No More Learning

C. 59, in the De Recta Fide, is affirmed in a probably inter-
prosecution of C. Antonius Hybrida (ANTONIUS, polated sentence of the concluding paragraph of
No. 10] for extortion in his province of Macedonia. the chapter. (Delarue, Opera Origenis, vol. i.
(Cic. in Vatin, 11 ; Schol Bob. in Vatinian. p. 321, p. 800, seq. ) This passage, apparently the only
Orelli. ) For his services as legatus to Caesar in part of Maximus' work which has come down
Spain, B. C. 45 (Caes. B. H. 2, 41), he obtained a to us, is given in the Bibliotheca Patrum of
triumph and the consulship of that year on Caesar's | Galland (vol. ii. p. 146), who identifies the author
38 2
a
R. F. Q. x. MAIS, en
elected angur in the rock d us
Liv. XII. 26), although he is
nd bad borne no otice prezat
96. (Liv. xxxiii, 42)
MAXIMUS, praeter peregrinos i
s. 18), was
probably the same
abius, quaestor of the procesu
pain, B. C. 185. (Lir. im.
le preceding Marimi is uncertain
Q. P. Q. N. Maxmos ARES
adoption only a Fabius Murna
he eldest son of L. Palas de
ror of Persens, consul in a c LS
under his father (Aemila) in
A war, & c. 168, and was despuzten
ne with the news of bis vices
şb. xxix. 6. ) Fabius was pret 1
9-148, and consul ir 145. rau
ince, where he encountered,
d Viriarathus (Liv. xlir
. 36;
65, 67, 90, Maced, 17; Pint Peo!
c. de Amic. 25. ) Fabia 12*
iron of the historian Polsbas un
COIN OP FABIUS MAXIMUS.
le interesting and honourable trza
fraternal conduct, and of the hou
for him by his younger brothers,
(Polyb. xvii. 18. § 6, Dei
9, 10. § 3, 14, triï . 1111
§ 8; Cic. De Amig 19. Parsiz i
ABIUS Q. AEMILIANI : les
amed ALLOBROGICUS, frog his ride


## p. 996 (#1012) ###########################################

096
MAXIMUS.
MAXIMUS.
aguiled by The
tas and sole en
whde te bere
moles: Valentin
IIsrcam, which
o bi treber G
Nething now
bis power, and
jects
, but two
suficient to for
professed friend
and the unpara
bis ambition 80
Erats of wisde
kept bis fotar
feable youth
when a man,
brother of a mi
las was the
Marinus aime
EDIOS sete
tingents of the
like barbarian
Es than in
the ministers
Lim annare
and, although
Ambrose and
the forces of
passes of the
Marinus wit
with the bishop, and gives his reasons for so doing boasted of being a relation of his contemporary, the
in the Prolegomena to the volume, c. 6; see also emperor Theodosius the Great, though the fact is
Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 196, vol. p. 95 ; Tille- that he had merely lived some years in the household
mont, Mémoires, vol. ii. p. 760, &c. , note xii. sur of that emperor in a subordinate capacity. He was
Origène.
of obscure parentage ; an uncle of his, however, is
Beside the two bishops of Jerusalem of this name mentioned in history, and also a brother, Marcelli-
already noticed, there was a third in the reign of Con- nus, whose name will appear again in the course of
stantine the Great and his sons. He suffered in one this sketch. Maximus accompanied Theodosius
of the later persecutions of the heathen emperors, on several of his expeditions, was promoted, and,
apparently under Maximian Galerius. (Philostorg. perhaps as early as A. D. 368, proceeded with his
11. E. iji. 12. ) He suffered the loss of his right master to Britain, where he remained many years
eye, and some infliction, possibly ham-stringing, in in the quality of a general, as it seems, but de-
his right leg. (Theodoret. H. E. ii. 26. ) His cidedly not as governor of that province, as some
sufferings in the cause of Christianity and the modern writers of eminence pretend. It is said
general excellence of his character so endeared him that he married Helena, the daughter of Eudda, a
to the people of Jerusalem, among whom he offi- rich noble of Caersegont (Caernarvon in Wales),
ciated as priest, that when he was appointed by but the authority is more than doubtful. (Comp.
Macarius, bishop of that city, to the vacant bishop- Gibbon, c. xxvii
. p. 7, note k. ed. 1815, 8vo. ) The
ric of Diospolis, the multitude would not allow predilection of the emperor Gratian for foreign bar-
him to depart ; and Macarius was obliged to forego barians excited discontent among the legions in
the appointment, and nominate another in his place. Britain, which were the most turbulent in the
According to some accounts, Macarius repented whole Roman army. Maximus is said to have
almost immediately of the nomination of Maximus secretly fomented their disaffection, and thus a ter.
to Diospolis, and readily consented to his remaining rible revolt broke out which led to the accession of
at Jerusalem, taking him for his assistant in the Maximus and the ruin of Gratian. Zosimus,
duties of the episcopal office, and his intended suc- though by no means a detractor of Maximus,
cessor, fearing lest Eusebius of Caesaraea and Pa- charges him with having acted thus ; but Orosius
trophilus of Scythopolis should procure the election and Sulpicius Severus both state that the troops
of a favourer of Arianism. (Sozomen, H. E. ii. bad forced Maximus, who was known as a man of
20. ) On the decease of Macarius some time principle and merit, to accept the imperial dignity,
between A. D. 331 and 335, Maximus succeeded which was offered him by the rebels ; and Orosius
him, and was present at the council of Tyre, says that he solemnly protested his innocence.
A. D. 335, when Athanasius was condemned. So However this may be, Maximus was proclaimed
zomen records (H. E. ii. 25) that at this council emperor in A. D. 383 (not in 381 as Prosper states
Paphnutius, a bishop of the Thebais or Upper in his Chronicon). A short time before his acces-
Egypt, and himself a confessor, took Maximus by sion he had adopted the Christian religion.
the hand, and told him to leave the place : “ For,” Maximus immediately gave orders to all the
said he, “it does not become us, who have lost troops stationed in Britain to assemble as soon as
our eyes and been hamstrung for the sake of reli- possible, and he lost no time in attacking Gratian
gion, to join the council of the wicked. ” This in Gaul. It is related in the life of Gratian that
appeal was in vain, and Maximus was induced by he was defeated by the usurper near Paris, deserted
some unfairness to subscribe the decree condemning by his general Merobaudes, a Frankish chief, and
Athanasius. However, he soon repented of this finally slain near Lyon, on his flight to Italy, by
step, and at a synod of sixteen bishops of Palestine Andragathius, who pursued him by order of Maxi-
joyfully admitted Athanasius to communion when mus. The sudden overthrow of the power of Gra-
returning from the council of Sardica, through Asia, tian was followed by the as sudden and complete
to Alexandria. Sozomen relates (H. E. iv. 20) establishment of the power of Maximus : Gaul,
that Maximus was deposed by the influence of Spain, and Britain did homage to the fortunate
Acacius of Caesaraea and Patrophilus, A. D. 349 usurper, who associated his son Victor with him,
or 350, and Cyril (CYRILLUS, ST. , of Jerusalem) proclaiming him Caesar, and perhaps Augustus ;
appointed in his place; but if there is any truth in and the new emperor took up his residence at
this statement, of which Jerome, in his Chronicle, Trèves, where there are still some monuments er-
does not speak, the death of Maximus must have tant of his reign. No persecutions were instituted
very shortly succeeded his deposition. (Socrat. against the adherents of Gratian, except Mero-
H. E. ii. 8 ; Sozom. U. cc. , and iii, 6 ; Theodoret, baudes and Balio or Vallio, who lost their heads:
1. C. ; Philostorg. h. c. ; Le Quien, Oriens Chris- on account of their ambiguous conduct, and it
tianus, vol. iii. col. 156, &c. ) [J. C. M. ] seems that, with these exceptions, Maximus was
MAXIMUS, JU'LIUS, one of the generals not wrong when, in later times, he boasted that
sent by Civilis against Vocula. (Tac. Hist. iv. his elevation had caused no loss of Roman life ex-
33. ) ( Civilis ; VOCULA. ]
cept on the field of battle. Yet even Merobaudes
MAXIMUS, JU’LIUS VERUS. [MAXIMUS and Vallio were not Romans but barbarians. When
CAESAR. ]
the news of the downfall of Gratian and the suc-
MAXIMUS, JU’NIUS, a contemporary of cess of Maximus reached Theodosius, he resolved
Statius, from whom we learn that he made an epi- to wrest the crown from the usurper, but ambas-
tome of the histories of Sallust and Livy. (Stat. sadors arrived from Maximus with peaceful offers,
Silv. iv. 7, ult. )
backed by stern declarations of sacrificing every
MAXIMUS, LABE'RIUS. (LABERIUS. ) thing for the maintenance of his power ; and as Theo
MAXIMUS, MAGNUS CLEMENS, Roman dosius was then unable to wage war with a rebel
emperor, A. D. 383–388, in Gaul, Britain, and who was popular among the experienced and bold
Spain, was a native of Spain (Zosim. iv. p. 247), veterans of the West, he accepted the propositions
but not of England, as modern authors assert. He made to him. Maximus was, in consequence, re-
habitants of
Iar then res
and their ma
taccountable
their walls
for Valentini
with his mot
ben to These
kozen to C
bis fate. M
Rome and 1
almost with
The alarm
the loss of
lored colleas
may be easi
lentinian to
without los
by his prin
tire
emper
British 001
sister Gall
midst of bi
martied th
to encount
stile, pre
Andragatt
poserful
troops ne
Noricum
dosius in
by land
the first
Western
Potiered
by Marc
Theodos
Italy.
within


## p. 997 (#1013) ###########################################

MAXIMUS. '
997
MAXIMUS.
IMES.
on of his contemporary, the
Great, though the bus
some years is the benschmid
bordinate capacity. He wa
an uncle of his barete, s
and also a bro:ber, Mirza
appear again in the correo
Dus accompanied Treccani
peditions, was promoted, and
A. D. 368, proceeded the
here he remained many ve
general, as it seems
nor of that providee, a este
eminence pretend la sai
elena, the daughter of Ende
1
1
Tregont (Caernarvon in Was
is more than doubtfal lloc
p. 7, note k. ed. 1815, 879. ) Tu
e emperor Gratian for foreca bi
discontent among the legis
were the most turbulent in die
army. Marimus is said to her
ed their disaffection, and abas a
ke out which led to the accessed
the ruin of Gratian I
means a detractor of Marss
ith having acted thus ; bat (ragas
Sereros both state that the man
animus, who was known as:
meris, to accept the imperator
ffered him by the rebels ; 200 (
e solemnly protested his ismerter
his may be, Marimas was processed
4. D. 383 (not in 381 a Prosper satis
ticon). A short time before is
adopted the Christian religion
s immediately gave orders we all in
oned in Britain to assemble as 11
ad he lost no time in atecas .
It is related in the life of Gratis
cognised by Theodosius and Valentinian as Augus. , at the same time as his pursuers.
The troops of
tus and sole emperor in Gaul, Spain, and Britain, Theodosius immediately stormed the city, and with
while the new emperor in his turn promised not to such energy that they took it at once, and seized
inolest Valentinian in the possession of Italy and Maximus, it is said, while seated on his throne.
Illyricum, which he had held already in the time Theodosius was waiting the issue at his head-quar-
of his brother Gratian.
ters, three miles from Aquileia. Thither Maximus
Nothing now prevented Maximus from enjoying was carried, loaded with chains. With a stern
his power, and promoting the happiness of his sub yet calm voice Theodosius reproached him for his
jects, but two circumstances, each of which was rebellion against Gratian and unbounded ambition,
sufficient to foretell a future commotion. The and then gave orders for his decapitation, which
professed friendship of Theodosius was not real, took place on the same day (27th or 20th of
and the unparalleled success of Maximus swelled August, 388). Victor, the son of Maximus, being
his ambition so much that he stepped beyond those then engaged in Gaul against the Franks, Arbo-
limits of wisdom within which he ought to have gastes marched against him with a strong force.
kept his future plans. Italy was governed by a Victor was defeated and taken prisoner, and shared
fooble youth, but who might become dangerous the fate of his father. Andragathus, the com-
when a man, unless he forgot that he was the mander of the fleet of Maximus, upon hearing of
brother of a murdered emperor. The possession of the death of his master, threw himself in a fit of
Italy was therefore the great object at which despair into the sea and was drowned. Theodosius
Maximus aimed ; and the revenues of his vast do- was merciful and generous towards the mother and
minions were exhausted to form an army, the con- sisters of his fallen rival ; but he nullified all the
tingents of which were raised among the most war- laws issued by Maximus. Valentinian nominally
like barbarians of the time. Yet less confident in succeeded Maximus in the possession of Italy and
arms than in intrigues, Maximus prerailed upon the country beyond the Alps, but the real emperor
the ministers of young Valentinian to accept from was Theodosius. (Zosim. iv. p. 247, &c. ed. Oxon.
him auxiliaries for an intended war in Pannonia ; | 1679, 8vo. ; Sozomen. vii. 12, &c. ; Oros. vii. 34,
and, although his motives were seen through by St. &c. ; Socrates, H. E. v. 11, &c. ; Rufin. ii. 14-17;
Ambrose and the other councillors of Valentinian, Greg. Turon. Hist. Franc. i. 43 ; Ambros. Enar-
the forces of Maximus were allowed to cross the ratio in Psalm. LXI. (in the first vol. of his works,
passes of the Alps (387). In their rear followed p. 961), Epistol. XXIV. in vol. ii. p. 888, ep. 40,
Maximus with his main army, and while the in- p. 952, &c. , De Obitu Valentin, ibid. p. 1182, in the
habitants of Milan, where the imperial court of Benedictine ed. ; Sulpic. Sever. Vila B. Martini,
Italy then resided, expected to welcome allies, they c. 23, Dialog. ii. 7, iii. 15; Pacatus, Panegyric.
and their master were terrified by the sudden and Theodosii, in “ Panegyr. Vet. ” xii. ; Prosper,
unaccountable appearance of a hostile army under Chron. ; Marcellin. Chron. ; Theoph. p. 57, &c. ed.
their walls. Flight was the only means of safety Paris. )
[W. P. ]
for Valentinian. Without loss of time he escaped
with his mother Justina to Aquileia, and thence by
sea to Thessalonica, whence he despatched mes-
sengers to Constantinople to apprise Theodosius of
his fate. Maximus entered Milan in triumph, and
Rome and the rest of Italy soon submitted to him
almost without a struggle.
The alarm of Theodosius at hearing at once of
RIS
the loss of Italy, the disgrace of a weak yet be
loved colleague, and the triumph of a hated rival,
may be easily imagined. Instead of inviting Va-
lentinian to proceed to Constantinople, he hastened, MAXIMUS, CN. MA’LLIUS, was consul in
without losing any time, to Salonica, accompanied B. c. 105, when he carried his election against Q.
by his principal ministers, and then, with the fugi- Catulus (Catulus, No. 5). Cicero represents
tive emperor and his mother Justina, concerted Mallius as an utterly worthless man. (Pro Planc.
measures to check the threatening course of the 5, pro Muraen. 36. ) Mallius obtained Transalpine
British conqueror.
His love for Valentinian's Gaul for his province, and, principally through dis-
sister Galla added wings to his resolution: in the sensions with his colleague, the proconsul Q. Ser-
midst of his preparations for bloodshed and war he vilius Caepio [CAEPIO, SERVILIUS, No. 7], he was
married that beautiful princess, and then set out utterly defeated by the Boian Gauls. His two sons
to encounter the legions of Gaul. Maximus, mean- perished in the action, and on his return to Rome
while, prepared for resistance by sea and land. he was impeached, and defended by M. Antonius,
Andragathus covered the coast of Italy with a the orator. (Sall. B. J. 114 ; Liv. Epit. 67 ; Cic.
powerful fleet, and the emperor concentrated his de Orat. 28. )
(W. B. D. ]
troops near Aquileia, despatching his van into MAXIMUS, MA'RIUS, is repeatedly cited
Noricum and Pannonia, in order to receive Theo- as a weighty authority by the Augustan historians.
dosius in that quarter if he should choose to come He appears to have written at great length the
by land. Theodosius did come by land, and in biographies of the Roman emperors, beginning with
the first engagement at Siscia, on the Save, the Trajan and ending with Elagabalus, and very pro-
Western troops were completely defeated : they bably, as Casaubon conjectures, flourished under
suffered a second defeat, being then commanded Alexander Severus. He is named with great re-
by Marcellinus, the brother of Maximus ; and now spect by Ammianus Marcellinus, but is termed
Theodosius broke through the Noric Alps into by Vopiscus (Firm. c. 1) “homo omnium verbo-
Italy. Maximus, flying before him, took refuge sissimus qui et mythistoricis se voluminibus impli-
within the walls of Aquileia, arriving there nearly cavit. ” (See Spartian. Hadrian. 2, Casaubon's
38 3
COR
NO
ha
POWDARY
1
COIN OF MAXIMUS MAGNUS.
leated by the usurper near Paz, der
neral Merobaudes, a Frankish che si
in near Lyon, on his flight to izi,
hins, who pursued him by order di More
le sudden overthrow of the poser vil
followed by the as sudden and creating
dent of the power of Varis: la
id Britain did homage to the end
who associated his son Victoria
ng him Caesar, and perhaps 12mm
new emperor took up his has
chere there are still some more
is reign. No persecutions were scuze
be adherents of Gratian, excepi bis
ind Balio or Vallio, who lost their
int of their ambiguous corded
lat, with these exceptions, Vanes
lg when, in later times, be us: 5
non had caused no loss of
R30
che field of battle. Yet eren Verland
jo were not Romans but hurhanes
s of the downfall of Gracian and the
Marimus reached Theodosios, be pas *
the crown from the usurper, but com
srived from Marimus sit asented to
br stera declarations of secret
the maintenance of his power; a.
was then unable to 120 part. se
s of the West, he accepted the
s popular among the experiency' k"
him. Maurimus was, in cabezwe


## p. 998 (#1014) ###########################################

998
MAXIMUS.
MAXIMUS.
pol of Tile
Bell Panda
ËL
. 13; Pas
Prosper, Vic
Erzge i7
Ludenboog
MAXIN
MA XIT
Quintisas Ca
under CoxD:
MAXIM
Testine lode
(30. 5. 1951
book, Ad L
BC 40.
MAXIM
trosed toward
Tins A. D. 32
constlar ranks
Dhon Cassius
conga. 4 D.
the passage
been consul;
does not occ
cice of praer
(Dion Cass.
the command
province, A E
to have beer
the accuser of
MAXIM
MAXIM
note ; Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 30; Vulcat. Gallic. , among the gay companions of the corrupt Valenti-
Avid. Cass. C, 9; Lamprid. Commod. 13, 15; nian. Maximus found no scruple in secretly help
Spartian. S. Sever. 15 ; Capitolin. Albin. 3, 9, 12; ing the emperor in his intrigues against Aëtius,
Spartian. Get. 2 ; Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 5, 65, Elagab. which ended in the murder of that great man in
11. )
454 ; but he was now to experience that while it
No distinct idea can be formed of the arrange- is only dangerous to be disliked by men like Va-
ment of the work from the manner in which it is lentinian, it is at once dangerous and disgraceful
quoted by Spartianus (Get. 2), “ de cujus vita et to be liked by them, because their attachment is
moribus in vita Severi Marius Maximus priino neither guided by principles nor ennobled by es-
scptenario satis copiose retulit. "
(W. R. ]
tecm. Maximus had a beautiful and virtuous wife
MA’XIMUS, MEÄSSIUS, one of the most in- of whom Valentinian was enamoured. One day,
timate friends of the younger Pliny, seems to have having lost a great deal of money to the emperor,
been a native of Verona, and certainly possessed while playing with him, he gave him his seal
considerable influence in the neighbourhood of that ring as a pledge for the debt. Valentinian sent
town, to which his wife belonged. (Plin. Ep. ii. this ring to the wife of Maximus in the name
14. ) Hence Pliny recommends to him Arrianus, of the empress Eudoxia, with a request to joiu her
of Altinum, a town near Venice (iii. 2). Maximus and her husband at the palace. The unsuspicious
was subsequently sent into Achaia to arrange the lady proceeded thither forth with, and was ushered
affairs of the free towns in the province, on which into a solitary room where, instead of her husband
occasion Pliny addressed him a letter, in imitation and the empress, she found the emperor, who began
of Cicero's celebrated epistle to his brother Quintus, by a declaration of love. Meeting with an indig-
to teach him how he ought to discharge the duties nant repulse he forced her person. The disgraced
of his new appointment (viii. 24). Maximus was woman returned to her mansion, almost dying with
an author, and one of his works is praised by Pliny shame, and accused Maximus of having bad a hand
in the most extravagant terms (iv. 20). Pliny in this infamous transaction. The feelings of her
appears to have frequently consulted him respect- husband need no description. His wife died soon
ing his own literary compositions. The following afterwards. He brooded revenge, and the numerous
letters of Pliny are addressed to Maximus : ii. 14, friends of the murdered Aëtius being animated by
iii. 2, 20, iv. 20, 25, v. 5, vi. 11, 34, vii. 26, viii. the same feelings, he joined them joyfully. On the
19, 24, ix. 1, 23.
16th of March 455, Valentinian was amusing him-
MAXIMUS, PETRO'NIUS (ANI'CIUS? ), self in the Campus Martius ; suddenly a band of
Roman emperor, A. D. 455. His long and meritorious armed men rushed upon him, and the emperor was
life as an officer of state forms a striking contrast with murdered.
his short and unfortunate reign.