The family of his father
title of ANTONINI ITINERARIUM is usually attri- was originally from Nemausus (Nismes) in Trans-
buted to the emperor M.
title of ANTONINI ITINERARIUM is usually attri- was originally from Nemausus (Nismes) in Trans-
buted to the emperor M.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
39, and was married to L.
Domitius
Xxvi. 36. )
Ahenobarbus, Cos. B. c. 16. Her son by this
6. P. ANTISTIUS, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 88, marriage, Cn. Domitius, was the father of the em-
opposed in his tribuneship C. Caesar Strabo, who peror Nero. (See the Stemma, p. 84. ) According
was a candidate for the consulship without having to Tacitus (Ann. iv. 44, xii. 64), this Antonia was
been praetor. The speech he made upon this occa- the younger daughter ; but we have followed Sueto-
sion brought him into public notice, and afterwards nius (Ner. 5) and Plutarch (Ant. 87) in calling
he frequently had important causes entrusted to her the elder. (Compare Dion Cass. li. 15. ).
him, though he was already advanced in years. 6. The younger of the two daughters of M. An-
Cicero speaks favourably of his eloquence. In tonius by Octavian born about B. c. 36, was married
consequence of the marriage of his daughter to to Drusus, the brother of the emperor Tiberius, by
Pompeius Magnus, he supported the party of Sulla, whom she had three children: 1. Germanicus, the
and was put to death by order of young Marius in father of the emperor Caligula ; 2. Livia or Livilla ;
B. c. 82. His wife Calpurnia killed herself upon and 3. the emperor Claudius.
She lived to see
the death of her husband. (Cic. Brut. 63, 90, the accession of her grandson Caligula to the throne,
pro Rosc. Amer. 32; Vell. Pat. ii. 26; Appian, a. D. 37, who at first conferred upon her the great-
B. C. i. 88; Liv. Epit. 86; Plut. Pomp. 9; Dru- est honours, but afterwards treated her with 80
mann, Gesch. Roms, i. p. 55. )
much contempt, that her death was hastened by
7. T. Antistius, quaestor in Macedonia, B. c. his conduct : according to some accounts, he admi-
50. When Pompey came into the province in nistered poison to her. The emperor Claudius
the following year, Antistius had received no suc-paid the highest honours to her memory. Pliny
cessor; and according to Cicero, he did only as (H. N. xxxv. 36. & 16) speaks of a temple of An-
much for Pompey as circumstances compelled him. tonia, which was probably built at the command of
He took no part in the war, and after the battle of Claudius. Antonia was celebrated for her beauty,
P
## p. 210 (#230) ############################################
210
ANTONINUS.
ANTONINUS.
1
1
1
کا جی
Ix. 5. )
virtue, and chastity. Her portrait on the annexed Caesar, Antonius Augustus, Antonius Augustalis,
coin supports the accounts which are given of her and Antoninus Augustus. li is a very valuable
beauty. (Plut. Ant. 87; Dion Cass. lviii. 11, lix. 3, itinerary of the whole Roman empire, in which
Ix. b; Suet. Cal. i. 15, 23; Tac. Ann. iii. 3, 18, both the principal and the cross-roads are described
xi. 3 ; Val Max. iv. 3. $ 3; Eckhel, vi. p. 178, &c. ) by a list of all the places and stations upon them,
the distances from place to place being given in
Roman miles.
We are informed by Aethicus, a Greck geogra-
pher whose Cosmographi was translated by St.
Jerome, that in the consulship of Julius Caesar
and M. Antonius (B. C. 44), a general survey of
the empire was undertaken, at the command of
Caesar and by a decree of the senatc, by three
persons, who severally completed their labours in
7. The daughter of the emperor Claudius hy | 30, 24, and 19, R. C. , and that Augustus sanctioned
Perina, was married by her father first to Pompeius the results by a decree of the senate. The proba-
Magnus, and afterwards to Faustus Sulla. Nero ble inference from this statement, compared with
wished to marry her after the death of his wife the MS. titles of the Itinerary, is, that that work
Poppaca, A. D. 66 ; and on her refusing his proposal, embodied the results of the survey mentioned by
he caused her to be put to death on a charge of Aethicus. In fact, the circumstance of the Itine-
treason. According to some accounts, she was privy rary and the Cosmograplia of Aethicus being
to the conspiracy of Piso. (Suet. Claud. 27, Ner. found in the same Ms. has led some writers to
35; Tac. Ann. xii. 2, xii. 23, xv. 53; Dion Cass. suppose that it was Aethicus himself who reduced
the survey into the form in which we bare it.
ANTONIA GENS, Patrician and plebeian. The time of Julius Caesar and Augustus, when
The patrician Antonii bear the cognomen Merenda the Roman empire had reached its extent, was
(MERENDA]; the plebeian Antonii bear no sur-that at which we should expect such a work to be
name under the republic, with the exception of Q. undertaken ; and no one was more likely to under-
Antonius, propraeior in Sardinia in the time of take it than the great reformer of the Roman ca-
Sulla, who is called Balbus upon coins. (Eckhel, lendar. The honour of the work, therefore, seems
v. p. 140. ) The plebeian Antonii are given under to belong to Julius Caesar, who began it; to M.
ANTONIUS. Antonius, the triumvir, pretended Antonius, who, from his position in the state, must
that his gens was descended from Anton, a son of have shared in its commencement and prosecution ;
Hercules. (Plut. Ant. 4, 36, 60. ) We are told and to Augustus, under whom it was completed.
that he harnessed lions to his chariot to commemo- Nevertheless, it is highly probable that it received
rate bis descent from this hero (Plin. H. N. viii. important additions and revision under one or both
16. 6. 21; comp. Cic. ad Att. x. 13); and many of of the Antonines, who, in their labours to consoli-
his coins bear a lion for the same reason. (Eckhel, date the empire, would not neglect such a work.
vi. pp. 38, 44. )
The names included in it, moreover, prove that it
ANTO'NINUS. 1. A Roman of high rank, and was altered to suit the existing state of the empire
a contemporary and friend of Pliny the Younger, down to the time of Diocletian (A. D. 285-30. 5),
among whose letters there are three addressed to after which we have no evidence of any alteration,
Antoninus. Pliny heaps the most extravagant for the passages in which the name “ Constantino-
praise upon his friend both for his personal charac-polis” occurs are probably spurious. Whoever
ter and his skill in composing Greek epigrams and may have been its author, we have abundant evi-
iambics. (Plin. Epist. iv. 3, 18, v. 10. )
dence that the work was an official one. In seve
2. A new-Platonist, who lived early in the ral passages the numbers are doubtful. The names
fourth century of our era, was a son of Eustathius are put down without any specific rule as to the
and Sosipatra, and had a school at Canopus, near It was first printed by H. Stephens, Paris.
Alexandria in Egypt. He devoted himself wholly (1512. ) The best edition is that of Wesseling,
to those who sought his instructions, but he never Amst. 1735, 4to. (The Preface to Wesseling's
expressed any opinion upon divine things, which edition of the Itinerary; The Article . Antoninus,
he considered beyond man's comprehension. He the Itinerary of,' in the Penny Cyclopædia. ) [P. S. ]
and his disciples were strongly attached to the ANTONI'NUS, M. AURE'LIUS. (M. Au-
heathen religion ; but he had acuteness enough to RELIUS. ]
see that its end was near at hand, and he predicted ANTONI'NUS PIUS. The name of this
that after his death all the splendid temples of the emperor in the early part of his life, at full length,
gods would be changed into tombs. His moral was Titus Aurelius Fulrus Boionius Arrius Anto
conduct is described as truly exemplary. (Eunapius, ninus — a series of appellations derived from his
Vit. Aedesii, p. 68, ed. Antw. 1568. ) (L. S. ) paternal and maternal ancestors, from whom he
ANTONINUS. The work which bears the inherited great wealth.
The family of his father
title of ANTONINI ITINERARIUM is usually attri- was originally from Nemausus (Nismes) in Trans-
buted to the emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus. It alpine Gaul, and the most important members of
is also ascribed in the MSS. severally to Julius the stock are exhibited in the following table:
Titus Aurelius Fulvus,
Titus Arrius Antoninus, Boionia Procilla.
Consul A. D. 85 and 89, and Praefectus urbi. Consul A. D. 69 and 96.
.
case.
7
Arria Fadilla
Aurelius Fulvis,
Consul, but not named in the Fasti.
)
## p. 211 (#231) ############################################
ANTONINUS.
a
211
ANTONINUS.
Titus Aurelius Fulvus, afterwards T. AELIUS HADRIANUS ANTONINUS Pius AUGUSTUS,
Married Annia Galeria Faustina.
M. Galerius Antoninus. - M. Aurelius Fulvus Aurelia Fadilla. Annia Faustina, wife of the
Antoninus.
emperor M. AURELIUS.
Antoninus himself was near Lanuvium on the adopted by Hadrian, we may conclude that both
19th of September, A. D. 86, in the reign of Domi- his sons died before this epoch ; and hence the
tian ;, was brought up at Lorium, a villa on the magnanimity ascribed to him by Gibbon (c. 3) in
Aurelian way, about twelve miles from Rome; preferring the welfare of Rome to the interests of
passed his boyhood under the superintendence of his family, and sacrificing the claims of his own
his two grandfathers, and from a very early age children to the talents and virtues of young Mar-
gave promise of his future worth. After having cus, is probably altogether visionary.
filled the offices of quaestor and praetor with great The whole period of the reign of Antoninus,
distinction, he was elevated to the consulship in which lasted for upwards of twenty-two years, is
120, was afterwards selected by Hadrian as one of almost a blank in history-a blank caused by the
the four consulars to whom the administration of suspension for a time of war, and violencc, and
Italy was entrusted, was next appointed proconsul crime. Never before and never after did the
of the province of Asia, which he ruled so wisely Roman world enjoy for an equal space so large a
that he surpassed in fame all rmer governors, not measure of prosperous tranquillity. All the thoughts
excepting his grandfather Arrius, and on his re- and energies of a most sagacious and able prince
turn home was admitted to share the secret coun- were steadfastly dedicated to the attainment of
sels of the prince. In consequence, it would ap- one object-- the happiness of his people. And
pear, of his merit alone, after the death of Aelius assuredly never were noble exertions crowned with
Caesar, he was adopted by Hadrian on the 25th of more ample success.
February 138, in the 52nd year of his age. He At home the affections of all classes were won
was immediately assumed by his new father as by his simple habits, by the courtesy of bis man-
colleague in the tribunate and proconsular imperi-ners, by the ready access granted to his presence,
um, and thenceforward bore the name of T. Aelius by the patient attention with which he listened to
Hadrianus Antoninus Caesar. Being at this period representations upon all manner of subjects, by his
without male issue, he was required to adopt M. impartial distribution of favours, and his prompt
Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and administration of justice. Common informers were
also L. Ceionius Commodus, the son of Aelius Cae discouraged, and almost disappeared ; never had
sar, who had been previously adopted by Hadrian confiscations been so rare ; during a long succession
but was now dead. These two individuals were of years no senator was punished with death ; one
afterwards the emperors M. Aurelius Antoninus man only was impeached of treason, and he, when
and L. Aurelius Verus.
convicted, was forbidden to betray his accomplices.
Hadrian died at Baiae on the 2nd of July, 138, Abroad, the subject states participated largely
but a few months after these arrangements had in the blessings diffused by such an example. The
been concluded, and Antoninus without opposition best governors were permitted to retain their power
ascended the throne. Several years before this for a series of years, and the collectors of the re-
event, he had married Annia Galeria Faustina, venue were compelled to abandon their extortions.
whose descent will be understood by referring to Moreover, the general condition of the provincials
the account giren of the family of her nephew, was improved, their fidelity secured, and the re-
M. AURELIUS. By her he had two daughters, sources and stability of the whole empire increased
Aurelia Fadilla and Annia Faustina, and two sons, by the communication, on a large scale, of the full
M. Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus and M. Galerius rights and privileges of Roman citizens to the in-
Antoninus. Aurelia married Lamia Syllanus, and babitants of distant countries. In cases of national
died at the time when her father was setting out calamity and distress, such as the earthquakes
for Asia Faustina became the wife of her first which devastated Rhodes and Asia, and the great
cousin Marcus Aurelius, the future emperor. Of fires at Narbonne, Antioch, and Carthage, the suf-
the male progeny we know nothing. The name of ferers were relieved, and compensation granted for
the first mentioned was discovered by Pagi in an their losses with the most unsparing liberality:
inscription, the portrait of the second appears on a In foreign policy, the judicious system of his
rare Greek coin, with the legend, M. TALEPIOC. predecessor was steadily followed out. No attempt
ANTONEINOC, ATTOKPATOPOC. ANTONEINOT was made to achieve new conquests, but all rebel-
TIOC. On the reverse of the medal is the head | lions from within and all aggressions from without
of his mother, with the words, OEA $ATCTEINA, were promptly crushed. Various
which prove that it was struck subsequently to her among the Germans, the Dacians, the Jews, the
death, which happened in the third year after her Moors, the Greeks, and the Egyptians, were quelled
husband's accession. It will be observed, that by persuasion or by a mere demonstration of force ;
while Galerius is styled "son of the emperor Anto while a more formidable insurrection in northern
ninus," he is not termed KAILAP, a title which Britain was speedily repressed by the imperial
would scarcely have been omitted had he been legate Lollius Urbicus, who advancing beyond the
born or been alive after his father's elevation. wall of Hadrian, connected the friths of the Clyde
From this circumstance, therefore, from the abso- and the Forth by a rampart of turf, in order that
lute silence of history with regard to these youths, the more peaceful districts might be better protect-
and from the positive assertion of Dion Cassius ed from the inroads of the Caledonians. The
(lxix. 21), that Antoninus had no male issue when | British war was concluded, as we learn from mo-
movements
P 2
## p. 212 (#232) ############################################
212
ANTONINUS.
ANTONINUS.
dals, between the years 140-145, and on this occa- 1 and several different explanations, many of them
sjon Antoninus received for a second time the title very silly, are proposed by his biographer Capito-
of imperator—a distinction which he did not again linus. The most probable account of the matter is
accept, and he never deigned to celebrate a triumph. this. Upon the death of Hadrian, the senate, in-
(Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 14. )
censed by his severity towards several members of
Even the nations which were not subject to their body, had resolved to withhold the honours
Rome paid the utmost respect to the power of usually conferred upon deceased emperors, but were
Antoninus. The Parthians, yielding to his re- induced to forego their purpose in consequence of
monstrances, abandoned an attempt upon Armenia. the deep grief of Antoninus, and his earnest en-
The Scythians submitted disputes with their treaties. Being, perhaps, after the first burst of
neighbours to his arbitration ; the barbarians of the indignation had passed away, somewhat alarmed
Upper Danube received a king from his hands ; a by their own rashness, they determined to render
great chief of the clans of Caucasus repaired to the concession more gracious by paying a compli-
Rome to tender his homage in person, and embas- ment to their new ruler which should mark their
sies flocked in from Hyrcania and Bactria, from admiration of the feeling by which he had been
the banks of the Indus and of the Ganges, to seek influenced, and accordingly they hailed him by
the alliance of the emperor.
the name of Pius, or the dutifully affectionate.
In his reign various improvements were intro- This view of the question receives support from
duced in the law, by the advice of the most emi- medals, since the epithet appears for the first time
nent jurists of the day; the health of the popula- upon those which were struck immediately after
tion was protected by salutary regulations with the death of Hadrian ; while several belonging to
regard to the interment of the dead, and by the et the same year, but coined before that date, bear
tablishment of a certain number of licensed medical no such addition. Had it been, as is commonly
practitioners in the metropolis and all large towns. supposed, conferred in consequence of the general
The interests of education and literature were holiness of his life, it would in all probability have
promoted by honours and pensions bestowed on been introduced either when he first became Cae-
the most distinguished professors of philosophy sar, or after he had been seated for some time on
and rhetoric throughout the world. Commercial the throne, and not exactly at the moment of his
intercourse was facilitated by the construction or accession. Be that as it may, it found such favour
repair of bridges, harbours, and lighthouses ; and in the eyes of his successors, that it was almost
architecture and the fine arts were encouraged by universally adopted, and is usually found united
the erection and decoration of numerous public with the appellation of Augustus.
buildings. Of these the temple of Faustina in the Our chief and almost only authority for the life
forum, and the mausoleum of Hadrian on the right of Antoninus Pius is the biography of Capitolinus,
bank of the Tiber, may still be seen, and many which, as may be gathered from what has been
antiquarians are of opinion, that the magnificent said above, is from beginning to end an uninter-
Amphitheatre at Nismes, and the stupendous aque- rupted panegyric. But the few facts which we
duct now termed the Pont du Gard, between that can collect from medals, from the scanty fragments
town and Avignon, are monuments of the interest of Dion Cassius, and from incidental notices in
felt by the descendant of the Aurelii Fulvi for the later writers, all corroborate, as far as they go, the
country of his fathers. It is certain that the for- representations of Capitolinus ; and therefore we
mer of these structures was completed under his cannot fairly refuse to receive his narrative merely
immediate successors and dedicated to them. because he paints a character of singular and al-
In all the relations of private life Antoninus most unparalleled excellence. [W. R. ]
was equally distinguished. Even his wife's irre-
gularities, which must to a certain extent have
been known to him, he passed over, and after her
death loaded her memory with honours. Among
the most remarkable of these was the establish-
ment of an hospital, after the plan of a similar in-
stitution by Trajan, for the reception and mainten-
ance of boys and girls, the young females who
S
enjoyed the advantages of the charity being termed
puellae alimentariae Faustinianae. By fervent
piety and scrupulous observance of sacred rites,
he gained the reputation of being a second Numa;
but he was a foe to intolerant fanaticism, as is
COIN OF ANTONINUS PIUS.
proved by the protection and favour extended
to the Christians. His natural taste seems to ANTONI'NUS LIBERA'LIS (Artwvivos
have had a strong bias towards the pleasures of Albepárıs), a Greek grammarian, concerning whose
a country life, and accordingly we find him spend life nothing is known, but who is generally believed
ing all his leisure hours upon his estate in the to have lived in the reign of the Antonines, about
country. In person he was of commanding aspect A. D. 147. We possess a work under his name,
and dignified countenance, and a deep toned melo entitled Metauoppurew ouvaywiń, and consisting
dious voice rendered his native eloquence more of forty-one tales about mythical metamorphoses.
striking and impressive.
With the exception of nine tales, he always men-
His death took place at Lorium on the 7th of tions the sources from which he took his accounts.
March, 161, in his 75th year. He was succeeded Since most of the works referred to by him are now
by M. Aurelius.
lost, his book is of some importance for the study
Some doubts existed amongst the ancients them- of Greek mythology, but in regard to composi-
selves with regard to the origin of the title Pius, tion and style it is of no value. There are but
Hous
D'alcool
SI
OLNE
## p. 213 (#233) ############################################
ANTONIUS.
213
ANTONIUS.
rery few MSS. of this work, and the chicf ones 3. Q. ANTONIUS, was one of the officers in the
are that at Heidelberg and the one in Paris. The feet under the praetor L. Aemilius Regillus, in
first edition from the Heidelberg MS. with a Latin the war with Antiochus the Great, B. C. 190.
translation, is by Xylander, Basel, 1568, 8vo. (Liv. xxxvii. 32. )
There is a good edition by Verheyk (Lugd. Rat. 4. A. ANTONIUS, was sent by the consul Ae-
1774,
8vo. ) with notes by Muncker, Hemsterhuis, milius Paullus, with two others to Perseus, after the
&c. The best is by Kocb (Leipz. 1832, 8vo. ), who defeat of the latter, B. c. 168. (Liv. xlv. 4. )
collated the Paris MS. and added valuable notes of 5. M. ANTONIUS, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 167,
his own. (Mallmann, Commentatio de cuusis et quo opposed the bill introduced by the praetor M.
loribus narrationum de mutatis formis, Leipz. 1786, Juventius Thalna for declaring war against the
p. 89,&c; Bast, Epistola crilica ad Boissonade super Rhodians. (Liv. xlv. 21, 40. )
Antonino Liberali, Parthenio et Aristaeneto, Leipz. 6. L. ANTONIUS, defended by M. Cato Censo-
1809; Koch's Preface to his edition. ) (L. S. ) rius, about the middle of the second century B. C.
ANTO’NIUS, plebeian. See Antonia Gens. (Priscian, ix. p. 868, ed. Putsch. )
1. M. ANTONIUS, Magister Equitum, B. C. 334, 7. C. ANTONIUS, the father of the orator, as
in the Samnite war. (Liv. viii. 17. )
appears from coins. The following is a genealogi-
2. L. ANTONIUS, expelled from the senate by cal table of his descendants :
the censors in B. C. 307. (Val. Max. ä. 9. & 2. )
7. C. Antonius.
8. M. Antonius, the orator, Cos. B. C. 99.
ll. Antonia.
9.
Xxvi. 36. )
Ahenobarbus, Cos. B. c. 16. Her son by this
6. P. ANTISTIUS, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 88, marriage, Cn. Domitius, was the father of the em-
opposed in his tribuneship C. Caesar Strabo, who peror Nero. (See the Stemma, p. 84. ) According
was a candidate for the consulship without having to Tacitus (Ann. iv. 44, xii. 64), this Antonia was
been praetor. The speech he made upon this occa- the younger daughter ; but we have followed Sueto-
sion brought him into public notice, and afterwards nius (Ner. 5) and Plutarch (Ant. 87) in calling
he frequently had important causes entrusted to her the elder. (Compare Dion Cass. li. 15. ).
him, though he was already advanced in years. 6. The younger of the two daughters of M. An-
Cicero speaks favourably of his eloquence. In tonius by Octavian born about B. c. 36, was married
consequence of the marriage of his daughter to to Drusus, the brother of the emperor Tiberius, by
Pompeius Magnus, he supported the party of Sulla, whom she had three children: 1. Germanicus, the
and was put to death by order of young Marius in father of the emperor Caligula ; 2. Livia or Livilla ;
B. c. 82. His wife Calpurnia killed herself upon and 3. the emperor Claudius.
She lived to see
the death of her husband. (Cic. Brut. 63, 90, the accession of her grandson Caligula to the throne,
pro Rosc. Amer. 32; Vell. Pat. ii. 26; Appian, a. D. 37, who at first conferred upon her the great-
B. C. i. 88; Liv. Epit. 86; Plut. Pomp. 9; Dru- est honours, but afterwards treated her with 80
mann, Gesch. Roms, i. p. 55. )
much contempt, that her death was hastened by
7. T. Antistius, quaestor in Macedonia, B. c. his conduct : according to some accounts, he admi-
50. When Pompey came into the province in nistered poison to her. The emperor Claudius
the following year, Antistius had received no suc-paid the highest honours to her memory. Pliny
cessor; and according to Cicero, he did only as (H. N. xxxv. 36. & 16) speaks of a temple of An-
much for Pompey as circumstances compelled him. tonia, which was probably built at the command of
He took no part in the war, and after the battle of Claudius. Antonia was celebrated for her beauty,
P
## p. 210 (#230) ############################################
210
ANTONINUS.
ANTONINUS.
1
1
1
کا جی
Ix. 5. )
virtue, and chastity. Her portrait on the annexed Caesar, Antonius Augustus, Antonius Augustalis,
coin supports the accounts which are given of her and Antoninus Augustus. li is a very valuable
beauty. (Plut. Ant. 87; Dion Cass. lviii. 11, lix. 3, itinerary of the whole Roman empire, in which
Ix. b; Suet. Cal. i. 15, 23; Tac. Ann. iii. 3, 18, both the principal and the cross-roads are described
xi. 3 ; Val Max. iv. 3. $ 3; Eckhel, vi. p. 178, &c. ) by a list of all the places and stations upon them,
the distances from place to place being given in
Roman miles.
We are informed by Aethicus, a Greck geogra-
pher whose Cosmographi was translated by St.
Jerome, that in the consulship of Julius Caesar
and M. Antonius (B. C. 44), a general survey of
the empire was undertaken, at the command of
Caesar and by a decree of the senatc, by three
persons, who severally completed their labours in
7. The daughter of the emperor Claudius hy | 30, 24, and 19, R. C. , and that Augustus sanctioned
Perina, was married by her father first to Pompeius the results by a decree of the senate. The proba-
Magnus, and afterwards to Faustus Sulla. Nero ble inference from this statement, compared with
wished to marry her after the death of his wife the MS. titles of the Itinerary, is, that that work
Poppaca, A. D. 66 ; and on her refusing his proposal, embodied the results of the survey mentioned by
he caused her to be put to death on a charge of Aethicus. In fact, the circumstance of the Itine-
treason. According to some accounts, she was privy rary and the Cosmograplia of Aethicus being
to the conspiracy of Piso. (Suet. Claud. 27, Ner. found in the same Ms. has led some writers to
35; Tac. Ann. xii. 2, xii. 23, xv. 53; Dion Cass. suppose that it was Aethicus himself who reduced
the survey into the form in which we bare it.
ANTONIA GENS, Patrician and plebeian. The time of Julius Caesar and Augustus, when
The patrician Antonii bear the cognomen Merenda the Roman empire had reached its extent, was
(MERENDA]; the plebeian Antonii bear no sur-that at which we should expect such a work to be
name under the republic, with the exception of Q. undertaken ; and no one was more likely to under-
Antonius, propraeior in Sardinia in the time of take it than the great reformer of the Roman ca-
Sulla, who is called Balbus upon coins. (Eckhel, lendar. The honour of the work, therefore, seems
v. p. 140. ) The plebeian Antonii are given under to belong to Julius Caesar, who began it; to M.
ANTONIUS. Antonius, the triumvir, pretended Antonius, who, from his position in the state, must
that his gens was descended from Anton, a son of have shared in its commencement and prosecution ;
Hercules. (Plut. Ant. 4, 36, 60. ) We are told and to Augustus, under whom it was completed.
that he harnessed lions to his chariot to commemo- Nevertheless, it is highly probable that it received
rate bis descent from this hero (Plin. H. N. viii. important additions and revision under one or both
16. 6. 21; comp. Cic. ad Att. x. 13); and many of of the Antonines, who, in their labours to consoli-
his coins bear a lion for the same reason. (Eckhel, date the empire, would not neglect such a work.
vi. pp. 38, 44. )
The names included in it, moreover, prove that it
ANTO'NINUS. 1. A Roman of high rank, and was altered to suit the existing state of the empire
a contemporary and friend of Pliny the Younger, down to the time of Diocletian (A. D. 285-30. 5),
among whose letters there are three addressed to after which we have no evidence of any alteration,
Antoninus. Pliny heaps the most extravagant for the passages in which the name “ Constantino-
praise upon his friend both for his personal charac-polis” occurs are probably spurious. Whoever
ter and his skill in composing Greek epigrams and may have been its author, we have abundant evi-
iambics. (Plin. Epist. iv. 3, 18, v. 10. )
dence that the work was an official one. In seve
2. A new-Platonist, who lived early in the ral passages the numbers are doubtful. The names
fourth century of our era, was a son of Eustathius are put down without any specific rule as to the
and Sosipatra, and had a school at Canopus, near It was first printed by H. Stephens, Paris.
Alexandria in Egypt. He devoted himself wholly (1512. ) The best edition is that of Wesseling,
to those who sought his instructions, but he never Amst. 1735, 4to. (The Preface to Wesseling's
expressed any opinion upon divine things, which edition of the Itinerary; The Article . Antoninus,
he considered beyond man's comprehension. He the Itinerary of,' in the Penny Cyclopædia. ) [P. S. ]
and his disciples were strongly attached to the ANTONI'NUS, M. AURE'LIUS. (M. Au-
heathen religion ; but he had acuteness enough to RELIUS. ]
see that its end was near at hand, and he predicted ANTONI'NUS PIUS. The name of this
that after his death all the splendid temples of the emperor in the early part of his life, at full length,
gods would be changed into tombs. His moral was Titus Aurelius Fulrus Boionius Arrius Anto
conduct is described as truly exemplary. (Eunapius, ninus — a series of appellations derived from his
Vit. Aedesii, p. 68, ed. Antw. 1568. ) (L. S. ) paternal and maternal ancestors, from whom he
ANTONINUS. The work which bears the inherited great wealth.
The family of his father
title of ANTONINI ITINERARIUM is usually attri- was originally from Nemausus (Nismes) in Trans-
buted to the emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus. It alpine Gaul, and the most important members of
is also ascribed in the MSS. severally to Julius the stock are exhibited in the following table:
Titus Aurelius Fulvus,
Titus Arrius Antoninus, Boionia Procilla.
Consul A. D. 85 and 89, and Praefectus urbi. Consul A. D. 69 and 96.
.
case.
7
Arria Fadilla
Aurelius Fulvis,
Consul, but not named in the Fasti.
)
## p. 211 (#231) ############################################
ANTONINUS.
a
211
ANTONINUS.
Titus Aurelius Fulvus, afterwards T. AELIUS HADRIANUS ANTONINUS Pius AUGUSTUS,
Married Annia Galeria Faustina.
M. Galerius Antoninus. - M. Aurelius Fulvus Aurelia Fadilla. Annia Faustina, wife of the
Antoninus.
emperor M. AURELIUS.
Antoninus himself was near Lanuvium on the adopted by Hadrian, we may conclude that both
19th of September, A. D. 86, in the reign of Domi- his sons died before this epoch ; and hence the
tian ;, was brought up at Lorium, a villa on the magnanimity ascribed to him by Gibbon (c. 3) in
Aurelian way, about twelve miles from Rome; preferring the welfare of Rome to the interests of
passed his boyhood under the superintendence of his family, and sacrificing the claims of his own
his two grandfathers, and from a very early age children to the talents and virtues of young Mar-
gave promise of his future worth. After having cus, is probably altogether visionary.
filled the offices of quaestor and praetor with great The whole period of the reign of Antoninus,
distinction, he was elevated to the consulship in which lasted for upwards of twenty-two years, is
120, was afterwards selected by Hadrian as one of almost a blank in history-a blank caused by the
the four consulars to whom the administration of suspension for a time of war, and violencc, and
Italy was entrusted, was next appointed proconsul crime. Never before and never after did the
of the province of Asia, which he ruled so wisely Roman world enjoy for an equal space so large a
that he surpassed in fame all rmer governors, not measure of prosperous tranquillity. All the thoughts
excepting his grandfather Arrius, and on his re- and energies of a most sagacious and able prince
turn home was admitted to share the secret coun- were steadfastly dedicated to the attainment of
sels of the prince. In consequence, it would ap- one object-- the happiness of his people. And
pear, of his merit alone, after the death of Aelius assuredly never were noble exertions crowned with
Caesar, he was adopted by Hadrian on the 25th of more ample success.
February 138, in the 52nd year of his age. He At home the affections of all classes were won
was immediately assumed by his new father as by his simple habits, by the courtesy of bis man-
colleague in the tribunate and proconsular imperi-ners, by the ready access granted to his presence,
um, and thenceforward bore the name of T. Aelius by the patient attention with which he listened to
Hadrianus Antoninus Caesar. Being at this period representations upon all manner of subjects, by his
without male issue, he was required to adopt M. impartial distribution of favours, and his prompt
Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and administration of justice. Common informers were
also L. Ceionius Commodus, the son of Aelius Cae discouraged, and almost disappeared ; never had
sar, who had been previously adopted by Hadrian confiscations been so rare ; during a long succession
but was now dead. These two individuals were of years no senator was punished with death ; one
afterwards the emperors M. Aurelius Antoninus man only was impeached of treason, and he, when
and L. Aurelius Verus.
convicted, was forbidden to betray his accomplices.
Hadrian died at Baiae on the 2nd of July, 138, Abroad, the subject states participated largely
but a few months after these arrangements had in the blessings diffused by such an example. The
been concluded, and Antoninus without opposition best governors were permitted to retain their power
ascended the throne. Several years before this for a series of years, and the collectors of the re-
event, he had married Annia Galeria Faustina, venue were compelled to abandon their extortions.
whose descent will be understood by referring to Moreover, the general condition of the provincials
the account giren of the family of her nephew, was improved, their fidelity secured, and the re-
M. AURELIUS. By her he had two daughters, sources and stability of the whole empire increased
Aurelia Fadilla and Annia Faustina, and two sons, by the communication, on a large scale, of the full
M. Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus and M. Galerius rights and privileges of Roman citizens to the in-
Antoninus. Aurelia married Lamia Syllanus, and babitants of distant countries. In cases of national
died at the time when her father was setting out calamity and distress, such as the earthquakes
for Asia Faustina became the wife of her first which devastated Rhodes and Asia, and the great
cousin Marcus Aurelius, the future emperor. Of fires at Narbonne, Antioch, and Carthage, the suf-
the male progeny we know nothing. The name of ferers were relieved, and compensation granted for
the first mentioned was discovered by Pagi in an their losses with the most unsparing liberality:
inscription, the portrait of the second appears on a In foreign policy, the judicious system of his
rare Greek coin, with the legend, M. TALEPIOC. predecessor was steadily followed out. No attempt
ANTONEINOC, ATTOKPATOPOC. ANTONEINOT was made to achieve new conquests, but all rebel-
TIOC. On the reverse of the medal is the head | lions from within and all aggressions from without
of his mother, with the words, OEA $ATCTEINA, were promptly crushed. Various
which prove that it was struck subsequently to her among the Germans, the Dacians, the Jews, the
death, which happened in the third year after her Moors, the Greeks, and the Egyptians, were quelled
husband's accession. It will be observed, that by persuasion or by a mere demonstration of force ;
while Galerius is styled "son of the emperor Anto while a more formidable insurrection in northern
ninus," he is not termed KAILAP, a title which Britain was speedily repressed by the imperial
would scarcely have been omitted had he been legate Lollius Urbicus, who advancing beyond the
born or been alive after his father's elevation. wall of Hadrian, connected the friths of the Clyde
From this circumstance, therefore, from the abso- and the Forth by a rampart of turf, in order that
lute silence of history with regard to these youths, the more peaceful districts might be better protect-
and from the positive assertion of Dion Cassius ed from the inroads of the Caledonians. The
(lxix. 21), that Antoninus had no male issue when | British war was concluded, as we learn from mo-
movements
P 2
## p. 212 (#232) ############################################
212
ANTONINUS.
ANTONINUS.
dals, between the years 140-145, and on this occa- 1 and several different explanations, many of them
sjon Antoninus received for a second time the title very silly, are proposed by his biographer Capito-
of imperator—a distinction which he did not again linus. The most probable account of the matter is
accept, and he never deigned to celebrate a triumph. this. Upon the death of Hadrian, the senate, in-
(Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 14. )
censed by his severity towards several members of
Even the nations which were not subject to their body, had resolved to withhold the honours
Rome paid the utmost respect to the power of usually conferred upon deceased emperors, but were
Antoninus. The Parthians, yielding to his re- induced to forego their purpose in consequence of
monstrances, abandoned an attempt upon Armenia. the deep grief of Antoninus, and his earnest en-
The Scythians submitted disputes with their treaties. Being, perhaps, after the first burst of
neighbours to his arbitration ; the barbarians of the indignation had passed away, somewhat alarmed
Upper Danube received a king from his hands ; a by their own rashness, they determined to render
great chief of the clans of Caucasus repaired to the concession more gracious by paying a compli-
Rome to tender his homage in person, and embas- ment to their new ruler which should mark their
sies flocked in from Hyrcania and Bactria, from admiration of the feeling by which he had been
the banks of the Indus and of the Ganges, to seek influenced, and accordingly they hailed him by
the alliance of the emperor.
the name of Pius, or the dutifully affectionate.
In his reign various improvements were intro- This view of the question receives support from
duced in the law, by the advice of the most emi- medals, since the epithet appears for the first time
nent jurists of the day; the health of the popula- upon those which were struck immediately after
tion was protected by salutary regulations with the death of Hadrian ; while several belonging to
regard to the interment of the dead, and by the et the same year, but coined before that date, bear
tablishment of a certain number of licensed medical no such addition. Had it been, as is commonly
practitioners in the metropolis and all large towns. supposed, conferred in consequence of the general
The interests of education and literature were holiness of his life, it would in all probability have
promoted by honours and pensions bestowed on been introduced either when he first became Cae-
the most distinguished professors of philosophy sar, or after he had been seated for some time on
and rhetoric throughout the world. Commercial the throne, and not exactly at the moment of his
intercourse was facilitated by the construction or accession. Be that as it may, it found such favour
repair of bridges, harbours, and lighthouses ; and in the eyes of his successors, that it was almost
architecture and the fine arts were encouraged by universally adopted, and is usually found united
the erection and decoration of numerous public with the appellation of Augustus.
buildings. Of these the temple of Faustina in the Our chief and almost only authority for the life
forum, and the mausoleum of Hadrian on the right of Antoninus Pius is the biography of Capitolinus,
bank of the Tiber, may still be seen, and many which, as may be gathered from what has been
antiquarians are of opinion, that the magnificent said above, is from beginning to end an uninter-
Amphitheatre at Nismes, and the stupendous aque- rupted panegyric. But the few facts which we
duct now termed the Pont du Gard, between that can collect from medals, from the scanty fragments
town and Avignon, are monuments of the interest of Dion Cassius, and from incidental notices in
felt by the descendant of the Aurelii Fulvi for the later writers, all corroborate, as far as they go, the
country of his fathers. It is certain that the for- representations of Capitolinus ; and therefore we
mer of these structures was completed under his cannot fairly refuse to receive his narrative merely
immediate successors and dedicated to them. because he paints a character of singular and al-
In all the relations of private life Antoninus most unparalleled excellence. [W. R. ]
was equally distinguished. Even his wife's irre-
gularities, which must to a certain extent have
been known to him, he passed over, and after her
death loaded her memory with honours. Among
the most remarkable of these was the establish-
ment of an hospital, after the plan of a similar in-
stitution by Trajan, for the reception and mainten-
ance of boys and girls, the young females who
S
enjoyed the advantages of the charity being termed
puellae alimentariae Faustinianae. By fervent
piety and scrupulous observance of sacred rites,
he gained the reputation of being a second Numa;
but he was a foe to intolerant fanaticism, as is
COIN OF ANTONINUS PIUS.
proved by the protection and favour extended
to the Christians. His natural taste seems to ANTONI'NUS LIBERA'LIS (Artwvivos
have had a strong bias towards the pleasures of Albepárıs), a Greek grammarian, concerning whose
a country life, and accordingly we find him spend life nothing is known, but who is generally believed
ing all his leisure hours upon his estate in the to have lived in the reign of the Antonines, about
country. In person he was of commanding aspect A. D. 147. We possess a work under his name,
and dignified countenance, and a deep toned melo entitled Metauoppurew ouvaywiń, and consisting
dious voice rendered his native eloquence more of forty-one tales about mythical metamorphoses.
striking and impressive.
With the exception of nine tales, he always men-
His death took place at Lorium on the 7th of tions the sources from which he took his accounts.
March, 161, in his 75th year. He was succeeded Since most of the works referred to by him are now
by M. Aurelius.
lost, his book is of some importance for the study
Some doubts existed amongst the ancients them- of Greek mythology, but in regard to composi-
selves with regard to the origin of the title Pius, tion and style it is of no value. There are but
Hous
D'alcool
SI
OLNE
## p. 213 (#233) ############################################
ANTONIUS.
213
ANTONIUS.
rery few MSS. of this work, and the chicf ones 3. Q. ANTONIUS, was one of the officers in the
are that at Heidelberg and the one in Paris. The feet under the praetor L. Aemilius Regillus, in
first edition from the Heidelberg MS. with a Latin the war with Antiochus the Great, B. C. 190.
translation, is by Xylander, Basel, 1568, 8vo. (Liv. xxxvii. 32. )
There is a good edition by Verheyk (Lugd. Rat. 4. A. ANTONIUS, was sent by the consul Ae-
1774,
8vo. ) with notes by Muncker, Hemsterhuis, milius Paullus, with two others to Perseus, after the
&c. The best is by Kocb (Leipz. 1832, 8vo. ), who defeat of the latter, B. c. 168. (Liv. xlv. 4. )
collated the Paris MS. and added valuable notes of 5. M. ANTONIUS, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 167,
his own. (Mallmann, Commentatio de cuusis et quo opposed the bill introduced by the praetor M.
loribus narrationum de mutatis formis, Leipz. 1786, Juventius Thalna for declaring war against the
p. 89,&c; Bast, Epistola crilica ad Boissonade super Rhodians. (Liv. xlv. 21, 40. )
Antonino Liberali, Parthenio et Aristaeneto, Leipz. 6. L. ANTONIUS, defended by M. Cato Censo-
1809; Koch's Preface to his edition. ) (L. S. ) rius, about the middle of the second century B. C.
ANTO’NIUS, plebeian. See Antonia Gens. (Priscian, ix. p. 868, ed. Putsch. )
1. M. ANTONIUS, Magister Equitum, B. C. 334, 7. C. ANTONIUS, the father of the orator, as
in the Samnite war. (Liv. viii. 17. )
appears from coins. The following is a genealogi-
2. L. ANTONIUS, expelled from the senate by cal table of his descendants :
the censors in B. C. 307. (Val. Max. ä. 9. & 2. )
7. C. Antonius.
8. M. Antonius, the orator, Cos. B. C. 99.
ll. Antonia.
9.
