No More Learning

Immortality of the soul, in myth, 02
611-615; recent, 642, 660, 680 ; influ Imperative, categorical, of Kant. 661 ff. •
of Fichte, 594 hypothetical, 651 Imperfection, see Evil and Theodicy. Impressions, source of all ideas, with
Ideas, In Platonic or related senses
with Plato, 109, 118 ff. ; Aristotle's
criticism on Plato's Ideas, 133 their
influence on him, 142 Plato's the
ory opposed by Stoics and Epicureans,
203; innate, 204; Plato's Ideas trans Individualism, of Democritus, 116; of
ence on British thought, 629, 664, 663, 665; teleological of Lotze, 643 see also Ideas, Neo-Platonism.
Hume, 463, 472 ff. Spencer, 657. Indeterminism, 194 f. , 329 ff. ; see Free
formed to thoughts of God by Neo-
Pythagoreanism and Neo-Platonism,
233; Philo's doctrine, 240 f. ; Ploti-
nus, 245 Augustine, 279 in mediaeval
thought (see Universals) revived by
Kant as necessary problems of reason,
649; ethical of Herbart, 604; Neo-
Platonic of Schelling, 609, 617; as
God's intuition of himself, 610 God
as Idea, Hegel, 611; state as Idea,
613; Idea as object of sesthetic con
templation with Schopenhauer, 621 Induction with Socrates, 97 Aristotle = the "logical factor" in reality, on, 137; Bacon's, 384-386; con
note 085 (123); problematic with
124, 685 (123) and in Platonism, 2:12 with Aristotle, 150 f. ; Stoics, 187: lost in pan-psychism, 339 not de monstrable according to Duns and
dom.
Indian Wisdom, 621.
Indifferentism, 297 theological, 427.
Greek epigones, 163 ff. of Epicurus, 170f. of Renaissance political theory 432 of Hobbes and Spinoza, 434 . of the eighteenth century, 500 of I^ibniz, 423, 607; of Shaftesbury. 608f of political theory in eighteenth century, 520 of Romanticism, 603, 674 of Bentham, 663 of Spencer, 668 of Stirner, Bahnsen, Nietzsche. 674-680.
Individuality, problem of, 337 ff.
;
f. ;
;
f; ;f. ; a
;;
f. ;
f. ; ;
f. f. , ;
;
; ;:
;; ;. ; f. ;;
;;
f. ;f
f.
f.
;
;
;
(1 )
;
f. ;
1,
;;;
;
f. ,
f. ;;;:
f.
f
I
ii i
,
;
Index. 711
trasted with Galileo's method, 388 ; Jamblichua, 31, 215, 218, 220, 222, 226,
Descartes' theory of, 890. 250. Infinite, regarded by Greeks as imper James, 630.
fect, 40 ; the, of Anaximander, 33 ; Janet, 627.
contradictions involved in conception Jansenists, 416.
of, Zeno, 44 ; transformation in the Jaucourt, 443.
conception of, from Greek to Neo- Jesuits, 416, 434, 661 note.
Platonist and modern views, 688 f. Jesus, his influence, 223; aa centre of
(2:58) ; attribute of the deity, Neo- world's history, 256 ff. l'latonisin. 236 ; of divine will, ( >rigen, Jevons, 629, 660.
252 ; of God with Cusanus, 345-347 ; Jewish philosophy, 317.
of the world in the Copernican system
and with Bruno, 368 f. ; of the divine
substance, with Descartes, 405 ff . ; of
attributes and modes, with Spinoza,
409 f. ; felt in religion, according to
Schleiermacher. 582 ; as occasion of Jouffroy, 627, 630. the antinomies, with Kant, 550 ; of Joule, 655.
Joachim of Floris, 319.
John of Brescia, 320.
John of Damascus, 271, 278. John of Rochelle, 344.
John of Salisbury, 276, 307, 360.
the Ego and its activity, with Fichte, Judgment, Aristotle's treatment of,
b'M ; unknowable according to Hamil
ton. 638; opposed by DUhring, 671. tnnateness, of ideas, Cicero and Eclec
135 ft. ; Stoics, 207 f. ; with Augustine, 278-280, 361 ; Descartes, 394 ; with Ramus, aa an equation, 479, 639; synthetic a priori, how possible, 533, 538, 542 ; as a faculty, 661 ; Kant's Critique of, 669 ff. ; see also Logic.
Julian, 218.
tic*, 204- ; Descartes, 302 ; Herbert, Cudworth, 449 ff. ; virtual, 463 f. ; of moral truths, 603 ; controverted by Locke, 450 ; by Herbart, 683 ; evolu tionary explanation of, 668 f.
Jung, 381, 397.
Intellect, its relation to will with Jun natural*, 177 ; see Law, and Right.
Thomists and Scotists, 329 ff. ; active Justice, as principle of the state, with
and passive with Alexander Aphro-
disias and Averroes, 339 f. ; as finite
mode, 408 ; infinite mode, 410 ; in
capable of knowing the world, 676 ; Justin Martvr, 214, 217, 223 f. , 237, see also Understanding, Reason, 269, 687 (217).
Nous, Will, Intelleclualism.
Intellectual ism, of early science, 62 ; Kalakagathla, Socrates, 79; Shaftes
of Socrates, 79 f. ; of Democritus, bury, 509.
115 I. ; of Aristotle. 161, 154; of Kant, conception of philosophy, 4 ; life Augustine, 286 f. ; of Thomas, 330. and development, 534-636. 695 (632,
333 f. ; of Eckhart, 334-337; of 535) ; writings of pre-critical period,
Clarke, 604 ; opposed by Corate, 653 ; contrasted with voluntarism, 654, 676 ff. ; united with voluntarism by Hartmann, 1146 f. ; see Voluntarism.
Intellectual perception, 681, 691 ff. Intuitive knowledge, with Plato, 1 18 f. ; Occam, 342 f. ; Descartes, : 192 ; Locke,
445 ; of critical period, 636, 695 (535, 636) ; his pre-critical thought, 466 474 note 478, 479 f. . 486 f. , 490 criti cal period, general character, 5%) ff. his Critique of Pure Reason, 537-660, 695 (537) of Practical Reason, 661- 656, 696 (551); philoa. of religion, 666 696 (657) of law, 557 of
4*17 f. ; Hume, 472 f.
Intuitive understanding, with Kant, history, 558 Critique of Judg
547, 667.
Irensus, 217, 221 f. , 224, 226. 232, 259,
ment, 660 teathetics, 561 ff. , 695 (550), 690 (504) teleology, 490, 665-667 Influence on succeeding
261.
Irony, with Socrates. 97 ; of the thought, 530, 569, 673 his doctrine
Romanticists, 605, 611, 620, 680. of thing-in-itaelf criticized and trans Irrationalism, 615 ft. ; Schelling's. formed, 573-690 cf. also 198, 432,
616 ff. ; Schopenhauer's, 620 ff. , 646, 672 f. ; Bahnsen's, 676 f.
Irwing. 446.
Isello, 627.
Isidore of Sevilla, 270, 273.
Jacobi, 569, 673 ff. , 688, 694, 602, 696 (569).
484, 6. 16 638, 640, 642, 666, 680 see
also Neo-Kantians.
Kantian*, 670, 676
Kd0*p*it, Aristotle's doctrine of, 163 Kepler, 378 f. , 388, 402.
Kidd, Benjamin, 662 note.
Kirchhoff, 661.
von Klrchmann, 633.
I'lato, 127 ; Godwin on, 622 ; aa end and criterion, with Bentham, 603 f. ; Spencer on, 668.
f.
; ;;
; t
;
f. ,
f. , ;
;
3,
; ;
f. ;
f.
f. ,
f. ;
;
712 Index.
Knapp, 643 note.
Knowledge, as participation in world
consciousness, 63 f. ; as copy of reality, 114, 119, 202, 325, 468, 543; cf. also Signs ; as recollection, 118 ft\, 223 ; as impersonal and super-per sonal function, 330 f. , 570; as rela tion, with Lotze, 644 ; as relation to the object, with Kant, 538 ff. ; limits of, with Socrates, 07 f. ; with Locke, 468 ; with Hume, 476 ; with Kant, 546 f. ; with Maimon, 670 f. ; with Comte, 660 ; in agnosticism, 638, 657 ; as end in itself, 23, 360 ; as set over against faith, 322 f. , 574 ; as power, Bacon, 386, 434 f. ; sovereignty of, 660 ; problems of, see Epistemology.
397-399 distinction between eternal and contingent truths, 398 prin ciple of sufficient reason, 309 atti tude toward mechanism and tele ology, 420-426, 694 (627) dynamical standpoint, 421, 666 monadology, 422 ff. pre-established harmony, 424, 483 anticipation of principle of evolution, 421-424, 656 on innate ideas, 462-464 on knowledge of ex ternal world, 483; theodicy, 491 f. , 672 optimism, 492, 673 ethical principle of perfection, 605 influence on Kant, 465, 635, 538, 566 on Fries, 576 Reinhold, 676 Maimon, 578 contrasted with Fichte, 593 influ ence on Hegelians, 632, 640 cf. also 379, 483 486 f. , 490, 494, 601, 511, 619, 627, 683.
Leroux, 628.
Lessing, 439, 446, 497, 498
Leucippus, 29 42 62 ff. , 60, 108,
111, 128
Lewes, 11, 630.
Lewis, 629.
Liberatore, 631.
Liebmann, 633, 642.
Life, as principle of explanation with
Knutzen, 444.
Koppen, 660.
Krause, 660, 571, 610. Krug, 573, 681. KrUger, 445.
Laas, 633.
Labanca, 631.
Labriola, 631.
Labruyere, 515.
Lactantius, 217.
Ladd, 630.
Lamarck, 480, 653, 666. Lambert, 446, 461, 480. Lamennais, 628, 649. Lamettrie, 442, 465 ff. , 470 Lancelin, 622.
Ionics, 32
Leibniz, 422
theory, 666
Schelling's philos. of Nature, 698.
by Sophists, 87 96; by Abelard, 306 by Ramus, 381 Locke on, 451 Condillac, 478 Humboldt, 602 de Bonald, 648.
on knowledge of external world, 467 on existence of God, 469 attitude toward rationalism, 694 (452 note) on toleration, 487 ethics, 502 f. , 513 on the state. 519 influ ence in France, 456 ff. developed by Berkeley, 469 and Hume, 472 criticised by Leibniz, 462-464 cf. also 114, 391, 404, 537.
516, 641.
Lips, 355.
Littre", 628.
Locke, leader of English
Lanfranc, 276.
Lange, 633, 642.
Language, bearing on philos. studies 692 (440) psychology, 450 f. , 453;
Languet, 433.
Laplace, 470
Larochefoucauld, 515.
Laromiguiere, 627, 634
Latitudinarians, 486.
Law, first grasped clearly by Heraclitus, Logic, defined, 20 Sophists, 88 ff.
37, 50 suggested by mathematics and astronomy, Pythagoreans, 56 relation to Nature, 73 emphasised by Democritus, 111 by Stoics, 181 contrasted with fact, 398, 566 as general fact, Comte, 651 of Nature, as moral authority, Stoics, 171 Cicero, 177 Abelard, 308 Thomas, 326 Renaissance, 435 Enlighten ment, 503; in history, 652-664; see Nature and Right; cf. 299 note 2.
Lazarus, 631, 642.
Leech in an, 629.
Lefevre, 864.
Leibniz, writings, 382, 444 life, 443
Socrates, 97 Plato's, or dialectic, 119 ff. Aristotle's, 132-138, 686
character, 693 (444) his method, metaphysical, of Hegel, 611 ff. , 645;
(142) 198
Peripatetics, 197 Stoics, hypostatisation of logical pro
with Aristotle, 141 with as limit to mechanical as central conception of
Enlighten ment, 439 life and writings, 440.
by Porphyry and Proclus,
cesses
250
270
metaphysical, 290, 686 (142) formal logic the only possible for empiricism, 360 of Ramus, 361 terrainistic of Occam, 342 Hobbes, 404 Con dillac, 478 developed by Hamilton and others to an algebraic calculus, 629, 639 transcendental, of Kant, 543 this attacked by Herbart, 583
main topic of Middle Ages, logical relations identified with
;; ;
;
f.
;
;
; f.
f. , ;
;
;
; ;
f. ;
f. ,
;;
f. f. f. ;;;;;
;
f. f. f. f.
;; ;; ; f.
;
;
;; f. ;;;;;f. f. ,;
,
f. ;;;
; f. ; f. , ;;;
;
;
;; f. ;; f. ; ;;
;; ;;f. ;;;;;
;; ;;;;;
f. ,
;
;
660, 681.
Index. 713
recent tendencies, 060 ; the logical 450-468, 479 ff. ; culminates in the
inadequate to explain reality, 143, 341, 399, 425, 476, 485, 6«tJ, 041, 647 (. ,676 ; see also Dialectic, Realism.
Logos, doctrine of, with Heraclitus, 36 Stoics, 180 186; influence of Stoic doctrine on Christian, 223 Philo's doctrine of, 241 f. j Origen, 254.
Longiuus, 218, 233. Lossius, 445, 461.
Loue, 624, 632, 643 Lowndes, 629.
Lucretius, 162, 686 (162). Lullus, 315, 321, 397. Luther, 356, 364
Lyceum, see Peripatetic School. Lycopbron, 74
Mably, 443, 523.
Maccbiavelli, 382, 426
Mach, 651.
Mackenzie. 630.
Mackintobb, 629.
Macrocosm and microcosm, 187, 366 ff.
422
Magiienus, 356.
Maieulic, 97.
Maignanus, 356.
Maimon. 670, 678, 696 (670). Maimonides, 318 (. , 321.
Mainlander, 633.
Maistre, Jos. de, 627, 648. Malebranclie, 379, 381, 406, 407, 410,
416 f. , 436, 471, 486, 636, 661 note. Mamiani, 631.
Man, identified with animal world,
62 f. , 453 466 f. ; as measure, 92 as centre of creation and end of history, 261 as microcosm, 347, 369 ff. reverence for, Kant's ma terial principle, 553 as object of religious veneration, Comte, 652 capacity for perfection, 626, 672.
Mandeville, 441, 516 f. , 624
Hani and Manicbtelsm, 239 L, 286. Manael, 629, 638.
Marcianus Capella, 273, 298.
Marcion, 221, 258.
Marcus Aurelius, 213, 216, 230. Mariana, 382.
Marsh, 630.
Marailius of Inghen, 316.
Marsilius of Padua, 345, 426, 432. Martin, 627.
MarUneau, II. , 629.
Martineau, Jas. , 630.
Marx, 632. 666.
Materialism, of Leucippua, 43 of
Democritus, 108, 109 ft; of Epicu reans, 183-186; of Stoics, 186; of Hobbes, 413 of Spinoxa'a adherents, 464 of Hartley, etc. , 466 f. ; ranch,
Hyiteme de la Nature, 481 in psy chology of nineteenth century, 634 of Feuerbacb, 641, 666 moral, 671 recent, 642 as philos. of history, 656.
Mathematics, with Pythagoreans, 46- 47, 66 f. ; in Plato's system, 129 in fluence on modern philos. , 372 379, 387-389, 396-391); on Spinoza, 396, 418; on Comte, 651, 653; distin guished from philos. by Kant, 486 the sole demonstrative science with Hume, 473 how possible, 639 ff. see also Geometrical Method.
Matter, cosmic, of Ionics, 32 Auaxi- mander, 33; opposed to form by Aristotle, 139 ff. accessory cause, 144 Non-being or space with Plo- tinus, 246 f. j evil, 247 regarded as self-moved, etc. , by Averroes, 338; identified with space by Descartes and Spinoza, 406, 410 Kant's dy namic theory of, 646 contradiction in conception of, Herbart, 684.
Maupertuis, 442, 478, 489. Maximus Couf. , 274. Maximus of Tyre, 216. Mayer. 633, 655.
McCosh, 629.
Mechanics, created by Galileo, 388 in
fluence on philos. . 400 f. ; lit. of, 692
(380) recent theories, 651. Mechanism and mechanical view of world, Leucippua, 53 with Strato,
179; Epicurus, 183; Galileo, Des cartes, Spinoza, 401 opposed by Cudworth, etc. , 401 reconciled with teleology by Leibniz, 420 ff. ; opposed by Schelling and Goethe, 598 influential in this century, 624 in associational psychology, 635 see also Materialism, Natural ism.
Medici, Cosmo d\ 364.
Medicine, independent origin, etio
logical, 66 magical, with Paracelsus,
373.
Megarians, 70 (. , 82, 89.
Meier, F. , 446.
Meiners, 446.
Melancthon. 356, 359, 364, 486. Melissus, 28, 30, 44.
Melito, 217.
Mendelssohn, 446, 478, 483, 607, 612,
52
Menedemus, 72.
Metaphysics, origin of name, 19
grounded anew by Democritus and Plato, 104 Plato's teleologies! , 128 connected with logic, 133 of Aris totle, 139 ff. of Theophrastus, 178 of Stoics, 180; religious, 214 ff. ; of
;
f.
f. j
:
f. , ;
f.
f.
f
;
; f.
; ;
;
;
;
;;;
1.
;;
;2
;
;
f. ;;;
f.
f. f. ;;;
;;;
f.
f. ,
f. ,
f. ;; ; ;
;
f. , ;
;; ;;
;
;
f. ;
714 Index.
logical genera and species, 271 if. ; Montaigne, 35o, 362, 376, 403.
of inner experience, 278 ff. ; logical, Montesquieu, 443, 610.
of Realism, 290 ff. ; of Nominalism, Moral law, with Kant, 552 ; see Ethics.
296 ; of psychology, 323 f. ; Boehme's,
374 f. ; as mathematical physics, Des
cartes, 393 ; Bacon's def. of, 401 ;
Spinoza's, 408 ff. ; Leibniz, 420 ff. ;
Wolff, 482 ; Berkeley, 470 ; as basis for
morals, 503 f. ; Kant's attitude toward, More, Thomas, 382, 427 ff. 466, 478, 480, 537 ; of intellectual per Morell, 029.
ception, 592 ; of the irrational, 610 ff. ; Morelly, 443, 623. Lotze's, 044 ; recent idealistic, 042; Morgan, 441. historical with Comte, 652. Morgan, Lloyd, 630.
Method, maieutic of Socrates, 97 ; Moritz, 445.
modified by Plato, 118 f. ; Aristotle's Motekallemin, 317.
deductive, 137 ff. ; scholastic, 312, 344 ; Motion, as basis of mediating attempts,
inductive, 97, 118, 137, 344, 384 ;
problem raised in Renaissance, 378,
383 ; of Bacon, 383 ; of Galileo and
Kepler, 388; of Descartes, 389 ff. ; basis of feelings with Cyrenaics, 86
of Hobbes, 389 ; Descartes' method
misunderstood by his disciples, 395 ;
geometrical, supreme with Spinoza.
396 f. ; continued by Wolff, 482;
criticized by Rudiger and Crusius, conservation of, Descartes, 411.
484 f. , exploded by Kant, 485; in Motives, Greek theories, 72, 75, 79 f. ;
Metrodorus, 76, 684 (30). Metrodorus the Epicurean, 162. Michael Psellos, 342. Microcosm, see Macrocosm. Milesians, 28 f. , 32 ff. , 48 ff. Mill, James, 629, 665.
Mill, J. Stuart, 629, psychology and method, 635, 654, 660 ; ethics, 666-667.
Milton, 433.
pfcnpit, 47, 120.
Mind (see Spirit, Soul, Psychology),
mode of consciousness, 406.
Minucius Felix, 214, 217, 224.
Mode, all bodies and minds modes
of spatiality and consciousness, Des cartes, 406"; infinite and finite of Spinoza, 409 f. ; everything a mode of both attributes, 420.
Moderatus, 215.
Moleschott, 632.
Monad, Bruno's conception of, 371,
Leibniz, 423.
Monism, original presupposition, 32 ff. ;
metaphysical, of the Eleatics, 37 ff. ; of the spirit, in Neo-Platonism, 240 ff. ; in the Renaissance, 367 ff. ; modern so-called, 632, 643.
Monotheism, pantheistic with Xeno- phaiies, 34 ; of Cynics, 86 ; theistic with Aristotle, 146 f. ; as final form of religion, 497 f.
Morals, I'lato's, 125 ff. ; ascetic, 230 ; in eighteenth century, 502 ff. ; of master
" and slaves, 679 ; see Ethics. Moral sense," 509, 517.
More, Henry, 382, 402, 404, 435, 460, 60S.
39 ; the essence of change, 43 ; early theories of its cause, 52 ff. ; contra dictions in conception of, Zeno, 55
of perceptions with Protagoras, 92 with Deinocritus, 113 f. , 115 f. ; with Aristotle, 147 f.