teen days in the Theban
territory
without doing p.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
265, p.
493, Artific.
liberae Gracciac tempora, p.
23.
) [L.
U.
]
b. 20, ed. Bekker), and by the Pseudo-Plutarch CLEO'MACHUS (Kcóua xos). l. It is sup
(de Vit. X Or. viii. 25, p. 845, c. ). The obvious posed that there was a tragic poet of this name,
explanation is, that Cleochares inserted the obser- contemporary with Cratinus; but there can be
vation in his work as having been made by Philip. little doubt that the passages of Cratinus on which
None of his orations are extant. (Strab. xii. p. this notion is founded (ap. Athen. xiv. p. 638, f. )
566 ; Diog. Laërt. iv. 41; Ruhnken, ad Rutil
. refer to the lyric poet Gnesippus, the son of Cleo-
Lup. i. p. 5, &c. , and Hist. Crit. Or. Gr. 63, pp. machus, and that for tê Kaevuáxw and ó Kirá
185, 186 ; Westermann, Gesch. der Bered tsamkeit uaxos we ought to read tą Kieouáxov and ó Kleo
in Griechenland, § 76. )
[P. S. ]
(Bergk, Relig. Com. Att. p. 33, &c. ;
CLEO'CRITUS (KACóxpiros), an Athenian, Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. ii. pp. 27–29;
herald of the Mysteries, was one of the exiles GNESIPPUS. ) Of Cleomachus, the father of Gne-
who returned to Athens with Thrasybulus. After sippus, nothing is known, unless he be the same
the battle of Munychia, B. C. 404, being remark- as the lyric poet mentioned below. .
able for a very powerful voice, he addressed his 2. Of Magnesia, a lyric poet, was at first a
countrymen who had fought on the side of the boxer, but having fallen violently in love, he de
Thirty, calling on them to abandon the cause of voted himself to the composition of poems of a very
the tyrants and put an end to the horrors of civil licentious character. _ (Strab. xiv. p. 648; Tricha,
war. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. SS 20-22. ) His person de Meris, p. 34. ) From the resemblance in cha-
was as burly as his voice was lond, as we may racter between his poetry and that of Gnesippus,
gather from the joke of Aristophanes (Ran. 1433), it might be inferred that he is the same person as
who makes Euripides propose to fit on the slender the father of Gnesippus; but Strabo mentions him
Cinesias by way of wings to Cleocritus, and send | among the celebrated men of Magnesia in such a
μάχου.
:
## p. 791 (#811) ############################################
CLEOMBROTUS.
791
CLEOMEDES.
way that, if he adheres in this case to his usual | warned him of the danger of repeating such con-
practice of giving the names in chronological order, duct in the present crisis. In accusing Cleombro-
this Cleomachus would fall much later than the tus of rashness in fighting, Cicero (Off. i. 24) seems
time of Gncsippus. Ilis name was given to a to bave judged by the result. There was certainly
variety of the Ionic a Majore metre. (Blephaestion, as much hesitation on the other side. In the
xi. p. 62, ed. Gaisford. )
[P. S. ) battle which ensued [EPAMINONDAS; PELOPIDAS]
CLEOMBROTUS (KAe6u6potos ), son of he fought most bravely, and fell morially wounded,
Anaxandrides, king of Sparta, brother of Dorieus and died shortly after he was carried from the
and Leonidas, and half-brother of Cleomenes. field. According to Diodorus, his fall decided the
(Ilerod. v. 41. ) He became regent after the battle victory of the Thebans. He was succeeded by his
of Thermopylae, B. C. 480, for Pleistarchus, infant son AGESIPOLIS II. (Xen. Hell. v. 4. S$ 14-18,
son of Leonidas, and in this capacity was at the 59, vi. 1. $ 1, c. 4. § 15; Plut. Pelor. 13, 20-23,
head of the Peloponnesian troops who at the time Agcs
. 28; Diod. xv. 51–55; Paus. i. 13. $ 2,
of the battle of Salamis were engaged in fortifying iii. 6. § 1, ix. 13. $S 2—4; Manso, Sparta, iii. 1.
the isthmus. (Herod. viii. 71. ) The work was re- pp. 124, 133, 138, 158. )
[P. S. ]
newed in the following spring, till deserted for the CLEOMBROTUS II. , the 30th king of Sparta
commencement of the campaign of Plataea. Whe- of the Agid line, was of the royal race, though not
ther Cleombrotus was this second time engaged in in the direct male line. He was also the son-in-
it cannot be gathered with certainty from the ex- law of Leonidas II. , in whose place he was made
pression of Herodotus (ix. 10), " that he died king by the party of Agis IV. about 243 B. C. On
shortly after leading home his forces from the the return of Leonidas, Cleombrotus was deposed
Isthmus in consequence of an eclipse of the sun. " and banished to Tegea, about 240 B. C. [Agis IV. )
Yet the date of that eclipse, Oct. 2nd, seems to He was accompanied into exile by his wife Chei-
fix his death to the end of B. C. 480 (thus Müller, lonis, through whose intercession with her father
Prolegom. p. 409), nor is the language of Hero- his life had been spared, and who is mentioned as
dotus very favourable to Thirlwall's hypothesis, a conspicuous example of conjugal affection. He
according to which, with Clinton (F. H. ii. p. 209), left two sons, Agesipolis and Cleomenes, of whoin
he places it early in 479. (Hist
. of Greece, ii. p. the former became the father and the latter the
328. ) He left two sons,—the noted Pausanias, guardian of AGESIPOLIS III. (Plut. Agis, 11, 16
who succeeded him as regent, and Nicomedes. -18; Paus. iii. 6; Polyb. iv. 35; Manso, Sparta,
(Thuc. i. 107. )
[A. H. C. ] iii. 1, pp. 284, 298. )
[P. S. ]
CLEOʻMBROTUS I. (KACOM poros), the 23rd CLEO'MBROTUS (Knebupotos ), an Aca-
king of Sparta, of the Agid line, was the son of demic philosopher of Ambracia, who is said to
Pausanias. He succeeded his brother AGESIPOLIS bave thrown himself down from a high wall, after
I. in the year 380 B. C. , and reigned nine years. reading the Phaedon of Plato; not that he had any
After the deliverance of Thebes from the domina- sufferings to escape from, but that he inight ex-
tion of Sparta (PELOPIDAS), Cleombrotus was sent change this life for a better. (Callimach. Epigr.
into Boeotia, at the head of a Lacedaemonian army, 60, ap. Brunck, Anal. i. p. 474, Jacobs, i. p. 226;
i.
in the spring of B. C. 378, but he only spent six- Agath. Schol. Ep. 60. v. 17, ap. Brunck, Anal. iii.
teen days in the Theban territory without doing p. 59, Jacobs, iv. p. 29; Lucian, Philop. 1; Cic.
any injury, and then returned home, leaving Spho- pro Scaur. ii. 4, Tusc. i. 34 ; Augustin. de Civ.
drias as barmost at Thespiae. On his march home Dei, i. 22; Fabric. Bill. Graec. iii. p. 168. ) The
his army suffered severely from a storm. His disciple of Socrates, whom Plato mentions as being
conduct excited much disapprobation at Sparta, in Aegina when Socrates died, may possibly be the
and the next two expeditions against Thebes were same person. (Phaedon, 2, p. 59, c. ) [P. S. ]
entrusted to the other king, AGESILAUS II. In CLEOME'DES (Keounons), an Athenian, son
the year 376, on account of the illness of Agesilaus, of Lycomedes, was one of the commanders of the
the command was restored to Cleombrotus, who expedition against Melos in B. C. 416. He is men-
again effected nothing, but returned to Sparta in tioned also by Xenophon as one of the 30 tyrants
consequence of a slight repulse in the passes of appointed in B. C. 404. (Thuc. v. 84, &c. ; Xen.
Cithaeron. This created still stronger dissatisfac- Hell. ii. 3. $ 2. ) Schneider's conjecture with re-
tion : a congress of the allies was held at Sparta, spect to him (ad Xen. l. c. ) is inadmissible. [E. E. ]
and it was resolved to prosecute the war by sea. CLEOME'DES (Kacounions ), of the island
(CHABRIAS; Pollis. ] In the spring of 374, Astypalaea, an athlete, of whom Pausanias (vi. 9)
Cleombrotus was sent across the Corinthian gulf and Plutarch (Rom. 28) record the following le-
into Phocis, which had been invaded by the The-gend :-In Ol. 72 (B. C. 492) he killed Iccus, his
bans, who, however, retreated into Boeotia upon opponent, in a boxing-match, at the Olympic
his approach. He remained in Phocis till the year games, and the judges ('Emavodika. ) decided
371, when, in accordance with the policy by which that he had been guilty of unfair play, and pu-
Thebes was excluded from the peace between nished him with the loss of the prize. Stung
Athens and Sparta, he was ordered to march into to madness by the disgrace, he returned to Asty-
Boeotia. Having avoided Epaminondas, who was palaea, and there in his frenzy he sbook down the
guarding the pass of Coroneia, he marched down pillar which supported the roof of a boys' school,
upon Creusis, which he took, with twelve Theban crushing all who were in it beneath the ruins.
triremes which were in the harbour; and he then The Astypalaeans preparing to stone him, he fied
advanced to the plains of Leuctra, where he met for refuge to the temple of Athena, and got into a
the Theban army. He seems to have been desirous chest, which his pursners, having rainly attempted
of avoiding a battle, though he was superior to the to open it, at length broke to pieces ; but no
enemy in numbers, but his friends reminded him Cleomedes was there. They sent accordingly to
of the suspicions he had before incurred by his consult the Delphic oracle, and received the follow
former slowness to act against the Thebans, and I ing answer :-
## p. 792 (#812) ############################################
792
CLEOMEDES.
CLEOMENES.
a
i
“Ύστατος ηρώων Κλεομήδης Αστυπαλαιεύς, in MS. Vossius (de Nat. Art. p. 180, b. ) conjec-
"Ον θυσίαις τιμάθ' ώς μηκέτι θνητόν εόντα. [Ε. Ε. ) | tures that Cleomedes wrote the work on Harmonia
CLEOME’DES (KAeouhans), author of a Greek attributed to Cleonides or Euclid. [EUCLEIDES. ]
treatise in two books on tiuc Circular Theory of the The Kυκλική Θεωρία was first printed in Latin
Heavenly Bodies (Kukarñs Dewpías Meteupwv by Geo. Valla, Ven. 1498, fol. ; in Greek by Con-
Bibala búo). It is rather an exposition of the rad Neobarius, Paris, 1539; in Gr. and Lat. with
bystem of the universe than of the geometrical a commentary, by Rob. Balfour, Burdigal. 1605,
principles of astronomy. Indeed, Cleomedes be- 4to. The two latest editions are by Janus Bake,
trays considerable ignorance of geometry (see his with Balfour's commentary, &c. , Lugd. Bat. 1920,
account, p. 28, of the position of the ecliptic), and 8vo. , and C. C. T. Schmidt, Lips. 1832, 8vo. (a
seems not to pretend to accuracy in numerical de- reprint of Bake's text, with select notes).
tails. The first book treats of the universe in
gene- (Delambre, Hist. de l'Astron. Ancienne, vol. i.
ral, of the zones, of the motions of the stars and chap. 12; Weidler, Hist. Astron. p. 152; Voss.
planets, of day and night, and of the magnitude de Nat. Art. p. 117, a. ; Fabric. Bill. Gruec. iv,
and figure of the earth. Under the last head, p. 41. )
(W. F. D. )
Cleomedes maintains the spherical shape of the CLÉOME'NES I. (KAeouévns), 16th king of
earth against the Epicureans, and gives the only Sparta in the Agid line, was born to Anaxandrides
detailed account extant of the methods by which by his second wife, previous to the birth by his
Eratosthenes and Poseidonius attempted to mea- first of Dorieus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.
sure an arc of the meridian. The second book (ANAXANDRIDES) He accordingly, on his fa-
contains a dissertation on the magnitudes of the ther's death, succeeded, not later it would seem
sun and moon, in which the absurd opinions of the than 519 B. C. , and reigned for a period of 29
Epicureans are again ridiculed ; and on the illumi- years. (Clinton, F. H. ii. p. 208. )
nation of the moon, its phases and eclipses. The In B. C. 519 we are told it was to Cleomenes
most interesting points are, the opinion, that the that the Plataeans applied when Sparta, declining
moon's revolution about its axis is performed in to assist them, recommended alliance with Athens.
the same time as its synodical revolution about the (Herod. vi. 108. ) And not much later, the visit
earth ; an allusion to something like almanacs, in of Maeandrius occurred, who had been left in
which predicted eclipses were registered ; and the possession of Samos by the death of Polycrates,
suggestion of atmospherical refraction as a possible but had afterwards been driven out by the Per-
explanation of the fact (which Cleomedes however sians with Syloson. Maeandrius twice or thrice
professes not to believe), that the sun and moon in conversation with Cleomenes led the way to
are sometimes seen above the horizon at once dur- his house, where he took care to have displayed
ing a lunar eclipse. (He illustrates this by the certain splendid goblets, and, on Cleomenes er-
experiment in which a ring, just out of sight at pressing his admiration, begged he would accept
the bottom of an empty vessel, is made visible by them. Cleomenes refused ; and at last, in fear
pouring in water. )
for his own or his citizens' weakness, went to the
Of the history of Cleomedes nothing is known, ephors and got an order for the stranger's depar-
and the date of his work is uncertain. He pro- ture. (Herod. iii. 148. )
fesses (ad fin. ), that it is compiled from various In 510 Cleomenes commanded the forces by
sources, ancient and modern, but particularly from whose assistance Hippias was driven from Athens,
Poseidonius (who was contemporary with Cicero); and not long after he took part in the struggle be
and, as he mentions no author later than Poseido tween Cleisthenes and the aristocratical party of
nius, it is inferred, that he must have lived before, Isagoras by sending a herald with orders, pointed
or at least not much after Ptolemy, of whose works against Cleisthenes, for the expulsion of all who
he could hardly have been ignorant if they had were stained with the pollution of Cylon. He fol-
been long extant. It seems, also, from the eager- lowed this step by coming and driving out, in person,
ness with which he defends the Stoical doctrines 700 households, substituting also for the new Coun-
against the Epicureans, that the controversy be- cil of 500 a body of 300 partisans of Isagoras. But
tween these two sects was not obsolete when he his force was small, and having occupied the acro-
wrote. On the other hand, Delambre has shewn polis with his friends, he was here besieged, and
that he had nothing more than a second-hand at last forced to depart on conditions, leaving his
knowledge of the works of Hipparchus, which allies to their fate. In shame and anger he hur-
seems to lessen the improbability of his being ig- ried to collect Spartan and allied forces, and set
norant of Ptolemy. And Letronne (Journal des forth for his revenge. At Eleusis, however, when
Sarans, 1821, p. 712) argues, that it is unlikely the Athenians were in sight, the Corinthians re-
that Cleomedes should have known anything of fused to proceed; their example was followed by
refraction before Ptolemy, who says nothing of it his brother-king Demaratus; and on this the other
in the Almagest (in which it must have appeared allies also, and with them Cleomenes, withdrew.
if he had been acquainted with it), but introduces When in the acropolis at Athens, he is related to
the subject for the first time in his Optics. The have attempted, as an Achaean, to enter the tem-
same writer also endeavours to shew, from the ple, from which Dorians were excluded, and to
longitude assigned by Cleomedes (p. 59) to the have bence brought back with him to Sparta a
star Aldebaran, that he could not have written variety of oracles predictive of his country's future
earlier than A. D. 186. Riccioli (Almag. Nov. vol. relations with Athens; and their contents, says
i. pp. xxxii. and 307) supposes, that the Cleomedes Herodotus, induced the abortive attempt which
who wrote the Circular Theory lived a little after the Spartans made soon after to restore the tyranr. y
Poseidonius, and that another Cleomedes lived of Hippias. (Herod. v. 64, 65, 69-76, 89-91. )
about A. D. 390.
In 500, Sparta was visited by Aristagoras, a
A treatise on Arithmetic and another on the petitioner for aid to the revolted Ionians. His
Sphere, attributed to a Cleomedes, are said to exist brazen map and his accompanying representations
1
## p. 793 (#813) ############################################
CLEOMENES.
793
CLEOMENES.
appear to have had considerable effect on Cleomenes. posing his will, retumed home and excused him-
He demanded three days to consider; then en- delf, and indeed was acquitted after investigation,
quired “how far waa Susa from the sea. " Arista- on the ground that the oracle predicting that he
goras forgot his diplomacy and said, “ three months' should capture Argos had been fulfilled by the
journey. " His Spartan listener was thoroughly destruction of the grove of Argus. Such is the
alarmed, and ordered him to depart before sunset. strange account given by Herodotus (ri. 76-84) of
Aristagoras however in suppliant's attire hurried the great battle of the Seventh (év zņ'E686un), the
to meet him at home, and made him offers, begin- greatest exploit of Cleomenes, which deprived Argos
ning with ten, and mounting at last to fifty talents. of 6000 citizens (llerod. vii. 148), and left her in
It chanced that Cleoinenes had his daughter Gorgo, a state of debility from which, notwithstanding
a child eight or nine years old, standing by; and the enlargement of her franchise, she did not re-
at this point she broke in, and said " Father, go cover till the middle of the Peloponnesian war.
away, or he will do you harm. ” And Cleomenes To this however we may add in explanation the
on this recovered his resolution, and left the room. story given by later writers of the defence of Ar-
(Herod. vi. 49-51. ) This daughter Gorgo, his gos by its women, headed by the poet-heroine Te-
only child, was afterwards the wife of his half- lesilla. (Paus. ii. 20. $ 7; Plut. Mor. p. 245; Poly-
brother Leonidas : and she, it is said, first found aen.
b. 20, ed. Bekker), and by the Pseudo-Plutarch CLEO'MACHUS (Kcóua xos). l. It is sup
(de Vit. X Or. viii. 25, p. 845, c. ). The obvious posed that there was a tragic poet of this name,
explanation is, that Cleochares inserted the obser- contemporary with Cratinus; but there can be
vation in his work as having been made by Philip. little doubt that the passages of Cratinus on which
None of his orations are extant. (Strab. xii. p. this notion is founded (ap. Athen. xiv. p. 638, f. )
566 ; Diog. Laërt. iv. 41; Ruhnken, ad Rutil
. refer to the lyric poet Gnesippus, the son of Cleo-
Lup. i. p. 5, &c. , and Hist. Crit. Or. Gr. 63, pp. machus, and that for tê Kaevuáxw and ó Kirá
185, 186 ; Westermann, Gesch. der Bered tsamkeit uaxos we ought to read tą Kieouáxov and ó Kleo
in Griechenland, § 76. )
[P. S. ]
(Bergk, Relig. Com. Att. p. 33, &c. ;
CLEO'CRITUS (KACóxpiros), an Athenian, Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. ii. pp. 27–29;
herald of the Mysteries, was one of the exiles GNESIPPUS. ) Of Cleomachus, the father of Gne-
who returned to Athens with Thrasybulus. After sippus, nothing is known, unless he be the same
the battle of Munychia, B. C. 404, being remark- as the lyric poet mentioned below. .
able for a very powerful voice, he addressed his 2. Of Magnesia, a lyric poet, was at first a
countrymen who had fought on the side of the boxer, but having fallen violently in love, he de
Thirty, calling on them to abandon the cause of voted himself to the composition of poems of a very
the tyrants and put an end to the horrors of civil licentious character. _ (Strab. xiv. p. 648; Tricha,
war. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. SS 20-22. ) His person de Meris, p. 34. ) From the resemblance in cha-
was as burly as his voice was lond, as we may racter between his poetry and that of Gnesippus,
gather from the joke of Aristophanes (Ran. 1433), it might be inferred that he is the same person as
who makes Euripides propose to fit on the slender the father of Gnesippus; but Strabo mentions him
Cinesias by way of wings to Cleocritus, and send | among the celebrated men of Magnesia in such a
μάχου.
:
## p. 791 (#811) ############################################
CLEOMBROTUS.
791
CLEOMEDES.
way that, if he adheres in this case to his usual | warned him of the danger of repeating such con-
practice of giving the names in chronological order, duct in the present crisis. In accusing Cleombro-
this Cleomachus would fall much later than the tus of rashness in fighting, Cicero (Off. i. 24) seems
time of Gncsippus. Ilis name was given to a to bave judged by the result. There was certainly
variety of the Ionic a Majore metre. (Blephaestion, as much hesitation on the other side. In the
xi. p. 62, ed. Gaisford. )
[P. S. ) battle which ensued [EPAMINONDAS; PELOPIDAS]
CLEOMBROTUS (KAe6u6potos ), son of he fought most bravely, and fell morially wounded,
Anaxandrides, king of Sparta, brother of Dorieus and died shortly after he was carried from the
and Leonidas, and half-brother of Cleomenes. field. According to Diodorus, his fall decided the
(Ilerod. v. 41. ) He became regent after the battle victory of the Thebans. He was succeeded by his
of Thermopylae, B. C. 480, for Pleistarchus, infant son AGESIPOLIS II. (Xen. Hell. v. 4. S$ 14-18,
son of Leonidas, and in this capacity was at the 59, vi. 1. $ 1, c. 4. § 15; Plut. Pelor. 13, 20-23,
head of the Peloponnesian troops who at the time Agcs
. 28; Diod. xv. 51–55; Paus. i. 13. $ 2,
of the battle of Salamis were engaged in fortifying iii. 6. § 1, ix. 13. $S 2—4; Manso, Sparta, iii. 1.
the isthmus. (Herod. viii. 71. ) The work was re- pp. 124, 133, 138, 158. )
[P. S. ]
newed in the following spring, till deserted for the CLEOMBROTUS II. , the 30th king of Sparta
commencement of the campaign of Plataea. Whe- of the Agid line, was of the royal race, though not
ther Cleombrotus was this second time engaged in in the direct male line. He was also the son-in-
it cannot be gathered with certainty from the ex- law of Leonidas II. , in whose place he was made
pression of Herodotus (ix. 10), " that he died king by the party of Agis IV. about 243 B. C. On
shortly after leading home his forces from the the return of Leonidas, Cleombrotus was deposed
Isthmus in consequence of an eclipse of the sun. " and banished to Tegea, about 240 B. C. [Agis IV. )
Yet the date of that eclipse, Oct. 2nd, seems to He was accompanied into exile by his wife Chei-
fix his death to the end of B. C. 480 (thus Müller, lonis, through whose intercession with her father
Prolegom. p. 409), nor is the language of Hero- his life had been spared, and who is mentioned as
dotus very favourable to Thirlwall's hypothesis, a conspicuous example of conjugal affection. He
according to which, with Clinton (F. H. ii. p. 209), left two sons, Agesipolis and Cleomenes, of whoin
he places it early in 479. (Hist
. of Greece, ii. p. the former became the father and the latter the
328. ) He left two sons,—the noted Pausanias, guardian of AGESIPOLIS III. (Plut. Agis, 11, 16
who succeeded him as regent, and Nicomedes. -18; Paus. iii. 6; Polyb. iv. 35; Manso, Sparta,
(Thuc. i. 107. )
[A. H. C. ] iii. 1, pp. 284, 298. )
[P. S. ]
CLEOʻMBROTUS I. (KACOM poros), the 23rd CLEO'MBROTUS (Knebupotos ), an Aca-
king of Sparta, of the Agid line, was the son of demic philosopher of Ambracia, who is said to
Pausanias. He succeeded his brother AGESIPOLIS bave thrown himself down from a high wall, after
I. in the year 380 B. C. , and reigned nine years. reading the Phaedon of Plato; not that he had any
After the deliverance of Thebes from the domina- sufferings to escape from, but that he inight ex-
tion of Sparta (PELOPIDAS), Cleombrotus was sent change this life for a better. (Callimach. Epigr.
into Boeotia, at the head of a Lacedaemonian army, 60, ap. Brunck, Anal. i. p. 474, Jacobs, i. p. 226;
i.
in the spring of B. C. 378, but he only spent six- Agath. Schol. Ep. 60. v. 17, ap. Brunck, Anal. iii.
teen days in the Theban territory without doing p. 59, Jacobs, iv. p. 29; Lucian, Philop. 1; Cic.
any injury, and then returned home, leaving Spho- pro Scaur. ii. 4, Tusc. i. 34 ; Augustin. de Civ.
drias as barmost at Thespiae. On his march home Dei, i. 22; Fabric. Bill. Graec. iii. p. 168. ) The
his army suffered severely from a storm. His disciple of Socrates, whom Plato mentions as being
conduct excited much disapprobation at Sparta, in Aegina when Socrates died, may possibly be the
and the next two expeditions against Thebes were same person. (Phaedon, 2, p. 59, c. ) [P. S. ]
entrusted to the other king, AGESILAUS II. In CLEOME'DES (Keounons), an Athenian, son
the year 376, on account of the illness of Agesilaus, of Lycomedes, was one of the commanders of the
the command was restored to Cleombrotus, who expedition against Melos in B. C. 416. He is men-
again effected nothing, but returned to Sparta in tioned also by Xenophon as one of the 30 tyrants
consequence of a slight repulse in the passes of appointed in B. C. 404. (Thuc. v. 84, &c. ; Xen.
Cithaeron. This created still stronger dissatisfac- Hell. ii. 3. $ 2. ) Schneider's conjecture with re-
tion : a congress of the allies was held at Sparta, spect to him (ad Xen. l. c. ) is inadmissible. [E. E. ]
and it was resolved to prosecute the war by sea. CLEOME'DES (Kacounions ), of the island
(CHABRIAS; Pollis. ] In the spring of 374, Astypalaea, an athlete, of whom Pausanias (vi. 9)
Cleombrotus was sent across the Corinthian gulf and Plutarch (Rom. 28) record the following le-
into Phocis, which had been invaded by the The-gend :-In Ol. 72 (B. C. 492) he killed Iccus, his
bans, who, however, retreated into Boeotia upon opponent, in a boxing-match, at the Olympic
his approach. He remained in Phocis till the year games, and the judges ('Emavodika. ) decided
371, when, in accordance with the policy by which that he had been guilty of unfair play, and pu-
Thebes was excluded from the peace between nished him with the loss of the prize. Stung
Athens and Sparta, he was ordered to march into to madness by the disgrace, he returned to Asty-
Boeotia. Having avoided Epaminondas, who was palaea, and there in his frenzy he sbook down the
guarding the pass of Coroneia, he marched down pillar which supported the roof of a boys' school,
upon Creusis, which he took, with twelve Theban crushing all who were in it beneath the ruins.
triremes which were in the harbour; and he then The Astypalaeans preparing to stone him, he fied
advanced to the plains of Leuctra, where he met for refuge to the temple of Athena, and got into a
the Theban army. He seems to have been desirous chest, which his pursners, having rainly attempted
of avoiding a battle, though he was superior to the to open it, at length broke to pieces ; but no
enemy in numbers, but his friends reminded him Cleomedes was there. They sent accordingly to
of the suspicions he had before incurred by his consult the Delphic oracle, and received the follow
former slowness to act against the Thebans, and I ing answer :-
## p. 792 (#812) ############################################
792
CLEOMEDES.
CLEOMENES.
a
i
“Ύστατος ηρώων Κλεομήδης Αστυπαλαιεύς, in MS. Vossius (de Nat. Art. p. 180, b. ) conjec-
"Ον θυσίαις τιμάθ' ώς μηκέτι θνητόν εόντα. [Ε. Ε. ) | tures that Cleomedes wrote the work on Harmonia
CLEOME’DES (KAeouhans), author of a Greek attributed to Cleonides or Euclid. [EUCLEIDES. ]
treatise in two books on tiuc Circular Theory of the The Kυκλική Θεωρία was first printed in Latin
Heavenly Bodies (Kukarñs Dewpías Meteupwv by Geo. Valla, Ven. 1498, fol. ; in Greek by Con-
Bibala búo). It is rather an exposition of the rad Neobarius, Paris, 1539; in Gr. and Lat. with
bystem of the universe than of the geometrical a commentary, by Rob. Balfour, Burdigal. 1605,
principles of astronomy. Indeed, Cleomedes be- 4to. The two latest editions are by Janus Bake,
trays considerable ignorance of geometry (see his with Balfour's commentary, &c. , Lugd. Bat. 1920,
account, p. 28, of the position of the ecliptic), and 8vo. , and C. C. T. Schmidt, Lips. 1832, 8vo. (a
seems not to pretend to accuracy in numerical de- reprint of Bake's text, with select notes).
tails. The first book treats of the universe in
gene- (Delambre, Hist. de l'Astron. Ancienne, vol. i.
ral, of the zones, of the motions of the stars and chap. 12; Weidler, Hist. Astron. p. 152; Voss.
planets, of day and night, and of the magnitude de Nat. Art. p. 117, a. ; Fabric. Bill. Gruec. iv,
and figure of the earth. Under the last head, p. 41. )
(W. F. D. )
Cleomedes maintains the spherical shape of the CLÉOME'NES I. (KAeouévns), 16th king of
earth against the Epicureans, and gives the only Sparta in the Agid line, was born to Anaxandrides
detailed account extant of the methods by which by his second wife, previous to the birth by his
Eratosthenes and Poseidonius attempted to mea- first of Dorieus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.
sure an arc of the meridian. The second book (ANAXANDRIDES) He accordingly, on his fa-
contains a dissertation on the magnitudes of the ther's death, succeeded, not later it would seem
sun and moon, in which the absurd opinions of the than 519 B. C. , and reigned for a period of 29
Epicureans are again ridiculed ; and on the illumi- years. (Clinton, F. H. ii. p. 208. )
nation of the moon, its phases and eclipses. The In B. C. 519 we are told it was to Cleomenes
most interesting points are, the opinion, that the that the Plataeans applied when Sparta, declining
moon's revolution about its axis is performed in to assist them, recommended alliance with Athens.
the same time as its synodical revolution about the (Herod. vi. 108. ) And not much later, the visit
earth ; an allusion to something like almanacs, in of Maeandrius occurred, who had been left in
which predicted eclipses were registered ; and the possession of Samos by the death of Polycrates,
suggestion of atmospherical refraction as a possible but had afterwards been driven out by the Per-
explanation of the fact (which Cleomedes however sians with Syloson. Maeandrius twice or thrice
professes not to believe), that the sun and moon in conversation with Cleomenes led the way to
are sometimes seen above the horizon at once dur- his house, where he took care to have displayed
ing a lunar eclipse. (He illustrates this by the certain splendid goblets, and, on Cleomenes er-
experiment in which a ring, just out of sight at pressing his admiration, begged he would accept
the bottom of an empty vessel, is made visible by them. Cleomenes refused ; and at last, in fear
pouring in water. )
for his own or his citizens' weakness, went to the
Of the history of Cleomedes nothing is known, ephors and got an order for the stranger's depar-
and the date of his work is uncertain. He pro- ture. (Herod. iii. 148. )
fesses (ad fin. ), that it is compiled from various In 510 Cleomenes commanded the forces by
sources, ancient and modern, but particularly from whose assistance Hippias was driven from Athens,
Poseidonius (who was contemporary with Cicero); and not long after he took part in the struggle be
and, as he mentions no author later than Poseido tween Cleisthenes and the aristocratical party of
nius, it is inferred, that he must have lived before, Isagoras by sending a herald with orders, pointed
or at least not much after Ptolemy, of whose works against Cleisthenes, for the expulsion of all who
he could hardly have been ignorant if they had were stained with the pollution of Cylon. He fol-
been long extant. It seems, also, from the eager- lowed this step by coming and driving out, in person,
ness with which he defends the Stoical doctrines 700 households, substituting also for the new Coun-
against the Epicureans, that the controversy be- cil of 500 a body of 300 partisans of Isagoras. But
tween these two sects was not obsolete when he his force was small, and having occupied the acro-
wrote. On the other hand, Delambre has shewn polis with his friends, he was here besieged, and
that he had nothing more than a second-hand at last forced to depart on conditions, leaving his
knowledge of the works of Hipparchus, which allies to their fate. In shame and anger he hur-
seems to lessen the improbability of his being ig- ried to collect Spartan and allied forces, and set
norant of Ptolemy. And Letronne (Journal des forth for his revenge. At Eleusis, however, when
Sarans, 1821, p. 712) argues, that it is unlikely the Athenians were in sight, the Corinthians re-
that Cleomedes should have known anything of fused to proceed; their example was followed by
refraction before Ptolemy, who says nothing of it his brother-king Demaratus; and on this the other
in the Almagest (in which it must have appeared allies also, and with them Cleomenes, withdrew.
if he had been acquainted with it), but introduces When in the acropolis at Athens, he is related to
the subject for the first time in his Optics. The have attempted, as an Achaean, to enter the tem-
same writer also endeavours to shew, from the ple, from which Dorians were excluded, and to
longitude assigned by Cleomedes (p. 59) to the have bence brought back with him to Sparta a
star Aldebaran, that he could not have written variety of oracles predictive of his country's future
earlier than A. D. 186. Riccioli (Almag. Nov. vol. relations with Athens; and their contents, says
i. pp. xxxii. and 307) supposes, that the Cleomedes Herodotus, induced the abortive attempt which
who wrote the Circular Theory lived a little after the Spartans made soon after to restore the tyranr. y
Poseidonius, and that another Cleomedes lived of Hippias. (Herod. v. 64, 65, 69-76, 89-91. )
about A. D. 390.
In 500, Sparta was visited by Aristagoras, a
A treatise on Arithmetic and another on the petitioner for aid to the revolted Ionians. His
Sphere, attributed to a Cleomedes, are said to exist brazen map and his accompanying representations
1
## p. 793 (#813) ############################################
CLEOMENES.
793
CLEOMENES.
appear to have had considerable effect on Cleomenes. posing his will, retumed home and excused him-
He demanded three days to consider; then en- delf, and indeed was acquitted after investigation,
quired “how far waa Susa from the sea. " Arista- on the ground that the oracle predicting that he
goras forgot his diplomacy and said, “ three months' should capture Argos had been fulfilled by the
journey. " His Spartan listener was thoroughly destruction of the grove of Argus. Such is the
alarmed, and ordered him to depart before sunset. strange account given by Herodotus (ri. 76-84) of
Aristagoras however in suppliant's attire hurried the great battle of the Seventh (év zņ'E686un), the
to meet him at home, and made him offers, begin- greatest exploit of Cleomenes, which deprived Argos
ning with ten, and mounting at last to fifty talents. of 6000 citizens (llerod. vii. 148), and left her in
It chanced that Cleoinenes had his daughter Gorgo, a state of debility from which, notwithstanding
a child eight or nine years old, standing by; and the enlargement of her franchise, she did not re-
at this point she broke in, and said " Father, go cover till the middle of the Peloponnesian war.
away, or he will do you harm. ” And Cleomenes To this however we may add in explanation the
on this recovered his resolution, and left the room. story given by later writers of the defence of Ar-
(Herod. vi. 49-51. ) This daughter Gorgo, his gos by its women, headed by the poet-heroine Te-
only child, was afterwards the wife of his half- lesilla. (Paus. ii. 20. $ 7; Plut. Mor. p. 245; Poly-
brother Leonidas : and she, it is said, first found aen.
