) The tomb of Areïthous
Sicyon, were, according to Pliny (xxxv.
Sicyon, were, according to Pliny (xxxv.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
The time when 34 ; Athen.
xii.
p.
516, c.
), and on architecture
he lived is disputed, but it was probably about 400 (Diog. l. c. ; Vitruv. vii. praef. ), are most probably
B. C. , and onwards, so that he was contemporary identical with the philosopher, to whom the most
with Plato, whose life he is said to have saved by various attainments are ascribed.
his influence with the tyrant Dionysius (Tzetzes, Busts of Archytas are engraved in Gronovius'
Chil. x. 359, xi. 362 ; Suidas, s. v. 'Apxúras), and Thesaur. Antiq. Gruec. Ü. tab. 49, and in the Anti-
with whom he kept up a familiar intercourse. (Cic. chita d'Ercolano, v. tab. 29, 30.
de Senect. 12. ) Two letters which are said to (Schmidii Dissert. de Archyta Tarent. Jenae,
have passed between them are preserved by Dio- | 1683, Vossius, de Scient. Math. 48. & 1; Montucla,
genes (l. c. ; Plato, Ep. 9). He was seven times Hist. Mathes. vol. i. pt. i. l. iii. p. 137; Ritter,
the general of his city, though it was the custom Geschichte der Pythag. Philos. p. 65. ) [P. S. ]
for the office to be held for no more than a year, ARCTI'NUS ('Aprtivos), of Miletus, is called
and he commanded in several campaigns, in all of by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (A. R. i. 68, &c. )
which he was victorious. Civil affairs of the the most ancient Greek poet, whence some writers
greatest consequence were entrusted to him by his bave placed him even before the time of Homer ;
fellow-citizens. After a life which secured to him but the ancients who assign to him any certain
a place among the very greatest men of antiquity, date, agree in placing him about the commence
he was drowned while upon a voyage on the ment of the Olympiads. We know from good
Adriatic. (Hor. Carm. i. 28. ) He was greatly authority that his father's name was Teles, and
admired for his domestic virtues. He paid par- that he was a descendant of Nautes. (Suid. s. e.
ticular attention to the comfort and education of 'Apktivos ; Tzetzes, Chil. xiii. 641. ) He is called
his slaves. The interest which he took in the a disciple of Homer, and from all we know about
education of children is proved by the mention of a him, there was scarcely a poet in his time who
child's rattle (a hatayń) among his mechanical in- deserved this title more than Arctinus. He was
ventions. (Aelian, V. H. xiv. 19; Aristo. Pol the most distinguished among the so-called cyclic
viii. 6. § 1. )
poets. There were in antiquity two epic poems
As a philosopher, he belonged to the Pythagorear. belonging to the cycle, which are unanimously
school, and he appears to have been himself the attributed to him. i. The Aethiopis (Aidionis), in
founder of a new sect. Like the Pythagoreans in five books. It was a kind of continuation of
general, he paid much attention to mathematics. Homer's Iliad, and its chief heroes were Memnon,
Horace (l. c. ) calls him “maris et terrae numeroque king of the Ethiopians, and Achilles, who slew
carentis arenae Mensorem. ” He solved the pro- him. The substance of it has been preserved by
blem of the doubling of the cube, (Vitruv. ix. praef. ) Proclus. 2. The Destruction of lion ('Ixiou
and invented the method of analytical geometry: nepois), in two books, contained a description of
He was the first who applied the principles of the taking and destruction of Troy, and the sub-
mathematics to mechanics. To his theoretical sci- sequent events until the departure of the Greeks.
ence he added the skill of a practical mechanician, The substance of this poem bas likewise been pre
and constructed various machines and automatons, served by Proclus. A portion of the Little Iliad
among which his wooden flying dove in particular of Lesches was likewise called 'Ixiov nepois, but
was the wonder of antiquity. (Gell. x. 12. ) He the account which it gave differed materially from
also applied mathematics with success to musical that of Arctinus. (Lesches. ) A third epic poem,
science, and even to metaphysical philosophy. His called Titavomaxia, that is, the fight of the gods
influence as a philosopher was so great, that Plato with the Titans, and which was probably the first
was undoubtedly indebted to him for some of his poem in the epic cycle, was ascribed by some to
views; and Aristotle is thought by some writers | Eumelus of Corinth, and by others to Arctinus.
to have borrowed the idea of his categories, as well (Athen. i. p. 22, vii. p. 277. ) The fragments of
p
as some of his ethical principles, from Archytas. Arctinus have been collected by Düntzer (Die
The fragments and titles of works ascribed to | Fragm. der ep. Poes. bis auf Aler. pp. 2, &c. , 16,
Archytas are very numerous, but the genuineness &c. , 21, &c. , Nachtrag, p. 16) and Dübner. (Homeri
of many of them is greatly doubted. Most of Carm. et Cycli Epici Reliquiae, Paris, 1837. ) Com-
them are found in Stobaeus. They relate to phy- pare C. W. Müller, De Cycio Graecorum Epico.
sics, metaphysics, logic, and ethics. A catalogue of Welcker, Der Epische Cyclus, p. 211, &c. ; Bode,
them is given by Fabricius. (Bib. Graec. i. p 833. ) Geschder Ep. Dichtkunst der Hellen. pp. 276, &c. ,
Several of the fragments of Archytas are published 378, &c.
(L. S. )
in Gale, Opusc. Mythol. Cantab. 1671, Amst. 1688. ARCYON ('Apkówv), or, as others read, Alcyon
A work ascribed to him on the 10 Categories,” |('ArxÚwv), a surgeon at Rome, mentioned by Jose-
was published by Camerarius, in Greek, under the phus (Ant. xix. 1) as having been called in to
title 'Αρχύτου φερόμενοι δέκα λόγοι καθολικοί, attend to those persons who had been wounded at
Lips. 1564; and in Greek and Latin, Ven. 1571. Caligula's assassination, A. D. 41. (W. A. G. )
A full collection of his fragments is promised in the A'RDALUS (“Apdalos), a son of Hephaestus,
Tentamrn de Archytae Tarentini vita atque operibus, who was said to have invented the flute, and to
a Jos. Navarro, of which only one part has yet ap- have built a sanctuary of the Muses at Troezen,
peared, Hafn. 1820.
who derived from him the surname Ardalides or
From the statement of lamblichus (Vit. Pyth. 23), Ardaliotides. (Paus. ii. 31. § 3; Hesych. s. r.
that Arcliytas was a hearer of Pythagoras, some l'Apoariões. )
(L. S. ]
## p. 275 (#295) ############################################
AREITHOUS.
276
ARENE.
A'RDEAS ('Apdéas), a son of Odysseus and hand of the Arcadian Lycurgus, who drove bin
Circe, the mythical founder of the town of Ardea into a narrow defile, where he could not make usc
in the country of the Rutuli. (Dionys. i. 72; of his club. Erythalion, the friend of Lycurgus,
Steph. Byz. ε. ο. 'Αντεια. )
(L. S. ] wore the armour of Areſthous in the Trojan war.
A'RDICES Corinth and TELE'PHANES of|'(Hom. Il. vii. 138, &c.
) The tomb of Areïthous
Sicyon, were, according to Pliny (xxxv. 5), the was shewn in Arcadia as late as the time of Pau-
first artists who practised the monogram, or draw- sanias. (viii. 11. § 3. ) There is another mythical
ing in outline with an indication also of the parts personage of this name in the Iliad (xx. 487). (L. S. ]
within the external outline, but without colour, as AREIUS ('Apeios), a surname of Zeus, which
in the igns of Flaxman and Retzsch. Pliny, may mean either the warlike or the propitiating
after stating that the invention of the earliest form and atoning god, as Areia in the case of Athena.
of drawing, namely, the external outline, as marked Under this name, Oenomaus sacrificed to him as
by the edge of the shadow (umbra hominis lincis often as he entered upon a contest with the suitors
circumducta, or pictura linearis), was claimed by of his daughter, whom he put to death as soon as
the Egyptians, the Corinthians, and the Sicyonians, they were conquered. (Paus. v. 14. & 5. ) [L. S. )
adds, that it was said to have been invented by AREIUS or ARIUS ('Aperos), a citizen of
Philocles, an Egyptian, or by Cleanthes, a Corin. Alexandria, a Pythagorean or Stoic philosopher in
thian, and that the next step was made by Ardices the time of Augustus, who esteemed him so highly,
and Telephanes, who first added the inner lines of that after the conquest of Alexandria, he declared
the figure (spargentes lineas intus). [P. S. ] that he spared the city chiefly for the sake of
ARDYS ('Apovs). 1. King of Lydia, succeeded Areius. (Plut. Ant. 80, Apophth. p. 207; Dion
his father Gyges, and reigned from B. C. 680 to 631. Cass. li. 16; Julian. Epist. 51; comp. Strab. xiv.
He took Priene and made war against Miletus. p. 670. ) Areius as well as his two sons, Diony-
During his reign the Cimmerians, who had been sius and Nicanor, are said to have instructed Au-
driven out of their abodes by the Nomad Scythians, gustus in philosophy. (Suet. Aug. 89. ). He is
took Sardis, with the exception of the citadel. frequently mentioned by Themistius, who says
(Herod. i. 15, 16; Paus. iv. 24. § 1. )
that Augustus valued him not less than Agrippa.
2. An experienced general, commanded the right (Themist. Orat. v. p. 63, d. viii. p. 108, b. x. p.
wing of the army of Antiochus the Great in his 130, b. xiii. p. 173, c. ed. Petav. 1684. ) From
battle against Molo, B. c. 220. (See. p. 196, b. ] Quintilian (ii. 15. § 36, iii. 1. & 16) it appears.
He distinguished himself in the next year in the that Areius also taught or wrote on rheto
siege of Seleuceia. (Polyb. v. 53, 60. )
(Comp. Senec. consol. ad Marc. 4; Aelian, Vida
AREʻGON ('Aphywv), a Corinthian painter, xü. 25; Suid. s. v. Owv. )
(L. S. )
who, in conjunction with Cleanthes, ornamented AREIUS, LECA'NIUS (Aekávios 'Apeios), a
the temple of Artemis Alpheionia at the mouth of Greek physician, one of whose medical formulae is
the Alpheius in Elis. He painted Artemis riding quoted by Andromachus (ap. Gal. De Compos.
on a griffin. (Strab. vii. p. 343. ) If Cleanthes be Medicam. sec. Gen. v. 13, vol. xiii. p. 840), and
the artist mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 5), Aregon who must therefore have lived in or before the
must be placed at the very earliest period of the first century after Christ. He may perhaps be the
rise of art in Greece. [CLEANTHES. ) [P. S. ) same person who is several times quoted by Galen,
ARE'GONIS ('Apryovis), according to the Or- and who is sometimes called a follower of Ascle-
phic Argonautica (127), the wife of Ampycus and piades, 'Aokamaiádelos (De Compos. Medicam. sec.
mother of Mopsus. Hyginus (Fab. 14) calls her Locos, v. 3, vol. xii. p. 829 ; ibid. viii. 5, vol.
Chloris.
(L. S. ] xiii. p. 182*; De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. v.
AREIA ('Apela), the warlike. 1. A surname 15, vol. xiii. p. 857), sometimes a native of Tarsus
of Aphrodite, when represented in full armour like in Cilicia (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, iii. 1,
Ares, as was the case at Sparta. (Paus. iii
. 17. $5. ) vol. xii. p. 636 ; ibid. ix. 2, vol. xiii. p. 247), and
2. A surname of Athena, under which she was sometimes mentioned without any distinguishing
worshipped at Athens. Her statue, together with epithet. (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, x. 2,
those of Ares, Aphrodite, and Enyo, stood in the vol. xii. p. 347; De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen.
temple of Ares at Athens. (Paus. i. 8. $ 4. ) Her v. 11, 14. vol. xiii. pp. 827, 829, 852. ) He may
worship under this name was instituted by Orestes perhaps also be the person who is said by Soranus
after he had been acquitted by the Areiopagus of (Vita Hippocr. init. , in Hipp. Opera, vol. iii. p.
the murder of his mother. (i. 28. $ 5. ) It was 850) to have written on the life of Hippocrates,
Athena Areia who gave her casting vote in cases and to whom Dioscorides addresses his work on
where the Areiopagites were equally divided.
he lived is disputed, but it was probably about 400 (Diog. l. c. ; Vitruv. vii. praef. ), are most probably
B. C. , and onwards, so that he was contemporary identical with the philosopher, to whom the most
with Plato, whose life he is said to have saved by various attainments are ascribed.
his influence with the tyrant Dionysius (Tzetzes, Busts of Archytas are engraved in Gronovius'
Chil. x. 359, xi. 362 ; Suidas, s. v. 'Apxúras), and Thesaur. Antiq. Gruec. Ü. tab. 49, and in the Anti-
with whom he kept up a familiar intercourse. (Cic. chita d'Ercolano, v. tab. 29, 30.
de Senect. 12. ) Two letters which are said to (Schmidii Dissert. de Archyta Tarent. Jenae,
have passed between them are preserved by Dio- | 1683, Vossius, de Scient. Math. 48. & 1; Montucla,
genes (l. c. ; Plato, Ep. 9). He was seven times Hist. Mathes. vol. i. pt. i. l. iii. p. 137; Ritter,
the general of his city, though it was the custom Geschichte der Pythag. Philos. p. 65. ) [P. S. ]
for the office to be held for no more than a year, ARCTI'NUS ('Aprtivos), of Miletus, is called
and he commanded in several campaigns, in all of by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (A. R. i. 68, &c. )
which he was victorious. Civil affairs of the the most ancient Greek poet, whence some writers
greatest consequence were entrusted to him by his bave placed him even before the time of Homer ;
fellow-citizens. After a life which secured to him but the ancients who assign to him any certain
a place among the very greatest men of antiquity, date, agree in placing him about the commence
he was drowned while upon a voyage on the ment of the Olympiads. We know from good
Adriatic. (Hor. Carm. i. 28. ) He was greatly authority that his father's name was Teles, and
admired for his domestic virtues. He paid par- that he was a descendant of Nautes. (Suid. s. e.
ticular attention to the comfort and education of 'Apktivos ; Tzetzes, Chil. xiii. 641. ) He is called
his slaves. The interest which he took in the a disciple of Homer, and from all we know about
education of children is proved by the mention of a him, there was scarcely a poet in his time who
child's rattle (a hatayń) among his mechanical in- deserved this title more than Arctinus. He was
ventions. (Aelian, V. H. xiv. 19; Aristo. Pol the most distinguished among the so-called cyclic
viii. 6. § 1. )
poets. There were in antiquity two epic poems
As a philosopher, he belonged to the Pythagorear. belonging to the cycle, which are unanimously
school, and he appears to have been himself the attributed to him. i. The Aethiopis (Aidionis), in
founder of a new sect. Like the Pythagoreans in five books. It was a kind of continuation of
general, he paid much attention to mathematics. Homer's Iliad, and its chief heroes were Memnon,
Horace (l. c. ) calls him “maris et terrae numeroque king of the Ethiopians, and Achilles, who slew
carentis arenae Mensorem. ” He solved the pro- him. The substance of it has been preserved by
blem of the doubling of the cube, (Vitruv. ix. praef. ) Proclus. 2. The Destruction of lion ('Ixiou
and invented the method of analytical geometry: nepois), in two books, contained a description of
He was the first who applied the principles of the taking and destruction of Troy, and the sub-
mathematics to mechanics. To his theoretical sci- sequent events until the departure of the Greeks.
ence he added the skill of a practical mechanician, The substance of this poem bas likewise been pre
and constructed various machines and automatons, served by Proclus. A portion of the Little Iliad
among which his wooden flying dove in particular of Lesches was likewise called 'Ixiov nepois, but
was the wonder of antiquity. (Gell. x. 12. ) He the account which it gave differed materially from
also applied mathematics with success to musical that of Arctinus. (Lesches. ) A third epic poem,
science, and even to metaphysical philosophy. His called Titavomaxia, that is, the fight of the gods
influence as a philosopher was so great, that Plato with the Titans, and which was probably the first
was undoubtedly indebted to him for some of his poem in the epic cycle, was ascribed by some to
views; and Aristotle is thought by some writers | Eumelus of Corinth, and by others to Arctinus.
to have borrowed the idea of his categories, as well (Athen. i. p. 22, vii. p. 277. ) The fragments of
p
as some of his ethical principles, from Archytas. Arctinus have been collected by Düntzer (Die
The fragments and titles of works ascribed to | Fragm. der ep. Poes. bis auf Aler. pp. 2, &c. , 16,
Archytas are very numerous, but the genuineness &c. , 21, &c. , Nachtrag, p. 16) and Dübner. (Homeri
of many of them is greatly doubted. Most of Carm. et Cycli Epici Reliquiae, Paris, 1837. ) Com-
them are found in Stobaeus. They relate to phy- pare C. W. Müller, De Cycio Graecorum Epico.
sics, metaphysics, logic, and ethics. A catalogue of Welcker, Der Epische Cyclus, p. 211, &c. ; Bode,
them is given by Fabricius. (Bib. Graec. i. p 833. ) Geschder Ep. Dichtkunst der Hellen. pp. 276, &c. ,
Several of the fragments of Archytas are published 378, &c.
(L. S. )
in Gale, Opusc. Mythol. Cantab. 1671, Amst. 1688. ARCYON ('Apkówv), or, as others read, Alcyon
A work ascribed to him on the 10 Categories,” |('ArxÚwv), a surgeon at Rome, mentioned by Jose-
was published by Camerarius, in Greek, under the phus (Ant. xix. 1) as having been called in to
title 'Αρχύτου φερόμενοι δέκα λόγοι καθολικοί, attend to those persons who had been wounded at
Lips. 1564; and in Greek and Latin, Ven. 1571. Caligula's assassination, A. D. 41. (W. A. G. )
A full collection of his fragments is promised in the A'RDALUS (“Apdalos), a son of Hephaestus,
Tentamrn de Archytae Tarentini vita atque operibus, who was said to have invented the flute, and to
a Jos. Navarro, of which only one part has yet ap- have built a sanctuary of the Muses at Troezen,
peared, Hafn. 1820.
who derived from him the surname Ardalides or
From the statement of lamblichus (Vit. Pyth. 23), Ardaliotides. (Paus. ii. 31. § 3; Hesych. s. r.
that Arcliytas was a hearer of Pythagoras, some l'Apoariões. )
(L. S. ]
## p. 275 (#295) ############################################
AREITHOUS.
276
ARENE.
A'RDEAS ('Apdéas), a son of Odysseus and hand of the Arcadian Lycurgus, who drove bin
Circe, the mythical founder of the town of Ardea into a narrow defile, where he could not make usc
in the country of the Rutuli. (Dionys. i. 72; of his club. Erythalion, the friend of Lycurgus,
Steph. Byz. ε. ο. 'Αντεια. )
(L. S. ] wore the armour of Areſthous in the Trojan war.
A'RDICES Corinth and TELE'PHANES of|'(Hom. Il. vii. 138, &c.
) The tomb of Areïthous
Sicyon, were, according to Pliny (xxxv. 5), the was shewn in Arcadia as late as the time of Pau-
first artists who practised the monogram, or draw- sanias. (viii. 11. § 3. ) There is another mythical
ing in outline with an indication also of the parts personage of this name in the Iliad (xx. 487). (L. S. ]
within the external outline, but without colour, as AREIUS ('Apeios), a surname of Zeus, which
in the igns of Flaxman and Retzsch. Pliny, may mean either the warlike or the propitiating
after stating that the invention of the earliest form and atoning god, as Areia in the case of Athena.
of drawing, namely, the external outline, as marked Under this name, Oenomaus sacrificed to him as
by the edge of the shadow (umbra hominis lincis often as he entered upon a contest with the suitors
circumducta, or pictura linearis), was claimed by of his daughter, whom he put to death as soon as
the Egyptians, the Corinthians, and the Sicyonians, they were conquered. (Paus. v. 14. & 5. ) [L. S. )
adds, that it was said to have been invented by AREIUS or ARIUS ('Aperos), a citizen of
Philocles, an Egyptian, or by Cleanthes, a Corin. Alexandria, a Pythagorean or Stoic philosopher in
thian, and that the next step was made by Ardices the time of Augustus, who esteemed him so highly,
and Telephanes, who first added the inner lines of that after the conquest of Alexandria, he declared
the figure (spargentes lineas intus). [P. S. ] that he spared the city chiefly for the sake of
ARDYS ('Apovs). 1. King of Lydia, succeeded Areius. (Plut. Ant. 80, Apophth. p. 207; Dion
his father Gyges, and reigned from B. C. 680 to 631. Cass. li. 16; Julian. Epist. 51; comp. Strab. xiv.
He took Priene and made war against Miletus. p. 670. ) Areius as well as his two sons, Diony-
During his reign the Cimmerians, who had been sius and Nicanor, are said to have instructed Au-
driven out of their abodes by the Nomad Scythians, gustus in philosophy. (Suet. Aug. 89. ). He is
took Sardis, with the exception of the citadel. frequently mentioned by Themistius, who says
(Herod. i. 15, 16; Paus. iv. 24. § 1. )
that Augustus valued him not less than Agrippa.
2. An experienced general, commanded the right (Themist. Orat. v. p. 63, d. viii. p. 108, b. x. p.
wing of the army of Antiochus the Great in his 130, b. xiii. p. 173, c. ed. Petav. 1684. ) From
battle against Molo, B. c. 220. (See. p. 196, b. ] Quintilian (ii. 15. § 36, iii. 1. & 16) it appears.
He distinguished himself in the next year in the that Areius also taught or wrote on rheto
siege of Seleuceia. (Polyb. v. 53, 60. )
(Comp. Senec. consol. ad Marc. 4; Aelian, Vida
AREʻGON ('Aphywv), a Corinthian painter, xü. 25; Suid. s. v. Owv. )
(L. S. )
who, in conjunction with Cleanthes, ornamented AREIUS, LECA'NIUS (Aekávios 'Apeios), a
the temple of Artemis Alpheionia at the mouth of Greek physician, one of whose medical formulae is
the Alpheius in Elis. He painted Artemis riding quoted by Andromachus (ap. Gal. De Compos.
on a griffin. (Strab. vii. p. 343. ) If Cleanthes be Medicam. sec. Gen. v. 13, vol. xiii. p. 840), and
the artist mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 5), Aregon who must therefore have lived in or before the
must be placed at the very earliest period of the first century after Christ. He may perhaps be the
rise of art in Greece. [CLEANTHES. ) [P. S. ) same person who is several times quoted by Galen,
ARE'GONIS ('Apryovis), according to the Or- and who is sometimes called a follower of Ascle-
phic Argonautica (127), the wife of Ampycus and piades, 'Aokamaiádelos (De Compos. Medicam. sec.
mother of Mopsus. Hyginus (Fab. 14) calls her Locos, v. 3, vol. xii. p. 829 ; ibid. viii. 5, vol.
Chloris.
(L. S. ] xiii. p. 182*; De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. v.
AREIA ('Apela), the warlike. 1. A surname 15, vol. xiii. p. 857), sometimes a native of Tarsus
of Aphrodite, when represented in full armour like in Cilicia (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, iii. 1,
Ares, as was the case at Sparta. (Paus. iii
. 17. $5. ) vol. xii. p. 636 ; ibid. ix. 2, vol. xiii. p. 247), and
2. A surname of Athena, under which she was sometimes mentioned without any distinguishing
worshipped at Athens. Her statue, together with epithet. (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, x. 2,
those of Ares, Aphrodite, and Enyo, stood in the vol. xii. p. 347; De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen.
temple of Ares at Athens. (Paus. i. 8. $ 4. ) Her v. 11, 14. vol. xiii. pp. 827, 829, 852. ) He may
worship under this name was instituted by Orestes perhaps also be the person who is said by Soranus
after he had been acquitted by the Areiopagus of (Vita Hippocr. init. , in Hipp. Opera, vol. iii. p.
the murder of his mother. (i. 28. $ 5. ) It was 850) to have written on the life of Hippocrates,
Athena Areia who gave her casting vote in cases and to whom Dioscorides addresses his work on
where the Areiopagites were equally divided.
