(Compare the
scholiast
on
Horace, Sal.
Horace, Sal.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
--Artstoph.
,
Ackarn . 341, scqq. ) They wore around their necks a
collar of dried figs. (Compare Aristoph. , Lysistr ,
v. 647--Satntc-Croix, Mystercs du Paganisme, vol.
2, p. 87, with the note of De Sacy. )
CaxiculXres dies, certain days in the summer,
preceding and ensuing the heliacal rising of Camcula,
or the dog-star, in the morning. The ancients believed
that this star, rising with the sun, and joining his in-
fluence to the fire of that luminary, was the cause of
the extraordinary heat which usually prevailed in that
season; and accordingly they gave the name of dog-
days to about six or eight weeks of the hottest part
of summer. This idea originated with the Egyptians,
and was borrowed from them by the Greeks. The
Romans sacrificed a brown dog every year to Canicula,
at its rising, to appease its rage. (Consult remarks
under the article Sirius. )
Caxidia, a reputed sorceress at Rome, ridiculed by
Horace. (Epod. , 5. )
Caninef-Ites, a people ofGermania Superior, of
common origin with the Batavi, and inhabiting the
western part of the Insula Batavorum. The name is
written differently in different authors. (Veil. Paterc,
2. 105-- Plin. , 4, 15. --Tacit. , Hist. , 4, 15. )
CasinIus Kf. hii. is. C. a consul along with Julius
Cssar. Q. Fabius Maximus, the regular colleague of
Cesar in the consulship, died on the last day of his
official year, in the morning, and Cffisar caused Ca-
ninius to be elected in his stead, althougn only a few
hours remained for enjoying the consulship. Caninius,
therefore, was chosen consul at one o'clock P. M. on
the 31st December, and held office until midnight, the
end of the civil year, and commencement of the kal-
ends of January. As we may suppose that the newly-
appointed consul would hardly retire to rest before
midnight, we can understand the jest which Cicero
uttered on this occasion, that Rome had in Caninius a
most vigilant consul, since he had never closed his
eyes during the period of his consulship. This mode
of conferring office was intended to conciliate friends,
for the individual thus favoured enjoyed, after his brief
continuance in office, all the rights and privileges, to-
gether with the honorary title, of a man of consular
rank. (Cic, Ep. ad Fam. , 7. 30. )
C'a\s. e. . -i small village of Apulia, situate about five
miles from Canusium, towards the sea, and at no great
distance from the Aufidus. It was celebrated for the
defeat of the Romans by Hannibal. Polybius tells us
that, as a town, it was destroyed the year before the
battle was fought, which took place May 21st, B. C.
216. The citadel, however, was preserved, and the
circumstance of its occupation by Hannibal seems to
have been regarded by the Romans of sufficient im-
portance to cause them considerable uneasiness and
annoyance. It commanded, indeed, all the adjacent
country, and was the principal southern depot of stores
and provisions on which they had depended for the
approaching campaign. The Greek writers, especially
Polybius, use the name in the singular, Kuwa. There
is an exception to this, however, in the 15th book, c. '
7 and 11, where the plural form is used by the histo-
rian just mentioned. --The decisive victory at Canntc
was owing to three combined causes: the excellent ar-
rangements of Hannibal, the superiority of the Nu-
midian horse, and the skilful manoeuvre of Hasdrubal
? ? in opposing only the light-armed cavalry against that
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? CAN
CAP
north. It sunk, however, in importance after Alexan-
drea was built, and merely retained some consequence
from its temple and oracle of Serapis, which latter was
consulted during the night, and gave intimations of
the future to applicants while sleeping within the walls
of the structure. The festivals, also, that were cele-
brated at this temple, drew large crowds of both sexes
from the adjacent country, and exercised an injurious
influence on the morals of all who took part in them.
Canopus, in fact, was always regarded as a dissolute
place, and, even after Alexandrea arose, it was much
frequented by the inhabitants of the capital for purpo-
ses of enjoyment and pleasure, the temperature of the
air and the situation of the city being spoken of in
high terms by the ancient writers. (Amm Marcell. ,
22, 16. ) The festivals of Serapis ceased on the intro-
duction of Christianity, and from that period history
is silent respecting Canopus. The French savans
found some traces of the ancient city a short distance
I" the westof the modern Aboukir. (Manner! , Gcogr. ,
vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 541, seqq. )
Cantabri, a warlike and ferocious people of Spain,
who long resisted the Roman power. Their country
answers to Biscay and part of Asturias. Augustus
marched in person against them, anticipating an easy
victory. The desperate resistance of the Cantabrians,
however, induced him to retire to Tarraco, and leave
the management of the war to his generals. They
were finally reduced, but, rebelling soon after, were
decreed to be sold as slaves. Most of them, however,
preferred falling by their own hands. The final reduc-
tion of the Cantabri was effected by Agrippa, A. U. C.
734, after they had resisted the power of the Romans
in various ways for more than two hundred years.
(Lib. , Epit. , 48. --Flor. , 4, 12. --Plin. , 3, t. --Horat. ,
Od. , 3, 8, 22. )
Cantium, a country in the southeastern extremity
of Britain, now called Kent. The name is derived
from the British word cant, signifying an angle or cor-
ner. (Consult Adelung, Gloss. Med. et Inf. Lot. , vol.
2, p. 133, s. v. canto. )
Canuleia lex, a law proposed by C. Canulcius,
tribune of the commons, A. U. C. 310, and allowing of
intermarriages between the patricians and plebeians.
(Liv. , 4, I. )
Cancsium, a town of Apulia, on the right bank of
the Aufidus, and about twelve miles from its mouth.
The origin of Canusium seems to belong to a period
which reaches far beyond the records of Roman histo-
ry, and of which we possess no memorials but what a
fabulous tradition has conveyed to us. This tradition
ascribes its foundation to Diomede, after the close of
the Trojan war. Perhaps, however, we should see in
Diomede one of those Pelasgic chiefs, who, in a very
distant age, formed settlements in various parts of
Italy. Canusium appears to have been in its earlier
days a large and flourishing place. It is said by those
who have traced the circuit of the walls from the re-
maining vestiges, that they must have embraced a cir-
cumference of sixteen miles. (PraliUi, Via Appia, 4,
13. -- Romanelli, vol. 2, p. 265. -- Compare Strabo,
28. ) The splendid remains of antiquity discovered
among the ruins of Canosa, together with its coins,
establish the fact of the Grecian origin of this place.
Antiquaries dwell with rapture on the elegance and
beauty of the Greek vases of Canosa, which, in point
of size, numbers, and decorations, far surpass those
? ? discovered in the tombs of any other ancient city, not
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? CAP
yem. (Commit, however, the remarks under the ar-
ticle Am. )
CiPHi>>EOs, a lofty mountain and promontory at
the southeastern extremity of Euboea, where Nau-
pfios, king of the country, to avenge his son Pala-
mim, put to death through the false accusation
brought against him by Ulysses, set a burning torch
in the darkness of night, Which caused the Greeks to
b> shipwrecked on the coast. It is now called Cape
j Ora, and, in the infancy of navigation, was reckoned
very dangerous on account of the rocks and whirlpools
on "the coast, (Eurip. , Troad. , 88. --Id. , HcL, 1136.
-Ftr? . . . En. , 11, 26O. Ovid, Met. , 14, 481. --Pro-
fert. , 4, 1, 115. )
Ciprro, I. the uncle of Paterculus, who joined
Ayrippa against Cassius. ( Veil. Paterc. , 2, 69. ) --
II. Fonteius, a Roman nobleman sent by Antony to
fettle his disputes with Augustus. (Horat. , Scrm. ,
1. 5, 3-2. )
CAPITOLTOTS, I. a surname of Jupiter, from his
temple on Mount Capitolinus. --II. A surname of M.
Minlius, who, for his ambition in aspiring to sover-
eign power, was thrown down from the Tarpeian Rock,
which he had so nobly defended. --III. MOMS, one of
the seven hills on which Rome was built, contain-
ing the citadel and fortress of the Capitol. Three as-
cents led to its summit from below. 1st. By the 100
steps of the Tarpeian Rock, which was probably on the
steepest side, where it overhangs the Tiber. (Com-
pare Tacitus, Hut. , 3, 71. --Ln. , 5, 46. --Pint. , Vit.
Ctaall. ) 2d. The Clivus Capitolinus, which began
from the arch of Tiberius and the temple of Saturn,
near the present hospital of the Cmuolazionc, and led
to the citadel by a winding path. (Ond, Fast. , 1,
261. ) 3d. The Clivus Asyli, which, being less steep
than the other two, was on that account the road by
which the triumphant generals were borne in their
ears to the Capitol. This ascent began at the arch of
S-. -piimius Severus, and from thence, winding to the
left, passed near the ruined pillars of the temple of
Concord, as it is commonly but improperly called, and
from thence led to the Intermontium. The Capitoline
Hill is said to have been previously called Saturnius,
from the ancient city of Saturnia, of which it was the
citadel. Afterward it was known by the name of
Mons Tarpeius. and finally it obtained the appellation
first mentioned, from the circumstance of a human
head being discovered on its summit, in making the
foundations of the temple of Jupiter. (Varro, L. L. ,
4. 8. ) It was considered as forming two summits,
which, though considerably depressed, arc yet suffi-
ciently apparent- That which looked to the south
and the Tiber was the Tarpeian Rock or citadel; the
other, which was properly the Capitol, faced the north
and the Qoirinal. The space which was left between
these two elevations was known by the name of In-
terroontium. --IV. An appellation said to have been
given to an individual named Pctilius, who had been
governor of the Capitol.
(Compare the scholiast on
Horace, Sal. . 1, 4, 94. ) It is also related, that he was
accused of having stolen, during his office, a golden
crown, consecrated to Jupiter, and that, having pleaded
hi* cause in person, he was acquitted by the judges, in
orderto gratify Augustus, with whom he was on friend-
ly terms. One part, at least, of the story is incorrect,
since the Capitolmi were a branch of the Petilian fam-
ily lon>> before this time. (Compare Vaillant, Num.
fam. fiom. , vol. 2, p. 822. ) What degree of credit
? ? is to be attached to the rest of the narrative is uncer-
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? CAP
CAP
princes, all bearing the name of Ariarathes for sever-
al generations. (Yid. Ariarathes. )--Cappadocia was
surrounded on three sides by great ranges of moun-
tains, besides being intersected by others of as great
elevation as any in the peninsula. Hence its miner-
al productions were various and abundant, and a source
of wealth to the country. Strabo specifies the rich
mineral colour called Sinople, from its being exported
by the merchants of Sinope, but which was really dug
in the mines of Cappadocia: also, onyx; crystal; a
kind of white agate, employed for ornamental pur-
poses; and the lapis specularis: this last was found
in large masses, and was a considerable article of the
export trade. The champaign country yielded almost
every kind of fruit and grain, and the wines of some
districts vied with those of Greece in strength and
flavour. Cappadocia was also rich in herds and flocks,
but more particularly celebrated for its breed of horses;
and the onager, or wild ass, abounded in the mount-
ains towards Lycaonia. (Strab. , 535, scqq. )--Herod-
otus informs us, that in the days of Croesus and Cy-
rus the people commonly known in history by the
name of Cappadocians were termed Syrians by the
Greeks, while the Persians employed the more usual
appellation. (Herod. , 1, 72. --Id. , 7, 72. ) A portion,
moreover, of this same nation, who occupied the coast
of Pontus and Paphlagonia, about Sinope and Amisus,
long retained the name of Lcucosyri, or white Syrians,
to distinguish them from the more swarthy and south-
ern inhabitants of Syria and Palestine. (Strab. , 544. )
The origin of the Cappadocians, therefore, unlike that
of most of the other nations of Asia Minor, was of
Asiatic growth, unmixed with the Thracian hordes
which had overrun Phrygia and all the western part of
the peninsula. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 105,
scqq. )--The Cappadocians bore among the ancients
the character of volatility and faithlessness. They
were also made the subject of sarcastic remark, for
having refused freedom when it was offered them by
the Romans, and for having preferred to live under
the sway of kings. (Justin, 38, 2. ) There was no-
thing, however, very surprising in this refusal, coming,
as it did, from a people who knew nothing of free-
dom, and who had become habituated to regal sway.
Their moral character is severely satirized in the well-
known epigram, which states that a viper bit a Cap-
padocian, but died itself from the ? poisonous and cor-
rupt blood of the latter! --The Greeks and Romans
found in this country few towns, but a number of
strong castles on the mountains, and large villages in
the neighbourhood of celebrated temples, to which the
latter served as a kind of protection. Most of these
villages became cities in the time of the Romans,
when this people had destroyed the castles and strong-
holds on the mountains. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 6,
pt. 2, p. 216, scq. )
Cappadox, a river of Cappadocia, bounding it on the
side of Galatia, and falling into the Halys. (Pltn. , 6,3. )
Capbaria, I. a mountainous island, south of Balcaris
Major or Majorca, and deriving its name from its nu-
merous goats (caper, capra). The modem name is
Cabrera. (Pliny, 3, 6. )--II. One of the Fortunatas
Insula? , or Canaries. Some make it the modem
Palma, but it answers rather to Gomcra. (Mannerl,
Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 628. )
Capbe^e, an island off the coast of Campania, situ-
ate near the promontory of Minerva. It is now Capri.
? ? The island is chiefly known in history as the abode of
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? CAR
Pelasgian descent. Capua deeply offended them by
opening its gates to Hannibal after the victory of Can-
db. The vengeance inflicted by the Romans was of
a most fearful nature, when, five years after, the city
again fell under their dominion. Most of the senators
and principal inhabitants were put to death, the greater
part of the remaining citizens were sold into slavery, and
by a decree of the senate the Capuani ceased to exist
as a people. The city and territory, however, diJ not
become thereupon deserted. A few inhabitants were
allowed to remain in the former, and the latter was in
a great measure sold by the Romans to the neighbour-
ing communities. Julius Cesar sent a powerful colo-
ny to Capua, and under the emperors it again flourish-
ed. But it suffered greatly from the barbarians in a
later age; so much so, in fact, that the Bishop Lan-
dulfus and the Lombard Count Lando transferred the
inhabitants to Casilinum, on the Vulturnus, 19 stadia
distant This is the site of modern Capua. (Man-
mrt, Geogr. , vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 701, 766. )
Gapvs, I. a Trojan who came with . Eneas into Ita-
ly, and, according to the common, but erroneous, ac-
count, founded the city of Capua. (Vid. Capua )--II.
A son of Assaracus, by a daughter of the Situo'is.
He was father of Anchises by Themis. (Ovid, Fast. ,
*, 33 )
Cab, I. a son of Phoroneus, king of Megara. (Pau-
<<<<. , 1, 40. )--II. A son of Manes, and regarded by
the Cariaiis as the patriarch of their race. (Herod. , 1,
171. --Strab. , 659. )
Casacalxa, Antoninus Bassianus, eldest son of the
Emperor Severus. His name Caracalla was derived
from a species of Gallic cassock which he was fond of
wearing; that of Bassianus from his maternal grand-
father. Caracalla was born at Lugdunum (Lyons),
A. D. 188, and appointed by his father his colleague in
the government at the age of thirteen years. And yet
be is said, even at this early age, to have attempted his
father's life. Severus died AD. 211, and was sue
eeetled by his two sons Caracalla and Geta. These
two brothers bore towards each other, even from infan-
cy, the most inveterate hatred. After a campaign
against the Caledonians, they concluded a disgraceful
peace They then wished to divide the empire be-
tween them; but their design was opposed by their
mother, Julia, and by the pnncipal men in the state,
and Caracalla now resolved to get rid of his brother,
by causing him to be assassinated. After many un-
successful attempts, he pretended to desire a recon-
ciliation, and requested his mother to procure him an
interview with his brother in her own apartment:
Geta appeared, and was stabbed in his mother's arms,
AD. 212, by several centurions, who had received or-
ders to this effect. The prstorian guards were pre-
vailed upon, by rich donations, to proclaim Caracalla
sole emperor, and to declare Geta an enemy to the
state, and the senate confirmed the nomination of the
soldiers. After this, the whole life of Caracalla was
only one series of cruelties and acts of extravagant fol-
ly. All who had been in any way connected with Geta
were put to death, not even their children being spared.
The historian Dio Cassius makes the whole number
of victims to have amounted to 20,000. (Dio Cass. ,
77,4. ) Among those who fell in this horrid butchery
was the celebrated lawyer Papinian. And yet, after
this, by a singular act of contradiction, he not only put
to deain many of those who had been concerned in the
murder of his brother, but even demanded of the sen-
? ? ate that he should be enrolled among the gods. His
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? CAR
CAR
Vtt. Caracall. -- Bwgr. Univ. , vol 7, p. 95. -- En-
cyclop. Am. , vol 2, p. 506. )
Caracates, a people of Germania Prima, in Bclgic
Gaul. Their country answers now to the diocese of
Maience. (Tacit. , Hut. , 4, 70 )
Caractacus, king of the Silures in Britain, a peo-
ple occupying what is now South Wales. After with-
standing, for the space of nine years, the Roman arms,
he was defeated in a pitched battle by Ostorius Scap-
ula, and his forces put to the rout. Taking refuge,
upon this, with Cartismandua, queen of the Brigantes,
he was betrayed by her into the hands of the Romans,
and led to Rome. Great importance was attached to
his capture. Claudius, who was emperor at the time,
augmented the territories of Cartismandua, and trium-
phal honours were decreed to Ostorius. This exploit
was compared to the capture of Syphax by Scipio. and
that of Perses by Paulus . Emilius The manly and
independent bearing, however, of the British prince,
when brought into the presence of the Roman em-
peror, excited so much admiration, that his fetters
were removed, and freedom was granted him, together
with his wife and children, who had Bhared his captivi-
ty. Some time after Claudius sent him back to his
native island with rich presents, and he reigned there
for two years after, remaining during all that period a
firm friend to the Romans. (Tacit. , Ann. , 12, 33,
scqq. --Bwgr. Untv , vol. 7, p. 103. )
Caralis, or, with less accuracy, Carallis, a city of
Sardinia, founded by the Carthaginians, and soon made
the capital of the island. It is supposed to correspond
to the modern Cagltari, but it reached, in fact, far-
"her to the east than Caglian, up to the present Capo
? it. Ella. This we learn from Ptolemy, who speaks
>f the city and promontory of Caralis together. Clau-
ilian also alludes to the long extent of the place.
^Tcnditur in longum Caralis," &c. (Bell. Gild. ,
"'20. ) Its harbour, which afforded a good shelter
against the winds and waves, rendered it always a
place of importance. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol 9, pt.
2, p. 490. )
Car nuns. I. a promontory of Paphlagonia, now Ka-
rempi, facing Criu-Metopon (Cape Cno), in the Tau-
ric Chersonese. (Strab. . 545-- Plin. , 6, 2. )--II. A
city near the promontory of the same name. (Scylax,
Penpl. , p. 3*. --Phn. , 6, 2 )
Carani's, a descendant of Temenus the son of
Hercules. According to Justin (7, 1), Vcllcius Pa-
terculus (1,6), Pausanias (9, 40), and others, he quit-
ted Argos, his native city, at the head of a numerous
body of colonists, and, arriving in /Emathin, a district
of Macedonia, then ruled by Midas, obtained posses-
sion of Edessa. the capital, .
Ackarn . 341, scqq. ) They wore around their necks a
collar of dried figs. (Compare Aristoph. , Lysistr ,
v. 647--Satntc-Croix, Mystercs du Paganisme, vol.
2, p. 87, with the note of De Sacy. )
CaxiculXres dies, certain days in the summer,
preceding and ensuing the heliacal rising of Camcula,
or the dog-star, in the morning. The ancients believed
that this star, rising with the sun, and joining his in-
fluence to the fire of that luminary, was the cause of
the extraordinary heat which usually prevailed in that
season; and accordingly they gave the name of dog-
days to about six or eight weeks of the hottest part
of summer. This idea originated with the Egyptians,
and was borrowed from them by the Greeks. The
Romans sacrificed a brown dog every year to Canicula,
at its rising, to appease its rage. (Consult remarks
under the article Sirius. )
Caxidia, a reputed sorceress at Rome, ridiculed by
Horace. (Epod. , 5. )
Caninef-Ites, a people ofGermania Superior, of
common origin with the Batavi, and inhabiting the
western part of the Insula Batavorum. The name is
written differently in different authors. (Veil. Paterc,
2. 105-- Plin. , 4, 15. --Tacit. , Hist. , 4, 15. )
CasinIus Kf. hii. is. C. a consul along with Julius
Cssar. Q. Fabius Maximus, the regular colleague of
Cesar in the consulship, died on the last day of his
official year, in the morning, and Cffisar caused Ca-
ninius to be elected in his stead, althougn only a few
hours remained for enjoying the consulship. Caninius,
therefore, was chosen consul at one o'clock P. M. on
the 31st December, and held office until midnight, the
end of the civil year, and commencement of the kal-
ends of January. As we may suppose that the newly-
appointed consul would hardly retire to rest before
midnight, we can understand the jest which Cicero
uttered on this occasion, that Rome had in Caninius a
most vigilant consul, since he had never closed his
eyes during the period of his consulship. This mode
of conferring office was intended to conciliate friends,
for the individual thus favoured enjoyed, after his brief
continuance in office, all the rights and privileges, to-
gether with the honorary title, of a man of consular
rank. (Cic, Ep. ad Fam. , 7. 30. )
C'a\s. e. . -i small village of Apulia, situate about five
miles from Canusium, towards the sea, and at no great
distance from the Aufidus. It was celebrated for the
defeat of the Romans by Hannibal. Polybius tells us
that, as a town, it was destroyed the year before the
battle was fought, which took place May 21st, B. C.
216. The citadel, however, was preserved, and the
circumstance of its occupation by Hannibal seems to
have been regarded by the Romans of sufficient im-
portance to cause them considerable uneasiness and
annoyance. It commanded, indeed, all the adjacent
country, and was the principal southern depot of stores
and provisions on which they had depended for the
approaching campaign. The Greek writers, especially
Polybius, use the name in the singular, Kuwa. There
is an exception to this, however, in the 15th book, c. '
7 and 11, where the plural form is used by the histo-
rian just mentioned. --The decisive victory at Canntc
was owing to three combined causes: the excellent ar-
rangements of Hannibal, the superiority of the Nu-
midian horse, and the skilful manoeuvre of Hasdrubal
? ? in opposing only the light-armed cavalry against that
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? CAN
CAP
north. It sunk, however, in importance after Alexan-
drea was built, and merely retained some consequence
from its temple and oracle of Serapis, which latter was
consulted during the night, and gave intimations of
the future to applicants while sleeping within the walls
of the structure. The festivals, also, that were cele-
brated at this temple, drew large crowds of both sexes
from the adjacent country, and exercised an injurious
influence on the morals of all who took part in them.
Canopus, in fact, was always regarded as a dissolute
place, and, even after Alexandrea arose, it was much
frequented by the inhabitants of the capital for purpo-
ses of enjoyment and pleasure, the temperature of the
air and the situation of the city being spoken of in
high terms by the ancient writers. (Amm Marcell. ,
22, 16. ) The festivals of Serapis ceased on the intro-
duction of Christianity, and from that period history
is silent respecting Canopus. The French savans
found some traces of the ancient city a short distance
I" the westof the modern Aboukir. (Manner! , Gcogr. ,
vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 541, seqq. )
Cantabri, a warlike and ferocious people of Spain,
who long resisted the Roman power. Their country
answers to Biscay and part of Asturias. Augustus
marched in person against them, anticipating an easy
victory. The desperate resistance of the Cantabrians,
however, induced him to retire to Tarraco, and leave
the management of the war to his generals. They
were finally reduced, but, rebelling soon after, were
decreed to be sold as slaves. Most of them, however,
preferred falling by their own hands. The final reduc-
tion of the Cantabri was effected by Agrippa, A. U. C.
734, after they had resisted the power of the Romans
in various ways for more than two hundred years.
(Lib. , Epit. , 48. --Flor. , 4, 12. --Plin. , 3, t. --Horat. ,
Od. , 3, 8, 22. )
Cantium, a country in the southeastern extremity
of Britain, now called Kent. The name is derived
from the British word cant, signifying an angle or cor-
ner. (Consult Adelung, Gloss. Med. et Inf. Lot. , vol.
2, p. 133, s. v. canto. )
Canuleia lex, a law proposed by C. Canulcius,
tribune of the commons, A. U. C. 310, and allowing of
intermarriages between the patricians and plebeians.
(Liv. , 4, I. )
Cancsium, a town of Apulia, on the right bank of
the Aufidus, and about twelve miles from its mouth.
The origin of Canusium seems to belong to a period
which reaches far beyond the records of Roman histo-
ry, and of which we possess no memorials but what a
fabulous tradition has conveyed to us. This tradition
ascribes its foundation to Diomede, after the close of
the Trojan war. Perhaps, however, we should see in
Diomede one of those Pelasgic chiefs, who, in a very
distant age, formed settlements in various parts of
Italy. Canusium appears to have been in its earlier
days a large and flourishing place. It is said by those
who have traced the circuit of the walls from the re-
maining vestiges, that they must have embraced a cir-
cumference of sixteen miles. (PraliUi, Via Appia, 4,
13. -- Romanelli, vol. 2, p. 265. -- Compare Strabo,
28. ) The splendid remains of antiquity discovered
among the ruins of Canosa, together with its coins,
establish the fact of the Grecian origin of this place.
Antiquaries dwell with rapture on the elegance and
beauty of the Greek vases of Canosa, which, in point
of size, numbers, and decorations, far surpass those
? ? discovered in the tombs of any other ancient city, not
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? CAP
yem. (Commit, however, the remarks under the ar-
ticle Am. )
CiPHi>>EOs, a lofty mountain and promontory at
the southeastern extremity of Euboea, where Nau-
pfios, king of the country, to avenge his son Pala-
mim, put to death through the false accusation
brought against him by Ulysses, set a burning torch
in the darkness of night, Which caused the Greeks to
b> shipwrecked on the coast. It is now called Cape
j Ora, and, in the infancy of navigation, was reckoned
very dangerous on account of the rocks and whirlpools
on "the coast, (Eurip. , Troad. , 88. --Id. , HcL, 1136.
-Ftr? . . . En. , 11, 26O. Ovid, Met. , 14, 481. --Pro-
fert. , 4, 1, 115. )
Ciprro, I. the uncle of Paterculus, who joined
Ayrippa against Cassius. ( Veil. Paterc. , 2, 69. ) --
II. Fonteius, a Roman nobleman sent by Antony to
fettle his disputes with Augustus. (Horat. , Scrm. ,
1. 5, 3-2. )
CAPITOLTOTS, I. a surname of Jupiter, from his
temple on Mount Capitolinus. --II. A surname of M.
Minlius, who, for his ambition in aspiring to sover-
eign power, was thrown down from the Tarpeian Rock,
which he had so nobly defended. --III. MOMS, one of
the seven hills on which Rome was built, contain-
ing the citadel and fortress of the Capitol. Three as-
cents led to its summit from below. 1st. By the 100
steps of the Tarpeian Rock, which was probably on the
steepest side, where it overhangs the Tiber. (Com-
pare Tacitus, Hut. , 3, 71. --Ln. , 5, 46. --Pint. , Vit.
Ctaall. ) 2d. The Clivus Capitolinus, which began
from the arch of Tiberius and the temple of Saturn,
near the present hospital of the Cmuolazionc, and led
to the citadel by a winding path. (Ond, Fast. , 1,
261. ) 3d. The Clivus Asyli, which, being less steep
than the other two, was on that account the road by
which the triumphant generals were borne in their
ears to the Capitol. This ascent began at the arch of
S-. -piimius Severus, and from thence, winding to the
left, passed near the ruined pillars of the temple of
Concord, as it is commonly but improperly called, and
from thence led to the Intermontium. The Capitoline
Hill is said to have been previously called Saturnius,
from the ancient city of Saturnia, of which it was the
citadel. Afterward it was known by the name of
Mons Tarpeius. and finally it obtained the appellation
first mentioned, from the circumstance of a human
head being discovered on its summit, in making the
foundations of the temple of Jupiter. (Varro, L. L. ,
4. 8. ) It was considered as forming two summits,
which, though considerably depressed, arc yet suffi-
ciently apparent- That which looked to the south
and the Tiber was the Tarpeian Rock or citadel; the
other, which was properly the Capitol, faced the north
and the Qoirinal. The space which was left between
these two elevations was known by the name of In-
terroontium. --IV. An appellation said to have been
given to an individual named Pctilius, who had been
governor of the Capitol.
(Compare the scholiast on
Horace, Sal. . 1, 4, 94. ) It is also related, that he was
accused of having stolen, during his office, a golden
crown, consecrated to Jupiter, and that, having pleaded
hi* cause in person, he was acquitted by the judges, in
orderto gratify Augustus, with whom he was on friend-
ly terms. One part, at least, of the story is incorrect,
since the Capitolmi were a branch of the Petilian fam-
ily lon>> before this time. (Compare Vaillant, Num.
fam. fiom. , vol. 2, p. 822. ) What degree of credit
? ? is to be attached to the rest of the narrative is uncer-
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? CAP
CAP
princes, all bearing the name of Ariarathes for sever-
al generations. (Yid. Ariarathes. )--Cappadocia was
surrounded on three sides by great ranges of moun-
tains, besides being intersected by others of as great
elevation as any in the peninsula. Hence its miner-
al productions were various and abundant, and a source
of wealth to the country. Strabo specifies the rich
mineral colour called Sinople, from its being exported
by the merchants of Sinope, but which was really dug
in the mines of Cappadocia: also, onyx; crystal; a
kind of white agate, employed for ornamental pur-
poses; and the lapis specularis: this last was found
in large masses, and was a considerable article of the
export trade. The champaign country yielded almost
every kind of fruit and grain, and the wines of some
districts vied with those of Greece in strength and
flavour. Cappadocia was also rich in herds and flocks,
but more particularly celebrated for its breed of horses;
and the onager, or wild ass, abounded in the mount-
ains towards Lycaonia. (Strab. , 535, scqq. )--Herod-
otus informs us, that in the days of Croesus and Cy-
rus the people commonly known in history by the
name of Cappadocians were termed Syrians by the
Greeks, while the Persians employed the more usual
appellation. (Herod. , 1, 72. --Id. , 7, 72. ) A portion,
moreover, of this same nation, who occupied the coast
of Pontus and Paphlagonia, about Sinope and Amisus,
long retained the name of Lcucosyri, or white Syrians,
to distinguish them from the more swarthy and south-
ern inhabitants of Syria and Palestine. (Strab. , 544. )
The origin of the Cappadocians, therefore, unlike that
of most of the other nations of Asia Minor, was of
Asiatic growth, unmixed with the Thracian hordes
which had overrun Phrygia and all the western part of
the peninsula. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 105,
scqq. )--The Cappadocians bore among the ancients
the character of volatility and faithlessness. They
were also made the subject of sarcastic remark, for
having refused freedom when it was offered them by
the Romans, and for having preferred to live under
the sway of kings. (Justin, 38, 2. ) There was no-
thing, however, very surprising in this refusal, coming,
as it did, from a people who knew nothing of free-
dom, and who had become habituated to regal sway.
Their moral character is severely satirized in the well-
known epigram, which states that a viper bit a Cap-
padocian, but died itself from the ? poisonous and cor-
rupt blood of the latter! --The Greeks and Romans
found in this country few towns, but a number of
strong castles on the mountains, and large villages in
the neighbourhood of celebrated temples, to which the
latter served as a kind of protection. Most of these
villages became cities in the time of the Romans,
when this people had destroyed the castles and strong-
holds on the mountains. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 6,
pt. 2, p. 216, scq. )
Cappadox, a river of Cappadocia, bounding it on the
side of Galatia, and falling into the Halys. (Pltn. , 6,3. )
Capbaria, I. a mountainous island, south of Balcaris
Major or Majorca, and deriving its name from its nu-
merous goats (caper, capra). The modem name is
Cabrera. (Pliny, 3, 6. )--II. One of the Fortunatas
Insula? , or Canaries. Some make it the modem
Palma, but it answers rather to Gomcra. (Mannerl,
Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 628. )
Capbe^e, an island off the coast of Campania, situ-
ate near the promontory of Minerva. It is now Capri.
? ? The island is chiefly known in history as the abode of
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? CAR
Pelasgian descent. Capua deeply offended them by
opening its gates to Hannibal after the victory of Can-
db. The vengeance inflicted by the Romans was of
a most fearful nature, when, five years after, the city
again fell under their dominion. Most of the senators
and principal inhabitants were put to death, the greater
part of the remaining citizens were sold into slavery, and
by a decree of the senate the Capuani ceased to exist
as a people. The city and territory, however, diJ not
become thereupon deserted. A few inhabitants were
allowed to remain in the former, and the latter was in
a great measure sold by the Romans to the neighbour-
ing communities. Julius Cesar sent a powerful colo-
ny to Capua, and under the emperors it again flourish-
ed. But it suffered greatly from the barbarians in a
later age; so much so, in fact, that the Bishop Lan-
dulfus and the Lombard Count Lando transferred the
inhabitants to Casilinum, on the Vulturnus, 19 stadia
distant This is the site of modern Capua. (Man-
mrt, Geogr. , vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 701, 766. )
Gapvs, I. a Trojan who came with . Eneas into Ita-
ly, and, according to the common, but erroneous, ac-
count, founded the city of Capua. (Vid. Capua )--II.
A son of Assaracus, by a daughter of the Situo'is.
He was father of Anchises by Themis. (Ovid, Fast. ,
*, 33 )
Cab, I. a son of Phoroneus, king of Megara. (Pau-
<<<<. , 1, 40. )--II. A son of Manes, and regarded by
the Cariaiis as the patriarch of their race. (Herod. , 1,
171. --Strab. , 659. )
Casacalxa, Antoninus Bassianus, eldest son of the
Emperor Severus. His name Caracalla was derived
from a species of Gallic cassock which he was fond of
wearing; that of Bassianus from his maternal grand-
father. Caracalla was born at Lugdunum (Lyons),
A. D. 188, and appointed by his father his colleague in
the government at the age of thirteen years. And yet
be is said, even at this early age, to have attempted his
father's life. Severus died AD. 211, and was sue
eeetled by his two sons Caracalla and Geta. These
two brothers bore towards each other, even from infan-
cy, the most inveterate hatred. After a campaign
against the Caledonians, they concluded a disgraceful
peace They then wished to divide the empire be-
tween them; but their design was opposed by their
mother, Julia, and by the pnncipal men in the state,
and Caracalla now resolved to get rid of his brother,
by causing him to be assassinated. After many un-
successful attempts, he pretended to desire a recon-
ciliation, and requested his mother to procure him an
interview with his brother in her own apartment:
Geta appeared, and was stabbed in his mother's arms,
AD. 212, by several centurions, who had received or-
ders to this effect. The prstorian guards were pre-
vailed upon, by rich donations, to proclaim Caracalla
sole emperor, and to declare Geta an enemy to the
state, and the senate confirmed the nomination of the
soldiers. After this, the whole life of Caracalla was
only one series of cruelties and acts of extravagant fol-
ly. All who had been in any way connected with Geta
were put to death, not even their children being spared.
The historian Dio Cassius makes the whole number
of victims to have amounted to 20,000. (Dio Cass. ,
77,4. ) Among those who fell in this horrid butchery
was the celebrated lawyer Papinian. And yet, after
this, by a singular act of contradiction, he not only put
to deain many of those who had been concerned in the
murder of his brother, but even demanded of the sen-
? ? ate that he should be enrolled among the gods. His
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? CAR
CAR
Vtt. Caracall. -- Bwgr. Univ. , vol 7, p. 95. -- En-
cyclop. Am. , vol 2, p. 506. )
Caracates, a people of Germania Prima, in Bclgic
Gaul. Their country answers now to the diocese of
Maience. (Tacit. , Hut. , 4, 70 )
Caractacus, king of the Silures in Britain, a peo-
ple occupying what is now South Wales. After with-
standing, for the space of nine years, the Roman arms,
he was defeated in a pitched battle by Ostorius Scap-
ula, and his forces put to the rout. Taking refuge,
upon this, with Cartismandua, queen of the Brigantes,
he was betrayed by her into the hands of the Romans,
and led to Rome. Great importance was attached to
his capture. Claudius, who was emperor at the time,
augmented the territories of Cartismandua, and trium-
phal honours were decreed to Ostorius. This exploit
was compared to the capture of Syphax by Scipio. and
that of Perses by Paulus . Emilius The manly and
independent bearing, however, of the British prince,
when brought into the presence of the Roman em-
peror, excited so much admiration, that his fetters
were removed, and freedom was granted him, together
with his wife and children, who had Bhared his captivi-
ty. Some time after Claudius sent him back to his
native island with rich presents, and he reigned there
for two years after, remaining during all that period a
firm friend to the Romans. (Tacit. , Ann. , 12, 33,
scqq. --Bwgr. Untv , vol. 7, p. 103. )
Caralis, or, with less accuracy, Carallis, a city of
Sardinia, founded by the Carthaginians, and soon made
the capital of the island. It is supposed to correspond
to the modern Cagltari, but it reached, in fact, far-
"her to the east than Caglian, up to the present Capo
? it. Ella. This we learn from Ptolemy, who speaks
>f the city and promontory of Caralis together. Clau-
ilian also alludes to the long extent of the place.
^Tcnditur in longum Caralis," &c. (Bell. Gild. ,
"'20. ) Its harbour, which afforded a good shelter
against the winds and waves, rendered it always a
place of importance. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol 9, pt.
2, p. 490. )
Car nuns. I. a promontory of Paphlagonia, now Ka-
rempi, facing Criu-Metopon (Cape Cno), in the Tau-
ric Chersonese. (Strab. . 545-- Plin. , 6, 2. )--II. A
city near the promontory of the same name. (Scylax,
Penpl. , p. 3*. --Phn. , 6, 2 )
Carani's, a descendant of Temenus the son of
Hercules. According to Justin (7, 1), Vcllcius Pa-
terculus (1,6), Pausanias (9, 40), and others, he quit-
ted Argos, his native city, at the head of a numerous
body of colonists, and, arriving in /Emathin, a district
of Macedonia, then ruled by Midas, obtained posses-
sion of Edessa. the capital, .
