No More Learning

The time allotted to them was but too brief. The new monarchy began by making war on freedom of
speech, and soon wholly suppressed the political oration. Thenceforth the subordinate species of the pure advocate- pleading was doubtless still retained in literature ; but the higher art and literature of oratory, which thoroughly depend on political excitement, perished with the latter of necessity and for ever.
development
Lastly there sprang up in the aesthetic literature of this The period the artistic treatment of subjects of professional ? ^ficIa' science in the form of the stylistic dialogue, which had been applied to very extensively in use among the Greeks and had been ^i^j already employed also in isolated cases among the Romans icience*
(iv. 251).
Cicero especially made various attempts at pre-
508
RELIGION, CULTURE, book *
Cicero's senting rhetorical and philosophical subjects in this form and *"*'' making the professional manual a suitable book for reading. SS. His chief writings are the De Oratore (written in 699), to which the history of Roman eloquence (the dialogue Brutus,
«6. written in 708) and other minor rhetorical essays were added by way of supplement ; and the treatise De Republic^
64. (written in 700), with which the treatise De Legibus (written 62 1 in 702 ? ) after the model of Plato is brought into connec tion. They are no great works of art, but undoubtedly
they are the works in which the excellences of the author are most, and his defects least, conspicuous. The rhetorical writings are far from coming up to the didactic chasteness of form and precision of thought of the Rhetoric dedicated to Herennius, but they contain instead a store of practical forensic experience and forensic anecdotes of all sorts
and tastefully set forth, and in fact solve the
easily
problem
ment. The treatise De RepublicA carries out, in a singular mongrel compound of history and philosophy, the leading idea that the existing constitution of Rome is substantially the ideal state-organization sought for by the philosophers ; an idea indeed just as unphilosophical as unhistorical, and besides not even peculiar to the author, but which, as may readily be conceived, became and remained popular. The scientific groundwork of these rhetorical and political writings of Cicero belongs of course entirely to the Greeks, and many of the details also, such as the grand concluding effect in the treatise De Republic^, the Dream of Scipio, are directly borrowed from them ; yet they possess comparative origin ality, inasmuch as the elaboration shows throughout Roman local colouring, and the proud consciousness of political life, which the Roman was certainly entitled to feel as compared with the Greeks, makes the author even confront his Greek instructors with a certain independence. The form of
Cicero's dialogue
is doubtless neither the genuine inter
of combining didactic instruction with amuse
chap, xil LITERATURE, AND ART
S°9
rogative dialectics of the best Greek artificial dialogue nor the genuine conversational tone of Diderot or Lessing ; but the great groups of advocates gathering around Crassus and Antonius and of the older and younger statesmen of the Scipionic circle furnish a lively and effective framework, fitting channels for the introduction of historical references and anecdotes, and convenient resting-points for the scien tific discussion. The style is quite as elaborate and
as in the best-written orations, and so far more pleasing than these, since the author does not often in this field make a vain attempt at pathos.
While these rhetorical and political writings of Cicero
with a philosophic colouring are not devoid of merit, the compiler on the other hand completely failed, when in the involuntary leisure of the last years of his life (709-710) 45-44. he applied himself to philosophy proper, and with equal peevishness and precipitation composed in a couple of I months a philosophical library. The receipt was
simple. In rude imitation of the popular writings of Aristotle, in which the form of dialogue was employed chiefly for the setting forth and criticising of the different
older systems, Cicero stitched together the Epicurean,
Stoic, and Syncretist writings handling the same problem,
as they came or were given to his hand, into a so-called dialogue. And all that he did on his own part was, to supply an introduction prefixed to the new book from the ample collection of prefaces for future works which he had beside him ; to impart a certain popular character, inasmuch
as he interwove Roman examples and references, and sometimes digressed to subjects irrelevant but more familiar to the writer and the reader, such as the treatment of the deportment of the orator in the De Officii s ; and to exhibit that sort of bungling, which a man of letters, who has not attained to philosophic thinking or even to philosophic knowledge and who works rapidly and boldly, shows in the
polished
\
very
Profes sional sciences. Latin philology. Vain*.
reproduction of dialectic trains of thought. In this way no doubt a multitude of thick tomes might very quickly come into existence—"They are copies," wrote the author himself to a friend who wondered at his fertility; "they give me little trouble, for I supply only the words and these I have in abundance. " Against this nothing further could be said ; but any one who seeks classical productions in works so written can only be advised to study in literary matters a becoming silence.
Of the sciences only a single one manifested vigorous life, that of Latin philology. The scheme of linguistic and antiquarian research within the domain of the Latin race, planned by Silo, was carried out especially by his disciple Varro on the grandest scale. There appeared
hensive elaborations of the whole stores of the language, more especially the extensive grammatical commentaries of Figulus and the great work of Varro De Lingua Latino. ; monographs on grammar and the history of the language, such as Varro's writings on the usage of the Latin language, on synonyms, on the age of the letters, on the origin of the Latin tongue ; scholia on the older literature, especially on Plautus; works of literary history, biographies of poets, investigations into the earlier drama, into the scenic division of the comedies of Plautus, and into their genuineness. Latin archaeology, which embraced the whole older history and the ritual law apart from practical jurisprudence, was
5io
RELIGION, CULTURE, BOOK T
in Varro's "Antiquities of Things Human and Divine," which was and for all times remained the fundamental treatise on the subject (published between
comprehended
67. 46. 687 and 709). The first portion, "Of Things Human," described the primeval age of Rome, the divisions of city and country, the sciences of the years, months, and days, Iasdy, the public transactions at home and in war ; in the second half, "Of Things Divine," the state -theology, the nature and significance of the colleges of experts, of the
compre
chap, xil LITERATURE, AND ART
511
holy places, of the religious festivals, of sacrificial and votive gifts, and lastly of the gods themselves were summarily unfolded. Moreover, besides a number of monographs — e. g. on the descent of the Roman people, on the Roman gentes descended from Troy, on the tribes— there was added, as a larger and more independent supplement, the treatise " Of the Life of the Roman People " —a remarkable attempt at a history of Roman manners, which sketched a picture of the state of domestic life, finance, and culture in the regal, the early republican, the Hannibalic, and the most recent period. These labours of Varro were based on an empiric knowledge of the Roman world and its adjacent Hellenic domain more various and greater in its kind than any other Roman either before or after him possessed —a knowledge to which living observation and the study of literature alike contributed. The eulogy of his contemporaries was well deserved, that Varro had enabled his countrymen —strangers in their own world —to know their position in their native land, and had taught the Romans who and where they
were. But criticism and system will be sought for in vain. His Greek information seems to have come from somewhat confused sources, and there are traces that even in the Roman field the writer was not free from the influence of the historical romance of his time. The matter is doubtless inserted in a convenient and symmetrical frame work, but not classified or treated methodically ; and with all his efforts to bring tradition and personal observation into harmony, the scientific labours of Varro are not to be acquitted of a certain implicit faith in tradition or of an unpractical scholasticism. 1 The connection with Greek
1 A remarkable example is the general exposition regarding cattle in the treatise on Husbandry (ii. 1 ) with the nine times nine subdivisions of the doctrine of cattle-rearing, with the "incredible but true " fact that the mares at Olisipo (Lisbon) become pregnant by the wind, and generally
The other
nonai ■deuces.
Alongside of this extraordinary stir in the field of philo- logy the small amount of activity in the other sciences surprising. What appeared of importance in philosophy — such as Lucretius' representation of the Epicurean system in the poetical child- dress of the pre-Socratic philosophy, and the better writings of Cicero —produced its effect and found its audience not through its philosophic contents, but in spite of such contents solely through its aesthetic form; the numerous translations of Epicurean writings and the Pythagorean works, such as Varro's great treatise
with its singular mixture of philosophical, historical, and agricultural notices.
Thus Varro derives facert from fades, because he who makes any thing gives to an appearance, volpes, the fox, after Stilo from volart fediius as the flying - footed Gaius Trebatius, a philosophical jurist of this age, derives sacellum from sacra cetta, Figulus frater from fere alter and so forth. This practice, which appears not merely in isolated instances but as main element of the philological literature of this age, presents a
very great resemblance to the mode in which till recently comparative philology was prosecuted, before insight into the organism of language pot stop to the occupation of the empirics.
'
512
RELIGION, CULTURE, book v
philology consists in the imitation of its defects more than of its excellences ; for instance, the basing of etymologies on mere similarity of sound both in Varro himself and in the other philologues of this epoch runs into pure guess work and often into downright absurdity. 1 In its empiric confidence and copiousness as well as in its empiric in adequacy and want of method the Varronian vividly re minds us of the English national philology, and just like the latter, finds its centre in the study of the older drama. We have already observed that the monarchical literature developed the rules of language in contradistinction to this linguistic empiricism 457). It in high degree signi ficant that there stands at the head of the modern gram marians no less man than Caesar himself, who in his
68. 60. treatise on Analogy (given forth between 696 and 704) first undertook to bring free language under the power of law.
a
a
1
;
(p.
it
is
a
is a
chap, xil LITERATURE, AND ART
513
on the Elements of Numbers and the still more copious one of Figulus concerning the Gods, had beyond doubt neither scientific nor formal value.
Even the professional sciences were but feebly cultivated. Varro's Books on Husbandry written in the form of dialogue are no doubt more methodical than those of his predecessors Cato and Saserna—on which accordingly he drops many a side glance of censure—but have on the whole proceeded more from the study than, like those earlier works, from living experience. Of the juristic labours of Varro and of Servius Sulpicius Rufus (consul in 703) hardly aught more SI can be said, than that they contributed to the dialectic and philosophical embellishment of Roman jurisprudence. And there is nothing farther here to be mentioned, except perhaps the three books of Gaius Matius on cooking, pickling, and making preserves —so far as we know, the earliest Roman cookery-book, and, as the work of a man of rank, certainly a phenomenon deserving of notice. That mathematics and physics were stimulated by the increased Hellenistic and utilitarian tendencies of the monarchy, is apparent from their growing importance in the instruction
of youth (p. 449) and from various practical applications ; under which, besides the reform of the calendar (p. 438), may perhaps be included the appearance of wall-maps at this period, the technical improvements in shipbuilding and
in musical instruments, designs and buildings like the aviary specified by Varro, the bridge of piles over the Rhine executed by the engineers of Caesar, and even two semi circular stages of boards arranged for
together, and employed first separately as two theatres and then jointly as an amphitheatre. The public exhibition of foreign natural curiosities at the popular festivals was not unusual ; and the descriptions of remarkable animals, which Caesar has embodied in the reports of his campaigns, show that, had an Aristotle appeared, he would have again found
vol. v 166
being pushed
Art.
his patron-prince. But such literary performances as are mentioned in this department are essentially associated with Neopythagoreanism, such as the comparison of Greek and Barbarian, i. e. Egyptian, celestial observations by Figulus, and his writings concerning animals, winds, and generative organs. After Greek physical research generally had swerved from the Aristotelian effort to find amidst individual facts the law, and had more and more passed into an empiric and mostly uncritical observation of the external and surprising in nature, natural science when coming forward as a mystical philosophy of nature, instead of en lightening and stimulating, could only still more stupefy and paralyze ; and in presence of such a method it was better to rest satisfied with the platitude which Cicero delivers as Socratic wisdom, that the investigation of nature either seeks after things which nobody can know, or after such things as nobody needs to know.
Ifj in fine, we cast a glance at art, we discover here the
same unpleasing phenomena which pervade the whole
Arts of design.
SM
RELIGION, CULTURE, book v
Architect- mental life of this period. Building on the part of the
"**
state was virtually brought to a total stand amidst the scarcity of money that marked the last age of the republic We have already spoken of the luxury in building of the Roman grandees ; the architects learned in consequence of this to be lavish of marble—the coloured sorts such as the
Numidian (Giallo antico) and others came into vogue at this time, and the marble-quarries of Luna
were now employed for the first time — and began to inlay the floors of the rooms with mosaic work, to panel the walls with slabs of marble, or to paint the com partments in imitation of marble — the first steps towards the subsequent fresco-painting. But art was not a gainer by this lavish magnificence.
In the arts of design connoisseurship and collecting were aiways on the increase. It was a mere affectation of
yellow
(Carrara)
chap, xii LITERATURE, AND ART
515
Catonian simplicity, when an advocate spoke before the jurymen of the works of art " of a certain Praxiteles " ; every one travelled and inspected, and the trade of the art- ciceroni, or, as they were then called, the exegetae, was none of the worst Ancient works of art were formally hunted after — statues and pictures less, it is true, than, in accordance with the rude character of Roman luxury, artistically wrought furniture and ornaments of all sorts for the room and the table. As early as that age the old Greek tombs of Capua and Corinth were ransacked for the sake of the bronze and earthenware vessels which had been placed in the tomb along with the dead. For a small statuette of bronze 40,000 sesterces (^400) were paid, and 200,000 (^2000) for a pair of costly carpets; a well- wrought bronze cooking machine came to cost more than an estate. In this barbaric hunting after art the rich amateur was, as might be expected, frequently cheated by those who supplied him ; but the economic ruin of Asia Minor in particular so exceedingly rich in artistic products brought many really ancient and rare ornaments and works of art into the market, and from Athens,
Syracuse, Cyzicus, Pergamus, Chios, Samos, and other ancient seats of art, everything that was for sale and very much that was not
migrated to the palaces and villas of the Roman grandees. We have already mentioned what treasures of art were to be found within the house of Lucullus, who indeed was accused, perhaps not unjustly, of having gratified his interest in the fine arts at the expense of his duties as a general. The amateurs of art crowded thither as they crowd at present to the Villa Borghese, and complained even then of such treasures being confined to the palaces and country-houses of the men of quality, where they could be seen only with difficulty and after special permission from the possessor. The public buildings on the other hand were far from filled in like proportion with famous
516
RELIGION, CULTURE, book t
works of Greek masters, and in many cases there still stood in the temples of the capital nothing but the old images of the gods carved in wood. As to the exercise of art there is virtually nothing to report ; there is hardly mentioned by name from this period any Roman sculptor or painter except a certain Arellius, whose pictures rapidly went off not on account of their artistic value, but because the cunning reprobate furnished in his pictures of the goddesses faithful portraits of his mistresses for the time being.
The importance of music and dancing increased in public
Dancing
*" m c- as in domestic life. We have already set forth how theatri
cal music and the dancing-piece attained to an independent standing in the development of the stage at this period
472); we may add that now in Rome itself representa tions were very frequently given by Greek musicians, dancers, and declaimers on the public stage—such as were usual in Asia Minor and generally in the whole Hellenic and Hel- lenizing world. 1 To these fell to be added the musicians
Such "Greek entertainments" were very frequent not merely in the Greek cities of Italy, especially in Naples (Cic pro Arch. 10 Plut. Brut, 21), but even now also in Rome (iv. 192 Cic. Ad Fain. vii. i, Ad Att. xvi. Suetoru Caes. 39 Plut. Brut. 21). When the well- known epitaph of Licinia Eucharis fourteen years of age, which probably belongs to the end of this period, makes this " girl well instructed and taught in all arts by the Muses themselves" shine as a dancer in the private exhibitions of noble houses and appear first in public on the Greek stage (modo noiilium ludot dtcoravi choro, it Graeca in scaena prima
populo apparui), this doubtless can only mean that she was the first girl that appeared on the public Greek stage in Rome as generally indeed was not till this epoch that women began to come forward publicly in Rome (p. 469).
These "Greek entertainments" in Rome seem not to have been properly scenic, but rather to have belonged to the category of composite exhibitions —primarily musical and declamatory —such as were not of rare occurrence in subsequent times also in Greece (Welcker, Gritch. Trag. p. 1277). This view supported by the prominence of flute-playing in Polybius (xxx. 13) and of dancing in the account of Suetonius regarding the armed dances from Asia Minor performed at Caesar's games and in the epitaph of Eucharis the description also of the citharoedus (Ad Her. iv. 47, 60 comp. Vitruv. v. must have been derived from such "Greek entertainments. " The combinations of these representations in Rome with Greek athletic combats significant (Polyb. c. Liv. xxxix.
Dramatic recitations were by no means excluded from these mixed
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5, ;
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;
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1 ;
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(p.
chaf. xii LITERATURE, AND ART
517
and dancing-girls who exhibited their arts to order at table and elsewhere, and the special choirs of stringed and wind instruments and singers which were no longer rare in noble houses. But that even the world of quality itself played and sang with diligence, is shown by the very adoption of music into the cycle of the generally recognized subjects of instruction 449) as to dancing, was, to say nothing of women, made matter of reproach even against consulars that they exhibited themselves in dancing performances amidst small circle.
Towards the end of this period, however, there appears Incipient with the commencement of the monarchy the beginning of 0f ^J100
better time also in art. We have already mentioned the monarchy, mighty stimulus which building in the capital received, and
building throughout the empire was destined to receive,
through Caesar. Even in the cutting of the dies of the
coins there appears about 700 remarkable change; the M. stamping, hitherto for the most part rude and negligent, thenceforward managed with more delicacy and care.
We have reached the end of the Roman republic. We Conclusion, have seen rule for five hundred years Italy and in the
countries on the Mediterranean we have seen brought
to ruin in politics and morals, religion and literature, not
through outward violence but through inward decay, and thereby making room for the new monarchy of Caesar. There was in the world, as Caesar found much of the
entertainments, since among the players whom Lucius Anicius caused to appear in 587 in Rome, tragedians are expressly mentioned there was 187. however no exhibition of plays in the strict sense, but either whole dramas,
or perhaps still more frequently pieces taken from them, were declaimed
or sung to the flute by single artists. This must accordingly have been
done also in Rome but to all appearance for the Roman public the main matter in these Greek games was the music and dancing, and the text probably had little more significance for them than the texts of the Italian
opera for the Londoners and Parisians of the present day. Those composite entertainments with their confused medley were far better suited for the
Yoman public, and especially for exhibitions in private houses, than proper scenic performances in the Greek language the view that the latter also took place in Rome cannot be refuted, but can as little be proved.
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518
RELIGION, CULTURE, LITERATURE, ART book v
noble heritage of past centuries and an infinite abundance of pomp and glory, but little spirit, still less taste, and least of all true delight in life. It was indeed an old world ; and even the richly-gifted patriotism of Caesar could not make it young again. The dawn does not return till after the night has fully set in and run its course. But yet with him there came to the sorely harassed peoples on the Mediterranean a tolerable evening after the sultry noon ; and when at length after a long historical night the new day dawned once more for the peoples, and fresh nations in free self-movement commenced their race towards new and higher goals, there were found among them not a few, in which the seed sown by Caesar had sprung up, and which owed, as they still owe, to him their national individuality.
INDEX
t1n thii Index the names of persons are given under the gentile nomtn\ nod an arranged in the alphabetic order of the f. raenomina, and, under this, in the chrono -logical order of holding the consulate or other official position. Thus Ciceru will /be found under M. Tullius Cicero, and Caesar under C Julius Caesar. The letter
in 1oa,/C, denotes that the subject is continued in the following page ; the letter ml, as in 1oa «. , refers to the not$ either by itself x or in addition to matter in the text. )
Abbreviations, Roman, i. 879 Abdera, ii. 503 ; it. 44
Abella burnt, it.
Abgarus, Arab prince, it. 422. Allied
with the Parthians against Crassus, v.
153. '54, 155
Aborigines, ii. 1o6 ; iii 187
Abrupolis, ii. 493, 496
Abruzzi, i. 5, 6, 147, 434 ; iii. 501, 508 Abydus, ii. 406, 417, 418, 447, 461 Academy, the Newer, iv. 107-200 Acarnania and the Acarnaniana, ii. 216,
2i7. 318, 397, 403, 418, 421, 420, 432, 435, 438i 457. 47*. 5Mi 517
Acca Larentia, i. 209
L. Accius, tragic poet, iv. 222, 22^
Acco, Carnutic knight, beheaded, v. 74 Accusers, professional, iv. 104
Acerrae, it. 304. Victory over the
Italians, iii. 510, 515; iv. 66
Achaeans, ii. 215, 217, 318, 405, 421, 423,
Achaia, province of, iii. 270-272 Achill2s, general of Ptolemaeus Diooy
t. 271, 276
Achilles, ancestor of Pyrrhus, ii. j Achradina, ii 311. /C
Achulla, iii 244. Exempt from
iii. 259
C Aciiius, chronicler, iv. 248
M". Acilius Glabrio [consul, 563], ii. 457.
Attempts to rectify the calendar, iii. 194 M\ Acilius Glabrio [consul, 687], iv. 349/!
383, 395/
Acrae, Syracusan, ii. 804
Acta diutna, iv. 279 «.
Actus, i. 265
Adctnsi velmti, i. iiy
Adherbal, iii. 369-392
Adiabene, Iv. 315, 343
Adoption, i. 73
Adramytium, ii. 462 ; iii. 260. /C ; Iv. 46 Adriatic Sea, origin of the name, i. 418
63
158
Achaeans on the Caucasus, iv. 416 Achaean colonies in Italy and Sicily, i.
165/C Their distinctive character, 170^ League of the cities, i.
170-173 ; recon structed against the Lucanians, i. 454. Agricultural towns, i. 173. Coins, i. 171. Alphabet, i. 173/ Decay, i. 172
Achaeus, Syrian satrap, ii. 444
Achaeus, general of the slaves in first
Sicilian war, iii. 310
flii. ts with them, v. 52, 54
Aeacidea, father of Pyrrhus, ii 6
Aeacus, ancestor of Pyrrhus, ii j
Aeca, ii. 280
Aeclanum, town of the Hirptul, tU. 90%
523
Aedicula, i. 8*5
Atdiles Cerialest v. 946, 374
Aedilee curuZft, their Institution, I. 383.
Original functions : market-supervision and police, and celebration of the city
/,
25a
427, 430, 435. 437. 439. 45*. 476-480, 497. Adrogatio, i. 95
498/, 517/: i". 234. A 2fi1; ,v- 35. Adsidui, i. 115
War against them, iii. 264-270. Achaean Adsignatia virttMMm, L 840 m.
league dissolved, iii. 271. Province of Aduatuca, v. 73
Achaia, iii. 270-272. Taxation of, iv. Adoatuci, origin of, iii. 445 ; t. 39. Ccav
520
HISTORY OF ROME
fest1val, i. 383 ; 97 iii. 41. Plebe1ans 11i, 379. Sent as envoy to Jugurtha, iii. eligible, 383. Police duties in Rome, 392. Commander in Jugurthine war, ii. 84. Jurisdiction, ii. 66 iv, 128. In iii- 393 J- Against the Taurisci, iii. cluded among curole magistracies, iii. 428. Tried for extort1on, iii. 482. At
6,7
AedUes piebit, founded on model of the
quaestors, 354 n. Original functions
charge of the archives, 349, 354 «•
snpport of the tribunes in their judicial
functions, 351 decrees of the senate Q. Aemilius Papus [consul, 476], ii. 30 deposited in their charge, 369. Juris- Aenaria, 175, 178 iii. 541. Syracusan, diction, iv. 127 416. Withdrawn by Sulla from
AediUs the Municipia, founded on the Neapolis, iv. 107
model of the curule aedileship in Rome, Aeneas in Homer, 1i. 108. Legend of
-. 45-
Aegates Insulae, Phoen1cian,
ii. 143.
Aeneas in Italy, ii. 108-111. Invented by Stesichorus, 1o8. First occurs in the current form with Timaeus, ii. 110. In the Roman chroniclers, iv. 249
Battle at the, ii. 195
Acgina, 308; 319, 402, 417, 423, 437,
treatise ("Tripartita"), iii. 195 Aepulo, ii. 37a
L. Aelius Praeconinus Stilo, ofLanuvium, Aequi, settlements of, 444 n. Their
478. Beetle-stone found there, 307
Aegium, iii. 267
Sex. Aelius Paetus [consul, 556], his legal Aeolus, 117
ii. 107
Aemilius Lepidus, a Sullan, iv. 90
Aemilius Macer, poet, v. 480
L. Aemilius Papus [consul, 529], ii. ? ? . »
L. Aemilius Paullus [consul, 538], ii. aao, Aerarium, 137. After the abolition of
[consul, 677J, iv. 269
M. Aemilius Lepidus [consul, 567, 579],
ii. 416, 418
M. Aemilius Lepidus Porcina (consul,
617}, defeated by the Vaccaei, iii. 229.
Orator, vs. 215
M. Aemilius Lepidus [consul, 676], his
Remained faithful to the Romans in the Social war, iii. 502-509. Conquered, iii. 510 and held by the Samnites, iii. 524. Conquered by Sulla (1% «*• 91 «. and laid desolate, iv. 108
Aesis, iv. 85. Boundary of Italy, ii. 990; iv. 122 ft.
party-position, iv. vZof. Preparations Aesopus, actor, v. 384
for civil war, iv. 287-290. Insurrection, Aestimatio, derived from ass, 25» iv. 290 Defeat and death, iv. 291 Aes uxarium, 66
M. Aemilius Lepidus, Caesar's city- Aethalia, occupied by the Hellenes, 178, prefect, v. a18 416. Wrested from them by the Etrus
If. Aemilius Scaun1s [consul, 639 censor, cans, 181. Iron of, 182
645], leader of the aristocracy, iii. 376, Aetna, ii. 169
393/. 475t 4*4. 503- His character, Aetolians, 169 «. it 215, 217, 397.
titude to the proposals of Drusus, ni. 483. His roads, bridges, and drainage, iv. 167, 170
M. Aemilius Scaurus, adjutant of Pom. peius, Iv. 429. /:, 430
Aenus, ii. 417, 465, 486, 510
teacher of Roman literature, iv. 216, 252 Aemilii, clan-village, 45. heir descent,
286-290
L. Aemilius Paullus [consul, 572, 586], ii.
390 m. Opposed to Perseus, 505
His incorruptibility, iii. 31. His de
meanour to the provincials, iii. 33. Aeschylus, iii. 167
Carries Greek art -treasures to Rome, iii. Aesculanus, god of copper, H. 70
soft. His austerity, iii. 18, 42. His Aesculapius, early worshipped in Rome, estate, iii. 89. Augur, ii1. 112. His -230f. Brought thither from Epi- Hellenic culture, iii. 209 iv. 212 daurus, ii. 71. Temple of, in Carthage,
L. Aemilius Regillus [praetor, 564], 462 iii. 248, 257 at Epidaurus, iv. 40 a1 Maraercus Aemilius, Roman commander Pergamus, iv. 53
in the Social war, iii. 526 Aeseput, river, iv. 328
Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus Aesernia, colonized, ii. 39. Ius of, il. 52 m.
conflicts with Rome, 135.
by the Romans, 444 The league dissolved, 484
Aequicuh, 47 444 n.
Aerarii, settlers paying tribute for pro
tection, 1. I21
the monarchy legally under the contra, of the quaestors nominated by, and n presenting, the consuls, 322, 338
Aeropus, ii. 428
Subdued
i.
i.
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:
i.
/,i. i.
ii.
;
;
ii. f.
I.
i.
ii.
i.
i.
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in ii.
i.
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