No More Learning

by Claudius to the goverunent of Judaea, where 94, where by a mistake the Athenians, and not
23


## p. 102 (#118) ############################################

102
PAMPHILA.
PAMPHILUS.
1
the Thebans, are represented as sending this as- | Srournuárwv ógou. The latter title gives a ge
sistance. See Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. v. neral idea of the nature of its contents, which are
p. 287, note. )
still further characterised by Photius. The work
When Artabazus revolted against Ochus, Pam- was not arranged according to subjects or according
menes led a body of 5000 Thebans to the aid of to any settled plan, but it was more like a common-
the former, and overcame the forces of the king in place book, in which each piece of information was
two great battles. (Diod. xvi. 34). But Artabazus, set down as it fell under the notice of the writer,
buspecting that he was intriguing with his enemies, who stated that she believed this variety would
arrested him, and handed him over to his brothers, give greater pleasure to the reader. Photius con-
Oxythras and Dibictus. (Polyaen. vii. 33. § 2. siders the work as one of great use, and supplying
Some of the stratagems of Pammenes are described important information on many points in history
by Polyaenus, v. 16. )
and literature. The estimation in which it was
Pammenes is spoken of as being greatly addicted held in antiquity is shown, not only by the judg-
to that paederastia which was the disgrace of ment of Photius, but also by the references to it
Greece. It is difficult to say what degree of credit in the works of A. Gellius and Diogenes Laërtius,
should be attached to the story, that, while Philip who appear to have availed themselves of it to a
was under the charge of Pammenes, the latter main considerable extent. Modern scholars are best ac-
tained an illicit connection with the young prince. quainted with the name of Pamphila, from a state-
(Plut. Sympos. p. 618, d, Erotic. c. 17 ; Liban. ment in her work, preserved by A. Gellins (xv. 23),
Orat. in Aeschin. p. 702, d. )
by which is ascertained the year of the birth of
3. An Athenian rhetorician, a contemporary of Hellanicus, Herodotus, and Thucydides respectively.
Cicero, who calls him by far the most eloquent [HERODOTUS, p. 431, b. ) But this account, though
man in Greece. He was a great admirer of De received by most scholars, is rejected by Krüger, in
mosthenes, whose speeches he commended to the his life of Thucydides (p. 7), on account of the
attention of his pupils. M. Brutus studied under little confidence that can be placed in Pamphila's
him. (Cic. Brut. 97, Orat. c. 30. ) It is probably authority. The history of Pamphila was divided
another Pammenes, of whom we know nothing, into many books. Photius speaks only of eighh,
who is mentioned by Cic. ad Att. v. 20. § 10, vi. but Suidas says that it consisted of thirty-three.
2. $ 10. )
The latter must be correct, since we find A. Gellius
4. A citharoedus, who flourished in the time of quoting the eleventh (xv. 23) and twenty-ninth
Caligula, and was distinguished enough to hare (xs. 17), and Diogenes Laërtius the twenty-fifth
statues erected in his honour. When Nero nade (iii. 23) and thirty-second (v. 36). Perhaps no
his musical expedition into Greece, Pammenes, more than eight books were extant in the time
though an old man, was one of those with whom of Photius. The work is likewise referred to by
he contended, as it appears, simply that he might Diogenes Laërtius in other passages (i. 24, 68, 76,
have the pleasure of insulting his statues. (Dion 90, 98, ii. 21). Comp. Vossius, De Historicis
Cass. Ixiii. 8. )
[C. P. M. ] Graecis, p. 237, ed. Westermann.
PAMPHILA (Maupian), a female historian of Besides the history already mentioned, Pam-
considerable reputation, who lived in the reign of phila wrote several other works, the titles of which
Nero. According to Suidas she was an Epidaurian are given by Suidas. 1. An Epitome of Ctesias, in
(s. v. Taupian), but Photius (Cod. 175) describes three books. 2. Epitomes of histories and of other
her as an Egyptian by birth or descent: the two works, επιτομαι ιστοριών τε και ετερών βιβλίων,
statements, however, may be reconciled by sup- from which work Sopater appears to have drawn
posing that she was a native of Epidaurus, and that his materials (Phot. cod. 161, p. 103). It is, how-
her family came from Egypt. She related in the ever, not impossible that this work is the same as
preface to her work, for an account of which we the upouunuara, and that Suidas has confounded
are indebted to Photius (l. c. ), that, during the the two. 3. Tepi dupoenthoewv. 4. Nepi appa
thirteen years she had lived with her husband, Siolwv.
from whom she was never absent for a single hour, PAMPHI’LIDAS (Taubaidas), a Rhodian,
she was constantly at work upon her book, and who was appointed together with Eudamus to
that she diligently wrote down whatever she heard command the Rhodian fleet in the war against
from her husband and from the many other learned Antiochus, after the defeat and death of Pausis-
men who frequented their house, as well as what-tratus, B. C. 190. (PAUSISTRATUS] He was a
soever she herself read in books. Hence we can man of a prudent and cautious character, and in
account for the statement of Suidas, that some the conference held by the Roman general, L. Ae-
authorities ascribed her work to her husband. The milius Regillus, at Elaea, inclined to the side of
name of her husband is differently stated. In peace. Shortly after he was despatched, together
ole passage Suidas (s. v. Haupian), speaks of her with Eudamus, to watch for and encounter the
as the daughter of Soteridas and the wife of Socra- fleet which Hannibal was about to bring from
tidas, but in another passage he describes her (s. v. Phoenicia to the support of Antiochus. The two
Iwonpiðas) as the wife of Soteridas. The pas. fleets met off Side in Pamphylia, and the Rhodians
sage in Photius (cod. 161, p. 103, a. , 35, ed. Bek- were victorious ; but dissensions between Pam-
ker), where we read ¢K TW Swinpida Slaudians philidas and his colleague in the command pre-
d'Altouwv, leares the question undecided, as So- vented the victory from being as decisive as it
teridas may there indicate either the father or the might otherwise bave prored. After this action
husband.
Pamphilidas was detached with a small squad-
The principal work of Pamphila is cited by ron to carry on naval operations on the coast of
various names ; sometimes simply as únouvnuara, Syria ; this is the last mention that occurs of
and at other times as ÚTouruata iotopiká, but its his name. (Polyb. xxi. 5, 8; Liv. xxxvii. 22—24,
full title seems to have been the one which is pre. 25. )
(E. H. B. )
served by Photius, namely, oupíktwv ioTopik@ PAMPHILUS (naudidos), literary. 1. A


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PAMPIIILUS.
103
PAMPHILUS.
disciple of Plato, who is only remembered by the the author of the work on plants. Whether they
circumstance that Epicurus, when a young man, are to be identified or not, the latter writer must
heard him at Samos. Epicurus used to speak of have lived about the first century of our era, since
him with great contempt, partly, according to his work was copied by Dioscorides.
Cicero, that he might not be thought to owe any- 4. An Alexandrian grammarian, of the school of
thing to his instruction ; for it was the great boast Aristarchus, and the author of a lexicon, which is
of Epicurus, that he was the sole author of his own supposed by some scholars to have formed the
philosophy. (Diog. Laërt u. 14 ; Suid. s. v. 'Eri- foundation of the lexicon of Hesychius. The list
Koupos ; Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 26. )
of his works, as given by Suidas, is rather obscure,
2. A rhetorician, and writer on the art of rhe- but the following is probably the correct punctu-
toric, mentioned by Aristotle in conjunction with ation of the passage : έγραψε λειμώνα (έστι δε
Callippus. (Rhet. ii. 23. $ 21. ) It is impossible to ποικίλων περιοχή), περί γλωσσών ήτοι λέξεων βι-
determine whether he is the same as the rheto-| Ελία '. . . είς τα Νικάνδρου ανεξήγητα και τα κα-
rician of this name mentioned by Cicero (De Οrat. | λούμενα οφικά, τέχνην κριτικήν, και άλλα πλείστα
iii. 21, where sereral commentators have fallen paumatiká. The deluwe was no doubt one of
into the extraordinary blunder of supposing that those miscellaneous collections of facts and discus-
Pamphilus the painter is referred to); or as the sions to which the ancient grammarians were fond
one mentioned by Quintilian (iii. 6. § 34); or of giving such fanciful titles. The correctness of
whether all three were different persons.
the title dvetrinnta is questionable, as there is no
3. A philosopher, of Amphipolis, or Sicyon, or other mention of such a work by Nicander. The
Nicopolis, surnamed Pinot payuatos, wrote the fol- next title is oniká in most of the MSS. , and has
lowing works: εικόνες κατά στοιχείον, τέχνη | been variously corrected into oφικά, όφιακά, and
γραμματική, περί γραφικής και ζωγράφων ενδόξων, αφιονικά ; one critic, Reinesius, even conjectures
gewprind Beila '. (Suid. s. V. , who coufounds 'Oppiká, which is a groundless fancy. [Nican-
him with the teacher of Epicurus. ) We have no DER. ] Of the téxvn KPITIKń we have no other
other mention of any of these works, except the mention. With respect to Pamphilus's chief work,
last, of which there are considerable fragments in the lexicon, we learn from Suidas that it was in
the Geoponica of Bassus. As two out of the four 95 books (other readings give 75, 205, and 405),
works in the above list are upon art, and as Suidas and that it extended from e to w, the preceding
calls Pamphilus an Amphipolitan or Sicyonian, it part, from a to 8, having been compiled by Zopy-
has been conjectured that this Pamphilus was the rion. It is quoted under various titles, such as
great painter, who was a native of Amphipolis and περί γλωσσών, περί ονομάτων, περί γλωσσών και
the head of the Sicyonian school. Several of the ovouátw. It was arranged in alphabetical order,
great artists, and especially about the time of Pam- and particular attention was paid in it to words
philus, wrote works on art, as, for example, peculiar to the respective dialects. The contro-
A pelles and Melanthius ; and it seems especially versy respecting its relation to the work of He-
probable that Pamphilus, who was famed for the sychius is too extensive and doubtful to be entered
scientific character of his teaching, would do the on here ; a full discussion of it, with further in-
The argument is good so far as it goes, but formation respecting the lexicon of Pamphilus, will
the best conclusion to draw from it seems to be, be found in the works of Ranke and Welcker,
not that the whole article in Suidas is to be re- already quoted under Hesychius, to which should
ferred to the painter, but that the lexicographer be added the article Pamphilus, also by Ranke, in
has here, as frequently elsewhere, confounded dif- Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopädie. (See also Fabric.
ferent persons ; namely, the painter, to whom we Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. pp. 374,631. ) He appears to
may ascribe the “ Likenesses in Alphabetical Or- have lived in the first century of our era.
He may
der," and the work on “ Painting and Celebrated be presumed to be the Pamphilus quoted in the
Painters," and a philosopher, or rather grammarian Scholia on Homer. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec, vol. i.
of Nicopolis, author of the other two works.
p. 518. )
The latter, again, is perhaps the same person 5. An epigrammatic poet, who had a place in
who wrote a work on plants (Tepi Boravwv) in the Garland of Meleager, and two of whose epi-
alphabetical order, and who is frequently men- grams are contained in the Greek Anthology.
tioned and ridiculed by Galen. He is sometimes (Brunck. Anal. vol. i. p. 258 ; Jacobs, Anth.
enumerated among the physicians, but Galen ex- Graec. vol. i. p. 190. ) Whether or not he is
pressiy says that he was a grammarian, and had identical with either of the preceding writers, we
never seen the plants about which he wrote. have no means of determining.
(Galen, περί της των απλών φαρμάκων δυνάμεως, 6 Of Sicily, a sophist or grammarian, or poet,
pp. 67, &c. ) His book found a place in the work who is mentioned by Athenaeus for his strange
of the younger Dioscorides, and considerable conceit of always speaking in verse at table. (Ath.
fragments of it are found in the Geoponica. A i. p. 4, d. ; Suid. s. v. Náupulos oŮTOS; Fabric. Bill.
work of Pamphilus Niepl Quorov is also cited in Graec. vol. ii. p. 313. )
the Geoponica (xiii. 15). To this grammarian, 7. Presbyter of Caesareia, in Palestine, saint
who busied himself also with physical science, and martyr, and also celebrated for his friendship
the epithet pilotpáyuatos, which Suidas tells us with Eusebius, who, as a memorial of this in-
was given to Parr philus of Nicopolis, might timacy, assumed the surname of llaupinov. (Eus-
very well be applied, and the work on agricul- Bius. ] He was probably born at Berytus, of an
ture, which Suidas ascribes to the latter, may honourable and wealthy family. Having received
be, perhaps, the same as that on plants, which is his early education in his native city, he pro-
cited by Galen. A further point of resemblance ceeded to Alexandria, where he attended the in-
is, that the fragments of Pamphilus's work on structions of Pierius, the head of the catecheticai
agriculture in the Geoponica contain several exam- school. Afterwards, but at what time we are not
ples of that superstition with which Galen charges informed, he became a presbyter under Agapius,
Bame.


## p. 104 (#120) ############################################

104
PAMPHILUS.
PAMPHILUS.
ܕ ܫܐ ܩܪܶܢ
4 ས༔
asses
them away:
ຕົວະ 3 ແສ
ದಿನ ಬಐ
dax223.
the bishop of Caesareia in Palestine, In the fifth | Palaest. U ; Hieron. de l'ir. Illust. 75, adv. Rufin.
year of the persecution under Diocletian, towards I. vol. iv. p. 357, II. vol. iv. p. 419; Phot. Cod.
the end of the year a. D. 307, he was thrown into 118; Acta S. Pamphili Mariyris ; Fabric. Bill.
prison by Urbanus, the governor of Palestine, for Graec. vol. x. p. 712; Lardner, Tillemont, Schröckh,
refusing to sacrifice to the heathen deities. Eu- and the other church historians. ) (P. S. )
sebius attended upon him most affectionately PAM'PHILUS (Tiducidos), artists. 1. Of
during his imprisonment, which lasted till the Amphipolis (Suid. e. v. 'Arenañs ; Macedo na-
16th of February, 309, when he suffered martyr- tione, Plin. h one of the most distinguished of the
dom by the command of Firmilianus, the successor Greek painters, flourished about Ol. 97–107, B. C.
of Urbanus.
390—350. He was the disciple of Eupompus, the
The life of Pamphilus seems to have been en- founder of the Sicyonian school of painting (Ev-
tirely devoted to the cause of biblical literature, POMPUS), for the establishment of which, how-
and of a free theology, but more especially the ever, Pamphilus seems to have done much more than
former: he was an ardent admirer and follower even Eupompus himself. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 10. 8 36.
of Origen. Jerome tells us that he was always $7, 11. 8. 40 ; Plut. Arat. 13). Of his own works
ready to show his friendship for studious men, and we have most scanty accounts; but as a teacher of
to supply their wants; and that he multiplied his art he was surpassed by none of the ancient
copies of the Holy Scriptures to such an extent masters. According to Pliny, he was the first
that he was able not only to lend, but to give artist who possessed a thorough acquaintance with
He forned, at Caesareia, a most va- all branches of knowledge, especially arithmetic
luable public library, chiefly of ecclesiastical au- and geometry, without which he used to say that
thors, a catalogue of which was contained in the the art could not be perfected. All science, there
lost work of Eusebius on the life of Pamphilus. fore, which could in any way contribute to form
Not only did the writings of Origen occupy an the perfect artist, was included in his course of in-
important place in this library, but the greater struction, which extended over ten years, and for
part of them were transcribed by Pamphilus with which the fee was no less than a talent. Among
his own hand, as we learn from Jerome, who used those who paid this price for his tuition were
these very copies. Perhaps the most valuable of A pelles and Melanthius. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 10.
the contents of this library were the Tetrapla and s. 36. $ 8). Not only was the school of Pam-
Hexapla of Origen, from which Pamphilus, in con- philus remarkable for the importance which the
junction with Eusebius, formed a new recension of master attached to general learning, but also for
the Septuagint, numerous copies of which were the minute attention which he paid to accuracy in
put into circulation. Among the other treasures drawing. On this subject Pliny says that this
of this library was a copy of the so-called Hebrew artist's influence established the rule, first at Si-
text of the gospel of St. Matthew, as used by cyon, and afterwards through all Greece, that free
the Nazarenes. There is still extant one MS. , if born boys were taught before any thing else (in
not two, which some suppose to have been tran- art, of course) the graphic art (graphicen, drawing
scribed by Pamphilus for his library (Montfaucon, with the graphis), that is, painting on box-wood,
Bibl. Coisl. p. 251; Proleg. ad Orig. Herapl. pp. and this art was received into the first rank of the
14, 76. ). The library is supposed to have been studies of the free-born (Plin. c. ). Two things
destroyed at the taking of Caesareia by the Arabs, are clear from this passage. First, it proves the
in the seventh century. Another eminent ser- high and just view which Pamphilus took of the
vice which Pamphilus rendered to the Christians place which art ought to occups in a liberal edu-
of Caesareia, was the foundation of a theological cation: that, just as all learning is necessary to
school, in which the exposition of the Scriptures make an accomplished artist, so is some practical
formed the chief study. The statement of Jerome knowledge of art needful to form an accomplished
that Pamphilus, though so ardent in the study man: and, secondly, the words graphiqen, hoc est,
and transcription of the old writers, composed picturam in buro, while they are not to be restricted
nothing of his own, except a few letters, is cer- to mere drawing, are yet evidently intended to
tainly incorrect. Photius expressly states that the describe a kind of drawing or painting, in which
Apology for Origen was commenced by Pamphilus the first requisites were accuracy and clearness of
in prison, where he composed five books of it in outline. (See Dict. of Ant. s. v. Painting, p. 692,
conjunction with Eusebius, and that the sixth note ; Böttiger, Ideen zur Archäologie der Malerei,
book was added by Eusebius after the martyrdom pp. 145, foll. ; and Fuseli's First Lecture. )
of Pamphilus. Of these six books the first only Modern writers bave taken great pains to ascer-
is extant, in the incorrect Latin version Rufinus. tain how Pamphilus made arithmetic and geometry
It is printed in Delarue's edition of Origen, Gal- to contribute so essentially to the art of painting.
landi's Bibliotheca Patrum, and Routh's Reliquiae Speaking generally, the words evidently describe
Sacrae. The work was in the form of a letter to the whole of the laws of proportion, as definitely
the Christian confessors condemned to the mines determined by numbers and geometrical figures,
in Palestine. There is another work ascribed to which form the foundation of all correct drawing
Pamphilus by some writers, under the title of and composition. This subject is very fully illus-
Expositio capitum Actuum Apostolicorum, but it is trated in Flaxman's fourth Lecture, where he re-
quite impossible to decide whether this was really marks that the laws given by Vitruvius (iii. 1)
written by Pamphilus or by Euthalius.
were taken from the writings of the Greek artists,
Eusebius wrote a life of Pamphilus in three perhaps from those of Pamphilus himself: and in
books, but it is entirely lost, excepting a few frag- another passage he observes, “ Geometry enabled
ments, and even these are doubtful. All that we the artist scientifically to ascertain forms for the
now know of him is derived from scattered pas- configuration of bodies; to determine the motion
Bilges in the works of Eusebius, Jerome, Photius, of the figure in leaping, running, striking, or fall-
and others. (Euseb. II. E. vi. 32, vii. 32, de Mart. I ing, by curves and angles, whilst arithmetic gave
***
20:42
ܕ ܬܘܙܶܬ݁
Terms of
Pere Gaga
PAYPE


## p. 105 (#121) ############################################

PAMPHILUS.
105
PAMPREPIUS.
;
the multiplication of measures in proportions. " E. c. (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. vi. 3,
(Lect. ix. p. 217, Westmacott's edition. )
vol. xii. p. 839 ; Aëtius, ii. 4. & 16. p. 375. ) He
These being the principles of the school of Pam wrote a work on plants (St. Epiphan. Adv. Haeres.
philus, we can easily understand the fact stated by i. init. ), in which they were arranged in alpha-
Quintilian (xii. 10) that he and his pupil Melan-betical order, and which Galen criticizes very
thius excelled all other painters in what he calls severely, saying that Pamphilus described plants
ratio, by which we must understand proportion in which he had evidently never seen, and that he
its widest sense, including composition (Pliny uses mixed up a quantity of absurd and superstitious
the word dispositio. See MELANTHIUS).
matter.