon Conditions already fixed and concluded. Where then
were thefe traiterous Defigns? You may compute, by what
he hath faid, that they exifted in tlie Imagination of this Im-
poftor^
He fays I pafled over the River Loidia in a Canoe by Night
to Philip, (33) and wrote for him the Letter he fent hither.
Thus it feems, Leofthenes, who was banifiied from hence by
thefe Calumniators, was utterly incapable of writing this Epiftle,
though fome People do not hefitate to pronounce, that, next
to Calliftratus, he is of all Mankind moii eloquent. Neither,
was Philip himfelf capable of writing it, to whom Demollhenes
was unable to reply in your Defence ; nor Py tho, who aflumes.
to himfelf the Glory of being a Writer, but the Aff^iir, fo it
appears, required my AfTiftance. But though you afiert, that
I fre-
(32) The TranQator thinks it his Du- he can afifiire his Englifh Reader, it is an.
ty to confefs he does not underftand the exaft Tranflation.
Meaning of this lalt Sentence. However (33) This does not appear in Dcmoft-
henes his Cration. Wolfius^
8
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? 2o8 ORATIONOF
I frequently converfcd with Philip alone in the Day-time, yet yoy
accufe me of pafling over the River to him by Night, fo abfolutely
did the Afi-iiir require a no6turnal Epiftle. But Aglaocieon and
latrocles, with whom I ilept every Night during tlie whole
Time, are come hither to giv^e Evidence, that every thing you
liave alTerted is falfe ; and they arc confcious, that I never was
abfent from them any one Night, or even Part of a Night.
Befides, I bring my domcfi:ic Slaves ; I deliver tbem to the
Torture, and if my Profecutor confents, I will here finiih my
Difcourfe. Let the Executioner appear, and, if you command,
torture them before you. The remainder of the Day is fuffici-
ent for the Purpofe, fince I am allotted eleven Hours for my
Defence, (34. ) and if when they are put to the Queition, they
fay I ever flept one Night from my Companions, do not, A-
thenians, fhew Mercy to me, but rife from the Judgement
Seat, and let me be capitally condemmed. But if you, De-
mofthenes, are convicled of Falfehood, let this be your Puniih-
ment, to acknowledge in the Prefence of this Allembly, that you
are but an half-born Athenian, and not a genuine Citizen. (35)
Summon hither my Domeftics on the Tribunal, and read the
Depolitions of our Colleagues.
The
(34) The Trann-ation eleven Hours is Bi^og mun: then fignify unnatural, ml of
not perfedly exact. The Original fays Nature's free and genuine Produ^liotis.
eleven Ikur-glajfes. But ^fchines more probably alkides to
(35) 'OfjicXoyriiTov Kv^ooyui'og eivai, the civil Birth ol-' Demoilhenes, and his
XXI fji. ri eXsuBs^o;. Confitere te femivi- being dcfcended from an Athenian Fa-
rum elTe, & non ingenuum. WoLFius. ther and a Scythian Mother. 'EXeuBs^og
Yet if dv^poywog fignifics a Creature of will then preferve its common Signifi-
a mixed and monftrous Birth, ^ttij gXeJ- cation.
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? iB S C H I N E S. 209
The Depositions. The Appeal.
Since therefore he refufes this Appeal, and fays, that no
Credit is to be given to the Tortures of Slaves, take me the
Letter which PhiHp fent, and which I was kept fleeplefs to
write, for manifeR it is, that with exceeding Subtlety it hath
impofcd upon the Republic, and in Matters of weighty Con-
cernment.
The Letter.
You have' heard, Athenians, Philip fays, " I have adminiftered
" the Oaths to your Ambaffadors, and have written down the
" Names of my Confederates, who were prefent, themfelves
" and their Cities. " He then promifes to fend you the Names
of thofe, who were abfent. Is it impoflible to conceive, that
Philip could have written in this Manner by Day-light even
without my Affiftance? But, by the Gods, Dcmofthenes, in
my Judgement, only computes how he may gain the Reputa-
tion of Eloquence, and whether he fhall afterwards appear of
all our Grecians moft worthlefs, about this he is very little
anxious.
But what Credit can be ? iven to the Man, who ventures to
aflert, that Philip penetrated into Thermopylae, not by his own
military Condu6t, but by my Orations to an Athenian Aflembly ?
Then he hath entered into a Detail of the Days, in which I
made my Report of our Embafly; in which the Couriers of the
Vol, J I. E e Phoctean
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? 2IO ORATION OF
Phooean Tyrant, Phalcecus, carried from hence the News o. f
your Determinations, and in which the Phocaeans, in their
Rehance on me, received Phihp into Thermopylae, and deHver-
ed to him their Cities. (36J Thefe Circumftances my Accufer
hath invented j but the Phocseans were ruined, ? r{\, by the
Power of Fortune, that abfolute Miftrefs of all Mankind ; fe-
condly, by the Length of Time, and a ten Years War, for the
fame Circumftance, that raifed the Phocsan Tyrants, deftroyed
tliem. They laid the Foundation of their Power by daring to
invade the facred Treafures, and by their mercenary Troops
they changed the Form of Government in different States, but
were ruined by their Want of Money, which they had expended
in paying their Armies. Thirdly, a Mutiny, the ufual Atten-
dant of an ill-paid Soldiery, broke their Authority, and laftly,
the Ignorance of Phalascus with regard to Futurity. For the
united Forces of the Theffalians and Philip were in Sight, nor
was it long before the Peace you had concluded with Philip
that Ambaffadors arrived from the Phoccsans, demanding Suc-
cours and promiiing to deliver into your Hands the Fortrefles,
that commanded the Pafs of Thermopylae- Yet when you had
decreed, that they fliould deliver thefe Places to Proxenus, your
General; that fifty Gillies fhould be fitted out, and that all
our Citizens, under thirty Years of Age, (hould immediately
take the Field, inftead of delivering thofe Fortrefies to Proxenus,
the Tyrants threw the Ambaffadors, who made the Promife,
into
{^6) Demofthenes, Page 28,;.
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? . iE S C H I N E S. 211
into Piifon, and of all the Grecians the Phoca^ans alone refufcd
to receive the Pricfts, who carried the myftic Sacrifices for Cele-
bration of the Eleiifinian Feftival. When Archidamus, the
Lacedaemonian, afterwards offered to receive and defend thofe
Fortreflcs, they would not confent, but anfwcred him, that
Sparta fhould be apprehenfive, not for them, but for her own
Safety. (37) You had not then abfolutely agreed with Philip,
but the very Day you deliberated upon the Articles of Peace,
you received Letters from Proxenus informing you, that the
Phocfeans had not delivered thofe Fortreffes to him, and that
they alone of all the Grecians refufed to admit the holy Myfle-
ries for the Celebration of the Eleufinian Sacrifices, and had
thrown into Prifon the Ambafladors, who had come hither to
propofe a Ceffion of thole Fortreffes. In Proof of thefe Truths,
call me the Perfons employed in carrying the facred Myfteries,
and the Ambaffadors, whom Proxenus fent to the Phocaeans.
Then hear his Letters.
The Letters.
You hear, Athenians, the particular Dates of thefe Tranf-
adions verified by your public Records. You hear the Wit-
neffes, who have given Evidence, that before I was appointed
Ambaffador, Phal^ecus, the Phocaan Tyrant, was diffident
both of us and the Lacedaemonians, and placed his entire Con-
E e 2 fidence
(37) A French Writer tranflates thefe coiirs. , que de hur mauvaJJe Fortune.
Words, which Wol fins fays are equivo- Olivier. Life of Philip.
cal, qu'ih fe dejioioit encore plus de Jon fe-
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? 212 ORATION OF
fidence in Pliillp. But was he alone ignorant with regard to
the Event ? How were you yourfelves affeded in your Ailem-
bUes ? Did you not all exped;, that Philip, having obferved
their Infolence, would reprefs the Authority of the Thebans,
and not enlarge the Power of that perfidious People ? Did not
the Lacedaemonians join with us in an Embaffy againft the The-
bans, and at laft openly affront and threaten their Ambaffadors
in Macedonia? Were they not extremely doubtful in what
Manner they fliould ad ? Were not their Ambaffadors greatly
alarmed ? Did not the Thellalians ridicule us all, and boaft,
that the Expedition was undertaken for their Sake ? Did not
the Intimates of Phalscus declare, (3 8} that Philip would or-
der the Cities of Boeotia to be reinhabited ? Did not the The-
bans, in a Diffidence of their Situation take the Field with all
their Forces ? Did not Philip, when he perceived it, fend
Letters engaging you to march with all your Troops to fuccour
whoever had the jufteft Caufe ? Did not thefe Warriors, who
now call the Peace diflionourable and cowardly, hinder you
from marching, by declaring they were apprehenfive, that Phi-
lip, after having concluded a folemn Peace and Alliance with
you, would feize upon your Soldiers, as Hoftages ?
Whether
(38) The Tranflator hath here infcrted Hopes and Fears of the different States of
the Name of Phalasciis inftead of Pin- Greece upon Philip's EXj;edition, feems
lip, which appears in all Editions. Our to require, that Phalarcus and liis Party
Orator can hardly be fu[ipofc:d to fiy, the (liould expreis their Sentiments upon it.
Intimates of I-'hilip declared, that Philip Doftor Markland has corrected the fime
iceidd order i^c. Hefidcs, the general Millake in the next Paragraph.
' enfe of the Palllige, which defcribes the
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? iE S C H I N E S. 21 :
Whether then have I forbidden the People to imitate their
Anceftors, or you, and they, who confpired with you agalnft
the pubhc Welfare ? Would not an Expedition have been tlien
more eafy, and more honourable to the Athenians, when the
Madnefs of the Phocseans raged in its higheft Vigour- when
they maintained the War alone againft Philip; when they were
In PoilelTion of thefe FortrefTes, which commanded the Streights
of Thermopylae, and which Phal^cus had not )'ct delivered to
the Macedonians; when they refufed the Treaties, by which
we fhould have been engaged to fuccour them, (39) nor would
receive the facred Eleufinian Myfteries ; when we were guarded
from the Incurlions of the Thebans ; (40} when Philip himfelf,
with whom we had entered into a Confederacy ratified by our
mutual Oaths, invited us to march ; and when the ThelTalians
and the other Amphiclyonswere in Arms ?
underftands it in a Manner very different bcrty of Oratory and Orators by the meer
irom that of Wolfius and his Editors. Mechanifm of grammatical Rules. How-
He gives kis Opinion upon it with a Mo- ever, when Scaliger propoics rif^vcvToe.
defly beStting his great Learning, qui- ra 7 o'ttia applied to i/. )t. -~j/7-a he feems to
bus verbis puio earn rnnuere, and the pre- point to the true Reading and Conflruc-
fent Tranf. ation follows his Opinion, as tion.
well as his Reading, TE/zvoyraf ra ro'^wts! , (23) It fhould fiem by this Cufiom,
which makes a confiderable Alteration that the Tudcres imagined themlelves ab-
in the Senfe. Yet flill the ExprefTions folved from any Enour in acquitting the
'Eocvrov o(,vuTTXri(r(xt (pom ^lytdia rjirn Perfon, p;ofccuted for Murder, if Le
<<t/x:>> are unexplained, and the Reafbn- fwore to the Juftice of their Sentence,
ing ii inconclufive and obfcuie. Some
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? 192 O R A T I O N O F
him of his Property, or degrades him from the Privileges of a
Citizen, after the Lofs of which fome have put themfelves to
Death, and others have retired from the Affairs of the PubUc. (24)
Will you not then, Athenians, grant me your Forgivenefs, if
I fhould call him a polluted Wretch, impure in his Perfon, and
proftituted in his Eloquence ? I {hall then deraonftrate, that
the Remainder of his Charge, with regard to Cherfobleptes, is
evidently falfe. For it is the happieft Circumftance, and in my
Opinion, of utmoft Importance to them, who are accufed, that
the Remembrance of particular ConjunAures, with the Decrees
formed upon them, and the Names of the Perfons, who pro-
pofed thofe Decrees, are for ever preferved in your public
Records.
But Demofthenes hath afferted, that Cherfobleptes was ru-
ined, becaufe, although he himfelf had earneftly advifed our
going into Thrace, when that Monarch was befieged, and en-
tering our Proteft againft the Conduct of Philip, yet, being of
principal Authority in the Embafly, and particularly dif^inguifh-
ed by your Favour, I had abfolutely refufed, and with the
other AmbafTadors fat down indolently in Oreum, receiving
Entertainments of Hofpitality. Now hear the Letter Chares
fent to the People, the twenty-fifth of February, when Cher-
fobleptes had already loft his Kingdom, and Philip had made
himfelf
(? 4) ^>>j/iO(r/a ? T6X? UT>>;(rai/, tranflated yvua-Bivre;. However, he very honeftly
by Wolfius, puMice periermit, and con- acknowledges, that the Paflage is obfcuie.
firmed in his Notes by ^xveins KaTo,-
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? -ffi S C H I N E S. 193
himfelf Mafter of the facred Mountain. Demofthenes, one of
our Colleagues, was Prefident of the AfTembly on the twenty-
fourth of the fame Month.
The Letter.
Yet we did not only ftay here the remaining Days of this
Month, but did not fet out upon our Journey 'till March. In
Evidence of this Fadt, I can produce the Senate itfelf; for its
Decree, which orders the AmbafTadors to leave Athens and to
receive Philip's Oath, is ftill extant. Read me that Decree,
and afterwards at what Time it was propofed.
The Decree. The Time.
? You hear it was propofed the third of March. How many
Days therefore had Cherfobleptes loft his Kingdom before I
left Athens ? Your General Chares and his Letters declare the
Month before, if February be indeed the Month before March.
Could I then have prefervcd Cherfobleptes, who before my
Departure from home was totally undone? Can you imagine
that this Man ever told you a Syllable of Truth with regard
either to Macedonia or ThcfTaly, who thus utters his Lies againft
the Senate, and your public Records; agaiaft the Evidence of
Time and the Meetings of your Affemblics? Did you then,
Demofthenes, at Athens exckide Cherfobleptes from our Ca-
pitulation with Philip when you were Prefident of the AfTembly,
and did you at Oreum lament and pity him? Do you now
Vol. IL C c accufe
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? 194 ORATION OF
accufe me of Corruption, you, who fuffered a Fine to be in-
flidled upon you by the Areopagus for not profecuting the Ac-
tion of Battery you had laid againft your Coufin-German,
although you had yourfeU broken your own Head? And do
you now prefume to talk to us with an Air of Importance, as if
we did not know you to be the Baftard Son of Demofthenes
tlie Sword-Cutler?
But you have attempted to prove, that befides abjuring the Em-
baffy to the Amphidyons I afted in Violation of my Charadler
as an Ambaflador. (25) To this Purpofe you have recited one
Decree, and pafled over another. But when I was appointed
Ambaflador to the Amphiftyons, although I was then in a very
languid State of Health, yet with much Chearfulnefs I made
you my Report of the Embafly, from which I had returned,
nor did I abjure the other, but promifed to undertake it, if I
were able. When my Colleagues were departing, I fent my
Brother with my Nephew, and my Phyfician, to the Senate,
3iot to abjure the Office in my Name (for the Laws do not allow
us to abjure in the Senate an Employment conferred upon us by
the People) but to declare my ill State of Health. Yet when
my Colleagues heard the Misfortunes, that had befallen the
Phocasans, and were returned, an Aflembly was fummoncd, at
which I was prefent, now perfedly recovered from my Diforder,
and the People infifting, that we fliould all engage in this third
1 Embafl]',
C25} Demofthenes Oration, Page 56.
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? i? : S C H I N E S. 195
Embafly, who had been chofen at firft, I efteemed it my Duty
not to prevaricate with the Athenian People. You did not
afterwards accufe me with regard to this Embafly, when I
made my Report, but you now attack me upon the fecond, ap-
pointed for demanding PhiHp's Oath, which I can clearly and
juftly defend. To you indeed it is moft convenient, as to all
Liars, to alter the Situation and Circumftances of Time, but
I fhall regularly purfue my Difcourfe, beginning with our De-
parture on our fecond Embafly. Firft then, among our ten
Ambafladors, to whom another was added by our Confederates,
not one would ever eat with this Demofthenes, when we de-
parted for our fecond Embafly; nor upon the Road, whcre-
ever it was poflible to avoid it, would they enter the fame Inn,
becaufe they perceived he had formed fome villainous Deflgns
againft them. But with regard to going into Thrace, there
was not the leaft Mention of it, for the Decree gave no Infljuc-
tions about it, and only ordered us to receive Philip's Oath,
with fome other particular Diredions. Nor indeed, if we had
gone, was it poflible to have rendered any Service to Cherfoblep-
tes, as his Aflairs were in fiich a Situation, as you have been
juft now informed; nor has Demofthenes told you one Syllable
of Truth, but invents thefe Falfehoods, and having nothing
real whereof to accufe me, he utters thefe monftrous Calumnies.
But two Men followed him carrying a couple of Blankets,
in one of which, as he informed us, was a Talent of Silver.
C c 2 From
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? 196 ORATIONOF
From thence his Colleagues recolle? ted fome of his ancient
Nicknames. While he was a Boy, he was called Battalus foy
his Debauchery and Infamy ', when he came to age, and had
taken out an Adion againft his Guardians, for ten Talents, he
was furnamed the Serpent: but having commenced Man, he
afTumed the common Title of all Villains, and was ftyled, the
Calumniator. Thus he travelled, as he then faid, and as he
lately afTured you, redeeming Prifoners, although he knew, that
Philip never had demanded a Ranfom during the War for any
Athenian Prifoners, and heard from all his Friends, that he
would give the reft their Freedom, whenever a Peace was con-
cluded. But while there were Numbers under this Misfortune,
he carried a Talent with him, a Ranfom only fufficient to re-
deem a fingle Prifoner, and even that fingle Prifoner not
extremely rich.
When we arrived in Macedonia, and had afiembled together,
and found Philip returned from Thrace, the Decree, upon
which we were empowered to a6t as Ambafladors, was read, and
we enumerated the Particulars we had in Command belides
tliofe that regarded the Requifition of Philip's Oath. But
while none of us mentioned the greater Concernments of our
Embafiy, but dwelt rather upon Matters of lefs Importance, I
pronounced an Oration, which it is now become neceilary to-
repeat. And here, Athenians, let me conjure you by the
Godsi that as you have heard me accufed according to the
good!
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 197
good Pleafure of my Adverfary, fo you will alfo hear me re-
gularly make my Defence, and grant me the fame Attention to
the remainder of this Difcourfe, as you have given to the begin-
ning. When our Ambafladors were aflembled, as I have
aleady faid, I fpoke to them in this Manner; " that they feemed
** to me greatly to mifunderftand the principal Command of
" the People; becaufe, if the Republic had fent her Minifters
" with Authority to treat of the Requifition of Philip's Oath,
" and any other particular Articles, and to mention the Affair
" of the Prifoners, I imagined every thing might be executed
'* with Eafe. But to confult with Judgement and Integrity
" upon the Sum of things, with regard either to you, or Philip,
** is the proper Office of wife and upright Ambafladors; I
** mean particularly the Expedition into Thermopylae, which
you behold is now in Agitation. But I will demon ftrate by
very powerful Arguments, that I do not unadvifedly form
" my Conjedlures upon this Affair. The Theban Ambaffadors
*' are already arived ; the Lacedemonians are coming, and we
*' bring with us a Decree of the Athenian People, in which is
** exprefsly written;" The Ambassadors are empowered to
ACT IN ALL other INSTANCES, IN THE BEST MaNNER THEY
ARE ABLE. " The Grecians in general look with Earneft-
" nefs towards the Event. If the Athenian People therefore
" had efteemed it befitting their Dignity to declare openly
*' to Philip, that he fhould reftrain the Infolence of the
"? Thebans, and reflore the Cities of Bocotia, they would
" have
(C
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? (C
(C
cc
198 ORATIONOF
" have certainly mentioned it in this Decree. However, in
" the uncertainty of the Event, they left the Explanation of
" this AfFair to their Ambafladors, who poflibly might be able
** to prevail upon Philip, and they determined to make the
*' Experiment in our Perfons. Yet it becomes whoever is
" ftudious of the public Welfare, not to invade the Province
** of others, whom the People might have fent inflead of us,
and to be cautious of giving OfFence to the Thebansj one
of whom, their General Epaminondas, unawed by the Dig-
nity of the Athenians, exprefsly declared in a Theban AC-
fembly, that the Arcade of the Athenian Citadel fhould be
** carried to Thebes, and placed before the Temple of
" Cadmus. "
While I was thus fpeaking, Demofthenes, as all our Col-
leagues know, cries out aloud, " In addition to our other
*' Misfortunes this iEfchlnes is an errant Boeotian. " Among
others thefe were fome of his ExpreiFions* " This Man is
" fond of wild and dangerous Projects; while I confefs my-
'' felf
(25) It was the political Intereft of argues againfl: himfelf. The feeming
Athens to reprefs the Power of Thebes, Prudence of not provoking the Thebans ;
and for that Purpofe to reflore the Cities the invidious Pvlanner of telling the Story
of Boeotia. ^fchines niuft therefore of Kpaminondas, fo apt to provoke the
very abfurdly charge Demofthenes with Indignation of his Audience ? , the Art of
favouring tlie Basotians, yet thus our making Demollhenes reproach him with
great Tranflator and his Commentators his Zeal for the Boeotians in the Boldnefs
underftand him. Ui^] tkV Bo<wt<<V (TTrt? - of his Projeds, the Timidity under which
Sd^ei S Ayjf^oG-Bivfig. Thus the Keafan- he reprelents his Adverfary, are totally
ing of both thefe fuppofed Speeches ^^f^*
becomes confufed, and our Orator
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? i5E S C H I N E S. 199
** felf of a more timorous Difpofition, and apprehenfive even
" of a diftant Danger. I difclaim the Defign of fettingthe Re-
*' public at variance with the Thebans, and imagine our
" Inftrudlions for adling in the beft Manner we are able, con-
" fift in not being impertinently bufy. Philip is now marching
*' to Thermopylas. I withdraw from all Concernment in this
" Affair. No Man fhall ever impeach me for Philip's Vii^o-
" ries, but only whether I fpoke, or aded in puniflual Obedi-
** ence to my Inftrudtions. " To conclude, our Colleagues
agreed, that as each of us fhould be feparately afked his Opinion,
he {hould deliver it, as he thought would be moft expedient for
the Commonwealth. To prove what I affert, fummon our
Colleagues, and read their Depofitions.
The Depositions.
When there was a general Congrefs of all the Ambafladors of
Greece aflembled at Pella; when Philip was prefent, and the
Herald had fummoned the Athenian Ambafladors, we advanced,
not as in our former Embafly, according to our Age (a Cuftom
once held in efteem, and reputed honourable to the Republic)
but according to the fhamelefs Affurance of Demoflhenes. For
although he profefled himfelfthe youngeftof us all, he declared
he would not yield the privilege of hrft addrefling Philip, or
fuffer any other, pointing to me, to take PofiefTion of his Atten-
tion, and leave the other AmbafTadors nothing to fay. He
began his Speech with accufing his Colleagues, that they did
not
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? 200 ORATIONOF
not all come with the fame Sentiments, or agree in their
Opinions, and then particularly mentioned the good OfEces he
had himfelf performed for Philip; firft, that he had fupported
the Decree of Philocrates, when he was indidled for propofing,
in Contradi6lion to the Laws already enadled, that Philip
might be permitted to fend Ambafladors to Athens to nego-
tiate a Peace. He repeated the Decree, that he himfelf had
written, in which he had ordered, that the Peace fhiould be
concluded with Philip's Herald and his Ambafladors; and that
fome certain Days fhould be appointed, upon which the People
fhould deliberate on the Conditions. He then infinuated, that
he had effedually flopped the mouths of thofe, who would
have oppofed the Peace, not by his Speeches only, but by thus
fixing the Time of the People's Deliberations. He afterwards
produced another Decree, direding the People to confult upon
entering into a League offenfive and defenflve with Philip; and
another, appointing a principal Seat for his Ambafl'adors, at the
Bacchanalian Games. He then added his Solicitude on their
Account; his placing the Cufliions for ihem at our Entertain-
ments, befides his Watchings, and his Wakings, occafioned by
thofe, who envied him, and woijd willingly do Diflionour to
his Reputation. The reft was fo perfcdly ridiculous, that his
Colleagues for Sliame covered their Faces; " he had entertained
to
** Philip's Ambafladors moft hofpitably; had hired for them,
*' when they departed, a Chariot with a couple of Mules, and
f ' accompanied them himfelf on horfe-back, not concealing jlu.
^' Dark-
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 2or
*' Darknefs, as certain others had done, but openly profcirmg
" his Zeal for his Service. " He then with earneftnefs corredled
his former Afiertions; " I did not fay, you are handfome, be-
'' caufe Woman is of all Creatures the handfomeft; I did not
" fay, you were a powerful Drinker, becaufe 1 thought drinking
^' was Praife for a Spunge; I did not fay, you had an extraor-
*' dinary Memory, becaufe I imagined it an Encomium for an
'* hireling Pleader. " Not to be tedious, fuch were in general
his Expreflions in the Prefence, I might almofl: affirm, of all
the Ambafladors of Greece, from whence there arofe no com-
mon Peals ot Laughter.
When he had ended, and Silence enfued, I was compelled
to fpeak after thefe ftrange Abfurdities, and the exceflive Bafe-
nefs of his Adulation. I was of neceflity obliged to make fome
Remarks upon his Calumny againft his Colleagues, and I faid,
" the Athenians had appointed us their Ambaffadors, not with
" an Intention of pleading for ourfelves in Macedonia, but that
" we might be thought worthy of the Republic, in the
" Opinion of our Fellow-Citizens. " I lightly mentioned the
Requifition of his Oath, which we were come to receive, and
ran over the other Articles you had given us in Command ; for
the copious and powerful Orator Demofthenes had totally for-
gotten every thing neceflary. I then fpoke of Philip's Expedi-
tion, the Temple of Delphos, and the Council of the Amphic-
tyons, but implored him efpecially to determine the Affair of
Vol. II. D d Delphos,
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? 202 ORATIONOF
DelphoSj not by Force of Arms, but by the Suffrages of all
Parties, and an equitable Decifion. If however fuch a Decifion
were impoffible (and this manifeftly appeared, for he had a large
Body of Troops affembled round him) I affured him, whoever
propofed to regulate the religious Rights of the Grecians ought
to have great Regard to Religion in general, and to pay much
Attention to thofe, who endeavoured to inftrud him in the
Ufages of particular Countries. At the fame Time I mentioned
as a neceffary Preliminary, the building the Temple at Delphos,
and as foon as poffible affembling the Amphictyons. I then
repeated the Oath, which was fworn by our Anceftors, *' I
" never will deftrdy a City within the Amphictyonic Confede-
" racy, nor drive its Inhabitants from the running Stream,
" either in War or Peace: if any one violates this Oath^ I
" will take up Arms againft him, and utterly deftroy his Cities
*? ' to the Ground: if any one facrilegiouHy plunders the Trea-
" fures of Apollo, or is privy to fuch Impiety, or fhall form
*' any Deiign againft whatever is contained in his Temple, I
" will with all my Faculties, Feet, Hands and Voice avenge
<< the God. " 1 then added, that there were ffrong Execrac-
tions to confirm this Oath.
I CONCLUDED with faying, that in my Opinion we fllould not
fuffer the Cities of Boeotia to continue in Ruins, fince they were
included in the Amphidyonic Confederacy.
I reckoned the
twelve Nations, who participated of the Rights of the Temple,
Thef-
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? iE S C H I N E S. 203
Theilalians, tlie Boeotians in general, not the Thcbans only,
the Dorians, lonians, Perrhaebians, Magnctcs, Locrians, Oetseans,
Phthian'^, Maleens, Phoczeans, (26) and I proved, that each of
thefe Nations had an equal Vote in the Council, the greateft and
the leaft; thus the Deputy from Dorium or Cytinium (27) had
a Suffrage as powerful as the Lacedgemonians, for each Nation
had two Votes : thus the Ionian Deputies from Erythrsa and
Priene were equal to the Athenian ; and all others in the fame
Manner. I declared my Opinion, that his Expedition was
indeed founded in Religion and Juftice, but when the Amphic-
tjons fliould have affembled in Apollo's Temple, and obtained a
Freedom of debating and voting, I imagined, that they, who
iirft attempted to feize upon the Temple at Delphos, fliould
be brought to their Trial; not their Countries, but the Perfons
themfelves, who either by their Adlions, or their Counfels,
were guilty of fuch Impiety; but that the Cities, which de-
livered up thefe Criminals to their Trial, fliould not be liable
to Punifhment. " But if you march with an Army againfl: the
Phocsans, you will fupport and confirm the Injuflice of the
Thcbans, yet when you have aflifled them, they never will
be grateful to you, for you never can confer fuch Benefits
upon them as the Athenians did formerly, and which they
X) d 2 "no
(26) Autliors differ in their Catalogues as Erythrsea, and Priene, were Cities
of thefe Nations, and ^Efchines, or his of Ionia, but lefs powerful than Athens.
Tranfcribers, have here omitted one of Their Deputies however had the fame
them. Power and Privileges in the Amphidy-
(27) Thefe weie Lacedasmonian Ci- onic Council,
ties, though lefs confiderable than Sparta,
((
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? 204 O R A T I O N O F-
" no longer remember. (28) Then you will treat with Injuftice
" the Phocaeansj whom you defer t, while the Thebans will
*' become more formidable Enemies, rather than Friends by
*' this Addition of Power. "
But that I may not tedioufly wafte your Time by repeating
exactly every thing faid upon the Occafion, I fhall conclude
with giving you a general and fummary Account. Fortune
and Philip were to difpofe of Fads, while I had only my Zeal
for your Service, and the Freedom of fpeaking. Whatever
I faid was juft in itfelf, and conducive to your Interefts. The
Event was determinsd not by our Wifhes, but by Philip's
Adlions. Whether then is it more reafonable, that he, who
never had even an Inclination to do you Service, fhould be
honoured with your good Opinion, or he, who never negle6le d
any pofTible Opportunity of fupporting your Interefts? Many
Inftances of Vv'hich I mufl however at prefent pafs over unmen-
tioned for want of Time,
But he charged me with afferthig a Falfehood, in alluring
you, that within a few Days the Thebans would become more
humble; that the Euboeans were extremely alarmed, while I
feduced you into fome idle Expedations. (29) Now learn, A-
thenians, the real State of this Affair. When I was with
Philip I made it my Requeft, and when I returned hither I
delivered
(28) In their Wars with the Lacedae- {2^) Demofthenes Oration, Page 13,
monians.
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? ^ s c Fr I isr E s. 205-
delivered it in my Report of our Emhafiy, as a Meafure I thought
mofl reafonable, that the Thebans fhould fubmit to the Au-
thority of Boeotia, not BcEotia be fubdued to the Power of the
Thebans. Yet what I declared as my Opinion only, Demoft-
henes afferts,. I abfolutely promifed. I then told you, Chleo-
chares the Eubasan, profeffed his Wonder at the fudden Recon-
ciliation between you and Philip, becaufe you had given it in.
Command to us in your Decree, '' to adl befidcs in the beft
" Manner we Vv'ere able;" for Citizens, like him, of incon-
fiderable Cities, are always alarmed at any fecret Articles in;
the Treaties of the more powerful. Nor does he fay I men-
tioned this occafionally in the Courfe of my Report, but afferts
that I pofitively promifed Philip would cede the iHand of Euboea. .
But I was of Opinion, that when the Republic confulted upon
the general Situation of her Affairs, flie fliould lifiien to every
Argument offered by the other States ol Greece. (30)
Among the Articles, into which he hath divided this Profe-
Gution, he hath calumnioufly affirmed, that when he propofed
to lay before you a faithful Account of your Affairs, lie was
hindered by me and Philocrates. But 1 would willingly afk,
whether an Athenian Ambaffador was ever liindered, efpecially
by his Colleagues, from making the Report of his Embafly to
the
(30) The Reafoning of this Para- to admit the general States of Greece to ?
graph regularly ends at the laft Sentence, the Athenian Councils, this Aflertion of
and this appears to be a Conchifion drawn his Opinion would appear with more Pro-
from fome other Arguments. IfDemoft- priety and Connexion,
henes had accufed our Onuor of reiufing
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? 2o6 ORATIONOF
the People ; or after having fufFered fuch an Indignity from thofe
Coilcafniesj did he ever propofe, that they fliould be received
with all pubHc Honours, and invited to an Entertainment in the
Pyrasum. But Demofthenes, when he returned from our fe-
cond Embally, by which he novv^ affirms the whole State of
Greece was overturned, not only applauded us in his Decree,
but when I reported to the People the Orations I had made
with regard to the Amphidyons and Bceotians, not in the fum-
iiiary and hafty Manner in which I have now repeated them,
but as accurately as pofiible in the very Words I fpoke; when
the Peoole received them with exceeding Approbation, he was
fummoned by me and the other Ambafladors and aflcedj, whether
I had truly reported vs^hat I had faid to Philip, and while all our
Colleagues gave their Teftimony in my Favour, and applauded
me, he rofe after all, and affured you, that I had not only
fpoken in Macedonia, as I had at prefent, but doubly better.
You, who are to give your Sufii-ages upon this Trial, are now
my Witnefles to the Truth of thefe Circumflances ; and yet
what fairer Opportunity could he poflibly have found of inftantly
cpnviding me, if I had ever betrayed the Republic . ?
Yet you declare you did perceive in our firft' Embafiy, that
Ihad entered into a Confpiracy againft the Commonwealth,
but you were fenfible of it in the fecond, in which you have
openly appeared an Advocate in my Defence. (31) But while
ia
(31) Dcmoflhenes Oiacion, Page p.
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? ^ S C H I N E a 207
in Fadl your Indi(51:ment is laid againft the firft Embafify, you
afTure us you do not accufe me for my Condiid: in that, but in
the other, appointed for the Requifition of Philip's Oath. If
however you condemn the Peace, yet you yourfelf propofed a
Confederacy with Philip offenfive and defenfive ; and if he de-
ceived the Republic, he told an Untruth to obtain that PeacCy
which was of Advantage to liis Affairs. (32) Such were the
Circumftances of the firfl: Embafly ; the fccond was appointed
upon Conditions already fixed and concluded. Where then
were thefe traiterous Defigns? You may compute, by what
he hath faid, that they exifted in tlie Imagination of this Im-
poftor^
He fays I pafled over the River Loidia in a Canoe by Night
to Philip, (33) and wrote for him the Letter he fent hither.
Thus it feems, Leofthenes, who was banifiied from hence by
thefe Calumniators, was utterly incapable of writing this Epiftle,
though fome People do not hefitate to pronounce, that, next
to Calliftratus, he is of all Mankind moii eloquent. Neither,
was Philip himfelf capable of writing it, to whom Demollhenes
was unable to reply in your Defence ; nor Py tho, who aflumes.
to himfelf the Glory of being a Writer, but the Aff^iir, fo it
appears, required my AfTiftance. But though you afiert, that
I fre-
(32) The TranQator thinks it his Du- he can afifiire his Englifh Reader, it is an.
ty to confefs he does not underftand the exaft Tranflation.
Meaning of this lalt Sentence. However (33) This does not appear in Dcmoft-
henes his Cration. Wolfius^
8
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? 2o8 ORATIONOF
I frequently converfcd with Philip alone in the Day-time, yet yoy
accufe me of pafling over the River to him by Night, fo abfolutely
did the Afi-iiir require a no6turnal Epiftle. But Aglaocieon and
latrocles, with whom I ilept every Night during tlie whole
Time, are come hither to giv^e Evidence, that every thing you
liave alTerted is falfe ; and they arc confcious, that I never was
abfent from them any one Night, or even Part of a Night.
Befides, I bring my domcfi:ic Slaves ; I deliver tbem to the
Torture, and if my Profecutor confents, I will here finiih my
Difcourfe. Let the Executioner appear, and, if you command,
torture them before you. The remainder of the Day is fuffici-
ent for the Purpofe, fince I am allotted eleven Hours for my
Defence, (34. ) and if when they are put to the Queition, they
fay I ever flept one Night from my Companions, do not, A-
thenians, fhew Mercy to me, but rife from the Judgement
Seat, and let me be capitally condemmed. But if you, De-
mofthenes, are convicled of Falfehood, let this be your Puniih-
ment, to acknowledge in the Prefence of this Allembly, that you
are but an half-born Athenian, and not a genuine Citizen. (35)
Summon hither my Domeftics on the Tribunal, and read the
Depolitions of our Colleagues.
The
(34) The Trann-ation eleven Hours is Bi^og mun: then fignify unnatural, ml of
not perfedly exact. The Original fays Nature's free and genuine Produ^liotis.
eleven Ikur-glajfes. But ^fchines more probably alkides to
(35) 'OfjicXoyriiTov Kv^ooyui'og eivai, the civil Birth ol-' Demoilhenes, and his
XXI fji. ri eXsuBs^o;. Confitere te femivi- being dcfcended from an Athenian Fa-
rum elTe, & non ingenuum. WoLFius. ther and a Scythian Mother. 'EXeuBs^og
Yet if dv^poywog fignifics a Creature of will then preferve its common Signifi-
a mixed and monftrous Birth, ^ttij gXeJ- cation.
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? iB S C H I N E S. 209
The Depositions. The Appeal.
Since therefore he refufes this Appeal, and fays, that no
Credit is to be given to the Tortures of Slaves, take me the
Letter which PhiHp fent, and which I was kept fleeplefs to
write, for manifeR it is, that with exceeding Subtlety it hath
impofcd upon the Republic, and in Matters of weighty Con-
cernment.
The Letter.
You have' heard, Athenians, Philip fays, " I have adminiftered
" the Oaths to your Ambaffadors, and have written down the
" Names of my Confederates, who were prefent, themfelves
" and their Cities. " He then promifes to fend you the Names
of thofe, who were abfent. Is it impoflible to conceive, that
Philip could have written in this Manner by Day-light even
without my Affiftance? But, by the Gods, Dcmofthenes, in
my Judgement, only computes how he may gain the Reputa-
tion of Eloquence, and whether he fhall afterwards appear of
all our Grecians moft worthlefs, about this he is very little
anxious.
But what Credit can be ? iven to the Man, who ventures to
aflert, that Philip penetrated into Thermopylae, not by his own
military Condu6t, but by my Orations to an Athenian Aflembly ?
Then he hath entered into a Detail of the Days, in which I
made my Report of our Embafly; in which the Couriers of the
Vol, J I. E e Phoctean
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? 2IO ORATION OF
Phooean Tyrant, Phalcecus, carried from hence the News o. f
your Determinations, and in which the Phocaeans, in their
Rehance on me, received Phihp into Thermopylae, and deHver-
ed to him their Cities. (36J Thefe Circumftances my Accufer
hath invented j but the Phocseans were ruined, ? r{\, by the
Power of Fortune, that abfolute Miftrefs of all Mankind ; fe-
condly, by the Length of Time, and a ten Years War, for the
fame Circumftance, that raifed the Phocsan Tyrants, deftroyed
tliem. They laid the Foundation of their Power by daring to
invade the facred Treafures, and by their mercenary Troops
they changed the Form of Government in different States, but
were ruined by their Want of Money, which they had expended
in paying their Armies. Thirdly, a Mutiny, the ufual Atten-
dant of an ill-paid Soldiery, broke their Authority, and laftly,
the Ignorance of Phalascus with regard to Futurity. For the
united Forces of the Theffalians and Philip were in Sight, nor
was it long before the Peace you had concluded with Philip
that Ambaffadors arrived from the Phoccsans, demanding Suc-
cours and promiiing to deliver into your Hands the Fortrefles,
that commanded the Pafs of Thermopylae- Yet when you had
decreed, that they fliould deliver thefe Places to Proxenus, your
General; that fifty Gillies fhould be fitted out, and that all
our Citizens, under thirty Years of Age, (hould immediately
take the Field, inftead of delivering thofe Fortrefies to Proxenus,
the Tyrants threw the Ambaffadors, who made the Promife,
into
{^6) Demofthenes, Page 28,;.
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? . iE S C H I N E S. 211
into Piifon, and of all the Grecians the Phoca^ans alone refufcd
to receive the Pricfts, who carried the myftic Sacrifices for Cele-
bration of the Eleiifinian Feftival. When Archidamus, the
Lacedaemonian, afterwards offered to receive and defend thofe
Fortreflcs, they would not confent, but anfwcred him, that
Sparta fhould be apprehenfive, not for them, but for her own
Safety. (37) You had not then abfolutely agreed with Philip,
but the very Day you deliberated upon the Articles of Peace,
you received Letters from Proxenus informing you, that the
Phocfeans had not delivered thofe Fortreffes to him, and that
they alone of all the Grecians refufed to admit the holy Myfle-
ries for the Celebration of the Eleufinian Sacrifices, and had
thrown into Prifon the Ambafladors, who had come hither to
propofe a Ceffion of thole Fortreffes. In Proof of thefe Truths,
call me the Perfons employed in carrying the facred Myfteries,
and the Ambaffadors, whom Proxenus fent to the Phocaeans.
Then hear his Letters.
The Letters.
You hear, Athenians, the particular Dates of thefe Tranf-
adions verified by your public Records. You hear the Wit-
neffes, who have given Evidence, that before I was appointed
Ambaffador, Phal^ecus, the Phocaan Tyrant, was diffident
both of us and the Lacedaemonians, and placed his entire Con-
E e 2 fidence
(37) A French Writer tranflates thefe coiirs. , que de hur mauvaJJe Fortune.
Words, which Wol fins fays are equivo- Olivier. Life of Philip.
cal, qu'ih fe dejioioit encore plus de Jon fe-
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 04:58 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t9x06c69h Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 212 ORATION OF
fidence in Pliillp. But was he alone ignorant with regard to
the Event ? How were you yourfelves affeded in your Ailem-
bUes ? Did you not all exped;, that Philip, having obferved
their Infolence, would reprefs the Authority of the Thebans,
and not enlarge the Power of that perfidious People ? Did not
the Lacedaemonians join with us in an Embaffy againft the The-
bans, and at laft openly affront and threaten their Ambaffadors
in Macedonia? Were they not extremely doubtful in what
Manner they fliould ad ? Were not their Ambaffadors greatly
alarmed ? Did not the Thellalians ridicule us all, and boaft,
that the Expedition was undertaken for their Sake ? Did not
the Intimates of Phalscus declare, (3 8} that Philip would or-
der the Cities of Boeotia to be reinhabited ? Did not the The-
bans, in a Diffidence of their Situation take the Field with all
their Forces ? Did not Philip, when he perceived it, fend
Letters engaging you to march with all your Troops to fuccour
whoever had the jufteft Caufe ? Did not thefe Warriors, who
now call the Peace diflionourable and cowardly, hinder you
from marching, by declaring they were apprehenfive, that Phi-
lip, after having concluded a folemn Peace and Alliance with
you, would feize upon your Soldiers, as Hoftages ?
Whether
(38) The Tranflator hath here infcrted Hopes and Fears of the different States of
the Name of Phalasciis inftead of Pin- Greece upon Philip's EXj;edition, feems
lip, which appears in all Editions. Our to require, that Phalarcus and liis Party
Orator can hardly be fu[ipofc:d to fiy, the (liould expreis their Sentiments upon it.
Intimates of I-'hilip declared, that Philip Doftor Markland has corrected the fime
iceidd order i^c. Hefidcs, the general Millake in the next Paragraph.
' enfe of the Palllige, which defcribes the
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? iE S C H I N E S. 21 :
Whether then have I forbidden the People to imitate their
Anceftors, or you, and they, who confpired with you agalnft
the pubhc Welfare ? Would not an Expedition have been tlien
more eafy, and more honourable to the Athenians, when the
Madnefs of the Phocseans raged in its higheft Vigour- when
they maintained the War alone againft Philip; when they were
In PoilelTion of thefe FortrefTes, which commanded the Streights
of Thermopylae, and which Phal^cus had not )'ct delivered to
the Macedonians; when they refufed the Treaties, by which
we fhould have been engaged to fuccour them, (39) nor would
receive the facred Eleufinian Myfteries ; when we were guarded
from the Incurlions of the Thebans ; (40} when Philip himfelf,
with whom we had entered into a Confederacy ratified by our
mutual Oaths, invited us to march ; and when the ThelTalians
and the other Amphiclyonswere in Arms ?
