No More Learning

. . . . . . 266
Avars and Turks 268
The Persian War 271
Policy of Tiberius 273
Tiberius Emperor. . . . . . . . . . 275
Maurice Emperor 277
Chosroes restored by Maurice . . . . . . . 280
Campaigns on the Danube . . . . . . . . 281
Phocas Emperor—Character of Maurice 282
Persian War 285
Revolt of Africa—Heraclius Emperor 287
Persian War—Capture of Jerusalem . . . . . . 289
The Avar Surprise 291
Invasion of Persia . . . . . . . . . 293
Siege of Constantinople . . . . . . . . 296
Battle of Nineveh—March on Ctesiphon 298
Peace with Persia 299
Character of Heraclius 300


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XIV
Contents
CHAPTER X.
MAHOMET AND ISLAM.
By A. A. Bevan, M. A. , Lord Almoner's Reader and Professor
of Arabic in the University of Cambridge.
PAGE
Sources of oar knowledge . . . . . . . . 302
Arabia before Islam 303
Mecca 304
Early life of Mahomet 305
Doctrine of the Koran—Religious practices . . . . 308
Opposition of the Meccans 310
The Flight to Medina 313
Legislation of the Koran—Mahomet's domestic life 315
Battles of Badr and Uhud 317
Siege of Medina 320
Treaty with the Meccans 322
Capture of Mecca. . . . . . . . . . 324
Death of Mahomet 327
CHAPTER XI.
THE EXPANSION OF THE SARACENS—THE EAST.
By C. H. Becker, Professor of Oriental History in the
Colonial Institute of Hamburg.
Historical aspect of Islam 329
The Arab Migration 331
AbQ Bakr Caliph 333
The Ridda War 335
Khalid on the Euphrates 338
Battle of Ajnadain—of the Yarmuk 341
Omar Caliph 342
Capture of Jerusalem 346
Fall of Ctesiphon—Conquest of Persia 347
Egypt—The Mukaukis Problem 349
Conquest of Egypt 351
Wars in Armenia 353
Attacks on Constantinople . 354
Othman Caliph 355
Ali and Mu'Swiya . . . . . . . . 357
Mu'awiya Caliph , / . 358
Murder of Husain at Karbala . . . . . . . 359
'Organisation of the Arabian Empire . • / • • "*61
Later Umayyad Caliphs \ . . . 363
The Abbasids 364
j


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Contents
xv
CHAPTER XII.
THE EXPANSION OF THE SARACENS (continued).
AFRICA AND EUROPE.
By Professor Becker.
PAGE
Occupation of Alexandria . . . . . . . . 366
Attacks on Byzantine Africa 367
Pacification of Africa 370
Conquest of Spain 371
Crossing of the Pyrenees—Battle of Tours . . . . . 373
Saracen failure in Gaul . . . . . . . . 375
Fall of the Umayyads 377
Northern Africa—Idiisids and Fatimites . . . . . 378
Conquest of Sicily . . . . . . . . . 380
Invasion of Italy 383
Attack on Rome 386
Byzantine conquest of Bari 387
Decline of the Saracen power . . . . . . . 389
CHAPTER XIII.
THE SUCCESSORS OF HERACLIUS TO 717.
By E. W. Brooks, M. A. , King's College, Cambridge.
Death of Heraclius 391
Constans Emperor 392
Coustans in Italy. . . . . . . . . . 394
Constantine IV Emperor 395
Saracen attacks on Constantinople 397
The Monothelete Controversy—Pope Honorius . . . . 398
Arrest and deposition of Pope Martin 401
Sixth General Council 404
Justinian II Emperor 406
Trullan Council 408
Leoutius Emperor 409
Tiberius (Apsimar) Emperor 410
Justinian restored . . . . . . . . . 411
Philippicus Emperor . . . . . . . . . 413
Anastasius II Emperor 41fi
Theodosius Emperor 416
Accession of Leo the Isaurian . . 417


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xvi Contents
CHAPTER XIV.
THE EXPANSION OF THE SLAVS.
By T. Peisker, Ph. D. , Privatdocent and Librarian, Graz.
PAOB
Polesie —Soil, climate, anthropology . . . . . . 418
Village-Community—Agriculture . . . . . . . 422
National character—Religion . . . . 424
Early Expansion—Waterways—Pontus Steppe . . . . 426
Commerce—Slave-hunts . . . . . . . . 428
Slavs in German and Altaian Slavery . . . . . . 430
Expansion of the Slavs in Old Germania 435
Avars and Slavs 436
The Roumanians . . . . . . . . . . 440
End of the Avar power . . . . . . . . 442
The Zupans . . . . . . . . . . . 443
The Alpine Slavs (Slovenes) 44S
Social history of the Slovenes . . . . . . . 446
Peasant-Princes in Bohemia and Poland 448
Samo's kingdom 452
Influence of Avar Slavery . . . . . . . . 453
Defensive power of the Slavs 455
Elbe-Slavs and Vikings . . . . . 456
Social ideas of the Slavs 457
CHAPTER XV.
(A) KELTIC HEATHENISM IN GAUL.
By Camille Jullian, Professor of the College of France,
and Member of the Institute.
The Gods 460
Worship of the dead 461
Star-gods—National gods . . . . . . . . 462
Representation of the gods 464
Sacred animals and plants . . . . . . . . 465
Sacred buildings . . . . . . . . . . 466
Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Druidism . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Literature . . . . . . . . . 471


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Contents
xv u
(B) KELTIC HEATHENISM IN THE BRITISH ISLES.
By Professor Sir Edward Anwyl, M. A. , University College,
Aberystwyth.
PACK
The Gods 472
Goddesses 476
Legendary names 477
Evidence of Christians—Folk-lore . . . . . . 478
Survivals of heathenism . . . . . . . . 479
(C) GERMANIC HEATHENISM.
By Miss B. Phii. lpotts, Lecturer of Girton College,
Cambridge.
Sources of our knowledge . . . . . . . . 480
Thor or Thunor . . . . . . . . . . 481
Odin or Wodan 483
Nerthus—other deities . . . . . . . . . 485
Fate—Cult of the dead 487
Chthonic deities—other objects of worship . .